free download pdf HI A151-2017 Water Treatment Plant Pumps Guidelines For Selection, Application, And Operation

PUMP APPLICATION GUIDELINE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT PUMPS
Guidelines for Selection, Application, and Operation
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Water Treatment Plant
Pumps: Guidelines
For Selection, Application,
And Operation
Water Treatment Plant
Pumps: Guidelines
For Selection, Application,
And Operation
DEVELOPED BY:
The Hydraulic Institute
FIRST EDITION
Published by:
Hydraulic Institute
Parsippany, New Jersey
Water Treatment Plant Pumps: Guidelines for Selection, Application,
and Operation
Copyright © 2017, by the Hydraulic Institute.
Printed in the United States of America.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by
any means, electronic, or mechanical or stored in a database, information storage, or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Direct requests to Permissions@
pumps.org. Reasonable portions may be reproduced or quoted as part of a review or other
story about this publication.
Published by:
HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE
6 Campus Drive, First Floor North
Parsippany, New Jersey 07054-4406
USA
www.Pumps.org
Publication Data
Water Treatment Plant Pumps: Guidelines for Selection, Application and Operation / Edited by
Rodney Mrkvicka … [et al]. – 1st ed.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-935762-67-6
This guideline has been created to provide engineers, trainers, maintenance staff, and plant
operators with the knowledge necessary to effectively specify pumps in a typical water
treatment plant. This document provides application guidelines for the selection of pumps used
in a typical surface water treatment plant employing conventional granular media filtration
processes for municipal water supply purposes. It is not intended to provide guidelines for
pumps used in industrial water treatment plants.
NOTICE
This publication was prepared by the Hydraulic Institute Water Treatment Pumps Committee.
Neither the Hydraulic Institute, its committees, nor any person acting on behalf of the Hydraulic
Institute a.) makes any warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the use of any
information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in the publication or guarantees that such
may not infringe privately owned rights; b.) Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or
for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process
disclosed in this publication. The Hydraulic Institute is in no way responsible for any
consequences to a user or anyone else resulting from reference to these Guidelines.
These Guidelines do not contain a complete statement of all requirements and procedures
necessary to ensure safe selection, application, and operation of wastewater treatment pumps.
Recycled
paper
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed on recycled paper
About the Hydraulic Institute
HI’s Mission: Advancing the pump manufacturing industry by becoming the
world’s resource for pumping solutions by:
• Addressing Pump Systems
• Developing Standards
• Expanding Knowledge and Resources
• Educating the Marketplace
• Advocating for the Industry
For more information on the Hydraulic Institute, its member companies,
and its Standards Partners, visit www.Pumps.org.
Hydraulic Institute
6 Campus Drive
1st Floor, North
Parsippany, NJ 07054
Phone: (973) 267-9700
Fax: (973) 267-9055
www.Pumps.org
v
vi Pump Systems Matter
About Pump Systems Matter

Pump Systems Matter (PSM) is a nonprofit 501(c)3 educational affiliate of
the Hydraulic Institute with the vision of being the leading training authority
on pumps and pumping systems. PSM’s mission is to provide product-neu-
tral training on energy efficiency, reliability, economics, and effective applica-
tion of pump systems. PSM currently offers over 20 courses relating to energy
efficiency, pump technology, and systems in various formats, including class-
room instruction, online webinars, and e-learning opportunities.
PSM partners with key groups, such as the energy efficiency community,
utilities, engineering consulting firms, pump system users, the Hydraulic
Institute, and other associations and government agencies. PSM strategi-
cally supports educating, encouraging, and creating incentives for end users
and trade partners to adopt systems optimization products, services, and
practices by building awareness that energy efficiency and reliability go hand
in hand.
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Pump Systems Matter

