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ebook download (eBook PDF) Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 9TH Edition all chapter
ebook download (eBook PDF) Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis 9TH Edition all chapter
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(Original PDF) Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis
8th Edition by Edward Blocher
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as chair of the Institute of Certified Management Accountants, the organization responsible
for the CMA certification; served a three-year term as chair of the IMA Research Foundation;
and, for 10 years, was an associate editor of the IMA Educational Case Journal.
page v
BYU Photo
Blocher/Juras/Smith
Letter to the Students:
We have written this book to help you understand the role of cost management in helping an
organization succeed. Unlike many books that aim to teach you about accounting, we aim to
show you how an important area of accounting, cost management, is used by managers to
help organizations achieve their goals.
An important aspect of cost management in our text is the strategic focus. By strategy, we
mean the long-term plan the organization has developed to compete successfully. Most
organizations strive to achieve a competitive edge through the execution of a specific
strategy. For some firms, it is low cost; for others, it might be high quality, customer service,
or some unique feature or attribute of its product or service. We know in these competitive
times that an organization does not succeed by being ordinary. Rather, it develops a strategy
that will set it apart from competitors and ensure its attractiveness to customers and other
stakeholders into the future. The role of cost management is to help management of the
organization attain and maintain success through strategy implementation. Thus, for every
major topic covered in our text, there is a larger issue, which is: “How does this organization
compete? What type of cost management information does it need?” We do not cover a cost
management method simply to become proficient at it. We want you to know why, when, and
how the technique can be used to help the organization succeed.
An understanding of the strategic role of cost management today is so important that many
senior financial managers and many CPAs—both in public and in private practice—are
coming back to school to learn more about strategy, competitive analysis, and new cost
management techniques. Knowing how to do the accounting alone—no matter how well you
do it—is, by itself, no longer sufficient. Cost management with a strategic emphasis is one
way to enhance your career and to add value to your employer, whatever type of organization
it might be.
Text Illustrations Clear and concise exhibits help illustrate basic and complicated topics
throughout the book.
page vii
page viii
Excel Simulations Excel Simulations, assignable in Connect, allow students to practice their
Excel skills—such as basic formulas and formatting—within the context of accounting.
These questions feature animated, narrated Help and Show Me tutorials (when enabled), as
well as automatic feedback and grading for both students and professors. These questions
differ from Applying Excel in that students work in a simulated version of Excel.
Downloading the Excel application is not required to complete Excel Simulations.
Cases and Readings Supplement The Cases and Readings Supplement, available in the
Instructor Library and Additional Student Resources, challenges students to think about and
use cost management information in a real-world setting. Several of the cases are offered as
auto-graded assignments in Connect in the ninth edition. The content provides critical
thinking skills development as well as a basis for more comprehensive and in-depth
discussions about the role of cost management in helping an organization successfully
execute its strategy.
Self-Study Problems Cost Management provides a multifaceted self-study problem before
the questions, exercises, and problems at the end of each chapter. The solution to the static
version of each problem in the book is provided at the very end of the chapter. These
problems are more comprehensive in nature and can be an invaluable resource for students to
assess their own understanding of chapter material. The ninth edition offers algorithmic
versions of the self-study problems in Connect in addition to the worked-through versions
included in the book. Instructors can assign these now and, with the auto-grading feature, can
use these as additional assessment content. Students also have access to the static book
versions and tutorial videos to work on their own time and at their own pace, using the step-
by-step solution to each self-study problem found in the Additional Student Resources.
page ix
Connect Library
The Connect Instructor Library is a repository for these additional resources to improve
student engagement in and out of class. You can select and use any asset that enhances your
lecture. Additional ancillary materials are prepared by the faa_au1s to ensure consistency and
accuracy and are available in the Instructor Resources within the Connect Library and via the
Additional Student Resources within the eBook. The Connect Instructor Library includes:
Instructor’s Guide and Solutions Manuals, both in PDF and Excel forms.
Teaching notes for the Cases and Reading Supplements.
PowerPoint lecture presentations.
