जनरल साइंस हिंदी PDF

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1. nSfud foKku ds vk/kjHkwr rÙo

(Basics of Everyday Science)
BIOLOGY
dksf'kdk (Cell)
dksf'kdk dks loZizFke 1665 esa jkWcVZ gqd us dkdZ ds VqdM+s esa ns[kkA jkWcVZ gqd }kjk ns[kh xbZ dksf'kdk e`r dksf'kdk FkhA
1674 esa ,.VkWu okWu Y;wosu gkWd us thfor ikni dksf'kdk dks ns[kkA
,e-ts- 'ykbMu o fFk;ksMj 'oku us dksf'kdk fl¼kUr (Cell Theory) izLrqr dhA bl fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj&
1- izk.kh rFkk ikS/ksa ds 'kjhj dksf'kdkvksa ds cus gksrs gSAa dksf'kdk thoksa ds 'kjhj dh lajpukRed o fØ;kRed bdkbZ gksrh gSA
2- ubZ dksf'kdk dh mRifÙk iwoZorhZ dksf'kdk ls gksrh gSA
§ lcls cM+h tUrq dksf'kdk & 'kqrqjeqxZ dk v.Mk
§ ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk & v.Mk (eknk esa)
§ ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh dksf'kdk & 'kqØk.kq (uj es)a
§ lcls yEch ikni dksf'kdk & ,lhVScqysfj;k ('kSoky)
§ lcls NksVh dksf'kdk & PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like Organism) uked ekbdksIykTek
§ ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls yEch dksf'kdk & raf=kdk dksf'kdk
§ dksf'kdk fl¼kar dk viokn & ok;jl
dksf'kdk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS &
1- izksdSfj;ksfVd
2- ;wdsfj;ksfVd
1 - izksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk,a (vidsUnzdh; dksf'kdk,¡) & (Pro = Primitive, Karyao = nucleus) bu dksf'kdkvksa
esa vkoj.k ;qDr dsUnzd dk vHkko gksrk gSA vkoj.k jfgr vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gS bls dsUnzdkHk
(Nuclcleoid) dgrs gSAa ekbVksdkWfUMª;k] gfjryod] vUrnzOZ ;h tkfydk tSls & nksgjh f>Yyh ls vkofjr dksf'kdkax
dk vHkko gksrk gSA fgLVksu izksVhu dk vHkko gksrk gSA jkbckslkse = 70s izdkj ds
mnkgj.k & thok.kq] uhy gfjr 'kSoky] ekbdksIykTekA
2. ;wdSfj;ksfVd (lqdsUnzdh; dksf'kdk,¡) (Eu = well, Karyon = nucleus) dksf'kdk,a & bu dksf'kdkvksa esa
laxfBr f>Yyh ;qDr lqLi"V dsUnzd ds lkFk fodflr dksf'kdkax ik;s tkrs gSAa jkbckslkse = 80s izdkj ds mnkgj.k
& cgqdksf'kdh; izk.kh dksf'kdk] euq"; dh dksf'kdk,¡
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ikni o tUrq dksf'kdk esa vUrj

ikni dksf'kdk tUrq dksf'kdk
dksf'kdk fHkfÙk lsY;wykst dh cuh gksrh gSA dksf'kdk fHkfÙk dk vHkko gksrk gSA
Loa;iks"kh gks rh gS] izdk'k la'ys"k.k }kjk Lo;a Hkkstu cukrh ijiks"kh gksrh gS] izdk'k la'ys"k.k dk vHkko gksrk gSA
gSA (viokn & dod) (viokn & ;qXyhuk)
lafpr Hkks tu LVkpZ gksrk gSA lafpr Hkkstu Xykbdkst o olk ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
cM+ h dsUnzh; fjfDrdk ik;h tkrh gSA fjfDrdk;sa NksVh&NksVh ;k vuq ifLFkr gksrh gS
LiQhjkslkse mifLFkr gksrs gSA LiQhjkslkse vuqifLFkr gksrs gSAa
thonzO; rarq ;k IykTeksMLs esVk ik;s tkrs gSAa vHkko gksrk gSA
ds Unzd ifj/h; Hkkx esa ik;k tkrk gSA dsUnzd eè; Hkkx esa ik;k tkrk gSA
dksf'kdk
dksf'kdk dyk tho nzO;
dksf'kdk nzO; dsUnzd
gk;yksIykTe VªksiQksIykTe dsUnzd f>Yyh dsUnzd nzO;
dksf'kdkax (ltho) esVkIykTe (futhZo)
fjfDrdk;sa olk cwans Xykbdkstu d.k LVkpZd.k
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k xkWYthdk; vUr%iznzO;h tkfydk ykblkslkse jkbckslkse rkjddk; yod

(nksgjh f>Yyh) (nksgjh f>Yyh) (nksgjh f>Yyh) (,dy f>Yyh) (f>Yyh jfgr) (f>Yyh jfgr)
(û ) dksf'kdk fHkfÙk (Cell Wall) : ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ikni dksf'kdk dks fuf'pr vkdkj iznku djrh gSA
tUrq dksf'kdkvksa esa dksf'kdk fHkfÙk dk vHkko gksrk gSA ikniksa esa ;g lsY;wykst ls fufeZr gksrh gSA ;g eè; iVfydk]
izkFkfed fHkfÙk] f}rh;d fHkfÙk o r`rh; fHkfÙk esa foHksfnr gksrh gSA eè; iVfydk dk fuekZ.k dksf'kdk foHkktu ds nkSjku
gksrk gS rFkk ;g dSfY'k;e o eSaXuhf'k;e iSDVsV dh cuh gksrh gSA
L=kkoh
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
var%iznzO;h tkfydk
dksf'kdk dyk
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(ü ) dksf'kdk f>Yyh (Cell Membrane) : dksf'kdk f>Yyh dks loZiFz ke usxyh o Øsej us ns[kk o Iykso us bls thonzO;
dyk dk uke fn;kA dksf'kdk f>Yyh ykbiksizksVhu (fyfiM $ izkVs hu) ls fufeZr gksrh gSA thonzO; dyk dk bdkbZ dyk
ekWMy jkWcVZlu us rFkk rjy ekstd s ekWMy flaxj o fudkWylu us izLrqr fd;kA
(ý ) ekbVksdkWfUMª;k (Mitochondria) : (Mitos = Thread, Chondrion = granule) ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dks loZizFke dksyhdj
us dhVksa esa ns[kkA ÝysfeaXk us bls iQkbfy;k o vYVeku us ck;ksIykLV dgkA csaMk us bls ekbVksdkWfUMª;k uke fn;kA
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dks dksf'kdk dk 'kfDrx`g (Power house of cell) dgk tkrk gSA ;g nksgjh f>Yyh ;qDr dksf'kdkax
gSA ekbVksdkWfUMª;k esa 'olu fØ;k ls lacfa /r ,Utkbe ik;s tkrs gSAa ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dks lsehvkWVksukWel dksf'kdkax dgk tkrk
gSA
dk;Z & dksf'kdk dks ATP ds :i esa mQtkZ iznku djukA
(A) ekbVªksdkWfUMª;k dh lajpuk (ckgjh lajpuk)
(B) ekbVªksdkWfUMª;k dk i`"Bh; ;k Åijh n`';
(C) dksf'kdk dyk dh vuqizLFk dkV
(D) ekbVªksdkWfUMª;k dh vkUrfjd lajpuk
isjhekbVks ØkWfMªy LFky
cká f>Yyh var f>Yyh vkWDlhlkse
cká f>Yyh
vr% f>Yyh fØLVh jkbckslkse fØLVh
eSfVªDl jkbckslkse
Mh,u,
(A) (B)
cká var
f>Yyh f>Yyh
fodj
'olu
var% f>Yyh
flj
olk
vkWDlhlkse F1 d.k
(C) (D)
(þ ) xkWYthdk; (Golgi Complex) : xkWYthdk; dh [kkst dSesfy;ks xkWYth us mYyw dh raf=kdk dksf'kdkvksa esa dhA ikniksa
esa bUgs fMfDV;kslkse uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g cgq:fid dksf'kdkax gSA
dk;Z &
(1) xkWYthdk; dk eq[; dk;Z L=kko.k gSA
(2) 'kqØk.kq tuu ds nkSjku 'kqØk.kq ds ,Økslkse dk fuekZ.k djukA
(3) olk o izksVhu lap;A
÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ¬Áé‹∑§‡ÊŸ 4 ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ
(ÿ ) var% iznzO;h tkfydk (Endoplasmic Reticulum) : var% iznO;h tkfydk dh [kkst iksVZj }kjk dh xbZA ;g nksgjh
f>Yyh ;qDr dksf'kdkax gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa & fpduh var%iznOz ;h tkfydk (SER) o [kqjnjh vUr%iznOz ;h tkfydk
(RER)– jkbckslkse ;qDr
dk;Z &
(1) dksf'kdk dadky cukdj mls fuf'pr vkd`fr o vkdkj iznku djukA
(ö ) ykblkslkse (Lysosome) : bldh [kkst fØfLV;u Mh Mqos }kjk dh xbZA bls vkRe?kkrh FkSyh (Suicidal Bag) Hkh dgrs
gSa D;ksfa d blesa mifLFkr vi?kVuh; izd`fr ds ,atkbe tc ckgj vkrs gS rks mlh dksf'kdk ds dksf'kdkaxksa dk ikpu dj
nsrs gSa] ftlls dksf'kdk u"V gks tkrh gSA
dk;Z &
(1) iQsxkslkbVksfll o fiukslkbVksfll }kjk ckg~; inkFkksZa dk ikpuA
(2) var% dksf'kdh; inkFkksZa dk ikpuA
(3) Loy;u & jksx xzLr dksf'kdk dks u"V djukA
(÷ ) jkbckslkse (Ribosome) : ikniksa esa jkbckslkse dh [kkst jksfcUlu o czkmu us lse dh tM+kas esa dh rFkk tUrq dksf'kdk
esa bUgsa iSykMs us [kkstkA izks dsfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa ;g 70s rFkk ;wdfS j;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa ;g 80s izdkj ds gksrs gSAa bls
^îzksVhu iQSDVªh** rFkk ^^dksf'kdk dk baftu** Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
dk;Z & izksVhu dk la'ys"k.k djukA
(ø ) yod (Plastid) : dsoy ikni dksf'kdk esa mifLFkr] tUrq dksf'kdk esa vuqifLFkrA viokn Lo:i ;wXyhuk esa ik;k tkrk
gSA
§ yod dh [kkst ^gsdy* us dhA A.F.W. f'kEij us bUgsa yod uke fn;kA
§ jax ds vk/kj ij yod rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- vo.khZ yod (Y;wdksIykLV)
2- o.khZ yod (ØkseksIykLV)
3- gfjr yod (DyksjksIykLV)
(i) vo.khZyod & o.kZd foghu] ize[ q k dk;Z Hkkstu laxgz djukA LVkpZ dk laxgz djus okys ,ekbyksIykLV] olk
dk lap; djus okys bfy;ksIykLV] izksVhu dk lap; djus okys ,Y;wjksIykLV ;k izksVhuksIykLV dgykrs gSaA
(ii) o.khZyod & buesa i.kZgfjr dks NksM+dj vU; jax tSls yky] ukjaxh jax ds dSjksVhu rFkk ihys jax ds tSUFkksfiQy
o.kZd gksrs gSAa buesa izdk'k la'ys"k.k ugha gksrk gSA
(iii) gfjr yod (Chloroplast) : ;s i.kZ gfjr ;qDr gjs jax ds yod gSa tks izdk'k la'ys"k.k dk dk;Z djrs gSAa
DysekbMkseksukl esa I;kysueq k] Likbjksxk;jk esa lfiZy fjcu leku] ;wyksfFkzDl esa es[kykdkj o ftXuhek esa
rkjkdkj gfjr yod ik;k tkrk gSA gfjr yod ds vUnj dk rjyHkkx LVªkes k dgykrk gSA gfjr yod ds LVªkes k
Hkkx esa vizdkf'kd vfHkfØ;k tcfd xzsukHkkx esa izdkf'kd vfHkfØ;k (Hill reaction) gksrh gSA gfjr yod
esa DNA ik;s tkus ds dkj.k ;g Hkh ekbVksdkWfUMª;kW ds leku Semiautonomous dksf'kdkax gSA gfjryod
ds leLr DNA dks IykLVkse (Plastome) dgrs gSaA
dk;Z & izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k fof/ }kjk dkcksZgkbMªsV ds :i esa HkksT; inkFkksZa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
(ù ) dsUnzd (Nucleus) : (Controlling Centre of Cell) : dsUnzd dh [kkst jkcVZ czkmu us vk£dM ikni dh dksf'kdkvksa
esa dhA dsUnzd dk vè;;u dsfj;ksyksth dgykrk gSA Lru/kfj;ksa dh ifjiDo RBC ,oa ikniksa dh ifjiDo pkyuh
ufydk dks NksMd + j izk;% lHkh thfor dksf'kdkvksa esa dsUnzd ik;k tkrk gSA izkd s fs j;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa ;g vLi"V o uXu
Mh,u, ds :i esa gksrk gS ftls U;wfDyvkWbM ;k thuksiQksj dgrs gSAa dsUnzd dk vkdkj xq.klw=kksa dh la[;k o dksf'kdk
nzO; dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA izk;% ,d dksf'kdk esa ,d gh dsUnzd gksrk gSA cgqdsUnzdh tUrq dksf'kdk flufl;e
(Syncytion) o ouLifr dksf'kdk ladksf'kdh dgykrh gSA dsUnzd nksgjh f>Yyh ls vkofjr dksf'kdkax gS ftlds 4 Hkkx
gksrs gSa & dsUnzd f>Yyh] dsfUnzdk] dsUnzd nzO;] ØksesfVu inkFkZA
dk;Z & dksf'kdk dk;ksZa ij fu;a=k.kA
U;wfDyd vEy (Nucleic Acid) : U;wfDyd vEy nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
(1) DNA (2) RNA
‚Ê◊Êãÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ 5 ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ¬Áé‹∑§‡ÊŸ
(û ) Mh ,u , & Mh vkWDlh jkbcksl U;wfDyd vEy (Deoxy -ribos nucleic Acid (DNA) : okWVlu o fØd
}kjk 1953 esa DNA dh lajpuk dk vè;;u fd;k x;kA bl dk;Z gsrq bUgsa o"kZ 1962 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
okWVlu o fØd }kjk fn;k x;k ekWMy f}&dq.Myh; (Double Helical) ekWMy dgykrk gSA buds }kjk fn;s x;s
DNA izfr:i dks B-DNA dgrs gSaA bl ekWMy ds vuqlkj DNA dk O;kl 20Å gksrk gS rFkk {kkjdksa ;qXeksa esa
ijLij nwjh 3.4Å gksrh gSA ,d dq.Myu dh yEckbZ 34Å gksrh gSA ,d dq.Myu esa ukbVªkstuh {kkjd dh la[;k
10 gksrh gSA DNA esa isUVkst 'kdZjk (Mh vkWDlh jkbcksl)] iQkWLiQksfjd vEy] ukbVªkt s u&{kkj ,Mhfuu (A), Fkk;ehu
(T), lkbVksflu (C), rFkk xqvkuhu (G) ik;s tkrs gSAa ,fMuhu (A), Fkk;ehu (T) ds lkFk o lkbVkslhu (C) xqvkuhu
(G) ds lkFk ca/ cukrk gSA (A = T, C ≡ G)
DNA dh iqujko`fÙk v/Z laj{kh (Semiconservative) fof/ }kjk gksrh gSA
dk;Z &
1- dksf'kdk esa gksus okyh lHkh jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k o mudk fu;eu djukA
2- vkuqokaf'kd y{k.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa ys ykukA
(2) RNA (jkbcksl U;wfDyd vEy) & ;g eq[;r% dksf'kdk nzO; o dsfUnzdk (Nucleolus) esa ik;k tkrk gSA blds
vfrfjDr ;g ekbVksdkWfUMª;k o gfjr yod esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA RNA ,d jTtqdh; (Single Stranded) gksrk
gSA
viokn & fjvks ok;jl] okm.M V~;wej ok;jl esa f} jTtqdh;
RNA vkuqokaf'kd o vvkuqokaf'kd izdkj (t-RNA, r-RNA, Hn-RNA, Sn-RNA) dk gksrk gSA RNA esa jkbcksl
'kdZjk ik;h tkrh gSA RNA esa pkj ukbVªkt s u {kkj ikbZ tkrh gS
,Mhuhu (A), ;wjsfly (U), lkbVksflu (C), xqvkuhu (G)
dk;Z & RNA dk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu la'ys"k.k gSA
xq.klw=k (Chromosomes) : xq.klw=k dh [kkst LVªkWlcxZj us dh rFkk xq.klw=k uke okYMs;j }kjk fn;k x;kA
dksf'kdk foHkktu dh vUrjkoLFkk (Interphase) esa Øksefs Vu inkFkZ ls cuus okyh /kxsueq k lajpuk dks xq.klw=k dgrs
gSAa tUrqvksa rFkk mPp oxZ ds ikS/ksa dh dkf;d dksf'kdkvksa esa xq.klw=kksa dh la[;k f}xqf.kr (2n) gksrh gS] tcfd
;qXetks esa bldh la[;k vxqf.kr (n) gksrh gSA vxqf.kr xq.klw=k la[;k dks thukse (genome) dgrs gSAa
tUrqvksa esa xq.klw=k dh U;wure la[;k & ,Ldsfjl eSxkyksfliQSyk (02)
tUrqvksa esa xq.klw=k dh lokZf/d la[;k & vksyksdSUFkk (1600)
ikniksa esa xq.klw=k dh U;wure la[;k & gSiyksiSil xzksflfyl (04)
ikniksa esa xq.klw=k dh lokZf/d la[;k & vksfiQ;ksXyksll jsfVdqysVe (1260 cgqxqf.kr)
xq.klw=k dh vkd`fr dk vè;;u eè;koLFkk (Metaphase) esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s V, J vFkok L ,oa NM+ dh vkd`fr ds
gksrs gSaA xq.klw=k eè;dsUnzh (Metacentric), mieè;dsUnzh (Submetacentric), mivUrdsUnzh (Acrocentric) o vUrdsUnzh
(Telocentric) izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
lcls cM+s xq.klw=k fVªfy;e xzkUMhÝyksje uked ikS/s dh dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;s tkrs gSAa lcls NksVs xq.klw=k dodksa o if{k;ksa
esa ik;s tkrs gSAa izR;sd xq.klw=k esa v/Zx.q klw=k (Chromatid), Øksekseh;j (Chromomere), lsUVªkseh;j (Centromere), f}rh;d
ladh.kZu (Secondary Constrction), lsVsykbV (Satellite) rFkk Vhykseh;j (Telomere) Hkkx ik;s tkrs gSaA
§ ySEicq'k xq.klw=k & ;s d'ks:fd;ksa dh v.Mdksf'kdkvksa ds dsUnzd esa ik;s tkrs gSaA budh [kkst :dVZ us dhA
§ ikWyhVhu xq.klw=k & ;s xq.klw=k fMIVhjk dhVksa tSls & ePNj] MªkslksfiQyk dh ykj xzafFk;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa] bUgsa
egkxq.klw=k (Giant Chromosome) Hkh dgrs gSaA budh [kkst ckyfc;kuh us dhA
§ thu (Gene) : thu dks esUMy us dkjd (factor) dgkA esUMy ds dkjdksa dks thu uke tksgsUlu us fn;kA thu xq.klw=kksa
ij mifLFkr lw{e lajpuk gS] thu vkuqokaf'kd y{k.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa igqapkrs gSaA
§ gkseks lsfi;Ul (ekuo) esa thu dh la[;k 30,000 gksrh gSA
dksf'kdk foHkktu (Cell Division) :
§ ,d ekr`dksf'kdk ls larfr dksf'kdkvksa ds cuus dks dksf'kdk foHkktu dgrs gSaA dksf'kdk foHkktu ds iQyLo:i tho/kfj;ksa
ds 'kjhj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA o`f¼ ds vfrfjDr vySfa xd (Asexual) o ySafxd (Sexual) tuu ds le; Hkh dksf'kdk;sa foHkkftr
gksrh gSA
§ dksf'kdk foHkktu ds ckjs esa loZiFz ke :MkWYiQ fopksZ us crk;kA buds vuqlkj ubZ dksf'kdkvksa dh mRifÙk iwooZ rhZ dksf'kdkvksa
ls gksrh gSA
dksf'kdk foHkktu ds fuEu izdkj gS &
(û ) vlw=kh foHkktu (Amitosis) : ;g dksf'kdk foHkktu dh lcls ljy fof/ gSA blesa dsUnzd dk foHkktu fofHkUu
voLFkkvksa ds i'pkr u gksdj lh/s gh gksrk gSA blesa rqdZ rUrqvksa dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk gSA dsUnzd esa ladh.kZu gksus ij
;g eqXnj ds vkdkj dk gks tkrk gS rFkk foHkkftr gksdj nks larfr dsUnzd cukrk gSA dksf'kdk nzO; Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
gks tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd Hkkx esa ,d larfr dsUnzd igqp ¡ rk gSA
mnkgj.k & izkSdsfj;ksfVd thoksa esa] dqN 'kSoky o dodksa esa] izksVkstksvk lewg ds thoksa esaA
(ü ) lw=kh foHkktu (Mitosis) : dksf'kdk foHkktu dh og voLFkk ftlesa xq.klw=kksa dk f}xq.ku gksrk gS vkSj rRi'pkr~ ;s larfr
dksf'kdkvksa esa cjkcj&cjkcj c¡V tkrs gS mls lw=kh foHkktu dgrs gSaA lw=kh foHkktu iwokZoLFkk (Prophase), eè;koLFkk
(Metaphase)] i'pkoLFkk (Anaphase)] vaR;koLFkk (Telophase) esa foHkkftr jgrk gSA
iwokZoLFkk esa ØksesfVu inkFkZ irys eghu /kkxksa esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrk gS lkFk gh iwokZoLFkk ds vUr rd dsUnzd f>Yyh
o dsfUnzdk yqIr gks tkrh gSA eè;koLFkk esa esVkiQst IysV dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA eè;koLFkk esa xq.klw=k lokZf/d Li"V fn[kkbZ
nsrs gSAa
i'pkoLFkk (Anaphase) & ;g lw=kh foHkktu dh lcls NksVh voLFkk gSA blesa xq.klw=k dh xfr foijhr /zoq ksa dh vksj
gksus yxrh gSA
vaR;koLFkk (Telophase) : ;g iwokZoLFkk ds Bhd foijhr dh voLFkk gksrh gSA
egRo & thoksa dh o`f¼ esa lgk;d] th.kZ o {kfrxzLr dksf'kdkvksa dk uodksf'kdkvksa }kjk izfrLFkkiuA
(ý ) v/Zlw=kh foHkktu (Meiosis) : ,slk dksf'kdk foHkktu ftlesa cuus okyh iq=kh dksf'kdkvksa esa xq.klw=k dh la[;k
ekr`dksf'kdkvksa dh vk/h jg tkrh gS] v/Zlw=kh foHkktu dgykrk gSA bl foHkktu ds i'pkr ,d ekr`dksf'kdk ls pkj
iq=kh dksf'kdk;sa curh gSA ekr`dksf'kdkvksa esa xq.klw=k la[;k f}xqf.kr (2n) rFkk iq=kh dksf'kdkvksa esa vxqf.kr (n) gksrh gSA
loZizFke LVªkWlcxZj us ikniksa esa bls [kkstk rFkk iQkjej o ewjs us bls fe;ksfll uke fn;kA
v/Zlw=kh foHkktu dh iwokZoLFkk ikap Hkkxksa esa c¡Vh gksrh gS & ySIVksVhu] tkbxksVhu] iSdhVhu] fMIyksVhu] Mk;dkbusfllA
tkbxksfVu voLFkk esa lw=k;qXeu (Synapsis) dh fØ;k gksrh gSA isdhVhu voLFkk esa xq.klw=k prq"d (Tetrad) cukrs gS rFkk
Øksflax vksoj dh fØ;k gksrh gS] fMIyksVhu voLFkk esa dkbTesVk (Chiasmata) fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
egRo & v/Zl=w kh foHkktu ySfa xd tuu djus okys izkf.k;ksa esa xq.klw=kksa dh la[;k dks fuf'pr o vifjofrZr cuk, j[krk
vkuqoaf'kdh ,oa 'kCnkoyh

