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 CONTENTS vii

Persuasive Writing 90
Writing in a Diverse Society 91
Recap 92
Additional Exercises 92
Answers and Tips 100

Chapter 4 Credibility 102

The Believability of Claims 103
Does the Claim Conflict with Personal Observation? 104
Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? 107
Might the Claim Reinforce Our Biases? 108
The Credibility of Sources 111
Interested Parties 111
Physical and Other Characteristics 112
Expertise 113
The News 118
Mainstream News Media 118
Advertising 126
Three Kinds of Ads 126
Recap 129
Additional Exercises 130
Answers and Tips 139

Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 141

Rhetorical Force 142
Rhetorical Devices I 143
Euphemisms and Dysphemisms 143
Weaselers 144
Downplayers 144
Rhetorical Devices II 146
Stereotypes 147
Innuendo 148
Loaded Questions 149
viii CONTENTS

Rhetorical Devices III 150

Ridicule/Sarcasm 150
Hyperbole 151
Rhetorical Devices IV 151
Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations 152
Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons 153
Proof Surrogates and Repetition 157
Proof Surrogates 157
Repetition 157
Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161
The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 162
Recap 166
Additional Exercises 167
Answers and Tips 183

Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 185

Argumentum Ad Hominem 186
Poisoning the Well 187
Guilt by Association 187
Genetic Fallacy 187
Straw Man 188
False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 189
The Perfectionist Fallacy 190
The Line-Drawing Fallacy 190
Misplacing the Burden of Proof 191
Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 193
Appeal to Emotion 194
Argument from Outrage 194
Scare Tactics 195
Appeal to Pity 196
Other Appeals to Emotion 197
Irrelevant Conclusion 198
Recap 200
 CONTENTS ix

Exercises 200
Answers and Tips 206

Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 207

Generalizations 207
Generalizing from Too Few Cases (Hasty Generalization) 208
Generalizing from Exceptional Cases 210
Accident 211
Weak Analogy 212
Mistaken Appeal to Authority 213
Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to
Common Belief) 214
Mistaken Appeal to Common Practice 215
Bandwagon Fallacy 216
Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc 217
Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc 221
Slippery Slope 223
Untestable Explanation 224
Line-Drawing Again 225
Recap 225
Exercises 225
Answers and Tips 232

Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of

Language 233
Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the
Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 233
Affirming the Consequent 233
Denying the Antecedent 234
The Undistributed Middle 235
The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 237
The Fallacies of Composition and Division 239
x CONTENTS

Confusing Explanations with Excuses 240

Confusing Contraries and Contradictories 242
Consistency and Inconsistency 244
Miscalculating Probabilities 244
Incorrectly Combining the Probability of Independent Events 245
Gambler’s Fallacy 246
Overlooking Prior Probabilities 247
Faulty Inductive Conversion 247
Recap 249
Additional Exercises 250
Answers and Tips 256

Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 257

Categorical Claims 259
Venn Diagrams 260
Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) 261
Translating Claims in Which the Word “Only” or the Phrase “The Only” Occurs 262
Translating Claims About Times and Places 263
Translating Claims About Specific Individuals 264
Translating Claims that Use Mass Nouns 265
The Square of Opposition 268
Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition 268
Inferences Across the Square 268
Three Categorical Relations 269
Conversion 269
Obversion 270
Contraposition 270
Categorical Syllogisms 278
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity 279
Existential Assumption in Categorical Syllogisms 282
Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises 284
Real-Life Syllogisms 285
The Rules Method of Testing for Validity 289
 CONTENTS xi

Recap 291
Additional Exercises 291
Answers and Tips 301

Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional

Logic 305
Truth Tables and Logical Symbols 306
Claim Variables 306
Truth Tables 306
Symbolizing Compound Claims 312
“If” and “Only If” 312
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 314
“Unless” 316
“Either . . . Or” 316
Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version) 318
Three Common Valid Argument Patterns 319
Three Mistakes: Invalid Argument Forms 322
Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version) 325
The Truth-Table Method 326
The Short Truth-Table Method 328
Deductions 334
Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns 334
Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences 339
Conditional Proof 347
Recap 350
Additional Exercises 351
Answers and Tips 358

Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 362

Argument from Analogy 362
Evaluation of Arguments from Analogy 363
Three Arguments from Analogy 365
Other Uses of Analogy 366
xii CONTENTS

Generalizing from a Sample 371

Evaluation of Arguments That Generalize from a Sample 372
Three Arguments That Generalize from a Sample 372
Scientific Generalizing from a Sample 373
De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) 375
Causal Statements and Their Support 382
Forming Causal Hypotheses 382
Weighing Evidence 384
Confirming Causal Hypotheses 395
Inference to the Best Explanation 399
Reasoning from Cause to Effect 401
Calculating Statistical Probabilities 402
Joint Occurrence of Independent Events 402
Alternative Occurrences 403
Expectation Value 403
Calculating Conditional Probabilities 404
Causation in the Law 406
Recap 407
Additional Exercises 408
Answers and Tips 416

Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 420

Value Judgments 421
Moral Versus Nonmoral 422
Two Principles of Moral Reasoning 422
Moral Principles 424
Deriving Specific Moral Value Judgments 424
Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning 427
Consequentialism 427
Duty Theory/Deontologism 429
Moral Relativism 430
Religious Relativism 432
 CONTENTS xiii

Religious Absolutism 432

Virtue Ethics 432
Moral Deliberation 435
Legal Reasoning 439
Justifying Laws: Four Perspectives 441
Aesthetic Reasoning 444
Eight Aesthetic Principles 444
Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value 447
Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth 448
Why Reason Aesthetically? 450
Recap 452
Additional Exercises 453
Answers and Tips 455

Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions 457

Glossary 480
Index 488
 ®

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 Critical Thinking . . . Skills for
More Engaging
Moore & Parker are known for fresh and lively writing. They rely on their own classroom
First Pages

experience and on feedback from instructors in getting the correct balance between
­explication and example.
CoGnITIvE BIASES 19