6 Campus Drive
1st Floor, North
Parsippany, NJ 07054
Phone: (973) 267-9700
Fax: (973) 267-9055
www.Pumps.org
Table of Contents
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter • One
Introduction, 1
1.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter • Two
Overview, 3
2.1 Objective of a Water Treatment Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 What is Treated Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Why Treat Water?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Water Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Process Treatment Scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter • Three
Pump Selection Considerations and Guide Instructions, 7
3.1 Hydraulic Institute (HI) Standards and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.1 HI Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.2 ANSI/HI Pump References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Site Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 Installation Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2 Piping Alignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.3 Pump Intake Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.4 Indoor/Outdoor Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.5 Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
viii Table of Contents
3.3 Pump Operational Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.3.1 Rate of Flow Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.2 Suction and Discharge Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.3. Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.4 Type of Material Pumped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.4.1 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.4.2 Corrosive Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.4.3 Sludge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.4.4 Scum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.4.5 Flocculated Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.5 Additional Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.1 Site Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.2 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.3 Pump Flow Rate and Total Head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.4 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.5 Rotational Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.5.5.1 Rotational Speed Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.5.6 Material Selections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.5.7 Standards and Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.5.8 Operation Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.5.9 Cycle Start Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.5.10 Vibration Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.5.11 Resonant Vibrations in Vertical Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.5.11.1 Industry Design Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.5.11.2 Mounting Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.5.12 Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.5.13 Commissioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Asset Management, Life Cycle Cost, and Effective Procurement. . . . . 28
3.4.1 Asset Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2 Life Cycle Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3 Procurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5 Reliability, Preventive Maintenance, and Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table of Contents ix
Chapter • Four
Treatment Plant Operations, 33
4.1 Intakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.1 Gravity Intakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.2 Groundwater Intakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.3 River Intakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.4 Lake Intakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Raw Water Transfer Pump Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.1 Transfer Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3 Rapid Mix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3.1 Rapid Mix Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4 Flocculation/Sedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.1 Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.2 Sedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4.3 Conveyance and Hydraulic Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5 Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.5.1 Filter Backwash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.5.2 Filters Surface Wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.5.3 Filter-to-Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5.4 Filter Backwash Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6 Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.6.1 Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.6.2 Ultraviolet Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.6.2.1 Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.7 Clearwell Water Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.7.1 Treated Water/Potable Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.7.2 Plant Potable Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7.3 High Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.8 Sludge Handling and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.8.1 Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.8.2 Scum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.8.3 Waste Clarifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
4.8.4 Sludge Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
x Table of Contents
4.9 Dewatering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.9.1 Sludge Transfer Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.10 Chemical Feed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11 Other Pumping Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.11.1 Sump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.11.2 Sample Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter • Five
Pump Drivers, 75
5.1 Motor Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.1.1 Open Drip-Proof (ODP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.1.2 Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.1.3 Totally Enclosed Nonventilated (TENV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.1.4 Weather Protected Types I and II (WPI, WPII). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1.5 Explosionproof Motors (XP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1.6 Immersible Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1.7 Submersible Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.2 Motor Starting Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.2.1 Across-the-Line or Direct-on-Line (DOL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
5.2.2 Reduced-Voltage Soft Starters (RVSS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2.1 Primary Resistor Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2.2 Autotransformer Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2.3 Part-Winding Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2.4 Wye-Delta Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2.5 Solid-State Starters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.3 Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.4 Application Considerations (Solid-State Starting Methods). . . . . 81
5.3 Pump Motor Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.1 Timers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.2 Level Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.3 Flow Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3.4 Pressure Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3.5 Process Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Table of Contents xi
Appendix A
Pump Selection Summary Table, 85
Appendix B
Pump Materials of Construction, 91
Appendix C
Mechanical Seals and Packing Used with Water Treatment
Plant Pumps Summary Table, 97
Appendix D
Image Credits, 107
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Foreword
Access to clean water is essential to sustain and provide for the continued
development of the world’s population and its economic growth. One of the most
urgent concerns today is locating, treating, and conveying sufficient supplies of
clean water to meet the needs of our communities and protect public health.
Strategies for treatment and conveyance of water continue to evolve,
along with engineering and technological developments and the need for
new water supplies. Water treatment is a series of physical and chemical
separation processes to remove contaminants from water and protect public
health. This often involves removing particulate matter, microorganisms and
viruses, and organic and inorganic compounds. It also involves protecting
distribution system infrastructure and plumbing from significant internal cor-
rosion or scaling. Due to the growing water scarcity of new, pristine sources
of supply, more complex and energy-intensive water treatment processes
are needed to treat the available supplies, and these new supplies often must
be conveyed over greater distances.
Energy requirements to provide water treatment and conveyance activities
are substantial. Nearly 2% of total US electricity consumption goes towards
moving and treating water and wastewater. The pumping systems employed
at water treatment plants typically consume 10-15% of plant energy. Thus,
poor application of the pumps, flow control, and motors can lead to ineffi-
ciency and wasted energy consumption. Optimizing pumping applications
and operations is increasingly important to achieving energy efficiency goals.
Water Treatment Plant Pumps: Guidelines for Selection, Application, and
Operation is intended to assist in understanding the general layout, compo-
nents, and operation of a typical water treatment plant, and provide the guid-
ance necessary to select pump types and define pump materials to perform
effectively, efficiently, and reliably in the various plant operations. In addition
to pump selection criteria, this document also addresses auxiliary compo-
nents that are required to operate a pump, including the driver, couplings,
and control methods. This single resource yields the practical information for
those that are new to defining treatment plant pumping systems and equip-
ment, and for those that are experienced in the field but desire to enhance
their knowledge base of these systems.
xiii
xiv Foreword
This guideline applies to pumps used in a typical water treatment plant

normally operated today in the United States. It is not possible, nor is it the
intent of this guideline, to cover all possible configurations, components, or
specialized treatment plant processes. Any change in plant operation defined
herein will affect the selection of the proper pumping systems.
This guideline presents the collective knowledge of numerous pump and
water design industry experts that possess hundreds of years of practical
experience. It is their intention to assist the reader by presenting this informa-
tion in one easy to follow guideline and provide the information necessary to
make selections to optimize systems efficiently, reliably, and economically.
This guideline assumes that the reader has a basic familiarity with engi-
neering principles and practices; it is not intended to be a complete design
manual for a water treatment plant. It is recommended that the reader refer-
ence additional detailed material, communicate with the designers and oper-
ators of the plant, and define the operating requirements of the plant as
required to confirm and evaluate all final pump and pump component
selections.
Acknowledgements
The Hydraulic Institute (HI) is the largest trade association of North American
pump manufacturers and supplier companies that provide the pumping
industry with ancillary parts, equipment, and services. HI gratefully acknowl-
edges the exceptional efforts demonstrated by the HI Water Treatment Plant
Pumps Committee chairs and members in researching the technical mate-
rial, developing the text, and furnishing the graphics and photographs that
they have incorporated in this important contribution to the industry.
The HI Water Treatment Plant Pumps Committee and the development of
this document were led by Rodney Mrkvicka (Committee Chair) and Con-
stantino Senon (Committee Vice-Chair). They provided vision, guidance, and
maintained the development process to complete this document. Keeping
the HI Standards and Systems Committee goals for guideline documents in
perspective, they kept the document development progressing, developed
original material, and managed additional information contributed by the
committee. They also led the committee discussions to resolve any differ-
ences in opinion, resolved all comments received during the development
and review process, and agreed on the final content. The committee mem-
bers listed below provided valuable contributions and a dedicated effort in the
completion of this document. Special recognition is also given to the mem-
bers of the HI Seals Committee for their detailed contribution to this guideline.
Our appreciation is also extended to Mick Cropper (Vice President – Technical
Affairs) for his guidance and suggestions based on his experience with the
development of a previous application guideline for HI.
Foreword xv
Hydraulic Institute Water Treatment Plant Pumps Guideline Committee
Rodney Mrkvicka, Committee Chair Paul Moulton

Smith & Loveless Inc. AECOM
Constantino Senon, Committee Ed Pascua

Vice- Chair MWH Americas, Inc.
MWH Americas, Inc.
Timothy R. Albers Jan Schyberg
Nidec Motor Corporation Xylem – Water Solutions
Jeff Bergman Arnold Sdano