(General Terminology Related to Genetics)
•ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë
¬Á⁄Uøÿ—-
◊á«U‹ mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë ‚ ‚¥’¥ÁäÊÃ ¬˝ÿÊªÊ ÃâÊÊ ©UŸ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ¬ÊÁŒÃ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ÃÊ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊Ê¥ ÿÊ ◊á«U‹flÊŒ ∑§Ê
‚◊¤ÊŸ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ∑§ß¸U Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ‡ÊéŒÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU– Ãà‚¥’¥äÊË ∑È§¿U
¬˝◊Èπ ¬ÊÁ⁄U÷ÊÁ·∑§ ‡ÊéŒÊfl‹Ë

1. ¡ËŸ (Gene) —-
◊á«U‹ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ‚¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ê¥ (Factors) ÿÊ ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄U∑§Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ „UÊÃÊ „Ò– ÿ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‚¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë
¬˝àÿ∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ◊¥ ∑§Ê»§Ë Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ∞∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∞∑§ ÿÈÇ◊ ÿÊ ∞∑§ ¡Ê«UË ∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ê¥ ‚ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
ßUã„UË ∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¡ÊÚ„UŸ‚Ÿ (Johannsen, 1909) Ÿ ¡ËŸ ŸÊ◊ ÁŒÿÊ– ¡ËŸ, «UË.∞Ÿ.∞. ∑§ ’Ÿ „UÊÃ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÈòÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U ⁄‘UÁπ∑§ ∑˝§◊ ◊¥
√ÿflÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ∞∑§ ¡ÊÁÃ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÈòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ÃÕÊ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ÁŸÁpÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¡ËŸ, flÊSÃfl ◊¥ ¡Ëfl ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •ÁèÊ√ÿÁQ§ ÃÕÊ
fl¥‡ÊÊªÁÃ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃ „ÒU–
2. ‚¥¡ËŸ ÿÊ ¡ËŸÊ◊ (Genome) —-
Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ¡ÊÁÃ ∑§ •ªÈÁáÊÃ (Haploid) «UË.∞Ÿ.∞. •¥‡Ê ∑§Ê ¡ËŸÊ◊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– •ÕflÊ Á∑§‚Ë ¡Ëfl ∑§ ÿÈÇ◊∑§ (Gamete) ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ
ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ •ªÈÁáÊÃ ‚◊Èëøÿ (Haploid set) ∑§Ê ¡ËŸÊ◊ ÃÕÊ ‚¥¡ËŸ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ SflM§¬ •ª⁄U ∞∑§ •ÊflÎÃ’Ë¡Ë ¬ÊŒ¬
(∞Áã¡ÿÊS¬◊¸) ∑§ ◊Í‹, SÃê÷ ÃÕÊ ¬áÊ¸ ∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ 16 „ÒU ÃÊ ©U‚∑§ ¬⁄UÊª∑§UáÊ ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ 8 „UÊªË–
ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÿ„U ‚¥ÅÿÊ (8) ÿÊ ßUŸ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ «UË.∞Ÿ.∞. ∑§Ë ∑È§‹ ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥¡ËŸ ∑§„Uª– ôÊÊÃ√ÿ „ÒU Á∑§ ¬⁄UÊª∑§áÊ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê
•ªÈÁáÊÃ ‚◊ÈìÊÿ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
3. ∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ (Karyotype) —-
Á∑§‚Ë ¡ãÃÈ •ÕflÊ ¬ÊŒ¬ ¡ÊÁÃ ∑§ ÁmUªÈÁáÊÃ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚◊ÈìÊÿ (Set) ∑§Ê ∑˝§ãŒ∑˝§˝¬˝M§¬ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ßU‚∑§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ‚≈U ∑§ ‚÷Ë ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥
∑§Ë ÁflSÃÎÃ •Ê∑§ËÁ⁄U∑§Ëÿ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ 46 (2n=46) ∞fl¥ åÿÊ¡ ◊¥ 16(2n=16) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U, •Ã—
ßUŸ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ ◊¥ ‚◊¡ÊÃ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— 23 ÃÕÊ 8 ÿÈÇ◊ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ÁŸ◊AÊ¥Á∑§Ã •Ê∑§ÊÁ⁄U∑§Ëÿ ¬„U‹È•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU-
(i) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ–
(ii) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U, ‹ê’Êß¸U, √ÿÊ‚–
(iii) ¬˝ÊÕÁ◊∑§ ∞fl¥ ÁmUÃËÿ∑§ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸ŸÊ¥ ÃÕÊ ‚≈U‹ÊßU≈U ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ–
(iv) ¡ËŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ •ÕflÊ «UË.∞Ÿ.∞. ÿÊª–
(v) ÷È¡Ê •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ–
∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ¬˝M§¬ ∑§Ê ∞‚Ê ÁøòÊ ¡Ê ‚◊¡ÊÃ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë, •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÉÊ≈UÃ „È∞ ∑˝§◊ ◊¥ √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò¥, ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •Ê‹π
(Idiogram) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU •âÊflÊ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ ∑§ ÁøòÊÊà◊∑§ ÁŸL§¬áÊ ∑§Ê ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •Ê‹π ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ ¡ÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •Ê‹π
Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
4. •Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ ÃÕÊ Á‹ª¥‚ÍòÊ (Autosomes and sex chromosomes) -
‚÷Ë ¬˝ÁáÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU, Á¡ã„U •Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ ÃÕÊ Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ∞∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ ∑§ ŒÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¿UÊ«U∑§⁄U
‡Ê· ‚÷Ë •Á‹¥ª ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ŒÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ „UÊÃ „ÒU ¡Ê ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§Ê Á‹¥ª ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
•Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§ ∑§ÊÁÿ∑§ ÿÊ ŒÁ„U∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ∑È§‹ 23 ¡Ê«∏ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßUŸ◊¥ ‚ 22 ¡Ê«∏
∑È§‹ 44 ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •ÊÚ≈UÊ◊Ê‚ ¡’Á∑§ 1 ¡Ê«∏Ë ÿÊÁŸ ŒÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥– Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬ •ÕÊ¸Ã 2n ◊¥ ‚ 2 ÉÊ≈UÊ ÁŒÿÊ
¡Êÿ¥ ÃÊ ‡Ê· ’øË ‚¥ÅÿÊ •Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
¡Ò‚-
◊ŸÈcÿ 2n = 46 (∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬)
˜ 2n-2=46-2=44 (•Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ)
åÿÊ¡ 2n=16 (∑§ãŒ˝∑§¬˝M§¬)
2n-2=16-2=14 (•Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊ)
Á‹¥ª‚ÈòÊ (sex chromosomes) ‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃÿÊ ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ „UÊÃ „ÒU ßUã„¥U ∞Ä‚ (X) ∞fl¥ flÊÿ (Y) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò¥U– ŒÊŸÊ¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ
•Ê∑§ÊÁ⁄U∑§Ëÿ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ÁŒπŸ ◊¥ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃ „ÒU¥– ÃÕÊ ßUŸ∑§Ê •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë ª∆UŸ ÷Ë Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥– ∞Ä‚ (X) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ◊¥
’«∏Ê ÃÕÊ •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ‚ËäÊÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ãÃÈ flÊÿ (Y) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ◊¥ ¿UÊ≈UÊ ÃÕÊ •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ∞∑§ Á‚⁄‘U ¬⁄U ∑È§¿U ◊È«U∏Ê „ÈU•Ê „ÊÃÊ „ÒU– Y
ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊¥ «UË ∞Ÿ ∞ ∑§Ë ’„ÈUÃ ∑§◊ ◊ÊòÊÊ „UÊÃË „Ò •Ã— ßU‚ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§Ëÿ M§¬ ◊¥ ∑§◊ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ÿÊ ÁŸÁc∑˝§ÿ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ¡Ê«U ∑§Ê Áfl·◊‚ÍòÊ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U, ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ßU‚ ¡Ê«∏ ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê»§Ë Á÷ÛÊ flÊ‹ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ 22 ¡Ê«∏ •Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ
∑§ ÃÕÊ XY ŸÊ◊∑§ ∞∑§ ¡Ê«U∏Ê Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊Á„U‹Ê ◊¥ 22 ¡Ê«∏ •Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ÃÕÊ XX ∑§Ê ¡Ê«∏Ê Á‹¥ª‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê „ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ∑§ Á‹¥ª ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ŒÊÁÿàfl ©U‚∑§ Ÿ⁄U ¡Ÿ∑§ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÁŸ·øŸ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ◊ÊÃÊ ‚ŒÒfl X ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ê ÿÊª
∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§÷Ë X ÃÕÊ ∑§÷Ë Y ∑§Ê ÿÊª ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ¬˝Õ◊ ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ‹«U∑§Ë ¡’Á∑§ ÁmUÃËÿ ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ ‹«∏∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
5. ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ ∞fl¥ ‹ˇÊáÊ¬˝M§¬ -
ßUŸ ‡ÊéŒÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ¬˝ÿÊª ¡ÊÚ„UŸ‚Ÿ (Johannson, 1909) Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ÕÊ– ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ ÿÊ ¡ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬, ¡Ëfl ◊¥ Á∑§‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊ Áfl‡Ê· ∑§
Á‹ÿ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ ¡ËŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÃË∑§Êà◊∑§ ÁŸM§¬áÊ „Ò¥U– Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹ÿ¥ ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ ∑§Ê Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ •ˇÊ⁄UÊ¥ ‚ ¬˝∑§≈U ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U– ¡Ò‚ ◊≈U⁄U
∑§ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Êß¸U ∑§ Á‹ÿ TT, Tt, tt ÃÕÊ ’Ë¡Ê¥ ∑§Ë •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ∑§ Á‹ÿ RR, Rr, rr ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ „Ò¥U– ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ ¡Ëfl ∑§Ë
•ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§Ëÿ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§Ê √ÿQ§ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ë ’Ês ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ ◊¥ Ÿ„UË¥ ⁄UπÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ∞∑§ „UË ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁŒπÊß¸U ŒŸ flÊ‹
◊≈U⁄U ∑§ ŒÊ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ê ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ‹ê’ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ê ¡ÊŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ TT ÃÕÊ Tt ◊¥ ‚ ∑§Êß¸U ÷Ë „Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ
„ÒU–
‹ˇÊáÊ¬˝M§¬ ÿÊ »§ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ Á∑§‚Ë ¡Ëfl ∑§Ê ’Ês ¬˝ÃËÃË ÿÊÁŸ ÿ„U ∑Ò§‚Ê ÁŒπÊß¸U ŒÃÊ „ÒU, ∑§Ê √ÿQ§ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§ ¡ËŸ¬˝M§¬
∑§Ê äÿÊŸ Ÿ„UË¥ ⁄πÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚ ‹ê’ ¬ÊÒäÊ TT ÿÊ Tt „UÊ ‚∑§Ã „ÒU, •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ∞∑§ „UË ‹ˇÊáÊ¬˝M§¬ ∑§ ¬ÊÒäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¡ËŸË ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊ
‚∑§ÃË „ÒU Á∑§ãÃÈ ∞∑§ ¡ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ ∑§ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ ‹ˇÊáÊ ¬˝M§¬ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥–
6. ¡ã◊¡ÊÃ ∞fl¥ •¡ã◊¡ÊÃ Áfl‡ÊcÊ∑§ -
Áfl‡Ê·∑§ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊Êãÿ •Õ¸ ‹ˇÊáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ∞∑§ ¬˝ÊáÊË •âÊflÊ ¬ÊÒäÊ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU– ÿ ‹ˇÊáÊ „UË •◊È∑§ ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§Ë ¬„øÊŸ „UÊÃ
„ÒU– •Ê◊ÃÊÒ⁄U ¬⁄U ÿ„U ∑§„UÃ ‚ÈŸÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ »§‹Ê¥ √ÿÁQ§ Á¡‚∑§Ê ∑§Œ Á∆ªŸÊ, ’Ê‹ ÉÊÈÉÊ¥⁄UÊ‹ ÃÕÊ •Ê°π ŸË‹Ë „Ò, •ÕflÊ fl„U ‹ê’Ê
√ÿÁQ§ Á¡‚∑§ ’Ê‹ ©U«∏U „ÈU∞ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ¡Ê ∞∑§ ¬Ê°fl ‚ ‹¥ª«U∏Ê „ÒU– ©UQ§ ∑§ÕŸÊ¥ ◊¥ flÁáÊ¸Ã ‹ˇÊáÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë ∑§Ë ÷Ê·Ê ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê·∑§ ∑§„UÊ
¡ÊÿªÊ–
∞∑§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ÿÊ ¬˝ÊáÊË ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ Áfl‡Ê·∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ◊¥ ’Ê¥≈UÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ¬˝Õ◊ ∞‚ ‹ˇÊáÊ ¡Ê √ÿÁQ§ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ ¡Ÿ∑§Ê¥ ÿÊÁŸ
◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ ‚ ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ¡Ê ¡ã◊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚ „UË ©U‚◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ∞‚ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ã◊¡ÊÃ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥– ÿ ‹ˇáÊ
•ÊªÊ◊Ë ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ fl¥‡ÊÊŸÈªÃ „UÊÃ „Ò¥– ÁmUÃËÿ fl ‹ˇÊáÊ ¡Ê ◊ÈŸcÿ, ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊËÿ ÿÊ SflÊSâÿ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊÊ¥ ‚ ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ Sflÿ¥ •ÁíÊ¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
ÿ ‹ˇÊáÊ •ÊªÊ◊Ë ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ fl¥‡ÊÊŸÈªÃ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßUã„¥U •¡ã◊¡ÊÃ Áfl‡Ê·∑§ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– ©UQ§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ∞∑§ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§Ë ≈UÊ¥ª ∑§ ≈ÈU≈UŸ ‚
©Uà¬ÛÊ ‹¥ª«UÊ¬Ÿ •¡ã◊¡ÊÃ ‹ˇÊáÊ „ÒU– ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∞∑§ ¬„U‹flÊŸ ∑§Ê ’Á‹DUÊ „UÊŸ ∑§Ê ‹ˇÊáÊ ÷Ë ßU‚Ë üÊáÊË ◊¥ •ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ∑§ß¸U ⁄UÊª
¡Ò‚ ŒÊ¥òÊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê •⁄UQ§ÃÊ, „UË◊Ê»§ËÁ‹ÿÊ, ◊¥ªÊÁ‹í◊ •ÊÁŒ ¡ã◊¡ÊÃ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ „Ò¥U–
7. ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§À¬Ë -
Á∑§‚Ë ¬˝ÊáÊË ◊¥ ∞∑§ ªÈáÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ÿÊ •Á÷√ÿÁQ§ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ¡ËŸ ∑§ ŒÊ Áfl¬ÿÊ¸‚Ë SflM§¬Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§À¬Ë ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ‚Ê◊Êãÿ—
¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡ËŸ ∑§ ŒÊ M§¬ ÿÊ Áfl∑§À¬Ë „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚ ∞∑§ ¬˝÷ÊflË ∞fl¥ ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ •¬˝÷ÊflË „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¬˝÷ÊflË Áfl∑§À¬ ∑§Ê ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§ •¥ª˝¡Ë ŸÊ◊
∑§ •ˇÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ’«∏ M§¬ ◊¥ ∞fl¥ •÷ÊflË ∑§Ê ¿UÊ≈U •ˇÊ⁄U ‚ Á‹πÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚- ‹ê’Êß¸U ∑§ ªÈáÊ ∑§Ê •¥ª˝¡Ë ◊¥ 'Tall' ∑§„UÃ „ÒU •Ã— ¬˝÷ÊflË
‹ê’¬Ÿ ∑§ ªÈáÊ ∑§Ê 'T' ‚ ÃÕÊ •¬˝÷ÊflË ’ÊÒŸ¬Ÿ ∑§ ªÈáÊ ∑§Ê 't' Á‹πÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
8. ‚◊ÿÈÇ◊¡Ë ∞fl¥ Áfl·◊ÿÈÇ◊¡Ë -
◊á«U‹ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¬ÊÒäÊ ◊¥ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∞∑§ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ (Á¡‚ •’ ¡ËŸ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U) mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ¡ËŸ ÿÈÇ◊Ê¥
◊¥ „ÊÃ „Ò¥U Á¡ã„U ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§À¬Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ÿ ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§À¬Ë ∞∑§ „UË ‚¡ÊÃËÿ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ÿÈÇ◊ ¬⁄U ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ÿÁŒ Á∑§‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥
¡ËŸ ‚◊M§¬Ë „UÊ¥ ÃÊ ©U‚ ¡Ëfl ∑§Ê ©U‚ ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ‚◊ÿÈÇ◊¡Ë ÿÊ ‡ÊÈhU ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ‹ê’Ê ¬ÊŒ¬ TT, éÊÊÒŸÊ ¬ÊŒ¬ tt
ÿÊ ªÊ‹’Ë¡ RR •ÊÁŒ– ßU‚∑§ Áfl¬⁄UËÃ ¡’ ∞∑§ ¡Ëfl ◊¥ Á∑§‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ¡ËŸ •‚◊ÊŸ „UÊ¥ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ Áfl¬ÿÊ¸‚Ë „UÊ¥ ÃÊ ßU‚ ‹ˇÊáÊ Áfl‡Ê·
∑§ Á‹ÿ ÿ„U ¡Ëfl Áfl·◊ÿÈÇ◊¡Ë ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ •‡ÊÈhU ÿÊ ‚¥∑§⁄U ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ Tt ‹ê’Êß¸U ∑§ Á‹ÿ ∞fl¥ Rr
ªÊ‹’Ë¡Ê¥ ∑§ Á‹ÿ Áfl·ÿ◊ÈÇ◊¡Ë „Ò¥U–
9. ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥∑§⁄U -
¡’ ŒÊ Áfl¬ÿÊ¸‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ flÊ‹ ‚◊ÿÈÇ◊¡Ë ¡Ÿ∑§ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ◊äÿ ∑˝°§Ê‚ •ÕflÊ ÁŸ·øŸ ∑§⁄UÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÊ ©U‚‚ ¬˝Ê# ‚¥ÃÁÃ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥∑§⁄U
ÃÕÊ ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ∑˝§ÊÚ‚ ∑§Ê ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
10. ¬˝÷ÊflË ÃÕÊ •¬˝÷ÊflË ‹ˇÊáÊ -
¡Ÿ∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê fl„U ‹ˇÊáÊ ¡Ê F1 ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ •Á÷√ÿQ§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ¬˝÷ÊflË ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ê ‹ˇÊáÊ F1¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ •Á÷√ÿQ§ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ¬ÊÃ „ÒU
©U‚Ÿ •¬˝÷ÊflË ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
11. ¬˝Õ◊ ∞fl¥ ÁmUÃËÿ ‚¥ÃÊŸËÿ ¬Ë…∏UË -
‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ŒÊ ¡Ÿ∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ∑˝°§Ê‚ ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ ¬Ë…∏UË ∑§Ê ¬˝Õ◊ ‚¥ÃÊŸËÿ ¬Ë…∏UË ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U ßU‚ F1 ‚ ‚¥∑§ÁÃÃ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U– ŒÊ ‚¥∑§⁄U ¬ÊŒ¬Ê¥ ÿÊ
F1 ∑§ ¬ÊŒ¬Ê¥ ∑§ ∑˝°§Ê‚ ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ ¡ËflÊ¥ ÿÊ ‚¥ÃÁÃ ∑§Ê ÁmUÃËÿ ‚¥ÃÊŸËÿ ¬Ë…∏UË ∑§„UÃ „ÒU¥– ßUŸ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê F2 ‚ √ÿQ§ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
12. ∞∑§‚¥∑§⁄U ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ-
∞∑§ ¡Ê«U∏Ë ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§À¬Ë ÿÊ ∞∑§ ¡Ê«UË Áfl¬ÿÊ¸‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊ ¡Ò‚ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ë ™°§øÊß¸U, ™¥§øÊß¸U ∑§ ŒÊ Áfl∑§À¬ (‹ê’Ê¬Ÿ ∞fl¥ ’ÊÒŸÊ¬Ÿ „ÒU ) ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ
◊¥ ⁄Uπ∑§⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ∑˝§Ê‚ ∞∑§‚¥∑§⁄U ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê F1 ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ ‹ˇÊáÊ ¬˝M§¬ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ 3:1 „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
13. ÁmU‚¥∑§⁄U ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ -
∞‚Ê ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ, Á¡‚◊¥ ŒÊ ¡Ê«U∏Ë Áfl¬ÿÊ¸‚Ë ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ÿÊ ŒÊ ¡Ê«∏Ë ÿÈÇ◊Áfl∑§ÁÀ¬ÿÊ¥ (¡Ò‚ ¬ÊÒäÊ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Êß¸U ÃÕÊ ¬Èc¬ ∑§Ê ⁄¥ª ∑§Ê ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã Á∑§ÿÊ
¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ∑§Ê ÁmU‚¥∑§⁄U ‚¥∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ßU‚∑§Ë F2 ¬Ë…U∏Ë ∑§ ¬ÊÒäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‹ˇÊáÊ¬˝M§¬ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
◊á«U‹ ∑§ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ÃÊ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊

1. ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊
2. ¬ÎÕ∑§∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊
3. SflÃ¥òÊ •¬√ÿÍ„UŸ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊
1. ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ —-
ßU‚ ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ◊á«U‹ Ÿ ÿ„U ’ÃÊÿÊ Á∑§ ¡’ ŒÊ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ◊äÿ ∑˝§Ê°‚ ∑§⁄UflÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÊ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚ãÃÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ (F1)
∑§fl‹ fl „UË ‹ˇÊáÊ ¬˝∑§≈U „UÊÃ „ÒU, ¡Ê ¬˝÷ÊflË „UÊÃ „ÒU– ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UË ßU‚ ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ÿ„UÊ° ¬˝Ê#
„UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚ãÃÊŸ¥ Tt ¡ËŸÊ¥ ≈UÊßU¬ flÊ‹Ë „ÒU– ©UQ§ ¡ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ ◊¥ T (‹ê’Ê) ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡’Á∑§ t (’ÊÒŸ) ∑§ Á‹∞ Á¡ê◊ŒÊ⁄U „Ò¥U– T fl t ◊¥
‚ T ¬˝÷ÊflË „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‚÷Ë ‚¥ÃÊŸ¥ ‹ê’Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
2. ¬ÎÕP§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ —-
◊á«UÀÊ Ÿ ¬˝Õ◊ ¬Ë…∏UË ∑§Ë ‚¥ÃÊŸÊ¥ ∑§ ◊äÿ ¡’ ∑˝§°Ê‚ ∑§⁄UflÊÿÊ ÃÊ ©Uã„¥U ŒÍ‚⁄UË ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ ¬˝∑§≈U „ÈU∞ ¡Ê ¬˝Õ◊ ¬Ë…U∏Ë ◊ ∞‚ ‹ˇÊáÊ èÊË ¬˝∑§≈U Ÿ„UË¥
„ÈU∞ Õ– •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ¬˝Õ◊ ¬Ë…∏Ë ◊¥ ’ÊŸ¬Ÿ ∑§ ¡ËŸ ÃÊ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ Õ ‹Á∑§Ÿ ¬˝∑§≈U Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ¬Ê∞ ¡Ê Á∑§ ÁmUÃËÿ ¬Ë…∏UË ◊¥ ¬ÎÕ∑§ „ÈU∞ – ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ
ßU‚ ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§Ê ¬ÎÕP§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
F2 ¬Ë…∏UË
Tt Tt
T t T t
TT Tt Tt tt
(‹ê’Ê) (‹ê’Ê) (‹ê’Ê) (’ÊÒŸÊ)
¡ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ (¡ËŸ ¬˝M§¬) 1 : 2 : 1
»§ËŸÊ≈UÊßU¬ (‹ˇÊáÊ ¬˝M§¬) 3 : 1
3. SflÃ¥òÊ •¬√ÿÍ„UŸ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ —-
◊á«U‹ Ÿ ÿ„U ’ÃÊÿÊ Á∑§ ¡’ ŒÊ ÿÊ ŒÊ ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ◊äÿ ∑˝§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UflÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÃÊ ∑§Êß¸U ÷Ë ‹ˇÊáÊ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ‹ˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ
Á∑§∞ Á’ŸÊ •¬ŸÊ ¬˝÷Êfl SflÃ¥òÊ M§¬ ‚ Œ‡ÊÊ¸ÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ „UË SflÃ¥òÊ •¬√ÿÍ„UŸ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò–
‹ˇÊáÊ ¬˝ÊM§¬ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ —- = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
¡ËŸ ¬˝ÊM§¬ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ —- = 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
xq.klw=k (chromosomes)
§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ Œ˝√ÿ ◊¥ ÁSâÊÃ ∑˝§Ê◊ÒÁ≈UŸ ¡Ê‹ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ äÊÊª ‚ŒÎ‡Ê ⁄UøŸÊ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬ÎÕ∑§ „UÊ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU– ßUã„U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ß¸U. S≈˛Ê‚’ª¸⁄U (1875) Ÿ ßUŸ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚’‚ ¬„U‹ ŒπÊ ÕÊ–
§ «UéÀÿÍ. flÊÀ«ÿ⁄U (1888) Ÿ¥ ßUã„¥U ∑˝§Ê◊Ê‚Ê◊ ŸÊ◊ ÁŒÿÊ–
§ ‚≈UŸ ÃÕÊ ’Êfl⁄UË Ÿ ∑˝§Ê◊Ê‚Ê◊ ¬Á⁄U∑§À¬ŸÊ ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§Ë– ßU‚∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ªÈáÊ‚ÈòÊ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬Ë…U∏Ë ‚ ŒÍ‚⁄UË ¬Ë…U∏Ë ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÊŸ
flÊ‹Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃË „Ò–
§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡ÊÁÃ ∑§ ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ÁŸÁpÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃÿÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ 1-30u ‹ê’ ∞fl¥ 0.2 ‚ 2u √ÿÊ‚ ∑§ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
‚¥⁄UøŸÊ (Structure) —-
‚¥ÿÈÄ◊ ‚Íˇ◊Œ‡ÊË¸ ‚ ŒπŸ ¬⁄U ¬˝àÿ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊¥ ÁŸ◊AÁ‹ÁπÃ ÷Êª ÁŒπÊß¸U ŒÃ „ÒU-
(i) ¬Á‹Á∑§‹ (pellicle)
(ii) ◊ÒÁ≈˛UÄ‚ (matrix)
(iii) ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ (Chromonemata)
(iv) ‚ã≈˛UÊÁ◊ÿ⁄U (Centromere)
(v) ÁmUÃËÿ∑§ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ (secndary contriction)
(vi) ‚≈U‹ÊßU≈U (satellite)
(vii) ≈UË‹ÊÁ◊ÿ⁄U (telomere)
¬Á‹Á∑§‹ (pellicle) -
§ ÿ„U ∑˝§Ê◊ÒÁ≈UŸ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ë ’ŸË ¬Ã‹Ë Á¤ÊÑË ‚ŒÎ‡Ê ⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ê ’Ês •Êfl⁄UáÊ ’ŸÊÃË „ÒU–
◊ÒÁ≈˛UÄ‚ (matrix) -
§ ÿ„U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄UËÿ ¬ŒÊâÊ¸ „ÒU, Á¡‚◊¥ ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ (Chromonemata) -
§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§ ◊ÒÁ≈˛UÄ‚ ◊¥ ∑È§á«UÁ‹Ã äÊÊª ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ŒÊ ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ¬˝àÿ∑§ ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ ∞∑§ ∑˝§Ê◊ÒÁ≈U«U ∑§Ê ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ŒÊŸÊ¥
∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ ∑È§á«UÁ‹Ã „UÊ∑§⁄U ‹ª÷ª 800A ◊Ê≈U ∞∑§ äÊÊª ¡Ò‚ ÁŒπÃ „ÒU– ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ ¬⁄U âÊÊ«UË-ÕÊ«UË ŒÍ⁄UË ¬⁄U ª„U⁄U ⁄¥Uª ∑§
∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁ◊ÿ‚¸ „UÊÃ „ÒU– Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊¥ ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁŸ◊≈UÊ ¬⁄U ∑˝§Ê◊ÊÁ◊ÿ‚¸ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ fl ÁSâÊÁÃ ‚ŒÒfl ÁŸÁpÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
‚ã≈U˛ÊÁ◊ÿ⁄U ÿÊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ Á’ãŒÈ -
§ ßU‚ ¬˝ÊÕÁ◊∑§ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– ßU‚‚ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊ÊßU≈UÊÁ‚‚ ∑§ Ã∑¸È§ ∑§ ‚ÊâÊ ¡È«∏Ê ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU– ‚ã≈˛UÊÁ◊ÿ⁄U ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U
¬⁄U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊äÿ∑§ãŒ˝Ë, ©U¬◊äÿ∑§ãŒ˝Ë, •ª˝Á’ãŒÈ∑§Ë ÿÊ •ãÃ∑§ãŒ˝Ë „UÊÃ „ÒU–
ÁmUÃËÿ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ (Secondary constriction) -
§ ∑È§¿U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ÊâÊÁ◊∑§ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ ∑§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ÁmUÃËÿ∑§ ‚¥∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ ÷Ë Á◊‹ÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ ‚Ò≈U‹ÊßU≈U ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ’ŸÃË „ÒU–
‚Ò≈U ‹ÊßU≈U -
§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§ Á‚⁄‘U ¬⁄U ÁSÕÃ ÿ„U ªÊ‹Ê∑§Ê⁄U ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃË „Ò– Á¡‚ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ◊¥ ‚Ò≈U‹ÊßU≈U ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ©U‚ ‚Ò≈U ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸- .
1. ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ¬⁄U ¡ËŸ ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ¡ËŸ •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ flÊ„U∑§ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ßUŸ∑§Ê fl¥‡ÊÊªÁÃ ∑§Ê ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
2. ªÈáÊSÊÍòÊ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ∞fl¥ ©U¬Ê¬øÿË Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿãòÊáÊ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
3. ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ‚ ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ÁflÁèÊããÊÃÊ∞° ŒÍÁCUªÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
thu (Gene)
◊á«U‹ Ÿ •¬Ÿ ¬˝ÿÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿ„U ÁŸc∑§·¸ ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ÕÊ Á∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡Ëfl ◊¥, ‹ˇÊáÊÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ “∑§Ê⁄U∑§” ÿÈÇ◊ M§¬ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ
„ÒU– ’Êfl⁄UË ∞fl¥ ‚≈˜≈UŸ Ÿ ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ Á∑§ÿÊ Á∑§ fl “∑§Ê⁄U∑§” ¡ËŸ „ÒU– ¡ËŸ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U üÊÎ¥π‹Ê’hU M§¬ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥– ÿlÁ¬ ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë
‚¥ÅÿÊ ‚ËÁ◊Ã „UÊÃË „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ©Ÿ ¬⁄U Á◊‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ¡ËŸ •Ÿ∑§ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ 23 ¡Ê«∏ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŸÃ 30 „U¡Ê⁄U ‚ 40 „U¡Ê⁄U ¡ËŸ
©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU–¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ¡ËŸ ∑§Ê ∑§fl‹ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ– ’Ë«U‹ ∞fl¥ ≈ÒU≈U◊ (1958) Ÿ ∑§fl∑§Ê¥ ¬⁄U •¬Ÿ •äÿÿŸÊ¥
mUÊ⁄UÊ ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ Á∑§ÿÊ Á∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡ËŸ ∞∑§ Áfl‡Ê· ∞ã¡ÊßU◊ ©Uà¬ÛÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∞ã¡ÊßU◊ ∞∑§ Áfl‡Ê· ¡Òfl-⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
•Ã— ¡ËŸ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U ∑§ ‚ÊâÊ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U Á∑˝§ÿÊ (Á∑˝§ÿÊà◊∑§) ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U èÊË „Ò¥U– ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ê fl„U ¿UÊ≈U ‚ ¿UÊ≈UÊ πá«U ¡Ê
‚¥⁄UøŸÊà◊∑§ ∞fl¥ Á∑˝§ÿÊà◊∑§ Áfl‡Ê·∑§ „UÃÈ ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡ËŸ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¡ËŸ ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞¥
(i) ¡ËŸ •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U „UÊÃ „ÒU– ÿ ¬Ë…∏UË Œ⁄U ¬Ë…∏UË ªÈáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
(ii) ¡ËŸ ©Uà¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U „ÒU– ¡ËŸ ©Uà¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ mUÊ⁄UÊ Ÿ∞ ªÈáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚◊Êfl‡Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(iii) ¡ËŸ ∑§ÊÁÿ¸∑§Ë ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U „Ò¥U– ßUŸ∑§ mU⁄UÊ ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ∞ã¡Êß◊Ê¥ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU ¡Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸÿãòÊáÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
(iv) ¡ËŸ ◊¥ Sfl ¬˝ÁÃ∑È§‹ „UÊŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U– ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ◊¥ ÿ •¬ŸË ¬˝ÁÃ∑Î§ÁÃ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ¡ËŸ ∑§Ê
•Áfl÷ÁŒÃ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ ¬⁄UãÃÈ ’Òã¡⁄U (1955 ∞fl¥1961) Ÿ ß¸U. ∑§Ê‹Ë ŸÊ◊∑§ ¡ËflÊáÊÈ ◊¥ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ S¬CU Á∑§ÿÊ Á∑§ ¡ËŸ ÃËŸ ©U¬
ßU∑§Êß¸UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ’¥≈UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ’Òã¡⁄U Ÿ ßUã„¥U - Á‚S≈˛ÊÚŸ- ¡ËŸ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊà◊∑§ ßU∑§Êß¸U, ⁄‘U∑§ÊÚŸ - ¡ËŸ ◊¥ ¬ÈŸÿÊ¸¡Ÿ ßU∑§Êß¸U ∞fl¥ êÿÍ≈UÊÚŸ
- ¡ËŸ ◊¥ ©Uà¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U ∑§„UÊ– •ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ •äÿÿŸ ‚ ¬ÃÊ ø‹Ê „ÒU Á∑§ ∞∑§ ¡ËŸ ∑§ß¸U Á‚S≈˛UÊÚŸ ∑§Ê ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „Ò, ∞∑§
Á‚S≈˛UÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ß¸U ⁄‘U∑§ÊÚŸ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ∞∑§ ⁄‘U∑§ÊÚŸ ◊¥ ∞∑§ÊÁäÊ∑§ êÿÍ≈UÊÚŸ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
¡ËŸ ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ- ¡ËŸ «UË ∞Ÿ ∞ ∑§ πá«U „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
ãÿÍÁÄ‹∑§ •ê‹
1869 ◊¥ Á»˝§«UÁ⁄U∑§ Á◊‡Ê⁄U Ÿ ◊flÊŒ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ∑˝§ãŒ∑§ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ∑§Ë, Á¡‚ ¬„U‹ ãÿÍÁÄ‹Ÿ ÃÕÊ ’ÊŒ ◊¥
ãÿÍÁÄ‹∑§ •ê‹ ∑§„UÊ ªÿÊ– ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ •áÊÈ ∑§Ë ¡Á≈U‹ÃÊ ∑§Ê ŒπÃ „È∞, ¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ÿ„U äÊÊ⁄UáÊÊ ÕË ∑§Ë ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ „UË •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ßU∑§Êß¸U „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ
1944 ◊ ∞fl⁄UË, ◊ÒÄ‹Ê©U«U, ∞fl¥ ◊Ò∑§Ê≈UË¸ Ÿ Á‚hU Á∑§ÿÊ Á∑§ ãÿÍÁÄ‹∑§ •ê‹ „UË •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§ ¬ŒÊâÊ¸ „ÒU ¡Ê ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ª‹Ë ¬Ë…∏UË Ã∑§ ‹∑§⁄U ¡ÊÃ
„ÒU–
U;wfDyd vEy (Nucleic Acid) : U;wfDyd vEy nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
(1) DNA (2) RNA
(û )Mh ,u , & Mh vkWDlh jkbcksl U;wfDyd vEy (Deoxy -ribos nucleic Acid (DNA) :
okWVlu o fØd }kjk 1953 esa DNA dh lajpuk dk vè;;u fd;k x;kA bl dk;Z gsrq bUgsa o"kZ 1962 esa ukscy s iqjLdkj fn;k
x;kA okWVlu o fØd }kjk fn;k x;k ekWMy f}&dq.Myh; (Double Helical) ekWMy dgykrk gSA buds }kjk fn;s x;s DNA
izfr:i dks B-DNA dgrs gSaA bl ekWMy ds vuqlkj DNA dk O;kl 20Å gksrk gS rFkk {kkjdksa ;qXeksa esa ijLij nwjh 3.4Å
gksrh gSA ,d dq.Myu dh yEckbZ 34Å gksrh gSA ,d dq.Myu esa ukbVªkstuh {kkjd dh la[;k 10 gksrh gSA DNA esa isUVkst
'kdZjk (Mh vkWDlh jkbcksl)] iQkWLiQksfjd vEy] ukbVªkstu&{kkj ,Mhfuu (A), Fkk;ehu (T), lkbVksflu (C), rFkk xqvkuhu (G)
ik;s tkrs gSaA ,fMuhu (A), Fkk;ehu (T) ds lkFk o lkbVkslhu (C) xqvkuhu (G) ds lkFk ca/ cukrk gSA (A = T, C ≡ G)
DNA dh iqujko`fÙk v/Z laj{kh (Semiconservative) fof/ }kjk gksrh gSA
dk;Z &
1- dksf'kdk esa gksus okyh lHkh jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k o mudk fu;eu djukA
2- vkuqokaf'kd y{k.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa ys ykukA
(2) RNA (jkbcksl U;wfDyd vEy) & ;g eq[;r% dksf'kdk nzO; o dsfUnzdk (Nucleolus) esa ik;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ;g
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k o gfjr yod esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA RNA ,d jTtqdh; (Single Stranded) gksrk gSA
viokn & fjvks ok;jl] okm.M (?kko) V~;wej ok;jl esa f} jTtqdh;
RNA vkuqokaf'kd o vkuqokaf'kd izdkj (t-RNA, r-RNA, Hn-RNA, Sn-RNA) dk gksrk gSA RNA esa jkbcksl 'kdZjk ik;h
tkrh gSA RNA esa pkj ukbVªkts u {kkj ikbZ tkrh gS
,Mhuhu(A), ;wjsfly (U), lkbVksflu (C), Xvkfuu (G)
dk;Z & RNA dk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu la'ys"k.k gSA
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ‚¥‡ÀÊ·áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ Á‚hUÊ¥Ã

