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FOURTH EDITION
Merrow
Aquino | Linscott | Koch
RICHARDSON | TOWBIN | O’HARA | MEYERS | KRAUS
NAGARAJ | SMITH | BASKIN | ANTON | JONES | ORSCHELN
FOURTH EDITION
Luke L. Linscott, MD
Pediatric Neuroradiologist
Vice Chair, Department of Medical Imaging
Primary Children’s Hospital
Salt Lake City, Utah
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
Associate Chief of Radiology (Physician Services and Education)
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
ii
Randy R. Richardson, MD Hank Baskin, MD
Regional Dean Pediatric Radiologist
Creighton University School of Medicine Primary Children’s Hospital
Phoenix Regional Campus Adjunct Associate Professor
Phoenix, Arizona Department of Radiology
University of Utah School of Medicine
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Salt Lake City, Utah
Associate Chief of Radiology (Clinical Operations and
Radiology Informatics) Christopher G. Anton, MD
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Faculty Radiologist
Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Associate Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics
Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sara M. O’Hara, MD, FAAP
Division Director, Ultrasound Blaise V. Jones, MD
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Director, MR Safety
Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics Division Director, Neuroradiology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Arthur B. Meyers, MD Cincinnati, Ohio
Division Director, Musculoskeletal Imaging
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Emily S. Orscheln, MD
Associate Professor of Radiology Pediatric Radiologist
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Children’s Mercy Hospital
Cincinnati, Ohio Assistant Professor of Radiology
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Steven J. Kraus, MD Kansas City, Missouri
Staff Radiologist
Section Chief of Fluoroscopy & Radiography
Department of Radiology
Texas Children’s Hospital
Houston, Texas
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Faculty Radiologist
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Associate Professor of Radiology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
Ethan A. Smith, MD
Chair of Quality Improvement
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Associate Professor of Radiology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
iii
Elsevier
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of
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iv
Dedication
To my wife and children: Through and through, thank you for your love
and support—in this project, yes—but much more so in the everyday
moments of life. You are all amazing.
ACM
v
vi
Contributing Authors
Swathi Selvam, BSc, MBBS, FRCR
Pediatric Radiology Fellow
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Ontario
vii
viii
Preface
Welcome to the fourth edition of Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics. While
we have made the expected updates over the third edition of the text
(including new images and videos, terminology, disease classifications,
and even new chapters), the events of the last 2 years have led to what
I hope to be a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence: the opportunity to include
a disease that did not exist 5 years ago and of which virtually the entire
global population is now aware. I highly doubt that anyone reading
this text has been unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic, directly or
indirectly.
I hope that each of you is truly well. That you’ve found a consistent
way to refresh your soul in this trying time—that you have light, joy,
purpose, and engagement—and somehow that wellness spills over into
the lives of others—your patients and their families, your colleagues,
your family and friends. We all need a little hope and encouragement
from each other.
Finally, I must thank all who have worked on this book, especially those
who helped carry my burdens when the light was dim. I am greatly
indebted to you.
ix
x
Acknowledgments
LEAD EDITOR
Nina Themann, BA
LEAD ILLUSTRATOR
Laura C. Wissler, MA
TEXT EDITORS
Arthur G. Gelsinger, MA
Rebecca L. Bluth, BA
Terry W. Ferrell, MS
Megg Morin, BA
Kathryn Watkins, BA
ILLUSTRATIONS
Richard Coombs, MS
Lane R. Bennion, MS
IMAGE EDITORS
Jeffrey J. Marmorstone, BS
Lisa A. M. Steadman, BS
PRODUCTION EDITORS
Emily C. Fassett, BA
John Pecorelli, BS
xi
xii
Sections
SECTION 1:
Airway
SECTION 2:
Chest
SECTION 3:
Cardiac
SECTION 4:
Gastrointestinal
SECTION 5:
Genitourinary
SECTION 6:
Musculoskeletal
SECTION 7:
Brain
SECTION 8:
Spine
SECTION 9:
Head and Neck
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
104 Chylothorax 176 Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
Randy R. Richardson, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD
FAAP 178 Alveolar Growth Abnormality
106 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD
Emily S. Orscheln, MD 180 Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders
110 Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, 182 Swyer-James Syndrome
FAAP Hank Baskin, MD
112 Esophageal Intubation 184 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
113 ECMO Catheters 186 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD
114 PICCs
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc CHEST WALL ISSUES
188 Pectus Excavatum
CHEST INFECTIONS Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD
116 Viral Chest Infection 190 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD
120 COVID-19/MIS-C 191 Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Arthur B. Meyers, MD
124 Round Pneumonia 192 Chest Wall Hamartoma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
128 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc MISCELLANEOUS
130 Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis 194 Asthma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Hank Baskin, MD
134 Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children 198 Bronchial Obstruction
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Hank Baskin, MD
136 Papillomatosis 202 Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Randy R. Richardson, MD
206 Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body
MEDIASTINAL MASSES Randy R. Richardson, MD
140 Lymphoma 208 Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
144 Germ Cell Tumors 212 Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