ABB LV Drives US Pentair - Fairbanks Nijhuis
Frank Ennenbach George Tey

Sulzer Pumps Ltd. MWH Americas, Inc.
Carl Frizzell Thiru Veeraraghaven

CDM Smith- Water Services Group A.W. Chesterton Company
Patrick Hogg Kristel Zaman

Nidec Motor Corporation Xylem Inc. - Water Solutions
In addition, special recognition is provided to Michael Michaud, HI Execu-

tive Director, and the staff of the Hydraulic Institute, specifically Peter Gay-
don, HI Technical Director, and Denielle Giordano, HI Manager, Technical
Publications, for their experience and assistance during the committee meet-
ings and in the development of this document. Their support, contributions,
patience, and dedication were invaluable, greatly appreciated, and led to the
successful publication of this document.
Several independent experts in the industry provided their time to review
and evaluate the committee draft. They conducted a thorough review of the
material, ensuring the document met the intended goal established by the
committee chairs, and provided accurate, coordinated, and relevant informa-
tion to the reader. Their efforts were extremely valuable, and the committee
thanks all of them for their time and efforts.
if you need the full-text of the Ebook, pl1ease contact us: burgess9sarah@
gmail.com also, we have many other ebooks and reports
James Borchardt Matthew Gribbins

Special
StantecAcknowledgements – Document Review
Carollo Engineers
William Clunie Gary Patterson

AECOM Dynamatic® Drive Source International
Inc.
Donald DeAngelis
AECOM
CHAPTER • ONE
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This document provides application guidelines for the selection of pumps
used in a typical surface water treatment plant employing conventional gran-
ular media filtration processes for municipal water supply purposes. It is not
intended to provide guidelines for pumps used in industrial water treatment
plants.
This guideline discusses the basic process operations used in a typical
surface water treatment plant, as are the application and operation of rotody-
namic and positive displacement pumps for the various processes. Each
section includes a brief description of the particular process operation and
the recommended type of pump, including materials of construction and
pump sealing recommendations, to be applied to that particular process.
1.2 Scope
This guideline covers a typical conventional water treatment process of raw
water, from intake to treated potable storage reservoirs. It also includes all
flow processes related to the principal water treatment flow, such as sludge
transfer and dewatering, chemical feed, sampling, and plant water systems.
The guideline is based on a typical plant having a treatment capacity between
10 and 100 million gallons per day (mgd), utilizing conventional filtration. No
advanced water treatment processes are included.
This guideline includes a treatment process flow chart of the water treat-
ment processes. Each flow process is defined and includes a brief descrip-
tion of the particular operation as well as a description of the pumping
process taking place, special considerations when selecting pumps for each
particular process, and a listing of the types of pumps recommended for use.
Refer to the flowchart to understand the relationship between the various
process operations.
1
2 Water Treatment Plant Pumps: Guidelines For Selection, Application, And Operation
An applications spreadsheet is included to summarize the process opera-

tions, pump application characteristics, and recommended pump units to be
used. It is recommended that the user read the information provided in the
individual sections to understand the considerations in applying the pumps
to that operation.
1.3 Disclaimer
This document does not purport to cover all treatment applications or
the complete treatment process system included in a plant, but has endeav-
ored to provide an example that may be helpful in addressing the selection
of pumps for typical treatment plant operations. The user will need to under-
stand the actual application and its operational characteristics and use this
manual as general guidance for selecting pumps to serve that unit process.
CHAPTER • TWO
Overview
2.1 Objective of a Water Treatment Plant

Water, just like air, is essential for living. We need fresh, clean water for
human and animal consumption, to support aquatic life, generate power, irri-
gate crops, and for water-based recreation. Even though approximately two
thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water, most of it is not fresh water
and cannot readily be used as drinking water.
The purpose of a water treatment system is to provide water of sufficient
quality to meet goals and standards for safe consumption by community. The
goals and water quality standards define the allowable amount of constitu-
ents in treated and potable water and are established by the community
through its regulatory agencies.
2.2 What Is Treated Water?

Surface water is water located on the Earth’s surface. It is typically rainwater
that has been collected in streams, rivers, lakes, or oceans, but may also be
water originating from aquifers located below the ground surface that could
be extracted by using deep well pumps. Surface water becomes treated
water after physical removal of solids and contaminants in the water, followed
by disinfection to kill microorganism and viruses.
If the treated water meets regulatory requirements, it may be considered
potable. Potable water is defined as water that does not exceed regulated
levels of any compound that cause illness or disease, and can therefore be
safely consumed by humans.
Treated water that is not treated to meet regulatory requirements for pota-
ble water standards is considered nonpotable water. In the treatment pro-
cess, non- potable water can be used as utility water for the purposes of
cleaning, wash down, and addition to chemical feed systems. Treated water,
either potable or non-potable, becomes wastewater after it is consumed and

rejected or otherwise becomes contaminated with natural or synthetic micro-
biological compounds and organic/inorganic compounds.
Water treated for use in industrial processes should be distinguished from
potable water as treatment requirements may differ. Sensitive industrial pro-
cesses may require water that has fewer ions or other constituents that are
typically present in potable water.
Potable water, while safe for human consumption, is not pure water. Addi-
tional constituents in the water are likely to include dissolved minerals. If chlo-
rine has been used to disinfect the water, then chloride will be present. Some
municipalities also fluoridate water for dental health, meaning that the water
will contain fluoride.
Surface water may contain a variety of constituents that need to be
removed through treatment. Relatively pristine surface water sources may
have particulate matter, such as small amounts of sand and silt resulting from
water erosion. In addition to creating cloudy water, this sand and silt may
transport or shelter pathogens that can cause illnesses in people. These
pathogens come from other humans or wildlife.
In addition to the pathogens and particulate matter, surface water may
also contain colloids of organic matter from plants. This organic matter may
cause the water to smell or taste fishy or musty and may cause a discolor-
ation of the water. Visually pristine water can also contain naturally occurring
levels of metal ions, such as iron or manganese. Often this occurs if the water
originates from below ground before being exposed at the surface. Finally,
surface water may have a pH or alkalinity that causes corrosion or significant
deposition in distribution system piping and components due to chemical
reactions that occur with piping materials.
In addition to the constituents found in pristine waters, surface waters that
pass through agricultural lands may exhibit higher concentrations of salts
(due to irrigation practices), higher concentrations of nitrates and phospho-
rus (due to fertilization), and higher pathogen concentrations (due to signifi-
cant numbers of livestock).
Surface water that passes through heavily populated areas may contain
trace amounts of prescription medications that pass through water or waste-
water treatment plants and contaminants that occur in urban storm water
runoff and finally end up in surface water. Prescription medications cannot be
removed by a conventional water treatment process.
2.3 Why Treat Water?