impossible to think that good judgment or rational

thought would lead them to such excess.*
Yet another possible source of psychological ■■ E xamples and exercises are drawn from today’s
headlines.
distortion is the overconfidence effect, one of several
self-deception biases that may be found in a variety
of contexts.** If a person estimates the percentage
of his or her correct answers on a subject, the esti-
mate will likely err on the high side—at least if the
questions are difficult or the subject matter is unfa-
miliar.† Perhaps some manifestation of the overcon-
■■ S tudents learn to apply critical thinking skills to situ-
fidence effect explains why, in the early stages of the
American Idol competition, many contestants appear ations in a wide variety of areas: advertising, poli-
tics, the media, popular culture.
totally convinced they will be crowned the next
American Idol—and are speechless when the judges
inform them they cannot so much as carry a tune.††
Closely related to the overconfidence effect is
the better-than-average illusion. The illusion crops up
when most of a group rate themselves as better than
most of the group relative to some desirable charac-
teristics, such as resourcefulness or driving ability.
The classic illustration is the 1976 survey of SAT tak-
ers, in which well over 50 percent of the respondents
rated themselves as better than 50 percent of other
SAT takers with respect to such qualities as leader-
ship ability.‡ The same effect has been observed when
people estimate how their intelligence, memory, or
job performance stacks up with the intelligence,
memory, and job performances of other members of
their profession or workplace. In our own informal
surveys, more than 80 percent of our students rate
themselves in the top 10 percent of their class with
respect to their ability to think critically. ■ Does Kim Kardashian
Unfortunately, evidence indicates that even when they are informed about the wear too much makeup?
better-than-average illusion, people may still rate themselves as better than most in their The issue is subjective, or,
ability to not be subject to it.‡‡ as some people say, “a
matter of opinion.”
*Jamey Keaton, Associated Press. Reported in The Sacramento Bee, Thursday, March 18, 2010. Did the subjects suspect the Stephen lovekin/WWD/
shocks weren’t real? Their statements afterward don’t rule out the possibility but certainly seem to suggest they believed they Shutterstock
truly were administering painful electrical shocks to the actor.
**However, a universal tendency among humans to irrationally exaggerate their own competencies hasn’t been established. for
an online quiz purportedly showing the overconfidence effect, see www.tim-richardson.net/joomla15/finance-articles-profmenu- Confirming Pages
70/73-over-confidence-test.html.
†See Sarah lichtenstein and other authors, “Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art to 1980,” in Daniel Kahneman, Paul
Slovic, and Amos Tversky, Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1982), 306–34.
††This possibility was proposed by Gad Saad, Psychology Today, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/homo-consumericus/200901/
self-deception-american-idol-is-it-adaptive.
216 authors in “The Better-Than-Average
‡See Mark D. Alicke and other CHAPTER
Effect,”7:
in InduCTIon
Mark D. AlickeFAllACIES
and others, The Self in Social
Judgment: Studies in Self and Identity (new York: Psychology Press, 2005), 85–106. The better-than-average illusion is

More Relevant
sometimes called the lake Wobegon effect, in reference to Garrison Keillor’s story about the fictitious Minnesota town “where all
the children are above average.”
‡‡
Appealing to Tradition
http://weblamp.princeton.edu/ psych/fACUlTY/Articles/Pronin/The%20Bias%20Blind.PDf. The better-than-average bias has not been
found to hold for all positive traits. In some things, people underestimate their abilities. The moral is that for many abilities, we are
probably not the best judges of how we compare to others. And this includes our ability to avoid being subject to biasing influences.

Moore & Parker spark student interest in skills

that will serve them throughout their lives,
­making the study of critical thinking a meaning-
moo41025_ch01_001-032.indd 19 09/06/19 12:33 PM

ful endeavor.
Boxes show students how critical thinking
YuRI GRIPAS/uPI/newscom Pete Marovich/ZuMAPRESS.com/newscom

According to Representative Steve King of Iowa (pictured here), “Equal protection [under the Constitution] is not equal protection
■■
for same sex couples to marry. Equal protection has always been for a man and a woman to be able to get married to each other.”
skills are relevant to their day-to-day lives.
Bandwagon Fallacy
Sometimes a speaker or writer will try to get
■■ Striking visuals in every chapter show stu-
us to do something by suggesting that every-
one or most people are doing it. The idea is
not to cite what people believe as evidence
dents how images affect our judgment and
of the truth of a claim. Rather, the attempt is
made to induce us to do something by mak- shape our thinking.
ing us feel out of step with things if we don’t.
This is the infamous Bandwagon Fallacy,
illustrated by this example:

I am the most popular candidate by far.

Only a minority support my opponent.

The speaker wants us to jump on the

bandwagon. He or she has not said anything
that is relevant to who we should support or
how we should vote.
Here is one more example:

Let’s get a spa. They are very popular

these days.

The speaker hasn’t really shown that

we need a spa. He wants us to get on the
bandwagon.

moo41025_ch07_207-232.indd 216 11/05/19 06:15 PM

the course. Skills for life. First Pages

240 CHAPTER 8: FoRMAl FAllACIEs ANd FAllACIEs oF lANGuAGE

More Student Success

Additional Exercise 8-4

Moore & Parker provide a path to student suc- Exercises Here are 107 examples of the fallacies discussed in this chapter. Match each item to one
or more of the following categories or otherwise answer as indicated:

cess, making students active participants in their

a. affirming the consequent
b. denying the antecedent
c. undistributed middle fallacy

own learning while teaching skills they can apply d.

e.
f.
confusing explanations with excuses
equivocation
composition
in all their courses. g.
h.
division
miscalculating probabilities

Learning objectives link to chapter sections

Note
■■ Your instructor may or may not ask you to further assign miscalculating probabilities

and in turn to print and online activities, so

into the following subcategories: Incorrectly combining the probabilities of indepen-
dent events, the gambler’s fallacy, overlooking prior probabilities, and faulty inductive
conversion.

that students can immediately assess their ▲ 1. Professor Parker can tell you if you are sick; after all, he is a doctor.

mastery of the learning objective.

2. If this man is the president, then he believes in immigration reform. If this man
is vice president, then he believes in immigration reform. Therefore, if this man is
president, then he is vice president.
3. If global warming is for real, then the mean global temperature will have risen

■■ Exercises are dispersed throughout most over the past ten years. And that is what happened. Therefore, global warming is
for real.

chapters, so that they link tightly with the

4. My chance of being born on December 25 was the same as yours. So the chances
we were both born on December 25 have to be twice as good.
▲ 5. Sodium is deadly poisonous, and so is chlorine. Salt consists of sodium and chlo-

concepts as they are presented. rine, which must be why we’re told not to eat too much of it.
6. The Bible commands you to leave life having made the world a better place. And
therefore it commands you to make the world a better place each and every day.