Test bank (including TestGen and Test Bank Matrices). TestGen is a complete, state-of-the-
art test generator and editing application software that allows instructors to quickly and
easily select test items from McGraw Hill’s test bank content. The instructors can then
organize, edit, and customize questions and answers to rapidly generate tests for paper or
online administration.
The Additional Student Resources include:
Excel Tutorials.
Data Analytics and Visualization Assignments.
Check Figures.
Self-Study Problems.
PowerPoint Slides.
Cases and Readings Supplement.
Regression Analysis Supplement.
Variance Investigation Supplement.
page x
page xi
Students: Get Learning that Fits You
Effective tools for efficient studying
Connect is designed to make you more productive with simple, flexible,
intuitive tools that maximize your study time and meet your individual
learning needs. Get learning that works for you with Connect.
Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images
page xii
Connect helps students learn more efficiently by providing feedback and practice material
when they need it, where they need it. Connect grades homework automatically and gives
immediate feedback on any questions students may have missed. The extensive assignable,
gradable end-of-chapter content includes a new multitab design for easier navigation for
select exercises. Significant amounts of new auto-graded Connect content have been added
with the ninth edition, including the problem set in both static and algorithmic form, select
Cases, and Applying Excel questions, along with a new algorithmic test bank.
Assurance-of-Learning Ready
Many educational institutions today are focused on the notion of assurance of learning, an
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as democracies; they discussed their wants in popular assemblies or
folkmotes.” “The Slavs are fond of liberty,” writes the emperor
Mauricee; “they cannot bear unlimited rulers, and are not easily
brought to submission.” The same language is used also by the
emperor Leo.f “The Slavs,” says he, “are a free people, strongly
opposed to any subjection.” If the Byzantine historians do not speak
of the invasion of the Slavs into the limits of the empire during the
second part of the seventh century, it is because their migration took
at this time another direction: from the Carpathians they moved
toward the Vistula and the Dnieper.
During the ninth century, the
time of the founding of the first
principalities, the Dnieper, with
its numerous affluents on both
sides, formed the limit of the
Slavonic settlements to the east.
This barrier was broken only by
the Viatitchi, stretching as far to
the northeast as the source of
the Oka. On the north the Slavs
reached the great Valdai plateau
from which Russia’s largest
rivers descend, and the
southern part of the great lake
region, that of Ilmen.c
There is no indication that the
race is deficient in genius. It was
the Slavs who opened the way
to the west by two great
movements which inaugurated
the modern era—the
Renaissance and the
Reformation; by the discovery of
the laws that govern the
A Finnish Costume
universe, and the plea for liberty
of thought. The Pole Copernicus
was the herald of Galileo; the Czech, John Huss, the precursor of
Luther. Poland and Bohemia, the two Slav peoples most nearly
connected with the west by neighbourhood and religion, can cite a
long list of men distinguished in letters, science, politics, and war.
Ragusa alone could furnish an entire gallery of men talented along
all lines. There where remoteness from the west and foreign
oppression have made study impossible and prevented single
names from becoming widely known, the people have manifested
their genius in songs which lack none of the qualities inherent in the
most splendid poetry of the west. In that popular impersonal
literature which we admire so frankly in the romanceros of Spain, the
ballads of Scotland and Germany, the Slav, far from yielding the
palm to the Latin or the Teuton, perhaps excels both. Nothing more
truly poetical exists than the pesmes of Servia or the doumas of Little
Russia; for, by a sort of natural compensation, it is among the Slavs
least initiated into western culture that popular poetry has flowered
most freely.