148 Neuroblastoma, Thoracic 214 EVALI
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
250 D-Transposition of Great Arteries
Randy R. Richardson, MD
MISCELLANEOUS
252 L-Transposition of Great Arteries 314 Heterotaxy Syndromes
Randy R. Richardson, MD Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
254 Tricuspid Atresia 318 Rhabdomyoma
Randy R. Richardson, MD Randy R. Richardson, MD, Ryan A. Moore, MD, and Paula
256 Truncus Arteriosus J. Woodward, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD 322 Kawasaki Disease
260 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD 326 Rheumatic Heart Disease
264 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Randy R. Richardson, MD
Ryan A. Moore, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 328 Marfan Syndrome
268 Left Coronary Artery Anomalous Origin Randy R. Richardson, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 330 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
272 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Randy R. Richardson, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD
274 Aortic Coarctation SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL
Randy R. Richardson, MD 334 Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract
278 Aortic Stenosis Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD
282 Pulmonary Artery Stenosis NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS
Randy R. Richardson, MD
338 Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction
286 Scimitar Syndrome
Position
Randy R. Richardson, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD
SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL 342 Normal Variations of Cecal Position
HEART DISEASE Steven J. Kraus, MD
344 Age-Related Appearance of Spleen
288 Glenn Shunt Ethan A. Smith, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
290 Fontan Operation NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD OBSTRUCTIONS
292 Arterial Switch Procedure
346 Malrotation
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD
294 Norwood Procedure
350 Midgut Volvulus
Randy R. Richardson, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD
296 Blalock-Taussig Shunt
354 Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD
298 Amplatzer Occluder Device
358 Duodenal Web
Randy R. Richardson, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
300 Sano Shunt
359 Pyloric Atresia
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
CARDIOMYOPATHIES
NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL
302 Myocarditis OBSTRUCTIONS
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
360 Jejunoileal Atresia
304 Left Ventricular Noncompaction
Steven J. Kraus, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
364 Colonic Atresia
306 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Steven J. Kraus, MD
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
365 Multiple Intestinal Atresias
308 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
Cardiomyopathy
366 Meconium Ileus
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD
310 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
370 Neonatal Small Left Colon
Leila Rezai Gharai, MD, John D. Grizzard, MD, and Randy
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
R. Richardson, MD
372 Hirschsprung Disease
Steven J. Kraus, MD
376 Anorectal Malformations
Steven J. Kraus, MD
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
438 Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital
OTHER NEONATAL GASTROINTESTINAL A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
DISORDERS 442 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
380 Meconium Peritonitis Ethan A. Smith, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD 444 Hepatic Adenoma
384 Necrotizing Enterocolitis Ethan A. Smith, MD
Hank Baskin, MD 446 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
388 Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation in Neonates Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Emily S. Orscheln, MD 447 Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES 448 Mesenchymal Hamartoma
TYPICALLY SEEN IN INFANTS AND YOUNG A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
CHILDREN 449 Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma
390 Gastroesophageal Reflux Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD 450 Biliary Atresia
392 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP 454 Choledochal Cyst
396 Gastric Volvulus Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 458 Caroli Disease
398 Ingested Coins Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 460 Fibrosis/Cirrhosis
400 Ingested Button Batteries Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 462 Steatosis/Steatohepatitis
402 Ingested Multiple Magnets Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 464 Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease
Ethan A. Smith, MD
ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL 466 Abernethy Malformation
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
404 Hernias
468 Liver Transplant Complications
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP and Michael R. Aquino, MD,
408 Omphalocele
MHSc
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
412 Gastroschisis SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
416 Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS 472 Wandering Spleen
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
417 Limb-Body Wall Complex 474 Splenic Infarct
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP Ethan A. Smith, MD
476 Splenic Cysts
OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
BOWEL OBSTRUCTION 478 Cat-Scratch Disease
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
418 Appendicitis
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES
FAAP
422 Ileocolic Intussusception 480 Pancreatoblastoma
Steven J. Kraus, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
426 Meckel Diverticulum 482 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP Alexander J. Towbin, MD
430 Colonic Volvulus 484 Pancreas Divisum
Steven J. Kraus, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
432 Internal Hernia 486 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
Ethan A. Smith, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
433 Segmental Volvulus 488 Annular Pancreas
Ethan A. Smith, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
490 Pancreatitis
LIVER ABNORMALITIES Alexander J. Towbin, MD
434 Hepatoblastoma MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