Students have access to over 2,000 exer-

7. A dialogue:
■■ JILL: Helen has her mother’s eyes.
BILL: Good lord! Can the woman still see?

cises that provide practice in applying 8. Is an explanation clearly being offered as an excuse/justification? I didn’t buy tick-
ets to see Chris Angel’s show because I heard that he spends half his act with his

their skills.
shirt off strutting around in front of the ladies in the audience.
9. If Congress changes marijuana from a Class 1 drug to something lesser, next year
the penalties for possession will be much less than they are now. But Congress is
not going to declassify marijuana this year. So we’ll have to live with the drastic
penalties for at least another year.
▲ 10. If you are rich, then your car is something like a Mercedes or a Bentley. Oh! Is
that your Bentley, you rich old thing, you?
11. Man! Three sons in a row? Your next kid is bound to be a girl.

moo41025_ch08_223-246.indd 240 09/19/19 02:23 PM

Preface

I
t is remarkable how much university students have changed over the decades since
we first began teaching in our 20s. Back then they called us by our first names or
even “Dude.” Nowadays they call us “Sir,” as in, “Sir, do you need help?”
They are also better informed. Thanks to Instagram and Snapchat and other
sources of breaking news, they know what friends are doing and thinking at any
given moment.
Educators seem not to agree on what exactly critical thinking is, though they do
agree that, whatever it is, we can use more of it. They also agree that being informed is
important, though what they think is important to be informed about doesn’t necessar-
ily include how Emily did her nails or what Jacob thinks about the new Starbucks cups.
You have to wonder. How can teachers compete with such stimulating infor-
mation? Critical thinking instruction is fairly abstract. It doesn’t deal with topics. In
this book, we don’t discuss whether someone’s a good president or if global climate is
changing. Rather, we offer instruction on good and bad reasoning. We try to help read-
ers develop facility in spotting irrelevancies, emotional appeals, empty rhetoric, and
weak evidence. To compete with distractions, we offer examples and exercises we hope
first-year university students can understand and relate to, and we try to be as concise
and readable as possible.
What, by the way, is our definition of critical thinking? This is something we go
into more in Chapter 1; for now, let’s just point out that critical thinking is aimed at mak-
ing wise decisions about what to think and do. This book is not about critical thinking
as much as it is a book in critical thinking. We try to provide guided practice in what
we think are the most important critical thinking skill sets. Although as authors we dif-
fer somewhat in our emphasis, we both agree (as do many instructors) that drill-and-
practice is useful in improving students’ critical thinking ability. Online technology can
be helpful when it comes to drill-and-practice, as well as in enabling students to learn
at their own pace. (Details coming up shortly). But if you don’t use online assignment,
practice, and assessment platforms such as ours, this text contains hundreds and hun-
dreds of exercises of the sort that (we think) can be applied directly to the world at large.
Exercise questions are all answered in the answer sections at the end of each chapter.
If you use this text or the online peripherals, we would appreciate hearing
from you. We can both be contacted through McGraw-Hill Education or by way of the
philosophy department at Chico State.
 Changes to the 13th Edition

A
friend recently asked us which critical thinking skills we worry about people not
People convince themselves or
­ aving. At this point in time, we admit we are especially concerned about information-­
h
remain convinced of what they
acquisition skills, the skills people use to acquire veridical information and to weed want to believe—they seek out
out bogus news sources, misinformation, flimflam, and snake oil. There is much talk these agreeable information and learn
days about people lacking these skills, and everyone seems to assume the problem lies with it more easily; and they avoid,
the people on the other side of the political aisle. Maybe both sides are right. ignore, devalue, forget, or argue
against information that contra-
So, important revisions in this edition are aimed at improving information-­
dicts their beliefs.
acquisition skills, and these revisions are found in Chapter 4 (Credibility). This chapter
—Julie Beck, “This article won’t
is about recognizing dubious claims and sources. In it you will find our long-standing
change your mind,” The Atlantic
analysis of credibility as having two parts, the believability of claims and the credibility
of sources. In this edition, we have expanded on the credibility of mainstream news,
social media, and other internet sources of information.
A society could become mis- or ill-informed through indifference or overt censor-
ship, to name two possibilities. But it could also get that way if enough people obtain
information primarily from sources assumed to be accurate and comprehensive, but
which in fact are not. Nobody wants to be misled, but most of us do like information
that fits with our view of the world, especially if it reinforces our pre-existing opinions
(or riles us up about people who don’t share our views). Motivated information-seeking
(seeking information for the purpose of confirming opinions we already hold) can lead
people to news sources that tailor the news for their audience. If enough people get
tailored news, society may become divided not only as to which sources are regarded as
authoritative but also as to what are and are not facts. Some of the reasons for thinking
such divisions exist today are discussed in Chapter 4. In that chapter, we also put forth
what we think is a non-partisan recommendation for obtaining legitimate news.
Another important batch of changes in this edition relates to inductive reasoning,
which is introduced in Chapter 2 and examined in more detail in Chapter 11. We now
divide inductive reasoning into four fundamental kinds: generalizing, de-generalizing
(which is the opposite of generalizing), analogical reasoning, and cause-effect reason-
ing. Other forms of inductive reasoning commonly discussed in texts such as this,
including notably sign arguments, arguments from examples, and inferences to the best
explanation, can be treated as one or another of the four basic kinds of inductive rea-
soning (as we explain). Our reasoning-hierarchy is this:

REASONING

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE

CAUSE/EFFECT
(including hypothesis
TRUTH-
CATEGORICAL ANALOGICAL GENERALIZING DE-GENERALIZING formation and
FUNCTIONAL
confirmation, and
IBEs)
xx CHANGES TO THE 13TH EDITION

We have also expanded the section on how to tell the difference between deductive and
inductive arguments, including the fact that if an argument has a subjective judgement as its
conclusion, then (for reasons we explain) it is unlikely to be inductive.
In Chapter 1, we have revised and expanded our treatment of the distinction between sub-
jective judgments and objective claims. As usual, most of our revisions result from questions and
difficulties that have actually arisen in our own teaching experience, as well as from feedback
from readers.
And as always, we have updated the social, political, and cultural backdrop for the book
and have revised exercises to keep them relevant. Nowadays students stare blankly if you men-
tion a carburetor or refer to TV sets that don’t have remotes; we try to make the book about the
world they know. Or rather the world we think they know.

■ World leaders celebrate worldwide rise in critical thinking.

Edgar Su/Reuters
 Acknowledgments

Y
ou may find mistakes in this book. Who made them? It depends on whom
you ask. Moore blames Parker, and Parker blames Moore. We certainly don’t
blame the people who we are about to list, who have helped us enormously
in our effort to improve. In a previous edition, we tried to blame everything on Terry
McGraw, but someone said we couldn’t do that.
For thanks, we begin with our caring brand manager Alex Preiss and our astute
and amazing production manager, Sarah Paratore. Alex provided the broad picture of
what this edition should be; Sarah worked out the details. We also want to thank our
entire McGraw Hill Education team, including Traci Vaske, Danielle Clement, Nancy
Baudean, Deb Hash, and David Hash.
The guidance of our reviewers over the editions has been indispensable to us.
These reviewers include
Keith Abney, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
James Anderson, San Diego State University
Benjamin Arah, Bowie State University
Sheldon Bachus
Patricia Baldwin, Pitt Community College
Monique Bindra
Tim Black, California State University, Northridge
Charles Blatz, University of Toledo
Christian Blum, Bryant & Stratton, Buffalo
K. D. Borcoman, Coastline College/CSUDH
Keith Brown, California State University, East Bay
Rosalie Brown
Lee Carter, Glendale Community College
Jennifer Caseldine-Bracht, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne
Lynne Chandler-Garcia, Pikes Peak Community College
David Connelly, Cayuga Community College
Anne D’Arcy, California State University, Chico
Michelle Darnelle, Fayetteville State University
Ray Darr, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
William J. Devlin, Bridgewater State University
Paul Dickey, Metropolitan Community College
Sandra Dwyer, Georgia State University
Jeffrey Easlick, Saginaw Valley State University
Aaron Edlin, University of California, Berkeley
Dorothy Edlin
Noel Edlin
Ellery Eells, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Ben Eggleston, University of Kansas
Geoffrey B. Frasz, Community College of Southern Nevada
Josh Fulcher
Angela Gearhart, University of Chile, Santiago
Rory Goggins
Geoffrey Gorham, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Joseph Graves, North Carolina A&T University