In temperament and character the Slavs present an ensemble of
defects and qualities which unite them more nearly with the Latins
and Celts than with their neighbours the Germans. They are
characterised by a vivacity, a warmth, a mobility, a petulance, an
exuberance not always found to the same degree among even the
peoples of the south. Among the Slavs of purer blood these
characteristics have marked their political life with a mobile,
inconstant, and anarchical spirit which has rendered extremely
difficult their national existence and which, taken with their
geographical position, has been the great obstacle in the way of their
civilisation. The distinguishing faculty of the race is a certain flexibility
and elasticity of temperament and character which render it
adaptable to the reception and the reproduction of all sorts of diverse
ideas; the imitative faculty of the Slavs is well known. This gift is
everywhere distributed among them; this Slav malleability, peculiar
alike to Pole and Russian, is perhaps fundamentally but a result of
their historical progress and of their geographical position. But lately
entered in at the gate of civilisation, and during long years inferior to
the neighbouring races, they have always gone to school to the
others; instead of living by their own invention, they have lived by
borrowing, and the imitative
spirit has become their ruling
faculty, having been for them the
most useful as well as the most
widely exercised.
In the west the Slavs fell
under the influence of Rome; in
the east, under that of
Byzantium: hence the
antagonism which during long
centuries has set strife in the
midst of the two chief Slavonic
nations. United by their common
origin and the affinity of their
languages, they are, however,
separated by the very elements
of civilisation—religion, writing,
and calendar; therein lies the
secret of the moral and material
strife between Russia and
Poland—a strife which, after A Woman of Yakutsk
having nearly annihilated the
one, actually cost the other its
life; as though from the
Carpathian to the Ural, on those vast even plains, there was not
room at one time for two separate states.
In the northwest, on the banks of the Niemen and Dvina, appears
a strange group, incontestably of Indo-European origin yet isolated
amidst the peoples of Europe; harking back to the Slavs, yet forming
a parallel branch rather than offshoot—the Letto-Lithuanian group.
Shut away in the north by marshy forests, restricted by powerful
neighbours, the Lithuanian group long remained closed to all outer
influences, whether of East or West. Last of all the peoples of
Europe to accept Christianity, its language even to-day is the nearest
of European tongues to the Sanskrit. The bone of contention among
the Germans, the Poles, and the Russians, who each in turn
obtained a footing among them and left an influence on their religion,
they found themselves divided into Protestants, Catholics, and
Orthodox.
Mixed with Poles and Russians, menaced on both sides with
complete absorption, the Lithuanians and the Samogitians, their
brothers by race and language, still number in ancient Lithuania
nearly two million souls, Catholics for the most part; they formed the
majority of the population of Vilna and Kovno. In Prussia some two
hundred thousand Lithuanians constitute the representatives of the
ancient population of oriental Prussia, whose name is derived from a
people of that race which kept its language intact up to the
seventeenth century.
The second existing group of this family, the Letts, crossed
probably with Finns, number more than a million souls; they inhabit
chiefly Courland, Vitetesk and Livonia; but, converted, subjected,
and made slaves of by the Teutonic knights, they still live under the
dominion of the German barons of the Baltic provinces, with whom
they have nothing in common but their religion—Lutheranism. Like
the Finnish tribes outside of Finland, the Letts and Lithuanians,
scanty in number and widely scattered, are incapable of forming by
themselves a nation or a state. Out of this intermixture of races by
the assimilation of the ruder by the more civilised, was formed a new
people—a homogeneous nation. In fact, contrary to popular
prejudice there is in Russia something more than an intermixture of
diverse races—there is what we to-day call a “nationality”—as
united, as compact, and as self-conscious as any nation in the world.
Russia, notwithstanding all her various races, is yet no incoherent
mass, no political conglomeration or mosaic of peoples. She
resembles France in her national unity rather than Turkey or Austria.
If Russia must be compared to a mosaic, let it be to one of those
ancient pavements whose scheme is a single substance of solid
color edged with a border of diverse forms and shades—most of
Russia’s original alien populations being relegated to her borders
and forming around her a sort of belt of uneven width.
It is in the centre of Russia that is found that uniformity of much
more marked among the Russians than among all other peoples of
Europe; from one end of the empire to the other the language
presents fewer dialects and less localisms than most of our western
languages. The cities all look alike; the peasants have the same
customs, the same manner of life. The nation resembles the country,
having the same unity, almost the same monotony as the plains
which it peoples.
