EE200_SSN_sandhan_L21 (1)

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Network Graphs Part 2
Dr. Tushar Sandhan
IITK, EE Department
Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 1 / 24

Tellegen’s Theorem
Tellegen’s theorem is valid for any lumped network that contains any
elements, linear or nonlinear, passive or active, timevarying or
time-invariant.

time-invariant.
Tellegen’s theorem depends only on the two Kirchhoff laws.

time-invariant.
Tellegen’s theorem depends only on the two Kirchhoff laws.
Consider an arbitrary lumped network whose graph G has b branches and
nt nodes. Suppose that to each branch of the graph we assign arbitrarily a
branch voltage vk and a branch current jk for k = 1, 2, ..., b and suppose
that they are measured with respect to arbitrarily picked associated
reference directions. If the branch voltages v1 , v2 , ..., vb satisfy all the
constraints imposed by KVL and if the branch currents j1 , j2 , ..., jb satisfy
all the constraints imposed by KCL, then
b
X
vk jk = 0
k=1

Remarks
It is of crucial importance to realize that the branch voltages
v1 , v2 , ..., vb are picked arbitrarily subject only to the KVL constraints.
Similarly, the branch currents j1 , j2 , ..., jb are picked arbitrarily subject
only to the KCL constraints.

Remarks
Suppose vˆ1 , vˆ2 , ..., vˆb and jˆ1 , jˆ2 , ..., jˆb are other sets of arbitrarily
selected branch voltages and branch currents that obey the same KVL
constraints and the same KCL constraints.

Remarks
Suppose vˆ1 , vˆ2 , ..., vˆb and jˆ1 , jˆ2 , ..., jˆb are other sets of arbitrarily
selected branch voltages and branch currents that obey the same KVL
constraints and the same KCL constraints.
Then
b
X
vˆk jˆk = 0
k=1

However, we can do the same to the vk ’s and jˆk ’s and obtain

b
X
vk jˆk = 0
k=1

However, we can do the same to the vk ’s and jˆk ’s and obtain

b
X
vk jˆk = 0
k=1
Also to the vˆk ’s and jk ’s and obtain

b
X
vˆk jk = 0
k=1

Proof of Tellegen’s theorem

Let us assume, for simplicity, that the graph G is connected and has no
branches in parallel; i.e., there exists only one branch between any two
nodes.

nodes. We first pick an arbitrary node as a reference node, and we label it
node 1. Thus e1 = 0.

node 1. Thus e1 = 0. Let eα and eβ be the voltages of the α’th and β’th
node, respectively, with reference to the reference node.

node, respectively, with reference to the reference node. It is important to
note that once branch voltages (v1 , v2 , ..., vb ) are chosen, then by KVL the
node voltages e1 , ..., eα , ..., eβ , ... are uniquely specified.

node voltages e1 , ..., eα , ..., eβ , ... are uniquely specified. Let us assume that
branch k connects node α and node β as shown in figure and let us denote
by jαβ the current flowing in branch k from node α to node β.

by jαβ the current flowing in branch k from node α to node β. Then
vk jk = (eα − eβ )jαβ (1)

by jαβ the current flowing in branch k from node α to node β. Then
vk jk can also be written in terms of jβα ,the current from node β to node α.
vk jk = (eβ − eα )jβα (2)

Adding the equations (1) and (2), we obtain
1
vk jk = [(eα − eβ )jαβ + (eβ − eα )jβα ] (3)
2

1
2
Now, if we sum the left-hand side of (3) for all branches in the graph, we
obtain
Xb
vk jk
k=1

1
2
obtain
Xb
vk jk
k=1
The corresponding right-hand side of (3) becomes
n
t Xt n
1X
(eα − eβ )jαβ
2
α=1 β=1
Where the double summation has indices α and β carried over all the nodes
in the graph.

1
2
obtain
Xb
vk jk
k=1
n
t Xt n
1X
(eα − eβ )jαβ
2
α=1 β=1
in the graph. The sum leads to
b t Xt n n
X 1X
2
k=1 α=1 β=1
1
2
obtain
Xb
vk jk
k=1
n
t Xt n
1X
(eα − eβ )jαβ
2
α=1 β=1
in the graph. The sum leads to
b t Xt n n
X 1X
2
k=1 α=1 β=1
We split the right-hand side of (4) as follows

b tn t n t t n n
X 1X X 1X X
vk jk = eα ( jαβ ) − eβ ( jαβ )
2 2
k=1 α=1 β=1 β=1 α=1


b tn t n t t n n
X 1X X 1X X
2 2
k=1 α=1 β=1 β=1 α=1
Pnt
For each fixed α, β=1 jαβ is the sum of all branch currents leaving node
α.