494 Primary Mesenteric Adenitis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
xvii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
496 Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation 574 Castleman Disease
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP Ethan A. Smith, MD
498 Omental Infarction 575 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Ethan A. Smith, MD
576 Abdominal Aneurysms
TRAUMA Ethan A. Smith, MD
500 Hypoperfusion Complex
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY
504 Bowel Injury 580 Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
508 Hepatic Trauma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
512 Splenic Trauma 584 Normal Neonatal Kidney
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
516 Duodenal Trauma 586 Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
520 Pancreatic Trauma 588 Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT
CHILDREN ABNORMALITIES
524 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease 590 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
528 Pseudomembranous Colitis 594 Vesicoureteral Reflux
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
530 Neutropenic Colitis 598 Ureteropelvic Duplications
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
532 Graft-vs.-Host Disease 602 Ureterocele
Ethan A. Smith, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
534 Chronic Granulomatous Disease 606 Primary Megaureter
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Steven J. Kraus, MD
538 Pneumatosis in Older Children 608 Megaureter-Megacystis
Ethan A. Smith, MD Steven J. Kraus, MD
609 Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Syndrome
540 Crohn Disease Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Alexander J. Towbin, MD 610 Prune-Belly Syndrome
544 Ulcerative Colitis Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Alexander J. Towbin, MD 612 Posterior Urethral Valves
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
MISCELLANEOUS 616 Urachal Abnormalities
546 Esophageal Strictures Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Alexander J. Towbin, MD 620 Cloacal Malformation
550 Bezoars Steven J. Kraus, MD
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 622 Bladder Exstrophy
554 Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts Steven J. Kraus, MD
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 624 Renal Ectopia and Fusion
558 Small Bowel Intussusception Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 628 Renal Agenesis
560 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Ethan A. Smith, MD
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
564 Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE
Alexander J. Towbin, MD 630 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
568 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and Swathi Selvam, BSc, 634 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive
MBBS, FRCR Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
572 Burkitt Lymphoma 638 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant
Ethan A. Smith, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
xviii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RENAL MASSES UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES
640 Wilms Tumor 712 Hydrometrocolpos
Ethan A. Smith, MD and Hank Baskin, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
644 Nephroblastomatosis 716 Müllerian Duct Anomalies
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
648 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma 720 Ovarian Cyst
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
650 Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma 724 Ovarian Teratoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
654 Renal Rhabdoid Tumor 728 Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood
Ethan A. Smith, MD Alexander J. Towbin, MD
655 Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney 732 Ovarian Torsion
Ethan A. Smith, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
656 Renal Cell Carcinoma 736 Ectopic Ovary
Ethan A. Smith, MD Hank Baskin, MD
658 Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES
660 Angiomyolipoma 738 Epididymoorchitis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
742 Testicular Torsion
MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
664 Pyelonephritis 746 Torsion of Testicular Appendage
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
668 Renal Injury 750 Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Hank Baskin, MD
672 Renal Stones 752 Testicular Tumors
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Hank Baskin, MD
676 Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary 756 Testicular Trauma
Hyperechogenicity Hank Baskin, MD
Arthur B. Meyers, MD 758 Ectopic Testicle
678 Renal Vein Thrombosis Hank Baskin, MD
Ethan A. Smith, MD 760 Variations of Hydroceles
680 Renal Artery Stenosis Ethan A. Smith, MD
Ethan A. Smith, MD
681 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 764 Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System
Christopher G. Anton, MD
BLADDER ABNORMALITIES
682 Neurogenic Bladder NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
Steven J. Kraus, MD 768 Primary and Secondary Growth Centers
686 Bladder Diverticula Arthur B. Meyers, MD
Steven J. Kraus, MD 770 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion
688 Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance Arthur B. Meyers, MD
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP 772 Normal Musculoskeletal Developmental Variants
690 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary Confused With Disease
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
778 Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity
ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
694 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
698 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 780 VACTERL Association
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Arthur B. Meyers, MD
702 Neuroblastoma 784 Polydactyly
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP Arthur B. Meyers, MD
708 Adrenocortical Carcinoma 785 Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia
Alexander J. Towbin, MD Arthur B. Meyers, MD
710 Pheochromocytoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
xix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
786 Tibial Bowing 854 Patellar Sleeve Avulsion