Dabney Gray, Stillman College
Patricia Hammer, Delta College
Anthony Hanson, De Anza College
Rebecca Hendricks
Judith M. Hill, Saginaw Valley State University
Steven Hoeltzel, James Madison University
Steven R. Huizenga, Central Ohio Technical College
J. F. Humphrey, North Carolina A&T University
Amro Jayousi
Gary John, Richland College
Sunghyun Jung
Allyn Kahn, Champlain College
David Kelsey, Coastline Community College
David Keyt, University of Washington
Paulina Kohan
William Krieger, California State University–Pomona
Michael LaBossiere, Florida A&M University
Sunita Lanka, Hartnell College
Bill Lawson
Marisha Lecea, Western Michigan University
Marion Ledwig, University of Nevada–Las Vegas
Vern Lee, University of Phoenix
Terrance MacMullon, Eastern Washington University
Andrew Magrath, Kent State University
Alistair Moles, Sierra College
Ralph J. Moore, Jr.
Jeffry Norby, Northcentral Technical College
Eric Parkinson, Syracuse University
Steven Patterson, Marygrove College
Carmel Phelan, College of Southern Nevada
Jamie L. Phillips, Clarion University
Domenick Pinto, Sacred Heart University
Ayaz Pirani, Hartnell College
Ed Pluth, California State University, Chico
Scott Rappold, Our Lady of Holy Cross College
N. Mark Rauls, College of Southern Nevada
Victor Reppert, Glendale Community College
Matthew E. Roberts, Patrick Henry College
Greg Sadler, Fayetteville State University
Matt Schulte, Montgomery College
Richard Scott, Glendale Community College
Laurel Severino, Santa Fe Community College
Mehul Shah, Bergen Community College
Robert Shanab, University of Nevada at Las Vegas
Steven Silveria
Robert Skipper, St. Mary’s University
Aeon J. Skoble, Bridgewater State University
Taggart Smith, Purdue University–Calumet
Richard Sneed, University of Central Oklahoma
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii

Alan Soble, Drexel University

Chris Soutter
James Stump, Bethel College
Lou Suarez
Susan Vineberg, Wayne State University
Michael Ventimiglia, Sacred Heart University
Helmut Wautischer, Sonoma State University
Dennis Weiss, York College of Pennsylvania
Linda L. Williams, Kent State University
Amy Goodman Wilson, Webster University
Christine Wolf
Wayne Yuen, Ohlone College; and
Marie G. Zaccaria, Georgia Perimeter College
Over the years, our Chico State colleague Anne Morrissey has given us more
usable material than anybody else. She’s also given us more unusable material, but
never mind. We’ve also had fine suggestions and examples from Curtis Peldo of Chico
State and Butte College; Dan Barnett, also of Butte College, has helped in many ways
over the years.
We thank colleagues at Chico State, who are ever ready with a suggestion, idea,
or constructive criticism; in particular, Marcel Daguerre, Randy Larsen, Becky White,
Wai-hung Wong, Zanja Yudell, and Greg Tropea, whose death in 2010 left us saddened
beyond words. We are also grateful to Bangs Tapscott, Linda Kaye Bomstad, Ann
Bykerk-Kauffman, Sue Patterson, and Jeffrey Ridenour for contributions both archival
and recent. David Connelly, from Cayuga Community College, helped us rethink the
objective/subjective distinction; we appreciate that.
Last, and especially, we give thanks to two people who put up with us with
patience, encouragement, and grace, Leah Blum and Marianne Moore.
 About the Authors

B
rooke Moore and Richard Parker have taught phi-
losophy at California State University, Chico, for
a long time, since 1970 in Moore’s case and since
1972 in Parker’s. Moore has a bachelor’s degree in music
from Antioch College and a PhD in philosophy from the
University of Cincinnati; Parker received his undergradu-
ate degree from the University of Arkansas and his PhD
from the University of Washington, both in philosophy.
After all this time and all the collaboration, Moore
and Parker are still on speaking terms. In fact, they are
Courtesy of Brooke Moore Courtesy of Richard Parker
close friends.
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best give ’em the good-bye, p’raps. However, ’tain’t no use talking.
They’re all armed to the teeth; and even now, with their reduced
numbers, they are eight to one, to say nothing of them great
bloodhounds, which, I notice, the chief has left behind him—just to
worrit us, I’ll be bound.”
“As to escaping,” I said, “it’s impossible. Even if we tried to break
away when we’re out for exercise, the pirates would shoot us down
before we could get clear of the terrace, and—”
I was interrupted by the sentries taking up their position at the
doorway; and it was dangerous to converse on such a topic, for fear
that some of them knew a smattering of English.
I racked my brains to think of any plan of escape. So did my
fellow-prisoners. Nothing seemed feasible. Our prospects were dark
indeed, unless help came from over the seas; and even in that
eventuality it might be the sounding of our death-knell, for we felt
convinced that the pirates, if worked up to a frenzy, would not stick at
trifles.
We invented a sort of gibberish language, in which we could
converse without fear of being understood; but even this we used
with extreme caution, for fear of accidents. The words were formed
in a very simple manner, although it required some practice to speak
them rapidly; and of course, the quicker the enunciation, the less
chance of the gibberish being intelligible to others.
One morning, when we were feeling particularly despondent, and
had hardly been able to get through our not very appetising
breakfast, we felt a sudden and very alarming oscillation of the
ground on which we were seated, and this was followed by a deep
rumble like the sound of thunder or distant artillery.
“An earthquake, surely!” exclaimed Mr. Triggs in a tone which
sounded almost terror-stricken.
“Or is it the guns of a fleet?” I cried wildly; “friends come at last to
release us.”
“Don’t be alarmed or put about,” said Ned, who had remained
perfectly calm; “’tis only an earthquake, and a slight one at that. I’ve
felt heaps of ’em off the coast of Chili, and don’t care a snap of the
fingers for ’em. They are as common in them regions as wet days
are in England.”
Mr. Triggs looked relieved.
“Well, ’tis my first experience of ’em,” he said, “and I can tell you I
don’t want to have another.”
Scarcely had the words escaped his lips when a far more violent
oscillation shook the solid earth, followed by the same uncanny
subterranean rumble. Then a loud crash, like the sound of falling
rocks, smote upon our ears, followed by terrified screams and shouts
from human voices.
 CHAPTER XX.
THE ESCAPE FROM THE CAVE.