§ ãÿÍÁÄ‹∑§ •ê‹ (DNA ∞fl¥ RNA) ∞fl¥ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸÊ¥ ∑§ ¬Ê⁄US¬Á⁄U∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ Á‚hUÊ¥Ã ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ¬ÊŒŸ Á∑˝§∑§ (1958) Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ–
§ ßU‚ Á‚hUÊ¥Ã ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ ◊¥ ‚ê¬ããÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ‚¥‡ÀÊ·áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸŒ¸‡ÊŸ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§
∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ D.N.A mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ „UË ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ‚¥‡ÀÊ·áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸŒ¸‡ÊŸ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ D.N.A. mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚¥‡ÀÊÁcÊÃ ÁflÁ÷ããÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ R.N.A. ∑§ ◊Êäÿ◊ ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ D.N.A. •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ˇÊÊ⁄U∑§ ∑˝§◊ mUÊ⁄UÊ m-RNA •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ˇÊÊ⁄U∑§ ∑˝§◊ ∑§Ê ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ‹πŸ (Transcription)
∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
•ŸÈ‹πŸ
DNA RNA
‚¥‡ÀÊ¥·áÊ
§ ¡’ MRNA ∑§ãUŒ˝∑§ ‚ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ ◊¥ •ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÊ M-RNA ∑§ ˇÊÊ⁄U∑§ ∑˝§◊ ‚ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ
•áÊÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ •◊ËŸÊ¥ •ê‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ∑˝§◊ ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U Á∑˝§ÿÊ SÕÊŸÊãÃ⁄UáÊ/•ŸÈflÊŒŸ (Translastion) ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ DNA ∞fl¥ RNA ◊¥ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‚ÍøŸÊ ßUŸ∑§ ˇÊÊ⁄U∑§ ∑˝§◊Ê¥ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU, ¡Ê ÁŸêãÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚ ¬˝flÊÁ„UÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
•ŸÈ‹π
 Ÿ SÕÊŸÊãÃ⁄UáÊ
DNA m − RNA ¬˝Ê≈ UËŸ
(Transcription) (Translation)
ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U DNA mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã m-RNA ∑§ ◊Êäÿ◊ ‚ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ ◊¥¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ‚¥‡ÀÊ·áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∞¥fl ÁŸŒ¸‡ÊŸ
Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– Á¡‚ Á∑˝§∑§ Ÿ ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ§ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§„UÊ– ÿ„U Á‚hUÊ¥Ã ‚÷Ë ¡ËfläÊÊ⁄UËÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U ‹ÊªÍ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
fyax fu/kZj.k
§ Á‹¥ª ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê •Á÷¬˝Êÿ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚ãÃÊŸ ¬ÈòÊË „UÊªË ÿÊ ¬ÈòÊ–
§ ‹Ò¥Áª∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ‚ ßU‚ ’ÊÃ ∑§Ê ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚ãÃÊŸ ¬ÈòÊ „ÒU ÿÊ ¬ÈòÊË
§ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ XY
◊ÊÃÊ ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ XX
§ Á‹¥ª ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§ ‹Ò¥Áª∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ Á¡ê◊ŒÊ⁄U „UÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ë πÊ¡ S≈U˛Ê‚’ª¸⁄U Ÿ ∑§Ë–
§ ¡’Á∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ŸÊ◊ W. flÊÀ«Uÿ⁄U Ÿ ÁŒÿÊ
¬ÈL§· SòÊË
44+ XY 44+ XX
•äÊ¸‚ÍòÊË Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ •äÊ¸‚ÍòÊË Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ
22+X 22+Y 22+X 22+X
44+XX 44+XX 44+XY 44+XY

(¬ÈòÊË) (¬ÈòÊË) (¬ÈòÊ) (¬ÈòÊ)
Á≈U«˜U«UÊ¥ ∞fl¥ •ãÿ ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ¬⁄U Á∑§∞ •¬Ÿ •äÿÿŸÊ¥ ‚ ÁflÀ‚Ÿ ÃÕÊ S≈UËflã‚ Ÿ Á‹¥ª ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ë •fläÊÊ⁄UáÊÊ ŒË– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ªÈáÊ ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ 23
¡Ê«∏ (46 ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ) „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– Ÿ⁄U ÃÕÊ ◊ÊŒÊ ◊¥ 22 - 22 ¡Ê«∏ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ßUã„U •Á‹¥ª ‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– 23 flÊ¥ ¡Ê«∏Ê ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ Á÷ÛÊ
„UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚ Ÿ⁄U ◊¥ XY ‚ ÃÕÊ ◊ÊŒÊ ◊¥ XX ‚ ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥– ßU‚ Á‹¥ª ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–ÿÈÇ◊∑§¡ŸŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‚ ¬ÈM§· ◊¥ 22+X ÃÕÊ
22+Y ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄ ∑§U ‡ÊÈ∑˝§ÊáÊÈ ’ŸÃ „Ò¥ ¡’Á∑§ SòÊË ◊¥ ‚÷Ë •á«U 22 + X ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– •Ê⁄‘Uπ ◊¥ S¬CU „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§, ¬ÈM§· ∑§ X ‡ÊÈ∑˝§ÊáÊÈ ‚ •á«U
∑§Ê ÁŸ·øŸ „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ¬ÈòÊË (XX) ¡’Á∑§ Y ‡ÊÈ∑˝§ÊáÊÈ ÃÕÊ •á«U ∑§ ÁŸ·øŸ ‚ ¬ÈòÊ (XY) ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
•Ã— ¬ÈòÊ ÿÊ ¬ÈòÊË ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁÃ „UÃÈ ¬ÈM§· ∑§ ‡ÊÈ∑˝§ÊáÊÈ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃ „ÒU–
q q q
tarq txr dk oxhZdj.k
thoksa ds ukedj.k ,oa oxhZdj.k ds vè;;u dks ofxZdh (Taxonomy) dgrs gSaA lthoksa dks mudh lekurk ,oa fHkUurk ds
vk/kj ij fofHkUu lewgksa ,oa oxksZa esa j[kus dh fof/ dks oxhZdj.k rFkk thofoKku dh bl 'kk[kk dks oxhZdj.k foKku (Systematics)
dgrs gSAa
tkWu js (Johan Ray) us loZiFz ke tkfr (Species) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA
dSjksyl fyfu;l us mudh iqLrd ^flLVsek uspqjh* esa f}uke i¼fr izLrqr dhA
dSjksyl fyfu;l dks vk/qfud oxhZdj.k dk firk (Father of Modern Taxonomy) dgrs gSAa ^^tsusjk IykUVSje** uked
iqLrd esa fyfu;l us ySafxd y{k.kksa ds vk/kj ij ikniksa dks oxhZd`r fd;kA
f=kuke i¼fr dks gsdy }kjk fn;k x;kA
ikap txr iz.kkyh jkcVZ ,p fOgVsdj us nhA
oxhZdj.k dh izkFkfed bdkbZ ^tkfr* o loksPZ p bdkbZ ^txr* (Kingdom) gSA
(û ) la?k izksVkstksvk (Protozoa) : (Protus = First + Zoom = Animal)
§ ;s ljyre lajpuk okys ,d dksf'kdh; o lw{en'khZ tho gSA bUgsa Animalcules ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
§ budk 'kjhj vlefer] f}ik'oZlefrr] vjh; lefer ;k xksykdkj gksrk gSA
§ 'kjhj uXu ;k isfydy ds eghu vkoj.k ls f?kjk gksrk gSA
§ xeu dwVikn] d'kkHk ;k i{ekHk }kjk gksrk gSA
§ ty fu;eu ,oa mRltZu ladqpu'khy jl/kfu;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & vehck] iSjkehf'k;e] IykTeksfM;eA
(ü ) la?k ikWjhiQsjk (Porifera) : (Poros = Pore + Fere = To bear)
§ blds lnL;ksa dks Liat ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
§ 'kjhj dh lrg ij vla[; lw{e fNnz ik;s tkrs gS ftuds }kjk ikuh Liat xqgk esa izos'k djrk gSA ;s vkWfLV;k dgykrs
gSaA
§ ;s izk.kh f}Lrjh; gksrs gSaA ckg~; Lrj ;k MeZy midyk piVh fiusdkslkbV~l dh rFkk vkUrfjd Lrj ;k tBjh;
midyk dkWyj dksf'kdkvksa ;k dhi dksf'kdkvksa (Choanocytes) dh cuh gksrh gSA
§ 'kjhj esa uky ra=k iz.kkyh gksrh gS ftlds }kjk ukysa Liatxqgk (Spongocoel) esa [kqyrh gSA
§ 'kjhj ds Lrjksa ds eè; dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV ;k flfydk dh cuh df.kdkvksa ;k Lik¡ftu rarv q ksa dk vUr% dadky
ik;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & lkbdu] ;wIysDVsyk] ;wLikaft;kA
(ý ) lhysUVªsVk (Coelentrata) : (Coel = Hollow + enteron = Intestine)
§ bl la?k esa cgqdksf'kdh;] vjh; lefefr okys tUrq ik;s tkrs gSa bu tUrqvksa dk 'kjhj dk xBu mQrdh; Lrj okyk
gksrk gSA
§ ;s tUrq ,dy] fuogh] LFkkuc¼ ;k Lora=k rSjus okys gksrs gSA
§ 'kjhj ds 'kh"kZ ij fNnzuqek eq[k ik;k tkrk gS tks eq[k o xqnk nksuksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA
§ blesa 'olu] mRltZu rFkk ifjlapj.k ra=k dk vHkko gksrk gSA
§ na'k dksf'kdk;sa ik;h tkrh gS tks vk/kj ls fpidus] vkRej{kk djus] Hkkstu idM+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
mnkgj.k & gkbMªk] vkWjhfy;k] esMªhiksjk