Arthur B. Meyers, MD A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
787 Arthrogryposis 855 Tibial Tubercle Avulsion
Arthur B. Meyers, MD A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
788 Clubfoot 856 Trampoline Fracture
Arthur B. Meyers, MD Emily S. Orscheln, MD
790 Discoid Meniscus 857 Toddler's Fracture
Christopher G. Anton, MD Emily S. Orscheln, MD
858 Triplane Fracture
TRAUMA: GENERAL Christopher G. Anton, MD
794 Physeal Fractures 860 Juvenile Tillaux Fracture
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP FAAP
798 Apophyseal Injuries
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY
802 Incomplete Fractures DISORDERS
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, 862 Osteomyelitis
FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
804 Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture 868 Syphilis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc Arthur B. Meyers, MD
808 Other Fractures of Child Abuse 870 Septic Arthritis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
812 Stress Injuries 872 Transient Synovitis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
FAAP 874 Soft Tissue Abscess
816 Osteochondritis Dissecans A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, 876 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
FAAP Christopher G. Anton, MD
820 Fracture Complications 880 Dermatomyositis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD Christopher G. Anton, MD
824 Orthopedic Hardware and Complications 882 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD Arthur B. Meyers, MD
828 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic
Arthur B. Meyers, MD SOFT TISSUE MASSES
830 Morel-Lavallée Lesion 886 Infantile Hemangioma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
831 Muscle Hernia 890 Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
892 Venous Malformation
TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
832 Clavicle Injuries 896 Lymphatic Malformation
Arthur B. Meyers, MD A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
834 Supracondylar Fracture 900 Arteriovenous Malformation (Musculoskeletal)
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
838 Lateral Condylar Fracture 902 Fibromatosis
Christopher G. Anton, MD Christopher G. Anton, MD
842 Medial Epicondyle Avulsion 906 Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
844 Forearm Fractures 908 Plexiform Neurofibroma
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, Arthur B. Meyers, MD
FAAP 910 Lipoblastoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY 911 Pilomatrixoma
846 ACL Injuries A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
Arthur B. Meyers, MD 912 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal
850 Patellar Dislocation Christopher G. Anton, MD
Arthur B. Meyers, MD
xx
TABLE OF CONTENTS
916 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas 992 Scoliosis
(NRSTS) Christopher G. Anton, MD
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, 996 Tarsal Coalition
FAAP Christopher G. Anton, MD
920 Granuloma Annulare 1000 Brachial Plexopathy
Arthur B. Meyers, MD Arthur B. Meyers, MD
922 Myositis Ossificans 1002 Hemophilia
Arthur B. Meyers, MD A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
xxi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1054 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 1104 Childhood Stroke
Luke L. Linscott, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1056 PHACE Syndrome 1106 Moyamoya
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB Luke L. Linscott, MD
1057 Neurocutaneous Melanosis 1108 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1110 Childhood Aneurysms
CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS Luke L. Linscott, MD
1058 Colloid Cyst 1112 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1060 Arachnoid Cyst 1114 Arteriovenous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1062 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts 1116 Cavernous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1064 Pineal Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND
1065 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1118 Metabolic Brain Disease
1066 Pilocytic Astrocytoma Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1122 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
1068 Medulloblastoma Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1124 Leukodystrophies
1070 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1126 TORCH Infections
1072 Posterior Fossa Ependymoma Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1128 Brain Abscess
1074 Supratentorial Ependymoma Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1130 Acute Encephalitis
1075 Glioblastoma Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1132 Demyelinating Diseases
1076 Brainstem Tumors Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1080 DNET MISCELLANEOUS
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1134 Craniosynostoses
1081 Ganglioglioma Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1138 CSF Shunts and Complications
1082 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1083 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes SECTION 8: SPINE
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1144 Approach to Pediatric Spine
1084 Craniopharyngioma
Blaise V. Jones, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1086 Germinoma, Brain CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1088 Choroid Plexus Tumors 1146 Myelomeningocele
Luke L. Linscott, MD Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
1148 Lipomyelomeningocele
TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
1149 Dorsal Dermal Sinus
1090 Birth Injury
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
1150 Caudal Regression
1092 Abusive Head Trauma
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1151 Split Cord Malformation
1096 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1152 Terminal Myelocystocele
1100 White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
1153 Neurenteric Cyst
1102 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD
xxii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1154 Syringomyelia 1212 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess
Blaise V. Jones, MD Luke L. Linscott, MD
1156 Tethered Spinal Cord
Blaise V. Jones, MD SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL
INVOLVEMENT
NEOPLASMS 1216 CHARGE Syndrome
1157 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.
