Dep.

of Electrical power Engineering

D.C Machine Lecture Notes

Electric Machine-

DC Motor
2- Introduction:
Direct current machines (DC) are most often used for a motor. DC motors have
excellent control characteristic for speed and torque. DC motors are often
used in power stations to drive emergency stand-up pump systems.

An electrical motor consists of a cylindrical rotor that spins inside a stator

A Two Pole DC Motor

A Four Pole DC Motor

Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

Pole Core and Poles Shoes representation

Armature of DC machine
 Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

2- Principle of Operation
D.C motors converts electrical energy (DC) into mechanical energy. Its construction is
.similar to DC generator
A DC motor works on the principle that “whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experiences a force.The magnetic is given by

F=BIL

Where: F = Force in Newton

B = Flux density in Weber/meter2

I = Current in amperes flowing through the conductor

 Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

L = Length of the conductor in meters

.The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Or Motor Rule:

FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD

90

The
. construction of a DC motor is the same as a DC generator

The only difference is that in a generator the generated e.m.f (Ea) is greater
than the terminal voltage (VT), where as in a motor the generated e.m.f is less
than the terminal voltage

3-Back E.M.F:
 Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
Dr.Rasheed
D.C Machine
Almansory
Lecture Notes
When a d.c. motor rotates, an e.m.f is induced in the armature conductors. By Lenz’s
law this induced e.m.f (E) opposes the supply voltage (V), is given by

D.C genetrator: Ea = VT + Ia Ra
D.C Motor: Eb = V - Ia Ra
4-To rque of DC Motor

For a d.c. motor, the supply voltage (V), is given by

Multiplication each term by current

Total electrical power Mechanical power The loss due to armature

supplied to the armature developed by the armature resistance

Interaction of the DC Motor and Mechanical Load

Eis Back EMF

a
V is Applied voltage
T
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

T is the Torque developed by DC Motor

dev
T is the opposing load torque
load

Are DC generators that convert mechanical energy to DC electric nergy.

Are DC motors that convert DC electric energy to mechanical energy

5- Back Emf and its Significance in DC Motor

As the armature rotates, armature conductors cut the pole magnetic field, therefore, as pe
law of electromagnetic induction, an emf called back emf is induced in them.
The back emf (also called counter emf) is given by

where, P=number of poles of dc motor

Φ= flux per pole
Z=total number of armature conductors
N=armature speed
A=number of parallel paths in armature winding
As all other parameters are constant, therefore, Eb ∝ N

Mechanical power developed in the armature = EbIa

(2) Back emf makes dc motor a self-regulating motor i.e Eb makes motor to adjust Ia
automatically as per the load torque requirement.
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

V and Ra are fixed, therefore, armature current Ia depends on back emf, which in turn
depends on speed of the motor. (a) when the motor is running at no-load, small
torque ( Ta=KIa ) is required by the motor to overcome friction and windage.
Therefore, a small current is drawn by the motor armature and the back emf is
almost equal to the supply voltage. (b) If the motor is suddenly loaded, the load
torque becomes greater than the armature torque and the motor starts to slow
down. As motor speed decreases, back emf decreases and therefore, armature
current starts increasing. With increasing Ia , armature torque increases and at
some point it becomes equal to the load torque. At that moment, motor stops
slowing down and keeps running at this new speed. (c) If the load on the motor is
suddenly reduced, the driving torque becomes more than the load torque and the
motor starts accelerating. As the motor speed increases, back emf increases and
therefore, armature current decreases. Due to this reducing armature current,
armature developed torque decreases and at some point becomes equal to the load
torque. That point onwards, motor will stop accelerating and will start rotating
uniformly at this new slightly increased speed. So, this shows how important is back
emf in dc motor. Without back emf, the electromagnetic energy conversion would
not have been possible at the first place

Example: lap-wound DC shunt generator having 80 slots with 10 conductors per slot
generates at no load an EMF of 400 V, when running at 1000 rpm. At what speed , should i
be rotated to generate a voltage of 220 V on open circuit?
Soulution:
Total number of conductors on armature (Z)= Number of slots on armature × conductor pe
slot = 80 × 10 = 800

