Practical Research 1

2nd semester (2022-2023)

Lesson 2.1
Sampling Techniques
 Definition of Terms
1. Sample - refers to a portion or part of the population that is representative of the population.
2. Respondents - individuals or groups of people who actively serve as sources of information during
data collection.
3. Sampling _ refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions
meant to yield data for a research study.
4. Population - the bigger group from where you choose the sample that possess some common
characteristics.
5. Sampling Frame - the term used to mean the list of the members of such population from where you will
get the sample.
6. Probability Sampling - In probability sampling, every member of the population has a known chance of
participating in the study.
7. Non-Probability Sampling - In non-probability sampling, not each population member has a chance to
participate in the study.
Probability Sampling Technique
1.Simple Random
2.Systematic Random
3.Stratified Random
4.Cluster Sampling
 Simple Random

• Method of choosing samples in which all the members of the

population are given an equal chance of being selected. It is
an unbiased way of selection, as samples are drawn by
chance. Draw lots and fishbowl technique is the most common
examples on how to do a simple random.
 Systematic Random

• is a method in which sample members from a larger population are selected

according to random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.

• Example: If you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of
numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15th
name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.
 Stratified Random

• a method where the population is divided into different strata (groups), and
then the sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational qualifications are
some possible criteria used to divide a population into strata.

• Example: A researcher will study the common effects of smoking on high

school students. The researcher decides to select equal numbers of students
from the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels.
 Cluster Sampling

• is used in large-scale studies. Clusters are representative samples of the population

as a whole. After the clusters are established, a simple random sample of the clusters
is drawn and the members of the chosen clusters are sampled.

• Example: A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers across the country. It will be
difficult and expensive on their part to have respondents in 100 different cities or
provinces. Cluster sampling is helpful for the researcher who randomly selects the
regions (first cluster), then selects the schools (second cluster), and then the number
of teachers.
Non- Probability Sampling Technique
1.Convenience Sampling
2.Purposive Sampling
3.Quota Sampling
4.Snowball Sampling
 Convenience Sampling

• involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher. It is

also called accidental or incidental sampling.

• Example: A researcher intends to study the elementary students of a

particular school and has determined the desired sample size. Due to the
study’s constraints, the elementary pupils who are present at the time of the
researcher’s visit to the school will be chosen as respondents.
 Purposive Sampling

• involves handpicking subjects, usually to suit very specific intentions.

This is also called judgmental sampling.

• Example: In a study about honor students, the researcher uses a list

of honor students and chooses the necessary number of
respondents, to the exclusion of all other students.
 Quota Sampling

• is somewhat similar to stratified sampling, in that the population is divided into strata, and the
researcher deliberately sets specific proportions in the sample, whether or not the resulting proportion
is reflective of the total population. This is commonly done to the ensure the inclusion of a particular
segment of the population.

• Example: A researcher wants to survey the employees of a company regarding their thoughts on the
company’s new policies. The researcher intends to have representatives from all departments in his
sample, but one department is so small that doing random sampling might result in that department not
being represented. The researcher then sets a quota of respondents from that department to ensure
their inclusion in the sample.
 Snowball Sampling

• A snowball sample is achieved by asking a participant to suggest

someone else who might be willing or appropriate to the study.

• Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, drug

dependents, gang members, informal settlers, street vendors, and
the like is possible in this kind of non-probability sampling.