Luke L. Linscott, MD Koch, MD
1158 Spinal Cord Ependymoma 1217 Branchiootorenal Syndrome
Blaise V. Jones, MD William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D.
1160 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma Robson, MBChB
Blaise V. Jones, MD 1218 Treacher Collins Syndrome
1162 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP 1219 Pierre Robin Sequence
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
1166 Discitis/Osteomyelitis NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1220 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
1168 Inflammatory Myelopathies Bernadette L. Koch, MD
Blaise V. Jones, MD 1224 Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
TRAUMA 1228 Acute Parotitis
1170 Craniocervical Junction Injuries Bernadette L. Koch, MD
Luke L. Linscott, MD 1230 Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial
1174 Chance Fracture Bernadette L. Koch, MD
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP and Blaise V. Jones, MD 1234 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck
1176 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Bernadette L. Koch, MD
Christopher G. Anton, MD 1238 Fibromatosis Colli
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK 1242 Suppurative Adenitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
1180 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
ORBIT
1196 Orbital Cellulitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
1200 Retinoblastoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
TEMPORAL BONE
1204 Congenital Auricle Malformations
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
1206 Large Vestibular Aqueduct
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.
Koch, MD
1208 Congenital Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
1210 Acquired Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
xxiii
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FOURTH EDITION
Merrow
Aquino | Linscott | Koch
RICHARDSON | TOWBIN | O’HARA | MEYERS | KRAUS
NAGARAJ | SMITH | BASKIN | ANTON | JONES | ORSCHELN
SECTION 1
Airway
4
Approach to Pediatric Airway
Airway
(Left) Lateral radiograph of
the normal pharynx in a young
child shows a "thin" & well-
defined epiglottis . Note
the normal retropharyngeal
soft tissue width ſt & thin
aryepiglottic folds st. (Right)
AP radiograph of a normal
airway shows normal angular
"shoulders" or lateral
convexities ſt in the
subglottic region. The
remainder of the trachea has a
uniform caliber & is slightly
shifted to the right by a
normal left-sided aortic arch
.
5
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Osviittoa ottamassa;
Pian mahti maahan joutu, 110
Kulki kylästä kylyhän,
Pitäjästä pitkin ensin
Rautalammin rannikoita.
Wiipymättä Wiitasaari,
Kuuluja kalapitäjäs, 115
Saapi siitä selvän tieon;
Pian joutu Pielaveille,
Kohta Karttulan karille,
Suonenjoille sukkelasti.
Min' en tieä miss' on laita 120
Tämän kuulon kulkemassa;
Tilan tieän, kuss'on alku,
Kosk' on Koivulan pajassa
Rauta kiinni kiehutettu,
Rakennettu ankkuriksi, 125
Sakari Lyytisen sanalla,
Juuri Jussi Häyriseltä;
Se oli pitäjän seppä,
Konstin oppinut osaava.
Kaikki nuoret nuottamiehet 130
Wiipymättä viinaryyppy
Laittakaate Lyytiselle!
Ei se paljo palkinnoksi.
Mahti maksapi enemmin.
taikka:
Herralle Maanmiehelle.
kauniisa täss, S'ä Sielun luondoa tutkit, Näytät sen seleväst, ett'
Sielum alati pysy. Hän ei tyhjäxi meist' taid' tull', eik' loppua saada.
Tain hänell' sinä sitt' osotat ratk' suurexi lahjax, Ett' tämä tutkindo
paljon meill' onnea tuotta, Perään cose' ajatteleman sijn' samasa
saatta: Cuing' häll' sitten käy, cosc' aica loppunut ombi? Wiel' tätä
paits ei taid' myös Wallat seisovatolla; Hyvä sijtt' paljon canss' saa
caik' caikisa säädyis, Cose' tämä totuus ain juur selväsä muistosa
pysy Nyt olis avara mull tila kyll, Toveritsani, kijltä Sun avujas, ja
cuing' caunist olet viettänyt aicas; Mutt ei tarvita tät' sill' Työs sen
sanoa taita. Toivotan ainoastans Sull' aicomuxisas onne! Tiedän
myös vissist', ett' nijncuin Wiisaus ennen Palveliains palcan runsast
on maxanut aina; Nijn ei Sinuacan suingan hän unhoda poies.