b tn t n t t n n
X 1X X 1X X
2 2
k=1 α=1 β=1 β=1 α=1
For each fixed α, nβ=1

P t
jαβ is the sum of all branch currents leaving node
α.
For each fixed β, nα=1
P t
jαβ is the sum of all branch currents entering node
β.


b tn t n t t n n
X 1X X 1X X
2 2
k=1 α=1 β=1 β=1 α=1
For each fixed α, nβ=1

P t
jαβ is the sum of all branch currents leaving node
α.
For each fixed β, nα=1
P t
jαβ is the sum of all branch currents entering node
β.
By KCL, each one of these sums is zero, hence,
b
X
vk jk = 0
k=1

Conservation of Energy
From Tellegen’s theorem we get
b
X
vk (t)jk (t) = 0 for all t
k=1

b
X
k=1
Since vk (t)jk (t) represents the power delivered at time t by the

network to branch k, the theorem can be interpreted as: at any time
t the sum of the power delivered to each branch of the network
is zero.

b
X
k=1

is zero.
Suppose the network has several independent sources; separating in
the sum the sources from other branches, we can conclude that the
sum of the power delivered by the independent sources to the
network is equal to the sum of the power absorbed by all the
other branches of the network.

b
X
k=1

is zero.
Suppose the network has several independent sources; separating in
the sum the sources from other branches, we can conclude that the
sum of the power delivered by the independent sources to the
network is equal to the sum of the power absorbed by all the
other branches of the network.
This means, for lumped circuits , KCL and KVL imply conservation
of energy
Conservation of energy
For linear time-invariant RLC circuits

The power delivered by the sources is the rate at which energy is
absorbed by the network.

Conservation of energy
For linear time-invariant RLC circuits

The power delivered by the sources is the rate at which energy is
absorbed by the network.
The energy is
dissipated in the resistors at the rate Rk jk2 (t) for the k’th resistor in the
form of heat.
stored as magnetic energy in inductors 12 Lk jk2 (t)
stored as electric energy in capacitors 21 Ck vk2 (t)

Remark
Consider two arbitrary lumped networks whose only constraint is to have
the same graph.

Remark
the same graph. In each one of these networks, let us choose the same
reference directions and number the branches in a similar fashion.

Remark
reference directions and number the branches in a similar fashion. Let vk , jk
and vˆk , jˆk are voltages and currents of the two networks respectively.

Remark
Tellegen’s theorem guarantees that
b
X b
X
vk jk = vˆk jˆk = 0 (expressions of the conservation of energy)
k=1 k=1

Remark
Tellegen’s theorem guarantees that
b
X b
X
vk jk = vˆk jˆk = 0 (expressions of the conservation of energy)
k=1 k=1
and
b
X b
X
vˆk jk = vk jˆk = 0 (do not have an energy interpretation)
k=1 k=1

Conservation of Complex Power
Consider a linear time-invariant network with only one sinusoidal source in
branch 1(for simplicity).

branch 1(for simplicity). Suppose the network is in steady state.

branch 1(for simplicity). Suppose the network is in steady state. For each
branch, we represent the branch voltage vk by the phasor Vk and the
branch current jk by the phasor Jk .

branch current jk by the phasor Jk . Clearly, V1 , V2 , ..., Vb and J1 , J2 , ..., Jb
satisfy all constraints imposed by KVL and KCL.

satisfy all constraints imposed by KVL and KCL. However, the conjugates
J¯1 , J¯2 , ..., J¯b also satisfy all the KCL constraints;

J¯1 , J¯2 , ..., J¯b also satisfy all the KCL constraints; therefore, by Tellegen’s
theorem
b
X 1 ¯
Vk Jk = 0 (5)
2
k=1

theorem
b
X 1 ¯
Vk Jk = 0 (5)
2
k=1
Since V1 and J1 is the source voltage and associated current, 12 V1 J¯1 is the
complex power delivered to branch 1 and − 21 V1 J¯1 is the complex power
delivered by the source to the rest of the network.

theorem
b
X 1 ¯
Vk Jk = 0 (5)
2
k=1
Since V1 and J1 is the source voltage and associated current, 12 V1 J¯1 is the
complex power delivered to branch 1 and − 21 V1 J¯1 is the complex power
delivered by the source to the rest of the network. Now we can rewrite (5)
as
b
1 X 1 ¯
− V1 J¯1 = Vk Jk
2 2
k=2

Figure 1: Theorem of conservation of complex power
Theorem
Consider a linear time-invariant network which is in the sinusoidal steady
state and which is driven by several independent sources that are at the
same frequency.

Theorem
same frequency. Let us pull out all the independent sources as shown and
denote the rest of the network by N.

Theorem
same frequency. Let us pull out all the independent sources as shown and
denote the rest of the network by N. Then the sum of the complex power
delivered by each independent source to the network N is equal to the sum
of the complex power received by all the other branches of N.
The Real Part and Phase of Driving-point Impedances
Figure 2: Properties of driving-point impedance Zin (jω).
The conservation-of-complex-power theorem can be used to derive many

important properties of driving-point impedances.