(þ ) IysVhgSfYeUFkht (Platyhelminthes) : (Platy = Flat + helminthes = Worms) (piVs d`fe)
§ tUrq f=kLrjh;] f}ik'oZ lefer] vxqgh; gksrs gSaA
§ 'kjhj v/j ls piVk gksrk gSA 'kjhj [kf.Mr o v[kf.Mr gksrk gSA 'kjhj ij eksVk D;wfVdy dk vkoj.k ik;k tkrk
gSA
§ 'kjhj f=kLrjh;] vkgkjuky viw.kZ] eq[k ik;k tkrk gS ysfdu xqnk dk vHkko gksrk gSA
§ mRltZu Tokyk dksf'kdkvksa }kjk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & Iysusfj;k] iQsf'kvksyk] Vhfu;k] lsftusVk
(ÿ ) ,YdsgsYfeUFkht (Aschelminthes) :
§ bl la?k ds lnL; xksyd`fe Hkh dgykrs gSAa 'kjhj [k.Mfoghu] f}ik'oZ lefer rFkk f=kLrjh; gksrk gSA
§ 'kjhj ij eksVk D;wfVdy dk vkoj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
§ bl la?k ds lnL;ksa esa nsgxqgk dwV xqgk (Pseudo coelom) izdkj dh gksrh gSA
§ lnL;ksa esa 'olu o ifjogu ra=k dk vHkko gksrk gSA
§ mRltZu ra=k mRlthZukyksa ;k izksVksusfÚfM;k dk cuk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & ,Ldsfjl] okmQpsfj;k] VªkbcksylA
(ö ) la?k ,susfyMk (Annelida) : (Annulus = Little Ring + Eidos = Form)
§ bl la?k ds lnL; f}ik'oZ lefer rFkk f=kLrjh; gksrs gSaA
§ 'kkjhfjd laxBu vax ra=k (Organ System) izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ 'kjhj f}ik'oZlefer] f=kLrjh;] okLrfod nsgxqgh; ,oa okLrfod [k.Mh;Hkou ;qDr gksrk gSA
§ ifjogu ra=k cUn izdkj dk gksrk gSA 'olu o.kZd gheksXyksfcu IykTek esa ?kqyk gksrk gSA
§ mRltZu fØ;k usÚhfM;k }kjk gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k & usfjl] iQsjsVhek] tksad
(÷ ) vkFkzksZiksM+k (Authropoda) : (Arthros = Jointed + Podas = Foot)
§ tUrqvksa dk 'kjhj f}ik'oZ lefer] f=kLrjh; rFkk flj] o`{k o mnj esa caVk gksrk gSA
§ 'kjhj D;wfVdy ls cus eksVs] n`<+ vkoj.k ls f?kjk gksrk gSA
§ tyh; tUrq esa 'olu vax Dykse] LFkyh; tUrqvksa esa Vªsfd;k ;k cqdyaXl rFkk 'kjhj dh lrg ls lkekU; folj.k
fØ;k }kjk gksrk gSA
§ nsgxqgk cM+h o jDr ls Hkjh gksrh gS tks ghekslhy (Haemocoel) dgykrh gSA
§ jDr jaxghu] dqN tUrqvksa esa uhyk gksrk gSA
§ ifjlapj.k ra=k [kqys izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ mRltZu xzhu xzfa UFk;ksa ,oa eSYihft;u ufydkvksa }kjk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & edM+h] isfyeksu] feyhihM] eD[kh] fcPNw] fVM~MkA
(ø ) eksyLdk (Mollusca) : (Mollis = Soft)
§ bu tUrqvksa dk 'kjhj fyiQkiQsueq k esUVy ls f?kjk jgrk gSA 'kjhj f}ik'oZ lefer] f=kLrjh; ,oa v[k.Mh; gksrk gSA
§ 'olu o.kZd ghekslk;fuu ik;k tkrk gSA ifjlapj.k ra=k [kqys izdkj dk gksrk gSA oxZ fliQsyksiksMk+ esa cUn izdkj
dk ifjlapj.k ra=k gksrk gSA
§ mRltZu o`Dd ;k esVkusÚhfM;k ;k ckstsul ds vax ;k dscj dh xzafFk }kjk gksrk gSA
§ us=k o LVsVksflLV laosnh vax ik;s tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k & dkbVu] ikbyk (?kksa?kk)] ;wfu;ksa (lhih)] vkWDVksilA
(ù ) la?k & bdkWbuksMesZVk (Echinodermata) : (Echinos = Spiny + Derma = Skin)
§ 'kjhj cgqdksf'kdh; o f=kLrjh;A ykokZ voLFkk esa f}ik'ohZ; lefer gksrk gS ysfdu o;Ld voLFkk esa iap vjh;
lefer gksrk gSA
§ 'kjhj ukykdkj ;k rkjs leku] [k.M foghu rFkk iQwyuqek gksrk gSA
§ xeu ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ds NksVs&NksVs ukyikn (Tube Feet) ik;s tkrs gSaA
§ ty ifjogu ra=k (Water Vascular System) Hkkstuxzg.k] laosnuk xzg.k o 'olu esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & bdkbul] ,sUVhMkWWu] ,sLVsfj;kl] vkWfiQ;ksfFkzDl] OgsyfiQ'k (Whalefish) Lruh
eNfy;k¡ tks okLro esa eNyh ugha gSa
uke la?k
ØsfiQ'k (Crayfish) vkFkksZiksMk
dVyfiQ'k (Cuttlefish) eksyLdk
tsyhfiQ'k (Jellyfish) lhysUVªsVk
flYojfiQ'k (Silverfish) vkFkzksZiksMk
LVkjfiQ'k (Starfish) bdkbuksMesaVk
OgsyfiQ'k (Whalefish) Lruh
d'ks:dh tUrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k

dkWMsZVk (Chord = Striry or Cord, Ata = Bearing) 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZiFz ke ckYiQkWj (Balfour) }kjk fd;k x;kA dkMZVs k 'kCn
dk vFkZ gS ^^jLlh ds leku lajpuk /kj.k djus okys tUrq** tUrqvksa dh la[;k ds vk/kj ij lewg filht bl la?k dk lcls cM+k
oxZ gS tcfd ,EiQhfc;k lcls NksVk oxZ gSA
eq[; y{k.k &
1- i`"B jTtq ;k uksVks dkWMZ dh mifLFkfr
2- i`"Bh; ukyor~ dsUnzh; raf=kdk jTtq dh mifLFkfr
3- xzluh; Dykse njkjs
4- cUn jDr ifjogu ra=k
5- ;d`r fuokfgdk ra=k dh mifLFkfr
6- is'kh; ân; tks ân;koj.k ls f?kjk jgrk gSA
§ Øsfu,Vk & flj] djksfV ,oa diky mifLFkr
§ ,Øsfu,Vk & flj] djksfV ,oa diky dk vHkko
§ ,XuSFkk & tcM+s ,oa tksM+hnkj mikaxksa dk vHkko
§ XuSFkksLVksesVk & tcM+s o tksM+hnkj mikax mifLFkfr
§ ,fEu;ksVk & ,fEu;ksu uked ckg~; Hkzw.kh; f>Yyh mifLFkr
§ ,u,fEu;ksVk & ,fEu;ksu uked ckg~; Hkwz.kh; f>Yyh dk vHkko
(û ) izksVksdkWMZsVk@,Øsfu;k &
§ bu tUrqvksa esa diky vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA ;s lHkh tUrq leqnhz ty esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
§ diky] flj Li"V rFkk d'ks:d n.M vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
§ okLrfod tcM+ksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA
§ i`"B jTtq ds vk/kj ij bls nks mila?kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
(ü ) ;wjksdkMZsVk@V~;wfudsVk &
§ bu tUrqvksa esa i`"BjTtq dsoy ykokZ dh iw¡N esa gh ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ 'kjhj ds pkjksa vksj V~;wfuflu dk vkoj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
§ bu tUrqvksa esa izfrxkeh (Retrogressive) dk;kUrj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & vkWbdksIywjk] gkMsZekfu;k] ikbjkslksek
(ý ) mila?k & fliQSyksdkWMsZVk
§ d'ks:fd;ksa esa i`"B jTtq o raf=kdk jTtq 'kjhj dh iwjh yEckbZ esa ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd iQSyh jgrh gSA
§ mRltZu izksVksusfÚfM;k }kjk gksrk gSA
§ ân; ,oa 'olu o.kZd vuqifLFkr gksrs gSAa
mnkgj.k & ,fEiQvkWDll
la?k&filht &
§ tUrqvksa dk 'kjhj rdq: Z ih o /kjk jsf[kr gksrk gSA
§ 'olu 5-7 tksM+h Dykseksa }kjk gksrk gSA
§ ân; f}d{kh; gksrk gS tks f'kjh; ân; (Venous heart) dgykrk gSA jDr esa RBC ik;h tkrh gSA
§ 10 tksM+h diky raf=kdk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k & LdkWfy;kssMkWu] ysfc;ks] fgIiksdsEil
la?k&,fEiQfc;k &
§ ;s tUrq ty o Fky nksuksa vkoklksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa] blfy, bUgsa mHk;pj tUrq dgrs gSaA
§ 'kjhj flj] /M+] iwaN esa foHksfnr gksrk gSA vxzikn esa pkj o i'pikn esa ikap vaxqfy;ka ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ ;s 'khr :f/j okys tUrq gSA ân; rhu os'eh gksrk gSA blesa nks vkfyUn ,oa ,d fuy; gksrk gSA
§ RBC dsUnzd ;qDr] v.Mkdkj o mHk;ksÙky izdkj dh gksrh gSA
§ o`Dd ,d tksMh+ o ehtksusÚksl izdkj ds gksrs gSAa
§ 10 tksM+h diky raf=kdk;sa ikbZ tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k & esa<+d] bfDFk;ksfiQ'k] lsykesaMªk
Lka?k&jsIVhfy;k@ljhlì &
§ ;s tUrq izk;% jsax dj pyus okys o fcydkjh gksrs gSaA
§ 'kjhj flj] xnZu] /M+ o iwaN esa foHksfnr gksrk gSA
§ nks tksM+h ikap u[kj ;qDr vaxqfy;ksa okys ikn ik;s tkrs gSaA liksaZ esa iknksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA
§ Ropk lw[kh] [kqjnjh] xzafFk foghu gksrh gSA
§ ân; viw.kZ pkj d{kksa dk cuk gksrk gSA buesa nks Li"V vkfyUn o fuy; viw.kZ :i ls foHkkftr gksrs gSaA exjePN o
?kfM+;ky esa fuy; iw.kZ foHkkftr gksrk gSA
§ 12 tksM+h diky raf=kdk;sa ikbZ tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k & fNidyh] fxjfxV] exjePN] vtxj] dkscjkA
la?k&,oht@i{khoxZ &
§ bu izkf.k;ksa dk 'kjhj fiPN ls <dk gksrk gSA vxzikn ia[kksa esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrs gSAa
§ 'kjhj ukSdkdkj o /kjk jsf[kr gksrk gSAa
§ i'pikn ij pkj&pkj u[kj;qDr vaxfq y;k¡ gksrh gSA
§ 'kYd dsoy i'p iknksa ij ik;s tkrs gSAa
§ ew=kk'k; dk vHkko gksrk gSA ;s izk.kh ;wfjd vEy dk mRltZu djrs gSAa
§ 12 tksM+h diky raf=kdk,sa ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ eknk tUrq esa ck¡;k v.Mk'k; rFkk v.M okfguh mifLFkr gksrh gSA ;s vaMt (v.Ms nsus okys) izk.kh gSA
§ bu izkf.k;ksa esa iSr`d laj{k.k ik;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & dcwrj] MksMks] xksM+ko.k] vkWfLVªp] eksjA
la?k&Lruh &
§ ân; iw.kZr;k pkj os'eh gksrk gSA dsoy ck¡;k nSfgd pki mifLFkr gksrk gSA
§ RBC xksykdkj o dsUnzd jfgrA
§ o`Dd esVkusfÚd izdkj ds gksrs gSA ;s izk.kh ;wfj;k dk mRltZu djrs gSaA
§ ;s izk.kh lerkih gksrs gSAa
§ 12 tksM+h diky raf=kdk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA
mnkjg.k & ,dsfMuk] daxk:] >kmQ pwgk] gkFkh euq";] pexknM+] JwA
fo'ks"k (Special)
tSo iSVVas
(Bio Patent)
;g ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk dkuwu gSA ftlds rgr ljdkj fdlh O;fDr dks mlds }kjk fd, x, vkfo"dkj dk ,d fuf'pr
le; rd ds fy, mi;ksx] miHkksx] O;olk; o o`f¼ djus dk fo'ks"k vfèkdkj iznku djrh gSA ljdkj }kjk iznÙk ;g fo'ks"k vf/
dkj gh tSo iSVsaV dgykrk gSA
§ Hkkjr esa tSo iSVsaV dh vof/ 20 o"kZ gSA
§ tSo iSVVas ,DV 1970 esa cukA
§ Hkkjr esa tSo iSVVas ,DV 20 vizSy 1972 dks ykxw gqvkA
tSo iSVsUV%& iSVVas fuEu ij fn;k tkrk gSAa
§ fdlh vkfo"dkj ij
§ fdlh iwoZ vkfo"dkj esa lq/kj djus ij
§ isVsUV dkuwu WTPO (fo'o ckSf¼d lEink laxBu) }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSaA
isVsUV ds izdkj&
§ mi;ksfxrk isVsaV (Utility patent)%& ;g isVsUV midj.k] e'khu] jklk;fud inkFkZ o fdlh lw=k dk vkfo"dkj djus ij fd;k
tkrk gSaA bl isVsUV dh vof/ 20 o"kZ gSAa
§ ikni isVsUV (Plant Patent)%& ikniksa ,oa muds mRiknksa ij fd;k tkus okyk isVsUVA
LrEHk dksf'kdk
(Stem Cell)
'kjhj dh ,slh dksf'kdk,a tks Hkz.w kh; fodkl ds nkSjku ,oa o;Ld tho ds 'kjhj esa fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj ds dksf'kdk lewg ;k
mÙkd ds ifjo/Zu dk vk/kj gksrh gS] LrEHk dksf'kdk,a dgykrh gSA
os LrEHk dksf'kdk,a tks 'kjhj dh fdUgha Hkh dksf'kdkvksa ds ifjo/Zu dk vk/kj cu ldrh gS] iw.kZ'kDr (Totipotent) dksf'kdk,a
dgykrh gSA
LraHk (LVse) dksf'kdk ds izdkj&
§ VksVhiksVsUV LVse lSy& ;s ,slh LraEHk dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSa] tks 'kjhj dh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSaA ;s IyslsaVk
dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSaA
§ IywjhiksVsUV LVse lSy& ;s IyslsaVk ds vykok lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSaA
§ eYVhiksVUs V LVse lSy& ;s lhfer mi;ksx okyh LVse lSy gSAa D;ksfa d ;s dqN gh izdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa dk fuek.kZ dj ldrh
gSSaA
LVse lSy rduhd dk 'kks/ dk;Z djus okyh laLFkk,a&
(i) ,El fnYyh & blesa ifCyd LVse lSy cSad dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSaA
(ii) NBCS & cSaxyksj
LVse lSy ls ekuo 'kjhj esa 225 izdkj ds mrd curs gSaA
Dyksfuax
(Cloning)
fdlh dksf'kdk essa ckjEckj foHkktu gksus ls dksf'kdkvksa dk lewg curk gS] dksf'kdkvksa ds bl lewg ls u, tho dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSA cuus okyk ;g u;k tho Dyksu dgykrk gSA rFkk Dyksu cukus dh izfØ;k dks Dyksfuax dgrs gSA
jkWtySMa fo'ofo|ky; ds izk-s MkW- b;kWu foYeqV us ,d HksM+ ds Lru dh LrEHk dksf'kdk fudkyh rFkk bl dksf'kdk dks nwljh
HksM+ ds xHkkZ'k; esa LFkkfir fd;kA bl nwljh HksM+ ls ,d ubZ HksM+ us tUe fy;k tks gwcgw ml HksM+ ds tSlh Fkh ftl HksM+ ds Lru
dh dksf'kdk yh xbZ FkhA bl u, HksM+ dk uke MkWyh j[kk x;k tks dh ,d Dyksu gSA
§ MkWyh dks tUe nsuh okyh HksM+ Saroget Mother ;k LFkkUuiu ek¡ dgykrh gSA
Note : ,aMªh cUnj dk izFke Dyksu FkkA
§ MkWyh dk tUe 1996 esa gqvk Fkk fdUrq 1997 esa izdk'k esa vk;k FkkA
ij[kuyh f'k'kq
(Test Tube Baby)
,slh eknk,sa ftuesa xHkZ/kj.k ugha gks ikrk gS muds 'kjhj ls vaMs dks fpfdRldh; izfØ;ksa ds }kjk ckgj fudky fy;k tkrk gSS
rFkk iz;ksx'kkyk eas vuqdyw ifLFkfr;ksa esa fudkys x, v.Ms dks ij[kuyh (Test Tube) esa j[kdj mi;qDr uj ds 'kqØk.kqvksa ls fu"ksfpr
djok;k tkrk gS bl izdkj fu"ksfpr v.Ms dks iqu% ekrk ds xHkkZ'k; esa jksfir (Implant) dj fn;k tkrk gS bl izdkj ekrk ls lkekU;
f'k'kq dk tUe gksrk gS bl izfØ;k esa tUe ysus okys f'k'kq dks ij[kuyh f'k'kq dgrs gS] D;ksafd bl f'k'kq ds fu"kspu dh fØ;k ij[kuyh
esa lEiUu gksrh gSA
§ uj ds 'kqØk.kqvksa dk thou dky 72 ?k.Vs dk gksrk gS ;fn bl le;kof/ esa 'kqØk.kq v.Ms ds lEidZ esa vk tkrs gS rks
fu"kspu lEHko gks tkrk gSA
§ fo'o dk igyk ij[kuyh f'k'kq & ywbl tkW; czkmu (fczVsu) 25 tqykbZ 1978
§ Hkkjr dk izFke ij[kuyh f'k'kq & g"kkZ & 1986 (pSUubZ)
d`f=ke xHkkZ/ku
(Artificial Insimilation)
§ bls A.I. Hkh dgrs gSA