W E sprang to our feet in genuine alarm. The guard of four armed

men at the doorway fled panic-stricken into the outer cave,
crying in shrill tones to their fellows.
“God preserve us from this awful danger!” exclaimed Mr. Triggs in
faltering tones.
His courage seemed to have deserted him in this strange
emergency. As for me, I felt completely dazed, and unable either to
think or to act.
An atmosphere of stifling dust was filling our cavern from without.
The awful dangers that threatened us were, that the roof of the
cave might fall in and bury us in its rocky débris, or that the entrance
to the cavern might get blocked by a fallen crag and entomb us alive.
Ned Burton was calmness and coolness itself on this occasion.
His voice never faltered, nor did his cheek blanch. He at once took
the lead, and issued authoritative orders without consulting us. His
splendid bravery, his presence of mind, and his readiness of
resource quickly restored our confidence, and braced us up to meet
the emergency like British seamen—who, like their immortal Nelson,
should not know what fear is.
Our guards had dropped their weapons in their panic. This did not
escape Ned’s eagle eye. In an instant he had pounced upon them,
and at the same time he took a hasty survey of the outer cavern.
“Every mother’s son of ’em has skedaddled,” he remarked
hurriedly to us. “The entrance ain’t blocked, and the coast seems
clear, so far as I can tell.”
We had now joined Ned.
 “Here,” he said, shoving a sword and a pistol into each of our
hands, and retaining a rifle himself, “stick to them weapons like grim
death. Follow me, but don’t utter a word. This here earthquake may
be the saving of us, and—”
My coxswain’s speech was drowned in the most extraordinary and
terrifying noise I had ever heard—many degrees worse than the late
subterranean thunders.
It was a loud but indescribable hissing and fizzing sound, mingled
with the deafening reports of continuous explosions. It was as if all
the fireworks and all the gunpowder in the world had been exploded
at the same moment. The solid earth under us shook with convulsive
tremors, but the oscillating movement had ceased.
Even these terrifying sounds did not disturb Ned’s equanimity. He
did not attempt to speak again, knowing how useless it would be, but
he beckoned us to follow him, and darted into the outer cave, where
a weird gloom seemed to prevail, and where the atmosphere was
charged with a strange, stifling, sulphureous smoke.
In spite of the semi-darkness, one glance showed us that the cave
was deserted. Hope welled up in my heart. There really was a
chance of escape! I grasped my weapons firmly, determined to sell
my life dearly if necessary. It did not occur to me at the moment that
it would be impossible to escape from the island without some
means of crossing the sea.
It was providential indeed that the entrance to the cave had not
been blocked by some huge boulder, for many of these fallen
masses of rock had in reality come hurtling down from the cliffs
above. Indeed, as afterwards came to our knowledge, two of the
pirates were crushed and killed by them.
It was characteristic of my coxswain’s coolness at this crisis in our
fortunes that, as we crossed the outer cavern, he saw my watch and
chain lying upon the ground amongst some other valuables, calmly
picked it up, and popped it into his pocket.
I have that watch still, and I never look at it without thinking of my
devoted coxswain—one of the finest specimens of a British blue-
jacket that I have ever known.
We hurried out with drawn swords in our hands. No enemies
confronted us, however, but a weird and awe-inspiring sight met our
gaze. Never, as long as I live, shall I forget that really terrible
panorama.
The old extinct volcano had suddenly burst forth into renewed
activity. After perhaps thousands of years of quiescence, the awful
igneous powers of Nature had by some occult process in her dread
laboratory been kindled anew. Through vast fissures in the earth’s
crust clouds of steam were pouring forth, with sulphureous and other
gases in clouds; while torrents of ashes, lava, mud, and stones were
shot high into the air, darkening the very sun.
The pirates had all fled, and had taken the bloodhounds with them.
There could be no doubt about that. In their panic they had
completely forgotten our existence, and had only thought of saving
their own wretched lives. What a mercy it was that we were free of
our bonds when the crisis came!
I think it occurred instinctively to us all that this was only the
commencement of some vast and terrible convulsion of nature, and
that the sooner we got clear of the crater and its surroundings the
less chance there would be of being overwhelmed by torrents of
boiling lava and showers of stones, or of being suffocated by clouds
of ashes and the fumes of poisonous gases.
Picking our way carefully, therefore, through the masses of fallen
rock which strewed the terrace, we made our way under Ned’s
guidance to the little pathway which we knew led out from this
inaccessible spot into the open country.
I was rather alarmed lest we should meet with some of the pirates
here, who, I conjectured, might be in hiding among the adjacent
rocks; but fortunately my fears were groundless, and we emerged
from the tortuous pathway without having encountered any
obstacles.
Ned paused for a moment, and looked about him keenly.
 The light, as the reader may suppose, was exceedingly deceptive,
and the landscape had a darkened, ghastly aspect, as if an eclipse
of the sun were in progress.
Another violent earthquake at this moment shook the ground,
making us stagger like drunken men and nearly lose our feet. I
distinctly saw a huge fissure yawn on the slope of a hill near us. This
was a new danger; we might be swallowed up.
All this time, the volcanic forces were furiously at work, and the
sounds which proceeded from the dread crater seemed to me to be
growing louder and more threatening every moment. The
atmosphere too was becoming more deadly and pestilential, and
once or twice I felt as if I should have fainted, and I clung to Ned
Burton’s stalwart arm for support.
As soon as the violent oscillation of the last quake had passed
away, we took to our heels and ran for dear life. A rain of fine ashes
had begun to fall from the sky; but this did not inconvenience us
much, and we hoped soon to get beyond its influence. We
occasionally heard stones and other débris striking the earth, but
fortunately we escaped any injury from these dangerous projectiles.
Every moment it grew darker, and a heavy pall, huge and sombre,
seemed to be gathering and hanging over the doomed island. There
was no wind. A deadly calm seemed to prevail among the air-
currents, as if they had been paralyzed by the awful convulsions that
were going on below.
We stumbled on as rapidly as possible, but my breathing soon
became so affected that I was forced to cling to my companions for
support. The mephitic atmosphere did not seem to cause them any
discomfort. The gunner appeared to have regained his usual
courage and presence of mind, now that he found himself out of
sight of the boiling and seething volcano mouth, every moment
increasing his distance from it.
My coxswain had a good bump of locality, and led us by an almost
unerring instinct. I soon saw, however, that he had no intention of
following the pathway down to the creek where we had disembarked;
for when we arrived within sight of the hut where we had seen the
negroes hoeing, he turned off abruptly to the left, and made straight
for a gap in a low ridge of hills just above us. Breathless and almost
exhausted we reached this spot, and passed through to the other