With reference to the Figure 2, let the driving point impedence of the
network N is Zin .


network N is Zin . N is a linear time-invariant one-port network.


network N is Zin . N is a linear time-invariant one-port network. Then,
V1 = −J1 Zin (jω)

Let the branches inside N be numbered from 2 to b, and let the branch
phasor currents and branch impedances be denoted by Jk and Zk ,
k = 2, 3, ..., b.

k = 2, 3, ..., b. Using Tellegen’s theorem, we get the complex power P as
b b
1 1 1X 1X
P = − V1 J¯1 = − Zin (jω) |J1 |2 = Vk J¯k = − Zk (jω) |Jk |2 (6)
2 2 2 2
k=2 k=2

b b
1 1 1X 1X
2 2 2 2
k=2 k=2
The average power delivered by the source is given by Pav which is

b
1 X
Pav = Re[Zin (jω)] |J1 |2 = Re[Zk (jω)] |Jk |2
2
k=2

b b
1 1 1X 1X
2 2 2 2
k=2 k=2
The average power delivered by the source is given by Pav which is

b
1 X
Pav = Re[Zin (jω)] |J1 |2 = Re[Zk (jω)] |Jk |2
2
k=2
Note: All these impedances are evaluated at the same angular frequency
ω, which is the angular frequency ofthe source.

Case 1
Resistive networks made of branches all having positive resistances.

Case 1
All Zk ’s in equation (6) are positive real numbers.

Case 1
Consequently, Zin is also a positive real number.

Case 1
Consequently, Zin is also a positive real number.
In this case Zin is independent of angular frequency ω.
Remark
The input impedance of a resistive network made of positive resistances is a
positive resistance.

Case 2
RL networks have either positive resistances or positive inductances
resulting in Zk being either a positive number or a purely imaginary
number of the form jωLk where ω > 0 and Lk > 0

Case 2
From (6) we can say
Re[Zin (jω)] ≥ 0 andIm[Zin (jω)] ≥ 0 for all ω ≥ 0

Case 2
From (6) we can say
Re[Zin (jω)] ≥ 0 andIm[Zin (jω)] ≥ 0 for all ω ≥ 0
Equivalently,
0 ≤ ∡Zin (jω) ≤ 90◦ for all ω ≥ 0
Remark
At any positive angular frequency ω, the driving point impedance of a
linear time-invariant RL network made of positive resistances and positive
inductances has a phase angle between 0 and 90◦
Case 3
RC networks made of branches all having either positive resistances or
positive capacitances.
A similar reasoning shows that at any positive angular frequency ω,
the driving—point impedance of a linear time—invariant RC network
made of positive resistances and positive capacitances has a phase
angle between 0 and 90◦ .

Case 4
Lossless networks made of capacitors, inductors (including coupled
inductors), and/or ideal transformers.

Case 4
Previously we have learnt that coupled inductors can be replaced by
inductors without coupling and an ideal transformer.

Case 4
Thus in N we can assume that all are positive inductances,
capacitances or ideal transformer windings.

Case 4
Thus in N we can assume that all are positive inductances,
capacitances or ideal transformer windings.
Ideal transformers neither dissipate nor store energy, the sum k Vk J¯k
P
over all branches with ideal transformers is 0, resulting in ideal
transformers contributing nothing i the sum in (6)

Case 4 contd.
Other terms are either of form jωLk |Jk |2 or 1
jωCk |Jk |2 which are
purely imagiary.

Case 4 contd.
purely imagiary.
Therefore,
Re[Zin (jω)] = 0 for all ω (7)

Case 4 contd.
purely imagiary.
Therefore,
Re[Zin (jω)] = 0 for all ω (7)
Equivalently,
∡Zin (jω) = ±90◦ for all ω
Remark
At any angular frequency ω, the driving point impedance of a linear
time—invariant network made of inductors (coupled or uncoupled),
capacitors, and ideal transformers is purely imaginary; i.e., it has a phase
angle of either +90◦ or −90◦ .

Case 5
RLC networks with ideal transformers having all branches with either
positive resistances, positive inductances, positive capacitances,
and/or ideal transformer windings.

Case 5
In case 4 the ideal transformers do not contribute anything to the sum
in (6).

Case 5
in (6).
The other term are either of form Rk |Jk |2 , jωLk |Jk |2 or 1
jωCk |Jk |2 .

Case 5
in (6).
jωCk |Jk |2 .
Each term Zk |Jk |2 is either positive number or an imaginary number.