A significant portion of the world’s population lacks access to clean water.
Many diseases are transmitted through contaminated drinking water, caus-
ing people to get sick or causing harm to those who use it. With treated water,
the disease burden within a community significantly decreases.
Treatment of water protects public health by removing particulate matter
that shelters microorganisms and viruses and inactivating any remaining
pathogens. Treatment also makes potable water more aesthetically pleasing,
Chapter 2: Overview 5
removing organic colloids that can cause musty tastes and odors, and
removing inorganics such as metal ions that can cause unpleasant staining
in tubs and toilets. Treatment of water can also protect the distribution system
infrastructure from significant internal corrosion or calcium buildup and scal-
ing by controlling water pH.
2.4 Water Treatment

Water treatment to produce potable water from surface water typically con-
sists of physical and chemical separation processes to remove constituents
from the water and to kill or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms and
viruses.
Physical removal can be accomplished with use of flocculation and sedi-
mentation basins, sand filters, or membranes.
In a conventional water treatment plant, chemicals are first added to the
water to cause some constituents dissolved in the water to precipitate. Chem-
icals are also added to neutralize the surface charge on small particles in the
water. The water is mixed to cause some of these small, neutralized particles
to stick together to form larger particles. Following mixing, the larger, heavier
particles settle out of the water and are removed. Water is then passed through
filters that remove remaining small particles. Selection of the chemicals used
for this water treatment is important, as it can have a significant impact on the
characteristics of the solid waste streams that must be handled.
In a membrane treatment plant, water is passed through cartridge filters to
remove any large constituents that may damage or clog membranes. The
water is then passed through membranes to remove smaller particles, colloi-
dal matter, or salts.
Disinfection is typically carried out following physical removal of solids.
Disinfection damages the DNA make-up of microorganisms or viruses and
reduce its ability to cause harm to the user. This damage is done through
exposure to light (UV disinfection), or oxidation of the DNA (using ozone or
chlorination). If the disinfection process leaves a residual in the water (such
as chlorine), this residual provides some protection against downstream
contamination in the distribution system.
2.5 Process Treatment Scheme

Figure 2.1 indicates the flow path of water and other related flow streams
through a conventional water treatment plant. The figure identifies the pro-
cess used, how the processes relate to each other, how pumps are applied,
and lists the most common pump types suitable for each application. The fig-
ures in this guide are to assist the reader in understanding how the various
treatment plant process components interact and how the pumps transfer
flow between unit processes.
INTAKE SCREENING FLOW RAPID MIX FLOCCULATION SEDIMENTATION FILTERS DISINFECTION CLEARWELL STORAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION
TO FILTERS
OR FROM CLEARWELL SURFACE WASH
4
FILTERS
BACKWASH
FLOW PUMPS 6
1 SCREEN 2
DISTRIBUTION
FILTERS SURFACE
TRANSFER CLEARWELL WATER PUMPS TO PLANT WATER
INTAKE SYSTEM
PUMPS 3 WATER
PUMPS DISINFECTION STORAGE
WATER
REUSE RAPID MIX
PUMPS TO DISTRIBUTION
5 7 SYSTEM
POTABLE
TRANSFER HIGH-SERVICE PUMPS
PUMPS
FILTERS FILTERS
SLUDGE BACKWASH TO
WASTE WASTE
WATER PROCESSING
SOLIDS PROCESSING
10 CHEMICAL
SLUDGE SLUDGE TO TREATMENT SYSTEMS
DEWATERING THICKENERS STORAGE APPLICATION POINTS 9
SLUDGE 11
BASINS
13 10 PUMPS
FILTERS TO WASTE CHEMICAL FEED
SOLIDS PUMPS
DEWATERING PUMPS
DISPOSAL SLUDGE
FEED PUMPS
PUMPS
14
PLANT DRAIN 10
PUMPS FROM
SLUDGE TREATMENT
PUMPS TO SYSTEM PROCESS
ANALYZERS 9 FLOW
WATER SAMPLING
RETURN FILTERS WASTE PUMPS
WASTE
EQUALIZATION EQUALIZATION
CLARIFIERS
BASINS BASINS
12 12
WASTE RECYCLE WASTE RECYCLE
PUMPS PUMPS
NOTE: NUMERICAL VALUES REFER TO PUMP TYPES IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPENDIX A - PROCESS APPLICATION
Figure 2.1: Conventional surface water treatment plant flow diagram
CHAPTER • THREE
Pump Selection
Considerations and Guide
Instructions
This guide lists the recommended pump types for specific water treatment
plant unit process applications. The selection of a specific pump from the rec-
ommended list depends on many site- specific application considerations. All
considerations need to be evaluated by the designer to ensure the selected
pump, even if shown on the recommended list, can perform the service as
intended. The designer will also need to coordinate with the pump manufac-
turer to ensure the application is appropriate for the selected process and
that the pump type and model is current and available. Several consider-
ations are discussed below in more detail. Each application may have other
features that may require additional considerations or that will affect the
application of the pump.
The pump selection guide chart provides guidance to enable designers,
manufacturers, and facility staff involved in the pump selection process to
select a pump(s) suitable for each application. This document does not cover
all treatment applications that can be encountered, nor does it cover all treat-
ment processes that can be included in a plant. However, this guideline is
intended to provide examples and recommendations that may be helpful in
addressing service conditions that should be evaluated and the selection of
pumps for typical treatment plant operations. The user is expected to utilize
his or her judgment to understand the details of the actual application and its
operational characteristics when applying the pump selection concepts
described in this guideline.
The user of the guide will find it helpful to follow the steps shown in the
pump selection flow chart (Figure 3.1). The pump selection flow chart con-
tains recommended steps, including identifying the process application, sys-
tem hydraulics, type of pump suitable for the process and general
arrangement, pump selection, and material selection.
7
The treatment plant operations summaries included in Chapter 4 define