For lap-wound, A=P, therefore, EMF is

Ø= 0.03Wb

Desired value of generated voltage= 220 V

220=0.03 *800 N/60= 550 rpm

Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

Example: A 220 v dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.75Ω it is drawing on

armature current of 30 A, during a certain load, calculate the induced emf in the
motor under this condition.
V = 200 v, Ia = 30A, Ra = 0.75Ω For a motor , V = Eb
+ Ia Ra Eb = 197.5 v

6- Power Equation of a D.C. Motor

The voltage equation of a d.c. motor is given by,

V = Eb + Ia Ra
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by Ia we get,
V Ia = Eb Ia + Ia 2 Ra
This equation is called power equation of a d.c. motor.
VIa = Net electrical power input to the armature measured in watts.
Ia2 Ra = Power loss due the resistance of the armature called armatur
So difference between VIa and Ia2Ra i.e. input - losses gives the output of the armature.
So Eb Ia is called electrical equivalent of gross mechanical power deve
the armature. This is denoted as Pm.
... Power input to the armature - Armature copper loss = Gross mechanical power
developed in the armature.

Condition for Maximum Power

For a motor from power equation it is known that,
Pm = Gross mechanical power developed = Eb Ia
2
= VIa - IaRa
For maximum Pm, dPm/dIa = 0
... 0 = V - 2IaRa
... Ia = V/2Ra i.e. IaRa = V/2
Substituting in voltage equation,
V = Eb + IaRa = Eb + (V/2)
... Eb = V/2 .................Condition for maximum power
Key Point : This is practically impossible to achieve as for this, current required is
much more than its normal rated value. Large heat will be produced and efficiency of
motor will be less than 50 %.
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

7-TORQUE EQUATION OF A DC MOTOR

When the current carrying current is placed in the magnetic field, a force is exerted or it
which exerts turning moment or torque F x r. This torque is produced due to the
electromagnetic effect, hence is called Electromagnetic torque

Where,
VIa is the electrical power input to the armature.
IaRa
2 is the copper loss in the armature.
We know that,
Total electrical power supplied to the armature = Mechanical power developed by the
armature + losses due to armature resistance
Now, the mechanical power developed by the armature Pm. is

Also, the mechanical power rotating armature can be given regarding torque T and speed

Where n is in revolution per seconds (rps) and T is in Newton-Meter.

Hence,

But,
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

Where, n is the speed in (rps).

So, the torque equation is given as

For a particular DC Motor, the number of poles (P) and the number of conductors per
parallel path (Z/A) are constant

Where,

8-Shaft Torque
In a DC Motor whole of the electromagnetic torque (T) developed in the armature is not
available on the shaft. A part of it is lost to overcome the iron and mechanical (friction and
windage) losses. Therefore, shaft torque (Tsh) is somewhat less than the torque developed
the armature.
Definition: Thus, in the case of DC motors, the actual torque available at the shaft for doing
useful mechanical work is known as Shaft Torque. It is so called because it is available on
the shaft of the motor. It is represented by the symbol Tsh. The output of the motor is give
by the equation shown below where Tsh is the shaft torque in r.p.s and the N is the rotation
of the motor in r.p.m. The shaft torque
Southern Technical University Dep.of Electrical power Engineering
D.C Machine Lecture Notes Dr.Rasheed Almansory

The difference between the armature torque and the shaft torque ( Ta – Tsh ) is known as t
lost torque

Brake Horse Power (B.H.P)

The horse power developed by the shaft torque is known as brake horsepower
(B.H.P.). If the motor is running at N r.p.m. and the shaft torque is T sh newton-meters,
then,

B.H.P =

Example: A 120 V shunt motor has the following parameters: Ra = 0.4 Ω, RF = 120 Ωand
rotational (core, mechanical and stray) losses are 240 W. On full load, the line current is 19
:A and the motor runs at 1200 rpm, find
The developed power•
The output power, and•
•The output torque

Solution: Ia =I L - IF , If =120/120= 1 A Ia = 19.5 - 1 = 18.5 A

Eb = VT – IaRa = 120 – (8.5)*(0.4) = 112.6 V

Pdep = Eb Ia = 112.6 * 18.5 = 2083.1 watt