But Kiev was only one of the stages in the southward progress of
the Varangians. The great city of the east, Constantinople, was the
glittering prize that dazzled their eyes and was ever regarded as the
goal of their ambition. Accordingly, in 907, Oleg sailed with a fleet of
two thousand boats and eighty thousand men, and reached the
gates of Constantinople. The frightened emperor was obliged to pay
a large ransom for the city and to agree to a treaty of free
commercial intercourse between the Russians and the Greeks. A
particular district in the suburbs of the city was assigned as the place
of residence for Russian traders, but the city itself could be visited by
no more than fifty Russians simultaneously, who were to be unarmed
and accompanied by an imperial officer.ga
Oleg’s Varangian guard, who seem to have been also his council,
were parties with him to this treaty, for their assent appears to have
been requisite to give validity to an agreement affecting the amount
of their gains as conquerors. These warriors swore to the treaty by
their gods Perun and Volos, and by their arms, placed before them
on the ground: their shields, their rings, their naked swords, the
things they loved and honoured most. The gorged barbarian then
departed with his rich booty to Kiev, to enjoy there an uncontested
authority, and the title of Wise Man or Magician, unanimously
conferred upon him by the admiration of his Slavonic subjects.
Olga, Igor’s widow, assumed the regency in the name of her son
Sviatoslav, then of tender age. Her first care was to revenge herself
upon the Drevlians. In Nestor’s narrative it is impossible to separate
the historical part from the epic. The Russian chronicler recounts in
detail how the Drevlians sent two deputations to Olga to appease her
and to offer her the hand of their prince; how she caused their death
by treachery, some being buried alive, while others were stifled in a
bath-house; how she besieged their city of Iskorost and offered to
grant them peace on payment of a tribute of three pigeons and three
sparrows for each house; how she attached lighted tow to the birds
and then sent them off to the wooden city, where the barns and the
thatched roofs were immediately set on fire; how, finally, she
massacred part of the inhabitants of Iskorost and reduced the rest to
slavery.
But it was this vindictive barbarian woman that was the first of the
ruling house of Rurik to adopt Christianity.d We have seen before
how Christianity was planted in Kiev under the protection of Askold
and Dir, and how the converts to the new religion were specially
referred to in the commercial treaty between Oleg and the Byzantine
emperor. There existed a Christian community at Kiev but it was to
Constantinople that Olga went to be baptised in the presence of the
patriarch and the emperor. She assumed the Christian name of
Helena, and after her death she was canonised in the Russian
church. On her return she tried also to convert her son Sviatoslav,
who had by this time become the reigning prince, but all her efforts
were unavailing. He dreaded the ridicule of the fierce warriors whom
he had gathered about himself. And no doubt the religion of Christ
was little in consonance with the martial character of this true son of
the vikings. The chronicle of Nestor gives the following embellished
account of Olga’s conversion:a
In the year 948 Olga went to the Greeks and came to Tsargorod
(Constantinople). At that time the emperor was Zimischius,[4] and
Olga came to him, and seeing that she was of beautiful visage and
prudent mind, the emperor admired her intelligence as he conversed
with her and said to her: “Thou art worthy to reign with us in this city.”
When she heard these words she said to the emperor: “I am a
heathen, if you wish me to be baptised, baptise me yourself;
otherwise I will not be baptised.” So the emperor and patriarch
baptised her. When she was enlightened she rejoiced in body and
soul, and the patriarch instructed her in the faith and said to her:
“Blessed art thou among Russian women, for thou hast loved light
and cast away darkness; the sons of Russia shall bless thee unto
the last generation of thy descendants.” And at her baptism she was
given the name of Helena, who was in ancient times empress and
mother of Constantine the Great. And the patriarch blessed Olga and
let her go.
After the baptism the emperor sent for her and said to her: “I will
take thee for my wife.”
She answered: “How canst thou wish to take me for thy wife when
thou thyself hast baptised me and called me daughter? for with the
Christians this is unlawful and thou thyself knowest it.”
And the emperor said: “Thou hast deceived me, Olga,” and he
gave her many presents of gold and silver, and silk and vases and
let her depart, calling her daughter.