Maan
miesten
puolest,
hätäise
st selitti
mielens
Abraha
mus
Tackou.
Sinun
Ystäväs aina
C.G.
***
*****
Tosiaanki taitais tarvita olla vahvat korvat, jos vaan kerran olisivat
kuulleet greikalaisen runon ääntä, ja eivät heti tuskautuisi
tämmöisistä suomalaisista, kun nämät kaksi jälkimmäistä.
(Lisää toiste).
(Kuoleelle lapselle itkee emo). "Kun uutsi, mie lapsi, uutsi. Kai on
olovinah aikojani. Kantamieni lapsi, armahani aikaseni,
mieliarmahieni. Woi olevinah armasie laatimieni! kun viihittömie
virkoja viisastelet. Ollahko hyvävirkasie, eikö olla kiirimättä? Ollahko
armasvirkasie, eikö olla aikomatta, aian ankeutta, aimollisuutta? Eikö
olla antamatta, eikö olla siittimättä; siliet mielaloset, mielaloja
akkiloitset. Eikö kantamatta olla, eikö kuuromatta, eikö läpi kuurnan
kulkovie — — —" Kuilla ilmoilla kylvettämäsini? Saatoilmoilla
saajastaseni, satalaatuseni sankojen vesien kera. Et kyennyt koko
kylän nuorisossa ikiaikusessa. Mintä kallehilla ilmoilla kasvattaja
kantajaseni? Mintä siitoilmoilla siittiäseni? Mintä armahilla ilmoilla
asettajahe aikojaseni? Mintä ankehuilla ilmoilla akkeloitsia armas
hyväseni? Mintä ankehut'aioilla, aijin vähissä aikasissa? Mintä
uutotskoaioilla, urhailla ajoilla, aijin vähissä oikasissa? Mintä
viihittömillä aioilla — — Eikö leipomatta oltais lehtometsissä leukevie
lehosvierilöitä löyettävie? Eikö kantamatta oltais katajametsissä
kasvanuisie katajakankahie kaaettavie? Intomatta oltais
hyväinnollisie, ottamatta hyväopastullisie, aikomatta hyväaimollisie
———
Waan kuitenki, jos ollee tosi, mitä ainaki olen naisten kehuvan
kuullut, näitä outo sanasia, ikivanhoja itkuvirsiä löytyvän monesta
laadusta ja pian äärettömästi, niin, ehkä näyttävätki joutavilta loruilta,
niitä ei pitäisi silleen heittää. Taitaispa, kun enemmin olisi kerättynä,
niistä, kun muistaki tarinoista, lähteä joita kuita ennisajan tietoja ja
jotai hyvää kielentutkioillenki. Niinpä ennisaikaan koskeva on
muutamasta toisesta nähtävä, hevosilla luultun kuolleita Tuonelaan
vietäviksi. Sanat ovat: "Tulkaa ottamahe orihepoloilla, valkein
vahatuohuksuien (vaksikynttiläin) kera. Kattoote (peittäkää)
hyväsesti, ettei vesi, vihma vuotaisi jne". Waan näitä ja vanhoja
satuja varten, joita myös paljon Wenäjen Karjalassa löytyy, pitäis
hyväaikanen, erityinen kerääjä lähteä, sillä ennen kun niitä oikein
selvään kootuksi saisi, tarvitsisi tarkemmin heidän puhe'laatunsa
tuntea, kun sitä vähällä ajalla voi tuntemaan oppia.
Satuja.
1. Lampaat ja Koira.
2. Mehiläinen ja Kyyhkynen.
Mehiläinen kaihilan lehdellä istuen joi joen rannalla. Wahingosta
pyörähti veteen ja oli hukkua polonen. Sen nähden kyyhkynen
tempasi varvun puusta, jossa istu, ja vei sen mehiläiselle hengen
pelasteeksi. Ei aikoja jälkeen tuli jousimies ja viritti jousensa
kyyhkysen varalle. Mehiläinen vanhan auttajansa hengen vaarassa
havaten, lensi, pisti luaastessa jousimiestä käteen, jotta nuoli hairahti
muunne ja kyyhkynen jäi henkiin. Niin kosti hyvän hyvällä.
3. Sääski ja Härkä.
MEHILÄINEN W. 1836.
Marraskuulta.
Kummia.
Huotarin Naimisista.