the specific process function of a given plant component, factors for selecting
pumps for that process, recommended pump characteristics, and a listing of
recommended types of pumps. The typical water treatment process flow dia-
gram represented in Figure 3.1 should assist the reader in understanding the
flow through the plant and how each specific treatment process is included in
the plant. The pump selection summary table included as Appendix A pro-
vides a quick reference for the material that is defined in more detail through
the operations summary sections provided in Chapter 4. The pump materials
of construction table included as Appendix B identifies the recommended
materials for the pump components based on a specific process function.
Identify type of treatment Water treatment plant flow charts

References
process application Wastewater treatment plant flow charts
Maximum, average, and minimum flows

Minimum and maximum static heads
Suction and discharge piping configuration
Establish design criteria Output
Friction losses
Fluid characteristics
Operational scenarios
System head curve chart showing

the following:
Plot system head curve Output Static heads
Dynamic friction losses for new and old pipes
Design point (flow and head)
Operating range or envelope
Refer to applicable
Water treatment plant schematic
schematic process diagram References
diagrams
to determine type of pump
Wastewater treatment plant schematic
diagrams
Determine pump type,

installation type (vertical or
horizontal), and process
fluid characteristics
Determine pump specific

speed versus impeller Output Refer to HI Standards ANSI/HI 1.1-1.2,
characteristics ANSI/HI 2.1-2.2, and ANSI/HI 1.3
Figure 3.1: Pump selection guide chart
Chapter 3: Pump Selection Considerations and Guide Instructions 9
Calculate pump maximum

Output Refer to HI Standard ANSI/HI 1.3,
speed
ANSI/HI 2.3, and ANSI/HI 9.6.1
Refer to pump manufacturer’s catalog

Use flow and head range
Use maximum allowable speed and range
Select pump curve References Select best efficiency point
Optimize efficiency at operating points where
pump operates most of the time
Check pump operating within MCF, AOR and POR,
and determine if variable speed drive is required.
Determine if variable speed

Input
pump is required
Superimpose plot pump

curve over system head Output System and pump curve chart
curve
Pump selection with pump manufacturer

Design point and range of operation
MCF, POR and AOR
Confirm the following NPSHR versus NPSHA
Output
information Maximum operation speed
Minimum operating speed
Non-overloading hp and motor hp
Pump layout dimensions
Impeller
Casing
Shaft
Determine pump material
Output Shaft sleeve
of construction
Wear rings
Seal type
Fasteners
Pump selection complete Output Equipment data sheet
Figure 3.1: Pump selection guide chart (continued )
3.1 Hydraulic Institute (HI) Standards and References
3.1.1 HI Standards
The ANSI/HI Pump Standards allow pump designers, specifiers, and opera-
tions personnel to make informed decisions, to design and operate reliable
pumping systems, and to optimize pump performance. The ANSI/HI Pump
Standards include definitions, industry terminology, design, application,
installation, operation, and maintenance guidelines.
Many ANSI/HI Standards are referenced in this guideline. The user should
refer to the following standards and guidelines for more detailed information
on the specific topic and to enhance the information included in this
guideline.
ANSI/HI 1.3 Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pumps for Design and Application
ANSI/HI 1.4 Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pumps for Manuals Describing
Installation, Operation, and Maintenance
ANSI/HI 2.3 Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps of Radial, Mixed, and Axial Flow
Types for Design and Application
ANSI/HI 2.4 Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps for Manuals Describing Installa-
tion, Operation, and Maintenance
ANSI/HI 7.1 – 7.5 Controlled-Volume Metering Pumps for Nomenclature,
Definitions, Application, and Operation
ANSI/HI 9.1 – 9.5 Pumps – General Guidelines
ANSI/HI 9.6.1 Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for NPSH Margin
ANSI/HI 9.6.2 Rotodynamic Pumps for Assessment of Applied Nozzle
Loads
ANSI/HI 9.6.3 Rotodynamic Pumps — Guideline for Operating Regions
ANSI/HI 9.6.4 Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Measurements and
Allowable Values
ANSI/HI 9.6.6 Rotodynamic Pumps for Pump Piping
ANSI/HI 9.6.8 Rotodynamic Pumps – Guideline for Dynamics of Pumping
Machinery
ANSI/HI 9.8 Rotodynamic Pumps for Pump Intake Design
ANSI/HI 11.6 Rotodynamic Submersible Pumps for Hydraulic Perfor-
mance, Hydrostatic Pressure, Mechanical, and Electrical Acceptance Tests
ANSI/HI 12.1 – 12.6 Rotodynamic Slurry Pumps for Nomenclature, Defini-
tions, Applications, and Operation
ANSI/HI 14.6 Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Accep-
tance Tests
Variable Speed Pumping Guideline
Pump Systems Optimization (PSO) Guidebook
Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis for Pumping Systems
Mechanical Seals for Pumps: Application Guidelines
3.1.2 ANSI/HI Pump References
Throughout this document, specific pump types are referenced using the
ANSI/HI designations, such as OH11, OH12, etc. These designations are
defined as shown on Figures 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4.
3.2 Site Conditions

