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Turbocharger

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A turbocharger is a device used in internal combustion engines to increase the engine's efficiency
and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber. It consists of a turbine and a
compressor connected by a shaft. The turbine is driven by exhaust gases, and it spins the
compressor, which in turn compresses air and forces it into the engine's intake manifold. This
compressed air allows more fuel to be burned, resulting in increased power output without a
significant increase in engine size. Turbochargers are commonly used in vehicles, especially in
performance cars and diesel engines, to enhance performance and fuel efficiency.

3.5
Tiếng việt
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Một turbocharger là một thiết bị được sử dụng trong động cơ đốt trong để tăng hiệu suất và công
suất của động cơ bằng cách ép thêm không khí vào buồng đốt cháy. Nó bao gồm một bánh cân
bằng và một máy nén được kết nối bằng một trục. Bánh cân bằng được động bởi khí thải và nó
quay máy nén, máy nén này nén khí và ép nó vào ống hút của động cơ. Khí được nén này cho
phép đốt nhiều nhiên liệu hơn, dẫn đến tăng công suất mà không tăng kích thước động cơ một
cách đáng kể. Turbocharger thường được sử dụng trong các xe, đặc biệt là các xe có hiệu suất
cao và động cơ diesel, để tăng hiệu suất và tiết kiệm nhiên liệu.

3.5
Hot film MAF sensor
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Hot film MAF (Mass Air Flow) sensor, or commonly known as a hot wire MAF sensor, is a type
of sensor used in fuel-injected internal combustion engines to measure the mass flow rate of air
entering the engine. The hot film MAF sensor operates based on the principle of cooling effect
caused by the air flowing past a heated wire or film.

Here's how it works:

1. Sensor Construction: The hot film MAF sensor consists of a tiny electrically heated
wire or film element positioned in the air intake stream of the engine.
2. Air Flow Measurement: As air flows over the heated wire or film, it cools the element
down. The amount of cooling is directly proportional to the mass of air passing over the
sensor.
3. Temperature Compensation: The sensor includes a temperature compensation
mechanism to account for changes in ambient temperature, ensuring accurate air flow
measurement across different operating conditions.
4. Signal Output: The sensor generates a voltage signal based on the amount of cooling
effect, which is then interpreted by the engine control unit (ECU) to calculate the mass air
flow rate.
Advantages of hot film MAF sensors include their fast response time and ability to accurately
measure air flow across a wide range of engine operating conditions. However, they can be
sensitive to contaminants like dirt and oil, which may affect their performance over time.
Regular maintenance and cleaning can help ensure the sensor operates optimally.

Hot film MAF sensors are commonly found in modern fuel-injected engines and play a crucial
role in optimizing engine performance and fuel efficiency by providing accurate air flow data for
precise fuel delivery and combustion control.

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