side. Here some huge boulders seemed to offer a temporary hiding-
place, and I pointed them out to Ned.
“We’ll lie low there for a few minutes,” assented my coxswain; “I’m
blest if I ain’t a bit done up myself.”
It was the first time he had spoken since we had fled from the
burning crater; indeed it was only in the last ten minutes that it would
have been of any use to attempt to do so. We were now, however, at
a fairly safe distance—or at least so we thought—from the
destructive volcano; and although we could still distinctly hear the
hideous uproar that was going on in that great natural cauldron of
occult powers, it was not loud enough to prevent our speaking to
each other in peace. It was still very dark, and a certain amount of
fine ashes was still falling; but from our present hiding-place the sky
was almost obscured by overhanging rocks.
We were all gasping for breath when we flung ourselves on the
ground.
“So far so good!” said Ned at last. “We’ve slipped our cables and
got clear of them varmints of pirates, thanks to these mines and
countermines and fireworks from the lower regions. The question
now is, how we are to get clear of the island; for, to my mind, it ain’t a
fit place for a respectable Christian to hang out in no longer than he
can help.—What do you say, Mr. Gunner; for you’re the senior officer
of this here party?”
Mr. Triggs seemed buried in a brown study.
“I think you were quite right not to make for the creek, Ned,” I
remarked; “the pirates are certain to have gone in that direction, and
we should have been recaptured as sure as eggs are eggs.”
“I’m not so sure,” said my coxswain in a musing tone, “that it
mightn’t be a good plan to remain in hiding till nightfall, and then
steal down to the creek, and endeavour to seize a boat under cover
of the darkness.”
“Too risky, man, too risky!” exclaimed the gunner, suddenly
chiming in; “besides, who knows what may happen between this and
nightfall? Why, the whole island may be blown up, or overwhelmed
by an enormous tidal wave. I’ve heard tell of such cases.”
“There’s something in that, as the monkey said when he fell
through the skylight into a tureen of soup!” observed Ned gravely.
“I should propose,” continued Mr. Triggs, not heeding this
interruption, “that we make for another part of the coast of this island,
and endeavour to possess ourselves of a boat. We know that there
are a few negro settlers living here, and if we came across any of
them it might be possible to bribe them to assist us in our escape.”
“What should we bribe them with?” I asked; “we haven’t a dollar
among us.”
“Here’s a watch and chain at any rate,” said my coxswain,
triumphantly drawing those articles out of his pocket, and handing
them over to me.
“Thank you, Ned,” I said; “you are a trump and no mistake. All the
same, I’m afraid my watch and chain are not valuable enough to be
of any use as a bribe.”
“I take it those niggers we saw are the pirates’ slaves,” observed
the seaman; “and they’d be afraid of getting their weasands slit if it
was discovered that they had helped us to escape off this plaguy
island. And if we took a boat o’ theirn, how in the name of mischief
should we be able to return it to ’em? ’Tain’t as if we could pay ’em
double the value of the craft and have her for our own, you see.”
“I wonder if the chief is away cruising in the brig,” I said; “because,
if so, the pirates that are upon the island will find some difficulty in
escaping.”
“I very much doubt if they’ll want to shape a departure course from
the island altogether,” said Ned; “leastways I take it they’d hang
about a bit fust, and see what the wolcano is agoin’ to do. But if they
do want to clear out, bag without baggage, I reckon they’ve towed
that there prize o’ theirn into the creek afore this, and could get her
under way in a brace of shakes.”
“What I’m very much afraid of is this,” remarked Mr. Triggs, “that
when their first panic is worn off, they’ll remember about us, and
send out search parties with the bloodhounds to hunt us down.”
“They won’t go within a good many cable-lengths of the wolcano,
that you may bet your bottom dollar,” said Ned with a laugh. “By the
piper, they was in a high old funk, and no mistake! I never see’d the
like in my life before. They ran like riggers, the swabs.”
“Small blame to ’em,” cried Mr. Triggs emphatically. “I felt as green
as a hadji’s turban myself, I can tell you; and as to running, I think we
ourselves put our best foot foremost when once we got clear of the
cave.”
“I don’t know about your feeling green, Mr. Gunner, beggin’ your
parding for bein’ personal, so to speak,” said my coxswain with a
grim smile, “but you sartinly looked a bit white about the gills.”
Mr. Triggs looked a little indignant at this facetiousness on Ned’s
part, but the current of our thoughts was suddenly turned into
another channel.
The volcano was evidently increasing in activity. The roar of the
reports, the hissing of steam, and other frightful noises doubled in
intensity, and the solid earth beneath us shook with violent tremors.
Even showers of stones and mud began to fall about us, and the
descending clouds of ashes became like a heavy rain or a fall of
snow.
A really awe-inspiring darkness began to enwrap us as with a
sable cloak. It was no time to be talking. We must act, and that
promptly, or our fate would be sealed for ever.
We sprang to our feet, and it was at this moment that Mr. Triggs
was struck upon the right shoulder by a volcanic stone.
“Why, this is as bad as being under fire!” he cried, rubbing the
injured part. “Carry on, Ned. Act as guide, like a good fellow, and try
to steer for the coast on the opposite side of the island from the
creek.”
“Right you are, sir; I’ll do my best, and no man can’t do more than
that. We’ll give the lagoon a good wide berth most sartinly.”
“If we keep to this side of the ridge, and descend these slopes
beneath us,” I suggested, “we shall be on the right track.”
Taking the precaution to secure our weapons, we plunged out from
our rocky refuge, and under Ned’s guidance began to feel our way
down the boulder-strewn face of the hill, keeping as much as
possible in a direction opposite to that in which the volcanic fires
were raging. There was, of course, no sort of path, and the prevailing
gloom made it extremely difficult for us to force our way onward over
such a rough country, to say nothing of the stones and mud which
continued to fall about us from time to time.
However, our blood was up, and we pushed on strenuously though
in silence, hoping every moment that we should get out of that
odious rain of volcanic débris. In about ten minutes’ time we
succeeded in this, and halted for a minute or two to rest, and recover
our breath. The atmosphere being now clearer, we fancied we could
detect a somewhat extensive forest beneath us, and determined to
make for its sheltering trees as speedily as possible.
There had been no fresh shocks of earthquake, but the volcano
seemed by no means to have exhausted itself. A heavy pall of
darkness hung in its vicinity, and ever and again explosions seemed
to rend the air and to repeat themselves in endless echoing
reverberations amid the chasms and rocky ridges of the arid hills.
“Did I hear a shout?” asked Ned suddenly, in an alarmed tone.
Mr. Triggs and I had heard nothing, but I knew well how quick of
hearing my coxswain was.
We all listened intently.
“There it is again!” cried Ned; “I believe they’re upon our trail.”
This time my ear caught the sound of a human yell.
 A moment later, to my unutterable horror, the baying of a
bloodhound became distinctly audible.
 CHAPTER XXI.
HUNTED BY BLOODHOUNDS.