Case 5
in (6).
jωCk |Jk |2 .
Each term Zk |Jk |2 is either positive number or an imaginary number.
Hence, Zin , is a complex number with a real part that is larger than or
equal to zero and an imaginary part that may be of either sign.

Case 5 contd.
Then we can say,
Re[Zin (jω)] ≥ 0 for all ω (8)
Equivalently,
−90◦ ≤ ∡Zin (jω) ≤ 90◦ for all ω
Remark
At any angular frequency ω, the driving-point impedance of a linear
time-invariant RLC network (which may include ideal transformers) has a
non-negative real part; equivalently, it has a phase angle between −90◦ and
+90◦ . that is,

Driving-point Impedance, Power Dissipated, and Energy Stored
We consider again a linear time-invariant RLC network driven by a single

sinusoidal current source.


sinusoidal current source. Again we assume that the network is in
sinusoidal steady state, we can write that,
b
1 1X
P = Zin (jω) |J1 |2 = Zm (jω) |Jm |2
2 2
m=2
1X 1X 1X 1
= Ri |Ji |2 + jωjωLk |Jk |2 + |Ji |2
2 2 2 jωCl
i k l


sinusoidal current source. Again we assume that the network is in
sinusoidal steady state, we can write that,
b
1 1X
P = Zin (jω) |J1 |2 = Zm (jω) |Jm |2
2 2
m=2
1X 1X 1X 1
= Ri |Ji |2 + jωjωLk |Jk |2 + |Ji |2
2 2 2 jωCl
i k l
Exhibiting the real and imaginary part of P, we get

!
1X X1 X1 1
P= Ri |Ji |2 + 2jω Lk |Jk |2 − |Jl |2 (9)
2 4 4 ω 2 Cl
i k l

In the sinusoidal steady state the average (over one period) of Ri ji2 (t)
is
1
Ri |Ji |2
2

is
1
Ri |Ji |2
2
Similarly the average of 12 Lk jk2 (t) and 12 Cl vl2 (t) are respectively
1 1 1 1
Lk |Jk |2 and Cl |Vl |2 = |Jl |2
4 4 4 ω 2 Cl

is
1
Ri |Ji |2
2
Similarly the average of 12 Lk jk2 (t) and 12 Cl vl2 (t) are respectively
1 1 1 1
Lk |Jk |2 and Cl |Vl |2 = |Jl |2
4 4 4 ω 2 Cl
The first term in (9) is the average power(Pav ) dissipated in N.

The two terms in parenthesis are respectively average magnetic energy
stored(EM ) and the average electric energy stored(EE ).

Now we can rewrite (9) as
2Pav + 4jω(EM − EE )
Zin (jω) = (10)
|J1 |2
|J1 | is the peak amplitude of the sinusoidal input current.

Zin (jω) = (10)
|J1 |2

Pav , EM and EE are obtained by averaging over one period of the
sinusoidal motion.

Zin (jω) = (10)
|J1 |2

Pav , EM and EE are obtained by averaging over one period of the
sinusoidal motion.
Theorem
Given a linear time-invariant RLC network driven by a sinusoidal current
source of one ampere peak amplitude and given that the network is in the
sinusoidal steady state, the driving-point impedance seen by the source has
a real part that is equal to twice the average power dissipated and an
imaginary part that is 4ω times the difference between the average
magnetic energy stored and the average electrical energy stored.

EE200_SSN_sandhan_L21 (1)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE200_SSN_sandhan_L21 (1)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Network Graphs Part 2

Dr. Tushar Sandhan

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 1 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 2 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 2 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 2 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 3 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 3 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 3 / 24

However, we can do the same to the vk ’s and jˆk ’s and obtain

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 4 / 24

However, we can do the same to the vk ’s and jˆk ’s and obtain

Also to the vˆk ’s and jk ’s and obtain

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 4 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

vk jk = (eα − eβ )jαβ (1)

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

vk jk = (eα − eβ )jαβ (1)

vk jk = (eβ − eα )jβα (2)

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 5 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 6 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 6 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 6 / 24

We split the right-hand side of (4) as follows

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 7 / 24

We split the right-hand side of (4) as follows

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 7 / 24

We split the right-hand side of (4) as follows

For each fixed α, nβ=1

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 7 / 24

We split the right-hand side of (4) as follows

For each fixed α, nβ=1

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 7 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 8 / 24

Since vk (t)jk (t) represents the power delivered at time t by the

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 8 / 24

Since vk (t)jk (t) represents the power delivered at time t by the

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 8 / 24

Since vk (t)jk (t) represents the power delivered at time t by the

For linear time-invariant RLC circuits

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 9 / 24

For linear time-invariant RLC circuits

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 9 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 10 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 10 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 10 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 10 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 10 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 11 / 24

Figure 1: Theorem of conservation of complex power

Dr. Tushar Sandhan (IITK) EE200: Signals, Systems & Networks 12 / 24