The physical location of the pump can dictate the type of pump and pump
station configuration that can be used. These location considerations include
elevation above sea level, ambient temperature, water temperature, avail-
able physical size, or space to house the equipment, water source elevations
at the suction side, suction and discharge piping configuration and align-
ments, wet-well configuration and size, interior/exterior installation, type of
power, and power supply requirements.
3.2.1 Installation Space
The physical size of the area where the pump can be installed should be con-
sidered. The area must allow space for the pump and driver assembly to be
properly mounted, the inlet and discharge piping and valves to be sufficiently
supported and accessed, and the necessary power wiring and switches to
be installed. Adequate space will need to be provided for operators and main-
tenance personnel to access the pump to perform any maintenance or
repairs or to remove it. Horizontal and vertical pump assemblies should be
recognized as having significantly different installation space requirements
and will need to be evaluated accordingly.
New designs can allow the designer to create the space required to meet
the new pump requirements. Retrofit designs may not afford this ability. The
existing structure, wet-well, hydraulics, control sequencing, or installation
requirements may become the primary considerations when choosing a
pump type.
3.2.2 Piping Alignments
The physical orientation and size of the inlet and discharge piping, including
the valves and fittings can require a significant amount of space. The piping
must allow for proper inlet and discharge conditions to the pump so that no
significant turbulent flow variations are introduced that could damage the
pumping system components. Also, the piping layout cannot create addi-
tional loads or stresses on the pump nozzles, which can lead to vibrational
concerns. For detailed information on these subjects, refer to the ANSI/HI
9.6.2, ANSI/HI 9.6.6, and ANSI/HI 9.6.8.
12
Water Treatment Plant Pumps: Guidelines For Selection, Application, And Operation
Overhung Impeller Pump
Types and Classifications
Flexibly Coupled Rigidly Coupled/Short Coupled Close Coupled
Vertical Submersible Sealless with

Sealless with High-speed Canned Motor
Horizontal Vertical
Magnetic Drive Integral Gear
Vertical
Horizontal Vertical
Horizontal Axial Foot Centerline In-line
Horizontal
Flow Mounted Mounted
In-line End
Suction Volute
Vertical Frame Self - In-line End Diffuser Unclassified
Mounted Priming Suction
Pitot Tube
OH11 OH12 OH00 OH0 OH1 OH1A OH2 OH3 OH3A OH4 OH5 OH5A OH6 OH7 OH8A OH8B OH9 OH10 Pump
Figure 3.2: Rotodynamic pump types – overhung impeller
Between-Bearings
Pump Types
and Classifications
1&2 Multistage
Stage
Axially Radially Axially Radially

Split Split Split Split
Single Double
Casing Casing
BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 BB5
Figure 3.3: Rotodynamic pump types – between bearings
Vertically Suspended Pump
Types and Classifications
Vertically Suspended
Double Casing
Single Casing (Canor Suction In-line
(Open Pit Intake) Barrel Intake) Casing
Submersible Discharge Separate

Through Discharge
Column (Sump)
Diffuser Volute Axial Line- Canti- Diffuser Volute Diffuser

Flow shaft lever
VS0 VS1 VS2 VS3 VS4 VS5 VS6 VS7 VS7a VS8
Figure 3.4: Rotodynamic pump types – vertically suspended
3.2.3 Pump Intake Configuration
Every pump system design must consider the location, water level elevation,
and type of water source at the suction side of the pump. Then the type of
pump and suction configuration can be determined. The suction configura-
tion must be designed so that the hydraulic flow conditions as water enters
the suction volute of the pump will meet the acceptance criteria recom-
mended by ANSI/HI 9.6.1 and ANSI/HI 9.8.
3.2.4 Indoor/Outdoor Installations
Indoor/outdoor conditions (such as rain, snow, dust, and explosive environ-

ments, etc.) can affect selection of pumping equipment enclosures. The
designer should account for these different environmental conditions. The
installation should also allow personnel to access the pump for operation and
maintenance tasks in various weather conditions.
Pumping conditions are affected by cold or hot ambient temperatures ver-
sus regulated temperatures. These conditions can affect the pump perfor-
mance, seals, and characteristics of the pumped fluid. In addition, the pump
suction capability and pressure (suction lift) can be adversely affected by
high-temperature fluids due to vapor pressure factors discussed later in this
document.
3.2.5 Power
The type of power and power supply requirements will dictate certain aspects
of pump selection. Most of these considerations will affect the motor or driver
of the pump. Issues with motor speed will, in turn, affect pump performance.
Single-phase or three-phase power, frequency, voltage, and generator
(back-up power) requirements need to be considered.
Some pumps can be operated using an engine as the pump driver. These
are normally used for temporary or emergency installations when electrical
power fails.
3.3 Pump Operational Requirements

Each pump is designed to operate over a limited range of hydraulic condi-
tions. Ideally, the pump would be selected such that the design point is as
close as possible to the best efficiency point (BEP).
If a pump is expected to operate continuously over a range of flow and
head conditions, the designer shall select a pump such that the operating
conditions fall entirely within its preferred operating region (POR). The pump
may be allowed to operate outside of its POR for a short period but shall stay
within its allowable operating region (AOR).
Furthermore, the system’s energy consumption can be minimized by
selecting a pump such that its POR is optimized around the most frequently
occurring operating conditions.
3.3.1 Rate of Flow Requirements
Selection of the individual rate of flow and number of pumps requires the
consideration of many factors for each application as follows:
• Current and future plant capacities
• Standby pumping requirements
• Minimum, average, and peak flows and time of operation at those
conditions
• Allowable operating region and system curve envelope
• Constant or variable speed
• Overlap between operation of pumps
3.3.2 Suction and Discharge Requirements
Suction requirements
Suction or wet-well requirements must be considered. The proper intake

characteristics, in addition to meeting the NPSH margin, are essential to
proper operation. Some pumps operate satisfactorily with shallow wet-wells,
while others require deeper wet-wells. The inlet suction pressure also shall
be determined for a complete analysis.
Discharge requirements
The discharge requirements of the intended system must be evaluated to

determine the system curve envelope in which the pump application will be
operating. Consideration must also be given to minimizing any potential surg-
ing that can occur, especially for pumps that discharge into lengthy distribu-
tion pipelines. Surging is caused by abrupt changes in the fluid flow, normally
caused by the pump starting or stopping, or by valves opening or closing.
Surging can be controlled by proper pump sizing, extending the time to start
and stop the pump, and/or the use of control valves or control systems.
3.3.3 Efficiency
Pump efficiency details need to be included in the selection of the pumps.

