Context: City of Eldoret, Kenya

i) Description of the City (30 points)

a) Demography

Eldoret is a major city in western Kenya and the fifth largest in the country. It has a population of
approximately 500,000 people, with a mix of urban and peri-urban areas. The city has a diverse
demographic composition, including various ethnic groups, with a significant youth population.

b) Economic Activities

Eldoret is a commercial hub in the Rift Valley region, known for its vibrant agricultural
activities. The city is surrounded by fertile lands that support large-scale maize farming, dairy
farming, and horticulture. Additionally, Eldoret hosts several educational institutions, including
Moi University, which significantly contributes to the local economy. The city also has a
growing industrial sector with numerous small and medium-sized enterprises.

c) Geographic/Topological/Environmental Descriptors

Eldoret is situated at an altitude of about 2,100 meters above sea level, with a temperate climate.
The city experiences moderate rainfall, making it ideal for agriculture. The topography includes
rolling hills and fertile plains, with several rivers and streams flowing through the area.

d) Technological and Infrastructural Status

The city has moderate infrastructural development, with some areas well-serviced with roads,
electricity, and water supply, while others, especially peri-urban areas, lag behind. There is an
ongoing effort to improve technological integration in various sectors, including the
establishment of internet connectivity and modern waste management systems.

e) Capacity
Eldoret has a moderate capacity for implementing large-scale projects, with local government
structures in place and a history of successful public-private partnerships. The presence of
academic institutions also provides access to research and skilled labor.

f) Social Cultural

The city is culturally diverse, with numerous ethnic communities coexisting. There is a strong
sense of community, which can be leveraged for collective action in sanitation projects.
However, traditional beliefs and practices sometimes influence attitudes toward modern
sanitation solutions.

ii) Existing Sanitation Services and Infrastructure (20 points)

a) Service Regimes

Sanitation services in Eldoret are managed by a mix of public and private entities. The Eldoret
Water and Sanitation Company (ELDOWAS) is the primary provider of water and sanitation
services, but coverage is uneven, particularly in informal settlements.

b) Sanitation Systems and Segments Represented

The city has a combination of sewered and non-sewered sanitation systems. In the urban center,
there are conventional sewer systems connected to a treatment plant. In peri-urban and informal
settlements, pit latrines and septic tanks are more common.

c) Sanitation Governance

Sanitation governance is overseen by the county government, with specific mandates assigned to
ELDOWAS and the County Public Health Office. Policies and regulations are in place, but
enforcement and compliance are challenges.

d) Sanitation Actors in Different Regions

Key sanitation actors include the county government, ELDOWAS, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) such as WaterAid, community-based organizations (CBOs), and private
sector companies offering pit emptying services.

e) Stakeholder Mapping and Profiles

 County Government: Policy-making and regulation.

 ELDOWAS: Service provision and infrastructure maintenance.
 NGOs: Advocacy, funding, and project implementation.
 CBOs: Community mobilization and local advocacy.
 Private Sector: Provision of supplementary services and innovative solutions.

iii) Intervention (50 points)

a) Proposed Sanitation Plan for Eldoret

Urban Center:

 Expansion of the existing sewer network to cover underserved areas.

 Upgrading and maintenance of the wastewater treatment plant.
 Introduction of decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) in high-density
areas.

Peri-urban Areas:

 Promotion of improved pit latrines and ecological sanitation (ecosan) systems.

 Establishment of communal sanitation facilities with proper maintenance plans.
 Provision of safe and affordable pit emptying services.

Informal Settlements:

 Implementation of container-based sanitation (CBS) solutions.

 Regular collection and safe disposal of waste.
 Community education programs on hygiene and sanitation practices.
b) Process of Coming Up with a CWIS Plan

1. Needs Assessment: Conduct surveys and consultations with local communities to

understand current sanitation practices and challenges.
2. Stakeholder Engagement: Involve all key stakeholders in the planning process to ensure
buy-in and collaboration.
3. Resource Mobilization: Secure funding from government budgets, international donors,
and private sector partnerships.
4. Technology Selection: Evaluate and select appropriate sanitation technologies based on
local conditions and community preferences.
5. Pilot Projects: Implement pilot projects in selected areas to test and refine the proposed
solutions.
6. Scale-Up: Gradually expand successful pilot projects across the city.
7. Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously monitor the implementation and make
necessary adjustments based on feedback and performance data.

c) Proposed Technologies

1. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS):

o Justification: Suitable for high-density urban areas with limited space for large
infrastructure.
2. Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan):
o Justification: Provides sustainable and cost-effective solutions, particularly in
peri-urban areas.
3. Container-Based Sanitation (CBS):
o Justification: Effective for informal settlements where traditional sewer systems
are not feasible.

d) Process of Selecting Technologies

1. Context Analysis: Understand the specific needs and constraints of different city
segments.
 2. Feasibility Study: Assess the technical, economic, and social feasibility of various
technologies.
3. Community Consultation: Engage with communities to get their input and preferences.
4. Pilot Testing: Implement pilot projects to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptance of
selected technologies.
5. Feedback Integration: Use feedback from pilot projects to refine and finalize
technology choices.

e) Theory of Change and Implementation Plan

Theory of Change:

 Inputs: Funding, technical expertise, community engagement.

 Activities: Infrastructure development, community education, service provision.
 Outputs: Improved sanitation facilities, increased awareness, better service coverage.
 Outcomes: Enhanced public health, reduced environmental pollution, improved quality
of life.
 Impact: Sustainable and inclusive sanitation for all city residents.

Implementation Plan:

1. Phase 1: Needs assessment and stakeholder engagement.

2. Phase 2: Pilot project implementation and evaluation.
3. Phase 3: Scaling up successful solutions city-wide.
4. Phase 4: Continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation.

f) Possible Challenges

1. Financial Constraints: Securing sufficient funding for large-scale projects.

2. Community Resistance: Overcoming traditional beliefs and practices.
3. Technical Issues: Ensuring the chosen technologies are suitable and sustainable.
4. Coordination: Aligning the efforts of various stakeholders.

g) Possible Sources of Resources and Financing Arrangements

 1. Government Funding: County and national government budgets.
2. International Donors: Grants and aid from organizations such as the World Bank, UN,
and USAID.
3. Private Sector: Public-private partnerships and corporate social responsibility initiatives.
4. Community Contributions: Local fundraising and community participation.

By implementing this comprehensive City-Wide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) plan, Eldoret can
achieve significant improvements in its sanitation infrastructure and services, ultimately leading
to better health outcomes and enhanced quality of life for its residents.

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