§ uj i'kqvksa ds oh;Z dks eknk i'kq dh ;ksfu rd ;a=kksa dh lgk;rk ls igqp
¡ kdj eknk i'kq dks xfHkZr djus dh izfØ;k d`f=ke
xHkkZ/ku dgykrh gSA
§ i'kqvksa ds oh;Z dks rjy ukbVªkt
s u xSl esa –196º C rki ij lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ rjy ukbVªkstu xSl dk mi;ksx eap (LVst) ij /q¡vk ds ckny cukus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
tUrqvksa dk vkfFkZd egRo

(Economic Importance of Animals)
(A) e/qeD[kh ikyu (Apiculture)
§ e/qeD[kh dk oSKkfud rjhdks ls ikyu djuk ,ihdYpj dgykrk gSA
§ e/qeD[kh dk leqnk; & jkuh (,d Nrs esa ,d)] jktk] Jfed] pkSdhnkj vkfn lnL; gksrs gSaA
§ e/qeD[kh ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSaA
§ jktk e/qeD[kh jkuh ds vkns'k ij ikuh bdV~Bk djrh gSaA
§ Jfed iQyksa ls e/q jl bdV~Bk djrs gSaA
§ e/qeD[kh ds 'k=kq%& oSDl ekWFk] dkyh phaVh] fdax Øks vkfnA
§ jkuh ,d fnu esa yxHkx 2000-2500 v.Ms nsrh gSAa
e/qeD[kh dh iztkfr;k¡%&
(i) ,fil bfUMdk
(a) ;g Hkkjrh; e/qeD[kh (Indian bee) gSA
(b) ;g va/sjs esa jguk ilan djrh gSA
(ii) ,fil MksjlsVk
(a) ;g pV~Vkuh e/qeD[kh (Rock bee) gSA
(b) ;g lcls cMh e/qeD[kh gSA
(c) blls lokZf/d 'kgn izkIr gksrk gSA
(d) bls lkjax eD[kh Hkh dgrs gSA
(iii) ,fil iQyksfj;k & ;g lcls NksVh e/qeD[kh gSA
(iv) ,fil esfyiQsjk & ;g O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA
rF; (Facts)
§ jkuh eD[kh iks"k.k esa Royal Jelly ysrh gSA
§ 'kgn ds mi;ksx ls gheksXyksfcu c<rk gSA
§ e/qeD[kh esa vfu"ksd tuu ik;k tkrk gSA
§ ,fil e/qeD[kh ds oa'k dk uke gSA
§ e/qeD[kh dk ykokZ esxV dgykrk gSA
(B) js'ke dhV ikyu (Sericulture)

§ js'ke fuekZ.k dh [kkst ch-lh- Lotzu us dhA
§ js'ke dhV ikyu dks lsjhdYpj dgrs gSA
§ Hkkjr esa js'ke dhV dk vè;;u iwlk bULVhV~;wV ubZ fnYyh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
js'ke dhV dh iztkfr;k¡ %&
(a) eycjh f'kYd oeZ@ckWfEcDl eksjkbZ
(b) ewaxk js'ke
(c) Vlj js'ke
(d) vksd js'ke
§ ckWfEcDl eksjkbZ dhV lgrwr dh ifÙk;ksa dks [kkrk gSA
§ ckWfEcDl eksjkbZ ls loksZÙke fdLe dk js'ke izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ckWfEcDl eksjkbZ iw.kZr% ikyrw gS rFkk blls izkIr js'ke dk jax liQsn ;k ihyk gksrk gSA
§ ckWfEcDl ds v.Ms ls dSVjfiYyj ykokZ fudyrk gSA
§ dSVj fiYyj ds pkjksa vksj js'ke fyiV tkrk gS ftlls dksdwu lajpuk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
js'ke dk vkfFkZd egRo %&
(i) oL=k fuekZ.k
(ii) isjk'kwV fuekZ.k
(iii) Vk;j fuekZ.k
rF; (Facts)
§ Hkkjr esa igyk js'ke vuql/ a ku dsUnz if'pe caxky esa lu~ 1943 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
§ Hkkjr esa js'ke mRiknu dk lcls cM+k dsUnz eSlwj (dukZVd) gSA
(C) eRL; ikyu (Fishery)

§ tyh; izk.kh;ksa (tUrq o ikni) dk lao/Zu ty&lao/Zu ;k ,DokdYpj (Aquaculture) dgykrk gSA
§ eRL; ikyu o mRiknu dks filhdYpj (Pisiculture) dgrs gSA
§ Hkkjr dk eRL; mRiknu esa nwljk LFkku gSA (izFke phu dk gS)
§ eNfy;ksa dks Hkkstu ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§ eNyh;kas ds v[kkn~; Hkkx dks i'kqvksa o eqfxZ;ksa dks f[kyk;k tkrk gSa ftls fiQ'k ehy (Fish meal) dgrs gSA
§ eNyh ds yhoj ds rsy esa Vit-A izpjq ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
§ eysfj;k ds tSfod fu;a=k.k esa xSEcwfl;k (Gambusia) eNyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ysfc;ks dks Hkkjrh; dkWiZ eNyh dgrs gSA
§ dryk&dryk lcls cM+h Hkkjrh; dkWiZ gSA
§ VksjihMks fo|qrehu gSA
§ LdkWfy;ksMkWu dks dqÙkk eNyh dgrs gSA
§ rkjkeNyh (Star Fish) okLrfod eNyh ugha gSA
§ njh;kbZ ?kksM+s dks /jrh dk jkM+kj Hkh dgrs gSA
◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ⁄UÊª
⁄UÊª ∑§Ê ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ⁄UÊ∑§ ⁄UÊ∑§ÕÊ◊
‚¥∑˝§Ê◊∑§ „UË◊Ê⁄‘UÁ¡∑§ ‚Áå≈UÁ‚Á◊ÿÊ ‚¥∑˝§Ê◊∑§ ¬Áã∑˝§∞Á≈U∑§ ãÿÍ⁄UÊÁ‚‚
O2, Co2, pH •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ÁSÕ⁄U ⁄UπŸÊ Á»§‡Ê »§Ê◊¸ ∑§Ê ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ ‚ ’øÊfl
¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ¡ÁŸÃ Áª‹‚«∏Ÿ (Gill Rot or Blackning of Gills) Á»§Ÿ‚«∏Ÿ (Finrot or Cutting Down of Fins)
Á»§‡Ê »§Ê◊¸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ⁄UÁ„UÃ ⁄UπŸÊ «˛UÊÚå‚Ë (Dropsy of Swollen Belly)
’Ês ¬⁄U¡ËflË ¡ÁŸÃ Á»§‡Ê ‹ÊßUÊ‚ (Fish Lice)
◊Ò‹ÁÕ•ÊÚŸ (w.z Á◊‹Ë/‹Ë≈U⁄U) ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª
¡Ò‚ ó •ª¸È‹‚ (Argulus)
(D) eqxhZikyu (Poultry)
§ vPNk ekal nsus okyh eqfxZ;ksa dks czk,yj (Brilar) dgrs gSA
§ eqxhZ dk oSKkfud uke ¶xSyl MksesfLVdl¸ gSaA
§ eqxhZ;ksa ds 'kjhj dk rkieku 105°F ls 109°F rd gksrk gSAa
§ dqDdqV ikyu es Hkkjr dk fo'o eas NBk LFkku gSaA
§ eqxhZ ds v.Mksa ds fy, mi;qDr uLyksa dks ysvj (Layer) dgrs gSaA
eqxhZ ds v.Msa es fuEu iks"kd rRo gksrs gSa&
§ izkVs hu ( 6.6 xzke)] olk ( 5.5 xzke)] dkcksgZ kbMªVs ( 0 xzke) dSfYl;e ( 0.3 fefyxzke)] ykSg] iQkWLiQksjl] foVkfeu&D]
foVkfeu B1] foVkfeu B2] foVkfeu C vkfnA
Hkkjr esa eqxhZ dh uLysa%&
§ nslh uLysa&vlhy] ?ks?kl] czãk] fpVxkao] vkfnA
§ fons'kh uLysa& OgkbV ySxgkWuZ] vkbyS.M jsM] IykbZ ekmFk jkWd] U;q gSEilk;j vkfnA
rF;&
§ vlhy eqxhZ;k¡ Cook fighiting [ksy ds fy, e'kgwj gSAa
§ ySx gkWuZ fo'o dh loZJs"B v.Mk mRiknd eqxhZ gSaA
§ czkã eqxhZ ehV ds fy, ikyh tkrh gSaA
§ v.Mksa ls lacaf/r Økafr ^jtr Økafr* gSA
eqfxZ;ks ds jksx
(a) eqxhZ pspd (Fowl pox)
(b) jkuh[ksr (Ranikhet)
(c) ,Lijftyksfll
(d) vfrlkj (Fowl cholera)
◊ÈÁª¸ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ⁄UÊª
⁄UÊª ∑§Ê ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ⁄UÊª ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ ⁄UÊ∑§ÕÊ◊
I. Áfl·ÊáÊÈ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊª
v. ⁄UÊŸËπÃ, ‚’‚ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ⁄UÊª ¬Ò⁄UÊÁ◊Ä‚Ê Áfl·ÊáÊÈ ¿UË¥∑§, ¬Ë‹Ê-‚»§Œ, «UÊÿÁ⁄UªÊ, { ‚åÃÊ„U ∑§Ë •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ©UÁøÃ
Á‚⁄U ∑§Ê ÉÊÍ◊ ¡ÊŸÊ (twisting) ≈UË∑§Ê∑§⁄UáÊ ‚¥∑˝§Á◊Ã ⁄UÊª ‚ •‹ª
⁄UπŸÊ–
w. »§Ê©U‹ ¬ÊÚÄ‚ (Fowl pox) •Áfl¬ÊÚÄ‚ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ àfløÊ ¬⁄U ¿UÊ≈U-¿UÊ≈U ø∑§Ã, •Ê¥π ©UÁøÃ ≈UË∑§Ê∑§⁄UáÊ– ⁄UÊªË ¬ˇÊË ∑§Ê •‹ª
fl ŸÊ∑§ ∑§Ê ¬Ë‹ ⁄¥Uª ∑§ ‚˝Êfl ‚ ∑§⁄U ©U‚ ◊Ê⁄U ŒŸÊ–
…U∑§ ¡ÊŸÊ–
x. ¬ÁˇÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∞ŸÁ‚»§‹Ê◊ÊßU‹ÊßUÁ≈U‚ ∞ã≈U⁄UÊ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ •Ê¥Á‡Ê∑§ ‹∑§flÊ, Á‚⁄U, ªŒ¸Ÿ, ¬Í¥¿U fl ©UÁøÃ ≈UË∑§Ê∑§Ê⁄UáÊ
(Avianencephaliomyelitis) ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê Õ⁄UÕ⁄UÊŸÊ–
y. ◊⁄‘U∑§ ⁄UÊª „U¬Ë¸¡ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ •Ê¥Ã⁄UÊ¥ªÊ¥ ◊¥ Á‹ê»§Ê◊Ê ∑§Ë ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ
(Marek's Disease) ©U¬ÁSÕÃ; Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊Ê≈UÊ „UÊŸÊ, ©UÁøÃ ≈UË∑§Ê∑§⁄UáÊ
≈UÊ¥ªÊ¥ fl ¬Ò⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‹∑§flÊª˝SÃ

„UÊŸÊ, ◊ÎàÿÈ–
z. „UÊßU«˛UÊ¬Á⁄U∑§ÊÁ«¸Uÿ◊ Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ ÿÊ „UÊßU«U˛Ê¬ Á ⁄U∑§ÊÁ«U̧ÿ◊ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ OUŒÿ ∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U äÊé’ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ, ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
’…∏UŸÊ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÄÃÊÀ¬ÃÊU Á¡‚‚ ÿ„U ‹ËøË ¡Ò‚Ê ÁŒπÃÊ „ÒU,
‹ËøË ⁄UÊª (Hydropercardium ÿ∑Î§Ã ∑§Ê ’…∏UŸÊ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÄÃÊÀ¬ÃÊ
Syndrome, HPS or
Leechi Disease)
{. ‚¥∑˝§Ê◊∑§ ’˝Êã∑§ÊßUÁ≈U‚ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ’˝Êã ∑§ÊßUÁ≈U‚ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ ‡fl‚Ÿ Ã∑§‹Ë»§¥ ¡Ò‚- ¿UË∑¥ §ŸÊ, πÊ¥‚Ë, ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
U(Inflectious Bronchitis, IB) ‡fl‚Ÿ Œ⁄U ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë– •á«U ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ
◊¥ ∑§◊Ë–
II. ¡ËflÊáÊÈ ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊª
v. »§Ê©U‹ ∑§ÊÚ‹⁄UÊ (Fowl Cholera) ¬ÊSøÈ⁄ÒU‹Ê ◊À≈UÊÁ‚«UÊ Á«U¬Ò˝‡ÊŸ, πÊ¥‚Ë, ¿UË¥∑§, ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
(Partusella multocida) ‡flÊ‚ ◊¥ Ã∑§‹Ë»§
w. »§Ê©U‹ S¬ÊßU⁄UÊ∑§Ë≈UÊÁ‚‚ ’Ê⁄‘UÁ‹ÿÊ ∞ã‚ÊÁ⁄UŸÊ Á«U¬Ò˝‡ÊŸ, πÊ¥‚Ë, ¿UË¥∑§, ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
(Fowl Spirochaetosis) (Borrelia anserina) ‡flÊ‚ ◊¥ Ã∑§‹Ë»§
III. ∑§fl∑§ ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊª
v. ◊ÊßU∑§ÊÁ≈U∑§ ⁄UÊª ∞S¬Á¡¸ÿ‚ çÿÈ◊Ëª≈U‚ àfløÊ ÃÕÊ ’Ê‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë •àÿÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÁŸ ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
(Mycotic disease) (Aspergillus fumigatus)
∑§Áã«U«UÊ ∞ÁÀ’∑Ò§ã‚ ÷Íπ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë, ÁŸêŸ flÎÁhU, ‹ÊˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ©U¬øÊ⁄U
(Candiada albicians) ÷Ê⁄U ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë–
(E) yk[k mRiknu (Lakh Culture)