F OR one moment we gazed at each other blankly, helplessly.

As the reader knows, we had foreseen the possibility of an
organized pursuit. We had never thought, however—at least I had
not—that the blow would fall so soon.
The pirates had quickly recovered from their panic.
Had we been aware of the fact that, on reaching the creek, they
had encountered the chief, who had just returned from his cruise, we
should not have been so surprised.
“To the forest, to the forest!” cried Ned; “it’s our only chance of
safety!”
We turned and fled.
Fortunately the ground was clearer of obstructions than it had
been. In fact, we were close to the boundary-line of vegetation once
more.
We glanced back, but could see no sign of our pursuers. There
was no mistaking the fact, however, that the bloodhounds were
giving tongue, and were doubtless upon our trail. The human cries
had ceased. The volcano was now doing us another service.
Through the darkened atmosphere it would be impossible for the
chasing pirates to see us till they were quite close.
But those awful dogs with their deadly scent! I could not doubt that
they would track us down long, long before we could reach the
coast. And even if we succeeded in gaining the seaboard first, the
chances were a hundred to one against our finding any sort of boat
—at any rate a friendly boat.
Our position, without doubt, was a desperate one.
 I do not think that I have ever, during the whole course of my life,
run at such a pace as I did on that occasion. The bloodhounds’ cruel
bays lent wings to my feet, and I seemed to fly over the ground like a
hunted deer with the bloodthirsty cheetah upon its spoor. My
companions were both fleet of foot and sound in wind and limb, but,
of course, we had all suffered a good deal from our captivity and
from insufficient food.
Ned had evidently been struck with the idea that the forest would
afford us an asylum; but I must confess that, at the time, I had very
little hope that we could throw the dogs off the scent. It appeared to
me that the animals would track us among the trees, just as easily as
over the open country.
Should we even succeed in reaching the forest first? I felt painful
doubts on the subject, for my ears revealed the fact to me only too
plainly that the bloodhounds were slowly but surely gaining on us.
Still we had had a good start, and that was something to be thankful
for.
The view was certainly getting clearer as we advanced. The
rumblings from the raging crater were more indistinct.
As yet we had not spoken a word. We did not want to waste our
breath, and all our energies were concentrated on covering the
ground at as rapid a pace as possible. Ned led the way with a fixed
look of determination on his face. He carried his rifle at the trail, but
none of us knew whether it was loaded or not; for, strange to say, we
had not thought of examining it, or the pistols either.
Thanks to the famous spurt we had put on, we were rapidly
nearing the outskirts of the jungle. It did not seem to be more than a
hundred yards distant. Owing to the greater clearness of the
atmosphere, I could now see that the forest was rather dense, but
that it was comparatively small in area, and sloped away towards the
sea, from which it appeared to be divided only by ridges of sandhills.
Yes, there was the sea plainly enough now, but looking dark and
disturbed, as if it too had felt the terrible rockings caused by the
seismic earth-waves.
 It was not more than a mile distant as the crow flies; and as the
island was not lofty in any part, I do not suppose we were in reality
more than two hundred feet above its level. I hastily scanned its
surface, but could discern no sign of a boat or vessel. Owing to the
calm state of the atmospheric currents, the vaporous clouds that
continuously shot up from the crater did not drift over the sea to any
considerable extent, but rolled up in spiral wreaths towards the
zenith, and hung in space like a vast nigrescent pall.
It suddenly flashed across me that I had not heard the
bloodhounds’ bays for some little time, although previously the
sounds had been almost continuous.
“Ned,” I gasped out, “the dogs have stopped giving tongue.”
My coxswain hurriedly glanced over his shoulder, but did not relax
his pace for a moment.
“The same thing struck me,” he said, “but it would be impossible
for them to lose the scent here. We mustn’t lose a moment. If you
can’t spurt a bit longer, sir, you must take a good firm grip of my arm,
for your weight would be a mere trifle to me.”
I assured Ned, with many thanks for his offers of assistance, that I
was quite capable of keeping up the pace as far as to the forest,
and, indeed, it was now not fifty yards distant. Mr. Triggs gave it as
his opinion that for some unforeseen reason the pursuit had
slackened.
The sudden silence of the dogs was certainly remarkable, but that
they had lost the scent seemed a perfect impossibility.
The next moment we had bounded into the forest, which was
composed of trees of some considerable age, most of which were
closely united by hanging and trailing festoons of creepers, whilst
beneath their umbrageous branches grew scattered underwood and
young saplings.
Our sudden advent startled some monkeys that were skylarking
about among the larger trees on the outskirts of the jungle, and they
fled precipitately, shrieking with alarm.
 “Tiresome little beasts,” cried Ned angrily; “the shindy they kick up
is quite enough to draw attention to our whereabouts.”
“We can halt for a moment, I think,” said Mr. Triggs breathlessly,
mopping his head at the same time with a large red pocket-
handkerchief, which the pirates had had the complaisance to leave
in his possession.
“Certainly. I wants to have a bit of a sky round,” replied Ned; “and I
reckon we’re all a bit gone in the bellows,” and so saying he crept
stealthily to the boundary of the forest, and, dropping upon his
knees, gazed and listened intently.
He remained in this position for about half a minute, and then
arose and rejoined us.
“This is a rum start,” he said hurriedly, “but I can’t hear nothing but
that blooming wolcano a boilin’ and a spirtin’ away like old Harry!
What’s become of them dawgs, and the swabs o’ pirates, is more
than I can say. But we mustn’t hang about here; as I take it they’re
going to play us some dirty trick or another.”
“Miguel is sure to put them up to something underhand,” I said;
“he’s a regular mischief-maker.”
Ned now examined his rifle, and was relieved to find that it was
loaded. Unfortunately, however, he had no spare cartridges. Our
pistols, which were long heavy ones, were also charged, ready for
use; but, of course, we were in the same predicament of being
unprovided with any more ammunition. We also had the two swords,
which might prove to be valuable weapons. They appeared to be of
a military pattern, and were probably of Spanish manufacture—
perhaps veritable Toledos.
“Got your wind again, Mr. Darcy?” asked the gunner.
“Yes,” I answered. “I’m quite ready for a start.”
“That’s the sort. We’ll carry on at once,” said Ned, “and make
tracks for the coast-line, keeping to the forest all the way. That’s the
safest plan.”
 We had just started off again at a sharp run, when our ears were
assailed with the blood-curdling sound of the sleuthhounds’ bay.
“God preserve us!” exclaimed the gunner, in horror-stricken tones;
“the wretches have struck our trail again.”
For a moment we involuntarily turned our heads and gazed back
through the vista of trees, which allowed us a partial view of the open
country we had so lately crossed.
As we did so, a loud yell rent the air, and reverberated amid the
sturdy boles of the forest-trees.
Simultaneously we all caught sight of a man, who had suddenly
appeared on the summit of a cliff-like rock some little distance from
the outskirts of the forest. He was not too far, however, for us to
recognize both his features and his figure.
It was the chief.
As we gazed at him in a sort of fascinated way, another individual
also sprang upon the rock.
It was Miguel.
 CHAPTER XXII.
A FIGHT WITH A BLOODHOUND.