Each pump has a BEP on its head versus flow rate curve. Operating away
from this point will lower the pump efficiency. Where possible, optimize pump
efficiency by selecting pumps with their BEP at or nearest to the operating
point (flow and head) on the system head curve for which the pump is
expected to operate most of the time. Utilizing a pump and installing it within
a system that allows for a high efficiency is becoming a higher priority in
pump selection today.
However, there are applications that may make it necessary to choose

pumps that are inherently less efficient to suit the fluid being pumped. For
example, solids-handling pumps, which are typically equipped with open-
vane impellers to promote passing of solids, may have lower efficiencies than
clean water pumps.
Similarly, recessed impeller pumps will tend to have lower efficiencies
than bladed or vane-type impeller pumps, but may be necessary to handle an
abrasive application. In addition, a larger number of blades on multi-vane
impeller pumps will tend to have higher efficiencies than a lower number of
blades. All of these items must be evaluated to determine the best selection
for the application.
3.3.4 Type of Material Pumped
Fluid streams within a water treatment plant may be characterized by their

typical properties, as follows:
• Solids content
• Corrosivity
• Viscosity
• Temperature
The fluid stream may have characteristics that make one or more of these
properties important to selecting the proper pump. These properties create
different considerations that must be addressed when selecting a pump for
the intended service. The user should identify and communicate to the pump
manufacturer the nature of the fluid for each specific application.
3.3.4.1 Solids
Rotodynamic pumps that are specifically designed to deal with solids and
minimize clogging are referred to as solids-handling pumps. These pumps
are specifically designed to reduce the risk of clogging from large solids and
stringy material. Solids-handling pumps must accept and pass a 76 mm (3 in)
diameter solid as defined by standards and codes. Refer to Section 4.2 for
further discussion regarding solids-handling pumps and methods of address-
ing the solids-handling capability of the pump.
3.3.4.2 Corrosive Materials
Corrosive liquids or materials being transferred through the system require a

proper selection of the materials of construction in contact with the fluid. Cor-
rosive materials are not usually a factor in the plant’s water intake from con-
ventional water surface water or ground water sources. However, in certain
instances, such as seawater or brackish water intakes and the use of chemi-
cal feed systems in the plant processes, corrosivity must be evaluated to
ensure the pump can operate properly and not exhibit premature wear.
3.3.4.3 Sludge
Most natural intake sources will contain some type of suspended materials,
consisting of inorganic clays and silts, organic solids of microorganisms,
algae, or organic debris. The suspended materials removed or precipitated
during the water treatment processes along with the added chemical are
referred to as sludge. Sludge is a by-product of various treatment processes
such as sedimentation, thickening, and dewatering. Sludge produced by
each of these processes have different fluid characteristics.
Pumps transporting sludge should be capable of handling these fluids to
minimize the potential for clogging. The density and characteristics of the dif-
ferent sludge types vary, depending on the location in the treatment process
from which the sludge is extracted, and the sludge treatment used.
Sludge removed from a sedimentation/clarifier normally contains a solids
content up to 1.5%. Sludge can also contain some grit even when preceded
by a grit removal system. The installation of a grit removal system depends
on the design of the facility and the amount of grit that is anticipated entering
the system.
Thickened sludge is created when the solids removed from the process
stream are either allowed to settle or a mechanical means is employed to
remove the excess water from the sludge. Thickened sludge is considered a
heavy sludge and typically contains 3% to 6% solids.
Sludge removed from the process is dewatered to reduce the volume of
the sludge and to allow it to be processed or disposed of more effectively.
Dewatered sludge concentration is a function of several items, including the
type of dewatering equipment, feed solids, and chemical sludge quantity.
Dewatering is completed using various systems, such as belt presses, cen-
trifuges, plate presses, or drying beds. Dewatered sludge is considered a
“cake” and can contain a solids content from 15% to 25% using conventional
dewatering technology.
3.3.4.4 Scum
Scum consists of all floatable materials that are skimmed off the water sur-
faces of sedimentation basins or clarifiers. This can consist of any materials
that are light enough to float on the water surface. The scum is removed from
the clarifiers and sent to the dewatering system. Scum is viscous and slimy in
consistency. It is normally low in solids content, less than 0.5%, and not
abrasive.
3.3.4.5 Flocculated materials
Pumps that transfer flocculated materials (smaller particles that have

agglomerated into larger particles) need to keep the material in the floccu-
lated state and not shear the floc with the pump. Flocculated materials are
normally associated with clarifiers where the lighter solids have been floccu-
lated to aid in their removal from the process.
3.3.5 Additional Requirements
3.3.5.1 Site Elevation
The site elevation for the pump installation can affect pump operation. In gen-
eral, the higher the site elevation, the lower the barometric pressure. This
results in a lower NPSHA as compared to a pump installed at sea-level.
Therefore, NPSHA should always be corrected for barometric pressure at
the jobsite. Furthermore, the altitude will affect the rating of the motor. As the
altitude increases, the specific weight of air used to cool the motor decreases
resulting in reduction of motor capacity. Site elevation correction factors for
electric motors may be available from the equipment manufacturers.
3.3.5.2 Temperature
The temperature of the liquid pumped affects the ability of the pump to oper-
ate. Specifically, high-temperature liquids will reduce the suction head (higher
vapor pressure) and the ability of the pump to develop head pressure. The
pump may begin to cavitate, which can cause physical damage to the pump
components and increase vibration. The selection of the pump must include
appropriate correction factors for fluid temperature.
In addition to fluid temperature, jobsite temperature can also affect the
rating of the motor. Higher temperatures can cause a decrease in motor
capacity and may warrant a motor suited for a higher temperature rating.
3.3.5.3 Pump Flow Rate and Total Head
The design point for a specific pump is specified by the design flow rate (capac-
ity) and total head. The design capacity of a pump system is determined by the
design flow rate of each pump and the number of duty pumps in the system.
ANSI/HI Test Standards require pump manufacturers to meet the design
capacity with performance tolerances. For this reason, no flow margin is
included in the pump design flow rate. No head margin is included in the
design total head.
3.3.5.4 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Net positive suction head represents the total pump suction head referenced
to the datum elevation of the pump, less the vapor pressure of the liquid.
NPSHA represents the NPSH available to the pump, whereas NPSH3 rep-
resents the NPSH needed by the pump for reliable operation. The NPSH3
must be greater than the NPSHR by an appropriate margin for the pump to
operate properly. For more information on this subject, refer to ANSI/HI 9.6.1.
3.3.5.5 Rotational Speed
Rotodynamic pumps are normally operated at speeds of 1800 rpm and