§ O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls eknk dhV ls yk[k izkIr gksrh gSA
§ yk[k dk dhV] ccwy] [kSj] csj] ihiy] 'kh'ke] vke vkfn ds o`{kksa ij iks"k.k izkIr djrk gSA
§ iks"kh ikni ls yk[k dk laxgz .k ^gkjosfLVax* dgykrk gSA
ub.
§ yk[k m"ek dh dqpkyd gksrh gSA
a p
§ Hkkjr esa fo'o dh 97% yk[k dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
mik
§ Hkkjrh; yk[k vuqla/ku laLFkku ukedqe (jk¡ph) esa gSA u
§ yslhiQj dhV dk mRikn yk[k gSA Bh
§ yk[k ,d izdkj dk jsthu gSA
§ yk[k dk L=kko.k gkbiksMeZy xzfUFk;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA
§ yk[k L=kko.k djus okys tUrq dk oSKkfud uke VSdkfMZ;k ykdk gSA
Ms;jh m|ksx
(Dairy Industry)
orZeku esa izns'k esa Ms;jh fodkl dk;ZØe dk laLFkkxr <+kapk fuEu izdkj gS&
1. 'kh"kZ Lrj % jktLFkku lgdkjh Ms;jh iQsMjs'ku (RCDF) jkT; ds i'kqikydksa dks muds nw/ dk mfpr ewY; fnykus o miHkksDrkvksa
dks 'kq¼ nqX/ miyC/ djkus gsrq 'kh"kZ laLFkk ds :i esa 1977 esa LFkkfir dh x;hA jkT; esa nqX/ fodkl dk;ZØe ds lapkyu
dk nkf;Ro blh ij gSA
2. ftyk Lrj % ftyk nqX/ mRiknd la?k & xzkeh.k vapy esa Ms;jh ifj;kstukvksa dh lqfuf'pr fØ;kfUorh gsrq ftyk Lrj ij ftyk
nqX/ mRiknd la?k LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSA
3. izkFkfed Lrj % izkFkfed lgdkjh nqX/ mRiknd lfefr;k¡ nqX/ mRikndksa ls nw/ ,df=kr dj ftyk nqX/ mRiknd la?k dks
miyC/ djkrh gSA
§ 'osr ØkfUr & nw/ ds mRiknu esa rhoz o`f¼ djuk gh 'osr ØkfUr dgykrh gSA
§ 'osr ØkfUr dh xfr dks vksj vf/d rst djus ds fy;s vkWijs'ku ÝyM dk;ZØe pyk;k x;kA
§ 'osr ØkfUr ds tud ,oa lw=k/kj MkW- oxhZt dqfj;u gSA
§ fo'o esa nqX/ mRiknu esa izFke LFkku & Hkkjr
§ Hkkjr esa lokZf/d nqX/ mRiknd jkT; Øe'k% gS& (i) mÙkj izns'k (ii) jktLFkku
§ Hkkjr esa lokZf/d izfr O;fDr nqX/ miyC/rk okyk jkT; & iatkc
i'kq/u (Livestock)
§ i'kq/u ds vUrxZr xk;] cSy] HkSal] cdjh vkfn vkrs gSaA
§ ¶dSVy¸ ysfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSaA ftldk vFkZ gSa] /u ;k lEinkA
§ fcuk lhaxks okys i'kqvksa dks iksYM dSVy dgrs gSaA
xk; (cow)%& xk; dk oSKkfud uke ¶cksl bf.Mdl¸ ,oa ¶cksl rksjl¸ gSaA xk; dk thoudky yxHkx 20 o"kZ gksrk gSAa
nq/k: uLysa&
§ lkghoky& iatkc] mrjizns'k] eè;izns'k] fcgkj esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ fla/h& bykgkckn] cSaxyksj esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ fxj(dkfB;kokMh)& nf{k.k dkfB;kokM+ ds tqukx<+ esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ dkaØst&dPN o fla/ ds Fkkjikjdj {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ Fkkjikjdj (Fkkjh)& nf{k.k iwoZ fla/] vejdksV] ekjokM+ esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
HkSal (Buffalo)%& HkSl
a dk oSKkfud uke ¶cqcy s l cqcfs yl¸ gSAa HkSl
a dk vkSlru thoudky yxHkx 25 o"kZ gksrk gSAa
HkSal dh uLys&a
§ eqjkZ& iatkc] fnYyh] mrjizns'k] jktLFkku esaA
§ tkiQjkcknh& dkfB;kokM ds fxj ou esa
§ eglkuk& xqtjkr esa
i'kq] ekal o cPps dk uke& b.
pu
i'kq ekal
ika cPps dk uke
xk; o HkSal chiQ um cNM+k
lqvj iksBh
dZ fixySV
cdjh psou fdM+
HksM+ eVu ysEc (eseuk)
eqxhZ fpfdu pqtk
d`f"k ØkfUr;k¡ mRiknu {ks=k
1. gfjr ØkfUr [kk|kUu
2. 'osr ØkfUr nqX/
3. uhyh ØkfUr eRL;
4. Hkwjh ØkfUr moZjd o [kkn~;ku izlaLdj.k
5. yky ØkfUr ekal@VekVj
6. lqugjh ØkfUr ckxokuh
7. xqykch >haxk eNyh mRiknu
8. jtr v.Mk o eqxhZ
9. xksy vkyw
10. cknkeh elkyk mRiknu
11. bUnz /uq"k leLr d`f"kxr mRiknksa ls lacaf/r
vukt] nkysa] lfCt;k¡ o iQy

(Cereals, Pulses, Vegetables and Fruits)
vukt
(Cereals)
§ vukt ds nkuks dks dSfj;ksfIll dgrs gSA
§ gfjr ckyh jksx cktjs dk ize[q k jksx gSA
§ yky foyxu jksx xUus dk ize[q k jksx gSA
§ vuktksa ls gesa eq[;r% dkcksgZ kbMªMs izkIr gksrh gSA
/ku (Rice):& oSKkfud uke& vksjkbtk lsVkbok
mxkus ds fy, vuqdwy rkieku 20 − 35 C gksrk gSAa
0
o"kkZ 100 lseh okf"kZd

fdLesa& t;k] inek] lkcjerh] cklerh
xsgw¡ (Wheat):& oSKkfud uke& fVªfVde ,LVkboe
mxkus ds fy, vuqdwy rkieku 15 − 200 C gksrk gSAa
o"kkZ 25–75 lseh okf"kZd ub.
a p
fdLeaas& 'kjcrh] lksukjk] dY;k.k lksuk
eDdk (Maze):& oSKkfud uke& ftvk est mik
u
mxkus ds fy, vuqdwy rkieku 35 C gksrk gSAa
0
Bh
o"kkZ 75 lseh- okf"kZd
fdLesa& fot;] xaxk] jru] 'kfDr] csoh dkWuZ
cktjk (Bazra):& oSKkfud uke& isfuflVe vesfjdsue
mxkusa ds fy, vuqdy w rkieku 25-30°C gksrk gSAa
o"kkZ 45 lseh- okf"kZdA
fdLesa & iqlk ladj&415] iqlk dEiksftV&334
nkysa
(Pulses)
nkyksa ds cht i=k izksVhu o vehuks vEyksa ds izpqj L=kksr gksrs gSA
§ puk nkyksa dk jktk gksrk gSA
§ Hkkjr dk puk mRiknu esa fo'o esa izFke LFkku gSA
§ lks;kfcu esa izkVs hu 35 ls 40% gksrk gSA
lk/kj.k uke oSKkfud uke

puk lkblj ,jkbfVue
ewax foXuk jsfM;sVk
mM+n foXuk ewaxks
vjgj dStsul dStku
lfCt;k¡
(Vagetables)
§ lfCt;k¡ foVkfeu] [kfut inkFkZ o ty dh izpqj L=kksr gksrh gSA

§ lfCt;k¡ ikS/s ds yxHkx lHkh Hkkxksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA
izeq[k lfCt;ka muds oSKkfud uke
cSaxu lksysue eSyksUthuk
VekVj ykbdksiflZde
fHk.Mh ,CyekLdl ,sLdqysaVe
I;kt ,fy;e lSik
fepZ dSfIlde Lih'kht
vkyw lksysue V~;qojksle
iQwyxksHkh czsfldk vksysjsfl;k cSjkbVh czksVkbfVl
b .
iÙkkxksHkh
p uczsfldk vksysjsfl;k cSjkbVh dSfiVkVk
ikS/s dk Hkkx ika izkIr lfCt;k¡

iQy ls izkIr hum fHkUMh] cSaxu] VekVj
iQwy ls izkIr
B xksHkh
ifÙk;ksa ls izkIr iÙkkxksHkh
rus ls izkIr vkyw
tM+ ls izkIr xktj
iQy
(Fruit)
§ fdlh iq"i ds v.Mk'k; okys Hkkx ls iQy dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rks ,sls iQy lR; iQy dgykrs gSA
§ tc iQy ds fuekZ.k esa iq"i ds v.Mk'k; ds vykok iq"i ds vU; Hkkx Hkh mi;ksx esa vkrs gSA rks ,sls iQy vlR; iQy dgykrs
gSA tSls& dVgy] uk'kirh o lsc vlR; iQy gSA
§ ijkxdks"k ls ijkxd.kksa dk iq"i dh ofrZdkxz rd igq¡puk ijkx.k dh fØ;k dgykrh gSA
iQy iQy dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx
lsc xqn~nsnkj iq"iklu
uk'kifr xqn~nsnkj iq"iklu
vke eè; iQy fHkÙkh
iihrk eè; iQy fHkÙkh
ukfj;y Hkzw.kiks"k
dsyk eè; o vUr%iQy fHkÙkh
uhacw jlhys jkse
vukj jlhys cht pksy
xsagw Hkzw.kiks"k o Hkzw.k
dktw iq"ioÙr o chti=k
fla?kkM+k cht
puk chti=k o Hkzw.k
fHkUMh lEiw.kZ iQy
ewaxiQyh chti=k o cht
Note : pk; dk oSKkfud uke & fFk;klkbusufll (;g ifÙk;ksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA)
dkWiQh dk oSKkfud uke & dksfiQ;k vjsfcdk (;g cht ls izkIr gksrh gSA)
ub.
a p
q q q
mik
u
Bh
ikniksa dk vkfFkZd egRo

(Economic Importance of Plants)
ikniksa dk vkfFkZd egRo (Economic Importnce of Plant) %
§ ouLifr foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa ikniksa ds vkfFkZd egRo rFkk muls izkIr mRiknksa ds egRo dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS]
vkfFkZd oUkLifr foKku dgykrh gSA
(A) vkS"k/h egRo ds ikni
(1) liZxa/k %
okuLifrd uke %& jkWofYiQ;k lisZUVkbuk
dqy dk uke %& ,ikslkbuslh
fo'ks"k %
§ bldk iQy Mªwi (Drup) izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ blds izeq[k ,YdsykWbM~l&lisZaVhu] jkWofYiQfuu] jsljihu
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ ikxy&iu dh nok ds :i esa
§ liZna'k o fcPNq ds dkVus ij mi;ksxh
§ izlo ds le; xHkkZ'k; ladqpu ds fy,A
§ d`fegj ds :i esaA b.
viQhe@iksLr % pu
(2)
okuLifrd uke & isisoj lksefuiQsje ika
dqy dk uke & isikojslh hum
fo'ks"k % B
§ viQhe dk iQy laiqV izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ ;g isM+ ds ysVsDl ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ blesa] dksMhu] eksjiQhu] isikofju o ukjdksfVu uked ,sYdsykWbM~l ik;s tkrs gSA
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ nnZ fuokjd ds :i esaA
§ eksiQhZu dk mi;ksx diQ o mYVh nLr esaA
§ funzkdkjd ds :i esaA
§ u'ks ds :i esAa
(3) dqusu@fludksuk %
okuLifrd uke & fludksuk vkWfiQflusfyl
dqy dk uke & :fc;slh
fo'ks"k %
§ dqusu vkS"kf/ fludksuk o`{k dh Nky ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA
§ izeq[k ,YdsykWbM~l dqusu o fludksMhu gSaA
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ bldk mi;ksx eysfj;k ds :i esaA
§ bldk mi;ksx dkyh [kk¡lh] fueksfu;k o xfB;k esa ykHknk;d
§ ,saVhlsIVhd ds :i esa
§ Liyhu @ Iyhgk ds c<+us ij dqusu dk mi;ksx ykHknk;d
(4) ghax (Ferula) %
okuLifrd uke %& iQs:yk vlkiQks,sfVMk
dqy dk uke %& vEcsyhiQsjh
fo'ks"k %
§ ;g isM+ dh tM+ks ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ghax dM+ok o rh[khxa/ okyk jsthu inkFkZ
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ bldk mi;ksx diQ o nek ds mipkj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ bldk mi;ksx dCtgj ds :i esa
§ fexhZ ds mipkj essa mi;ksx
(5) gYnh (Turmeric) %
okuLifrd uke %& dqdZek ykSaxk
dqy dk uke %& ftathcjslh
fo'ks"k %
§ Hkwfexr izdan ls izkIr gksrh gSA
§ bldk ihyk jax dqdqjehu uked ,sYdsykWbM~l ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vkfFkZd egRo % ub.
§ e/qesg jksx esa ykHkdkjh a p
§ ;d`r jksx] ihfy;k] Toj vkfn esa ykHkizn
m ik
u
Bhokys ikni
(B) rsy iznku djus
rsy esa vksfyd vEy ik;s tkrs gSA

vf/dka'k rsyks dk mi;ksx] isUV~l] okfuZ'k] ikWfy'k] lkSUn;Z izlk/u o L;kgh ,oa lkcqu m|ksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(1) ljlksa (Mustard)
okuLifrd uke %& cszfldk dsEisfLVªl
dqy dk uke %& ØqlhiQsjh@czsfldslh
§ ljlksa jch dh iQly gSA
§ Hkkjr ljlksa dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gSA
§ ljlksa dk iq"iØe %& vlhek{kh gksrk gSA
§ ljlksa dk iQy & flfydqvk izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ ljlksas ds rsy esas ^^,fyy vkblks Fkk;kslkbusV** uked fo'ks"k izdkj dk jlk;u ik;k tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k gh blls
rh[kh xa/ vkrh gSA
vkfFkZd egRo
§ rsy dk mi;ksx [kkuk idkus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ [kyh dk mi;ksx i'kqvkgkj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSAS
§ rsy dk mi;ksx peM+k m|ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) e¡wxiQyh (Ground nut)
okuLifrd uke%& ,jkfdl gkbiksft;k
dqy dk uke%& ysX;qfeukslh
§ ;g [kjhiQ dh iQly gSSA
§ e¡wxiQyh dk iQy var%Hkwfed rFkk yksesUVe izdkj dk gksrk gSSA
§ rsy cht&i=kksa esa lafpr jgrk gSA
§ chtks esa rsy dh izfr'krrk 40 - 50 % gksrh gSA
vkfFkZd egRo
§ e¡wxiQyh ds rsy dk mi;ksx gkbMªkstuhdj.k fØ;k ds }kjk okuLifr ?kh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSaA
§ ewx ¡ iQyh dh iQly dk mi;ksx ^^'kL;korZu** (Crop-Rotation) ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksfa d bldh tM+ks
esa xk¡Bs ikbZ tkrh gSA ftuesa N2 fLFkjhdj.k djus okys thok.kq (jkbtksch;e) ik;s tkrs gSA tks e`nk dh moZjrk
dks c<krs gSA
§ blds cht foVkfeu A o B ds izpjq L=kksr gksrs gSA
(3) ukfj;y (Coconut)
okuLifrd uke & dksdl U;wlhiQsjk
dqy dk uke & ikeslh @ ,fjdslh
§ ukfj;y Hkkjr esa eq[;r% dsjy] mMhlk o if'pe caxky esa mxk;s tkrs gSA
§ 'kh"kZ ij ifÙk;ks dk rkt cuk gksrk gSA
§ blds o`{k dh Å¡pkbZ 10 eh- ls 25 eh- rd gksrh gSA
§ blesa iq"i Øe ^^LisfMDl** (Drupe) o iQy vfLBy izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ var% iQy fHkfÙk dBksj gksrh gSA rFkk bl fHkfÙk ds Hkhrj ^^'osr Hkzw.k iks"k** (Endosperm) ik;k tkrk gS tks [kkus
esa dke fy;k tkrk gSA
§ ukfj;y dk rsy cht ds ^^Hkwz.k&iks"k** ls izkIr gksrk gSA
vkfFkZd egRo b.
§ lkSUn;Z iz'kklu ds :i esa pu
ika
§ bldh [ky dks îwud* dgrs gS tks iksf"Vd i'kqvkgkj gSA
§ bldk ikuh iks"kd rRo ;qDr gksrk gSA
hum
(4) vj.M (Castor) B
okuLifrd uke %& fjflul da;wful
dqy dk uke %& ;wiQksjfc,lh
§ bldk iQy jsXek (Regma) izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ vj.Mh ds cht ihys o Hkwjs rFkk Hkwz.k iks"kh gksrs gSA
vkfFkZd egRo
(i) lkcqu m|ksx] isUV m|ksx o okfuZ'k m|ksx ,oa peM+k m|ksx esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) blds rsy dk mi;ksx gokbZ tgkt ds batuksa esa Lusgd (Lubri cants) ds :i esAa
(C) js'ks iznku djus okys ikS/s

(1) ewat
okuLifr uke %& lsdsje ewatk
dqy dk uke & xzfs euh
§ ewat ds LraHk dks lsUVk dgrs gSA
§ ewat ikS/s ds rus o ifÙk;ks dks ihVdj izkIr dh tkrh gSA
§ ewat ls jLlh;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA
(2) dikl
okuLifrd uke & xkWlhfi;e Lih'kht
dqy dk uke & ekyoslh
§ dikl dk ikS/k ,d of"kZ; gksrk gSA
§ dikl ds cht ds pkjksa vkSj js'ks ik;s tkrs gS ftUgs fyUV o iQy dgrs gSA
§ dikl ds iQy dks MksMk Hkh dgrs gS
vkfFkZd egRo
§ diM+k cukus esaA
§ :bZ ds :i esa
§ blds chtks ls [kyh curh gS tks ize[ q k i'kqvkgkj gSA
§ blds }kjk Tokykjks/h oL=k cuk;s tkrs gSA
(3) lu (Sunn)
okuLifrd uke & ØksVsysfj;k tqfUl;k
dqy dk uke & ysX;wfeukWlh
§ bldk iQy lEiqV (dsIlwy) izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ lu ds ikS/s ds ruksa ls ckLV uked js'ks izkIr gksrs gSA
vkfFkZd egRo
§ buds js'kksa ls eNyh idM+us ds tky cuk;s tkrs gSA
§ bu js'kksa dk mi;ksx flxjsV o fV'kq isij cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ lu dk mi;ksx gjh [kkn ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
(4) gSEi @ Hkk¡x (Hemp / Bhang)
okuLifr uke %& dSukfcl lsVkbok
dqy dk uke %& dSukfcful ub.
§ js'ks etcwr o ty ds izfr vikjxE; gksrs gSA a p
vkfFkZd egRo
mik
u
§ blds js'kks dk mi;ksx batuks dks iSd djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Bh
§ blds chtks ls izkIr ,sYdsykW;M~l dk mi;ksx vkS"k/h fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(D) elkys iznku djus okys ikS/s