A N exclamation of mingled astonishment and alarm burst from

our lips simultaneously.
The chief, then, had returned—unknown to us—and was himself
heading the pursuit. Small chance of escape, indeed, had we under
these circumstances.
To my surprise, Ned’s calm demeanour vanished in a moment. He
seemed to be seized with a sudden frenzy of passion, and to utterly
ignore the dictates of prudence. It was the sight of Miguel, I suppose,
that provoked this outburst of anger.
Our pursuers could not see us as we crouched among the
underwood.
My coxswain gave vent to some fierce exclamation, and quick as
lightning raised his rifle to his shoulder. He was an unerring shot.
“I’ll pay that thundering rascal out now for having me flogged,” I
heard him mutter between his teeth, “and send a bullet through his
ugly carcass!”
But Mr. Triggs seized him by the shoulder with a grip of iron.
“Drop your rifle instantly!” he said in an authoritative tone; “do you
want to betray our hiding-place to them, man?”
Ned had not been trained in a severe school of discipline for
nothing. Though his finger was on the point of pressing the trigger,
he instantly lowered his weapon. A strange but relieved expression
swept over his face as he turned to us. The sudden access of
passion had passed away as rapidly as it had arisen.
“Thank you for the reminder,” he said in rather a husky voice.
“’Tain’t often I feel in a revengeful mood, but I must confess I was off
my chump for a spell, and could think of nothing but corpsing that
chap.”
The gunner rose swiftly to his feet.
“Our best foot foremost, and cut and run,” he said in a low but
emphatic tone; “’tis our only chance.”
In a moment we had plunged once more into the forest, striking off
in a diagonal, downward direction, so as to bury ourselves deeper in
the jungle depths, and yet draw nearer to the sea at every step.
Once more the much-dreaded bloodhounds gave tongue, warning
us only too palpably of the proximity of our ruthless enemies. The
chief and his henchman Miguel had obviously been taking a survey
from the lofty rock, hoping to detect some signs of our whereabouts;
but now they had evidently taken up the trail again, determined to
hunt us down mercilessly.
Ned again constituted himself our guide, and led the way swiftly
but noiselessly. Several times we knocked our heads against the
pendent creepers and the low branches of the trees, and abraded
our shins against fallen trunks and half-hidden rocks; but these little
mishaps did not really delay our progress much. The hue and cry in
our rear was too terrible a reality, and made us strain every nerve,
every muscle.
Could we baffle our relentless enemies? could we outstrip them?
They had dogs, swift of foot and unerring of scent, pertinacious,
inured to fatigue, accustomed to the hunting of human beings; and
they themselves were active, wiry fellows, fired with angry and
revengeful feelings, and thoroughly acquainted with the geography
of the country. The odds were largely in their favour; no one could
deny that.
Suddenly Ned turned to us with a triumphant look in his face.
“A stream!” he gasped out; “keep up this spurt for a spell, my
hearties.”
For some few seconds I had heard the sound of a rushing torrent
ahead of us, but had not attached any importance to the fact.
 In another minute we were wading knee-deep in a brawling
stream, some of the waters of which we scooped up with our hands,
and thus quenched the burning thirst which was consuming us.
By Ned’s direction we began wading down-stream, keeping in
Indian file, and avoiding snags and rocks as best we could. In some
of the pools the water was up to our waists, and we could make but
slow progress, especially as it was necessary to make as little noise
as possible.
We knew only too well that our pertinacious pursuers had already
entered the forest. Occasionally we could hear their shouts and the
deep bay of the bloodhounds.
Ned’s plan was to baffle them, and throw the dogs off the scent, by
wading for some little distance down the bed of the torrent. Mr.
Triggs approved warmly of the plan, for he saw clearly enough that
we should soon be hunted down if we kept to our original plan of
flight, whereas we might possibly gain half an hour by utilizing Ned’s
strategy. That half-hour might save our lives.
We floundered on for a considerable distance, and then emerged
on the bank, wet and dripping, and listening intently for any sounds
of pursuit. They seemed to have almost died away, but an
occasional yell arose from some apparently distant spot in the forest.
Ned was in high feather.
“Well, I didn’t expect to succeed as well as that,” he observed, “for
I thought to a dead certainty they’d twig what we was about, and
follow down-stream. What a lot of owls they must be!”
“They may discover their mistake at any moment,” said the
gunner. “Let’s make tracks for the sea-shore as hard as we can pelt.”
No sooner said than done! Following the downward course of the
stream, we once more took to our heels and dashed off over the
broken ground, rather handicapped now by our dripping garments
and soaked shoes.
We had run about a quarter of a mile, and were inwardly
congratulating ourselves on our good fortune, when the blood was
almost frozen in my veins by hearing the unmistakable bay of a
bloodhound in our rear. So near us was the ponderous beast that we
could hear it forcing its way through the underwood as it followed on
our spoor.
To my utter amazement Ned seemed pleased at an occurrence
which seemed to me to sound our death-knell.
“Good luck! We must swarm a tree!” he cried. “Here’s one will do
first-rate.”
I do not know if the gunner felt as bewildered as I did at this fresh
strategy of my coxswain. At any rate he said nothing, but signed to
me to scramble up the tree Ned had pointed out, the branches of
which most fortunately hung low down.
To sailors the feat was a mere trifle, and before many seconds had
elapsed we were all three ensconced in a sort of leafy bower, about
fifteen feet from the ground.
Ned spoke in a hurried whisper to the gunner.
“Change weapons with me sharp,” he said; “our lives depend upon
it.”
Mr. Triggs looked intensely astonished, as well he might, but he
knew by the seaman’s emphatic manner that he meant business,
and that there was no time for explanations. Indeed, as Ned spoke,
he thrust his loaded rifle into the warrant-officer’s hand, and whipped
the latter’s sword out of its scabbard. The next moment—like a
dream it seemed to me—he was standing at the foot of the tree with
the glittering blade in his hand. Just at that very instant I saw a
bloodhound, its eyes aflame with anger and its jaws dropping saliva,
rush out from behind a clump of trees, and bound fiercely in my
coxswain’s direction. It appeared to be alone.
Still it seemed a dream—all a dream!
I was spellbound.
Not so Mr. Triggs! He was instantly alive to the situation, and
began scrambling down from the tree with great precipitation,