below to reduce wear. Pump units can be operated with constant speed or
variable speed drivers. Adjusting the speed of the pump driver will change
the operational characteristics of the pump. Using a variable speed drive sys-
tem can provide pump adjustment on a frequent basis. This can be advanta-
geous when flow pacing is required, the influent flow to the pump varies
significantly, or there is a need to allow the pump to operate at a higher effi-
ciency. The driver selected for pumps used in variable speed application must
be capable of operating with a variable speed drive (VSD). Additional infor-
mation on the use of VSDs and drivers is included in Chapter 5.
Some pump applications operate on a constant speed basis. Constant
speed may provide the best efficiency for the application or may provide the
necessary metering for the pump.
3.3.5.5.1 Rotational Speed Limitations
As stated in ANSI/HI 9.6.1, Appendix A.2, the maximum operating speed for
a pump can be limited by the available NPSH in the system and the suction
characteristics of the first-stage impeller. Excessive pump speed can result in
unacceptable noise and vibration levels, abnormal wear, cavitation damage,
and possible pump failure.
Newer pump design technology allows reliable operation of pumps with
values of suction specific speed (s) through approximately 250 for metric
units (13,000 for US customary units), depending on eye peripheral velocity,
materials of construction, range of operation, pumped liquid properties, and
other factors. This results in lower NPSH3, which allows higher rotational
speeds with limited NPSHA. The following maximum operating speed infor-
mation also applies to the higher suction specific speed design pumps. Typi-
cally, the application of this rotational speed limitation information is for
vertical type single suction pumps with specific speeds (Ns) less than 95 –
115 (5000 – 6000).
The maximum speed for a pump (n) due to NPSHA can be calculated from
the suction specific speed formula by expressing the rotational speed as a
function of NPSHA, pump rate of flow (Q), and suction-specific speed (S) as
follows:
S (NPSHA )0.75
n =
Q
The curves presented in Figures 3.5 and 3.6 are based on a suction spe-
cific speed of 165 (8500) while operating at or near the pump’s BEP. This
represents a practical value for a typical pump handling cold water and liq-
uids with similar properties. Obviously, operating speeds may be lower than
those shown. For pumps required to operate either continuously or for
extended periods of time well above or below their BEP, a conservative suc-
tion specific speed should be used to ensure an adequate margin on NPSH
to prevent cavitation damage. Also, to ensure an adequate margin of NPSH
to prevent cavitation damage, the available NPSH NPSHA must exceed the
required NPSH (NPSH3) of the pump by a margin throughout the operating
range (refer to ANSI/HI 9.6.1 for details). Other factors that affect the degree

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PUMP APPLICATION GUIDELINE

WATER TREATMENT PLANT PUMPS

Guidelines for Selection, Application, and Operation

The Hydraulic Institute

Printed in the United States of America.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

About Pump Systems Matter

Pump Systems Matter

2.1 Objective of a Water Treatment Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Hydraulic Institute (HI) Standards and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.3 Pump Operational Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1 Motor Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

if you need the full-text of the Ebook, pl1ease contact

This guideline applies to pumps used in a typical water treatment plant

Hydraulic Institute Water Treatment Plant Pumps Guideline Committee

Rodney Mrkvicka, Committee Chair Paul Moulton

Constantino Senon, Committee Ed Pascua

Jeff Bergman Arnold Sdano

Frank Ennenbach George Tey

Carl Frizzell Thiru Veeraraghaven

Patrick Hogg Kristel Zaman

In addition, special recognition is provided to Michael Michaud, HI Execu-

James Borchardt Matthew Gribbins

William Clunie Gary Patterson

An applications spreadsheet is included to summarize the process opera-

2.1 Objective of a Water Treatment Plant

2.2 What Is Treated Water?

either potable or non-potable, becomes wastewater after it is consumed and

2.3 Why Treat Water?

2.4 Water Treatment

2.5 Process Treatment Scheme

Figure 2.1: Conventional surface water treatment plant flow diagram

The treatment plant operations summaries included in Chapter 4 define

Identify type of treatment Water treatment plant flow charts

Maximum, average, and minimum flows

System head curve chart showing

Determine pump type,

Determine pump specific

Figure 3.1: Pump selection guide chart

Calculate pump maximum

Refer to pump manufacturer’s catalog

Determine if variable speed

Superimpose plot pump

Pump selection with pump manufacturer

Pump selection complete Output Equipment data sheet

Figure 3.1: Pump selection guide chart (continued )

3.1 Hydraulic Institute (HI) Standards and References

3.1.2 ANSI/HI Pump References

3.2 Site Conditions

3.2.1 Installation Space

3.2.2 Piping Alignments

Flexibly Coupled Rigidly Coupled/Short Coupled Close Coupled

Vertical Submersible Sealless with

Figure 3.2: Rotodynamic pump types – overhung impeller

Axially Radially Axially Radially

BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 BB5

Figure 3.3: Rotodynamic pump types – between bearings

Submersible Discharge Separate

Diffuser Volute Axial Line- Canti- Diffuser Volute Diffuser