(1) ykSax (Clove)
okuLifrd uke & flthft;e ,sjksesfVde
dqy dk uke & feVsl Z h
fo'ks"k %
§ ykSax iq"i dfydk gksrh gSA
§ ykSax ds o`{k ls 60 lky rd ykSax izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkfFkZd egRo
§ b=k cukus esa mi;ksx
§ vpkj cukus esa
§ VwFkisLV cukus esa
§ iku ds lkFk mi;ksx
(2) lkSaiQ (Fennel)
okuLifrd uke & iQhfudqye oyxsj
dqy dk uke & vEcsyhiQsjh
fo'ks"k %
§ ;s ikS/s dk iq"iØe okyk Hkkx gksrk gSA
§ bldk iQy ØheksdkiZ@ fHknqj izdkj dk gksrk gS
§ blesa lqxa/ o ehBk Lokn iQsudksu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ lkcqu] vkS"k/h ,oa b=k fuekZ.k esAa
§ vpkj] lfCt o elkys ds :i esaA
§ cPpksa ds isV dh fcekfj;k¡ nwj djus esaA
(3) yky fepZ (Red chilly)
okuLifrd uke & dsilhde ,uqve
dqy dk uke & lksysuslh
fo'ks"k %
§ bldk iQy csjh izdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ blesa rh[kkiu blesa ik;s tkus okys ^dSIlhflu* uke inkFkZ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ fepZ Vit-c dk L=kksr gSA
§ pVuh o lykn ds :i esa
§ mrstd o okrgj ds :i esaA
§ vpkj ds :i esa
(4) dkyh fepZ (Black- Pepper)
okuLifrd uke & ikbij ukbxze
dqy & ikbisjslh
fo'ks"k %
b.
§ iQy xksykdkj o Drup izdkj dk gksrk gSA pu
ka
§ blesa fof'k"V rhoz xa/ îkbijhu* ds dkj.k vkrh gSsa
i
vkfFkZd egRo %
§ ikpu fØ;k dks vf/d lqxe cukus esa hum
§ diQ o lnhZ tqdke esa dk<+k cukus esa
B
§ vk¡[kksa dh T;ksfr ds fy,
q q q
u'khys inkFkZ vkSj ekuo LokLF;

(Intoxicant and Human Health)
xqV[kk
§ ;g pwuk] rEckdw o dRFkk dk feJ.k gksrk gSA
§ xqV[ks dk lsou djus ls tcM+k Bhd ls [kqy ugha ikrk gS] bl jksx dks lcE;wdl Úkbczksfll dgrs gSA
§ xqV[ks ds lsou ls eq¡g o xys ds dSalj gks tkrs gSA
§ dRFkk vdsf'k;k dVspqdk uked ikS/s ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
viQhe
§ oSKkfud uke & iSikoj lksfefuiQsje
§ izkfIr & dPps iQy ls] ftls MksMk dgrs gSA
ysVsDl (dkVus ls fudyus okyk nw/)

u b.
lw[kus ij dkyk
a p
dkyk lksuk m ik
§ viQhe esa eksiQhZu] dksfMu] ukjdksfVu] isikojhu uked B hyukWbM~l ik,s tkrs gSA
,Yds
§ viQhe dk mi;ksx nnZ fuokjd vkS"kf/ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ blds vR;f/d lsou ls 'kjhj dk larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gS rFkk ;knk'r detksj gks tkrh gSA
§ viQhe ls vksihvkWbM~l uked inkFkZ cukus ds fy, viQhe esa mifLFkr ekWfiQZu uked ,YdsykW;M+ dk ,flfVyhdj.k fd;k
tkrk gSAa
§ ,flfVyhd`r ekWfiQZu liQsn ikmMj ds :i eas gksrk gS]a ;g ikmMj rh[kk (bitter)] josnkj (crystaline) inkFkZ gksrk gS]a bls
lkekU;r% ¶LeSd¸ ;k gsjksbu Hkh dgrs gSaAbls ukd }kjk vanj f[kaph tkrk gSa ;k bUtsD'ku }kjk Hkh fy;k tkrk gSaA
rEckdw
§ oSKkfud uke & VkWcsdks fudksfV;kuk
§ blesa fudksfVu uked ,YdsykWbM+ ik;k tkrk gSa
§ blds lsou ls iQsiQM+s ds dSalj o nek vkfn jksx gks tkrs gSA
§ TMV - Tobaco Mosec Virus
§ TMV ,d fo"kk.kq gS tks rEckdw dh ifÙk;ksa dks laØfer dj nsrk gSA ftlls ifÙk;ksa ij yky o ihys /Ccs cu tkrs gSA
ftl dkj.k rEckdw [kjkc gks tkrh gSA
efnjk
§ C2H5OH (,sFksukWy) ih;s tkus okyh 'kjkc gksrh gSA
§ CH3OH (esFksukWy) tgjhyh 'kjkc gksrh gSA
§ ,Ydksgy dk vo'kks"k.k vkek'k; esa gksrk gSA
§ ,Ydksgy ds vf/d lsou ls ;d`r (Liver) vax izHkkfor gksrk gSA
§ ch;j cukus dh izfØ;k fd.ou dgykrh gSA
§ 'kjkc cukus dh izfØ;k vklou dgykrh gSA
dksdhu (Cocin)
§ bls dksfdu dksdk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA
§ ;g lkal ds lkFk vanj yh tkrh gSaA
§ ;g ¶,sfjFkzkstkbye dksdk¸ uked ikS/s ls izkIr dh tkrh gSaA ;g ikS/k eq[;r% nf{k.k vesfjdk dk gSaA
§ ;g mn~nhid (Stimulaties) gSaA
/rwjk o cSyksMksuk
§ /rwjk dk oSKkfud uke ¶/rqjk LVªseksfu;e¸ gSaA
§ /rwjk ds cht u'khys inkFkZ ds :i eas mi;ksx esa fy;s tkrs gSaA
§ cSyksMksuk dk lEiw.kZ ok;oh; ikni Hkkx u'khys inkFkZ ds :i esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
§ /rwjk o cSysMksuk esa fuEu ,YdsykWbM~l ik;s tkrs gSa&
b.
- ,sVªksfiu] gk;lslkuk;ehu] Ldksiksykehu vkfnA pu
- buds vf/d lsou ls e`R;q gks ldrh gSaA ika
h
LSD um
B
§ bldk iqjk uke ¶y'kftZd vEy Mkb,sfFky ,ekbM¸ gSaA
§ ;g ¶dysfolsIl ijisfj;k¸ uked dod ls izkIr gksrh gSaA
§ ;g vfunzk ds jksfx;ksa dks nok ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gSaA
§ blds vf/d lsou ls dsfUnz; raf=kdk ra=k dk lkekatL; fcxM+ tkrk gSaA
q q q
egÙoiw.kZ (Important)
izfrj{kk
(Immunity)
'kjhj dh jksxksa ls yM+us dh {kerk dks izfrj{kk dgrs gSA

izfrj{kk ds izdkj
§ tUetkr izfrj{kk & ;g tUe ls gksrh gSA
§ vftZr izfrj{kk & ;g tUe ls ugha gksrh gS rFkk Vhds vkfn ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA
§ izfrj{kk ra=k dk vè;;u bE;wuksykWth ( Immunology) dgykrk gSA
§ "Immunity" ySfVu 'kCn gS] bldk vFkZ gS ¶Lora=k djuk¸A
§ ,fey okWu csfjax dks izfrj{kk foKku (Immunology) dk tud dgk tkrk gSAa
tUEktkr izfrj{kk (Aquired Immunity)%& ;s fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gS&
(1) 'kkjhfjdh izfrj{kk%& tSls& Ropk o 'Yks"ekA
(2) dkf;Zdh; izfrj{kk%& tSls& cq[kkj] P H
(3) Hk{kk.kq izfrj{kk%& tSls& W.B.C. o`gr Hk{kk.kq (macrophages)
ub.
vftZr izfrj{kk%& a p
ik
§ bls 'kjhj dh ¶r`rh; lqj{kk iafDr¸ (Third defence line) Hkh dgrs gSA
m
u
§ vftZr izfj{kk dh fo'ks"krk,a& nh?kZdkfydrk (Longevity)] Lo;a ,oa vU; (other) dksf'kdkvksa ds eè; foHksn (viuk&
ijk;k fl¼kar) vkfnA Bh
izfrj{kh ra=k dh dksf'kdk,a (Cell of Immunue System):–
(1) ylhdk.kq (Lymphocyte):&
§ Hkzq.kh; vOkLFkk esa budk fuekZ.k ;d`r o Fkkbel xzafFk;ksa esa gksrk gSA
§ o;Ld esa budk fuEkkZ.k vfLFkeTtk o yfldk xzafFk;ksa esa gksrk gSA
izkFkfed yfldk vax& Fkkbel o yky vfLFkeTtk
f}rh;d yfldk vax & VkWfUly] iS;lZ iSpst (vka=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh dksf'kdk;sa) vkfnA
ylhdk.kq ds izdkj (Type of Lymphocyte)%& ;s nks izdkj ds gksrh gS&
(I) T-Lymphocyte/ T-cell
(II) B-Lymphocyte/ B-cell
mijksDr nksuks gh izdkj dh yfldk.kqvksa (T&B) dh mRifr o;Ld ds vfLFkeTtk esa mifLFkr ghekslkbVksCykLV
(Haemocytoblast) mrd dh LRakHk dksf'kdkvksa (Stem Cell) ds }kjk gksrh gSA buds fuekZ.k dh fozQ;k jDrksRifRk dgykrh
gSA
bE;wuksXyksC;fyu (Immunoglobulins)%& ;s izksVhu inkFkZ gksrs gS tks gekjs 'kjhj dks izfrj{kk iznku djrh gSA
;s Ig (Immunoglobulin) fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
(i) I g A & ;s uonqX/ (Colostrum) esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
(ii) I g D & ;g vfr lw{e ek=kk esa jDr esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
(iii) I gE &
;g vR;Ur de ek=kk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
;g ,ythZ izfrjks/d gksrh gSA
;g fgLVkfeu dk L=kko.k djokrh gSA
(iv) IgG & ;g izpjw ek=kk esa feyus okyh Ig gksrh gS tks ekrk ds 'kjhj ls f'k'kq ds 'kjhj rd IyslsUVk dks ikj djds igqp
a krh
gSA
& ;g izfrj{kh thok.kq o fo"kk.kqvks dks Uk"V djrh gSA
(v) IgM & ;g jDr esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
& ;g IgG dh rqyuk esa vf/d izHkkoh Hk{kk.kq gSA
Vhdkdj.k
(Vaccination)
§ Vhdkdj.k dh [kkst ,MoMZ tsuj us 1758 esa dhA

§ Vhdkdj.k ds nkSjku Vhds ds :i esa jksx iQSykus okys inkFkZ ds de lfØ; ;k e`r tho gh fiyk fn, tkrs gS ;k 'kjhj esa vU;
rjhdks ls izos'k djok fn;s tkrs gSA ftlls 'kjhj esa izfrjf{k;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
§ ,MoMZ tsuj us loZizFke Cow Pox o Small Pox (pspd) ds Vhds dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
§ loZizFke small pox dk Vhdk ^tSEl fiQIl* uked Ckkyd dks yxk;k x;kA
§ ,MoMZ tsuj dks Vhdkdj.k dk tud dgrs gSA
§ Vhdk (Vaccine) ,oa Vhdkdj.k (Vaccination) 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx loZizFke izQkafllh oSKkfud yqbZ ik'pj us fd;kA
§ Vhdkdj.k 'kCn ysfVu 'kCn Vacca ls fy;k x;k gSaA ftldk vFkZ xk; (Cow) gSA
§
b.
lu~ 1880 bZ- esa yqbZ ik'pj us jscht o ,uFkzsDl (eqxhZ esa dkWysjk) ds Vhdksa dh [kkst dhA
pu
fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k ds vk/kj ij Vhdkas ds izdkj%& ;s rhu ihf<;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;s tkrs gS&
§ ika
izFke ih<h+ ds Vhds%& ;s thfor ;k e`r izfrtukas ds mi;ksx ls cuk;s tkrs gSA mnkgj.k& jscht] iksfy;ks] VkbiQkbM] fVVusl
o fMfIFkfj;k vkfn ds Vhds A
hum
§ B
f}rh; ih<+h ds Vhds%& bUgsa iqu;kZsxt DNA rduhd }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA mnkgn.k%&fgisVkbfVl&B dk VhdkA
§ r`rh; ih<+h ds Vhds%& ;s d`f=ke :i ls cuk;s tkrs gS ;s Vhds vR;f/d 'kq¼ ,oa izHkkoh gksrs gSA
vkuqokaf'kd jksx
(Genetical Disease)
§ ;s ,sls jksx gksrs gS tks ekrk&firk ls larkuksa esa igqp

¡ rs gSA
§ thu vkuqokaf'kdrk dh lq{e bdkbZ gSA
§ thu xq.klw=k ij ik;s tkrs gSA
§ ekuo esa xq.klw=k 46 (23 tksMh) esa ik;s tkrs gSA
§ thu X xq.klw=kksa ls tqM+dj ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd igq¡prh gSA
(a) gheksfiQfy;k (Hemophelia):-
§ bl jksx ls xzflr O;fDr esa jDr dk FkDdk nsjh ls curk gSA
§ bls 'kkgh jksx Hkh dgrs gSA
§ okgd & dsoy eknk
§ xzflr (jksxh) & iq#"k
lkekU; iq#"k okgd L=kh
X Y X X h
XX XXh XY X hY
lkekU; okgd lkekU; jksxh
iq=kh iq=kh iq=k iq=k
25% 25% 25% 25%
uksV & leku xq.klw=k gksus ij X izHkkoh xq.klw=k gksrk gSA tks X ds izHkko dks izdV ugha gksus nsrk gS blh dkj.k eknk lnSo okgd
h
cuh jgrh gSA

(b) o.kkZU/rk (Colourblindness):-
§ Red & Green Colour esa Hksn ugha dj ikrk
§ okgd & dsoy eknkA
§ ;g Hkh X xq.klw=k laXyu jksx gSA
§ xzflr & iq#"k
lkekU; iq#"k okgd L=kh
X Y X Xc
XX XX c XcY XY
ub.
lkekU; okgd xzflr lkekU; p
iq=kh iq=kh iq=k iiqk =k
a
(C) FkSyfs lfe;k
25% 25%
h25%um25%
§ bl jksx ls xzflr O;fDr esa gheksXyksfcu dk la'ys"k.k nksB
"kiw.kZ gksrk gSA
§ ,sls O;fDr dks thfor j[kus ds fy, bUgsa ckj&ckj jDr p<+kuk iM+rk gSA
§ ;g vizHkkoh thu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
jk"Vªh; LokLF; dk;ZØe
(National Health Programe)
1. NMEP (us'kuy eysfj;k mUewyu dk;ZØe)
§ Hkkjr esa 1953 esa 'kw#vkr gqbAZ
§ NMEP uke 1958 esa fn;k x;k igys bldk uke NMCP FkkA
2. jk"Vªh; dq"B jksx mUewyu dk;ZØe
§ 'kq#vkr & 1955
§ MDT (eYVh Mªx fVªVesUV) ls mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3. jk"Vªh; {k; jksx fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe
§ 'kq#vkr & 1962
4. jk"Vªh; ,M~l dk;ZØe (NACO)
§ 'kq#vkr & 1987
5. iYl iksfy;ks izfrj{khdj.k vfHk;ku
§ 'kq#vkr & 9 fnlEcj 1995
q q q
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CHEMISTRY
jlk;u foKku ,d ifjp;
(An Introduction of Chemistry)
Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥
X-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ‚Ÿ˜ v}~z ß¸U. ◊¥ ¡◊¸Ÿ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ «UéÀÿÍ ⁄UÊ¥¡Ÿ (W. Rontgen) Ÿ ∑§Ë– ßU‚Ë ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ßUã„¥U ⁄UÊ¡Ÿ-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
ßU‚ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ πÊ¡ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝Ê»§‚⁄U ⁄UÊ¥¡Ÿ ∑§Ê v~Æv ◊¥ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ∑§Ê ¬˝Õ◊ ŸÊ’‹ ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄U ‚ê◊ÊÁŸÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
.
X-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÃËfl˝ÃÊ ©UŸ∑§ ©Uà¬ÁûÊ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ∑˝§◊ÊŸÈ¬ÊÃË „UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÕÊ ßUŸ∑§Ë ÷ŒŸ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ©UŸ∑§Ë Ã⁄¥UªŒÒäÿ¸ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U
b
p u
∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ’«∏Ë Ã⁄¥UªŒÒäÿ¸ flÊ‹Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÷ŒŸ-ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ©UŸ∑§Ë Ã⁄¥UªŒÒäÿ¸ ¬⁄U ÁŸè¸⁄U ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U– ’«∏Ë Ã⁄¥UªŒÒäÿ¸ flÊ‹Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÷ŒŸ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ
∑§◊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
i ka
•äÊ¸-•ÊÿÈ h um
B
Á∑§‚Ë ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl Ãûfl ∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ Á¡ÃŸ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ •ÊäÊÊ ⁄U„U ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ©U‚ ©U‚ Ãûfl ∑§Ë •äÊ¸-•ÊÿÈ Half-life Period ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ÿ„U
∑È§¿U ‚∑§á«UÊ¥ ‚ ‹∑§⁄U ‹ÊπÊ¥ fl·¸ Ã∑§ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊÊÕ¸, ¬Ê‹ÊÁŸÿ◊ ∑§ ∞∑§ ‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ (84Po214) ∑§Ë •äÊ¸-•ÊÿÈ ◊ÊòÊ 10–4
‚∑§á«U „UÊÃË „ÒU, ¡’Á∑§ ÿÍ⁄‘UÁÿ◊ ∑§ ‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ (92U235) ∑§Ë •äÊ¸-•ÊÿÈ 4.5 × 109 fl·¸ „UÊÃË „ÒU– Á∑§‚Ë ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ë •äÊ¸-
•ÊÿÈ (t12) ∑§fl‹ ©U‚∑§ ÁflÉÊ≈UŸ ÁSÕ⁄UÊ¥∑§ (k) ij ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ fl •ãÿ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊÊ¥ (Factors) ¬⁄U Ÿ„UË¥–
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ — α, β •ÊÒ⁄U γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ªÈáÊ

ªÈáÊ α-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ β-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥
v. ¬˝∑§Î ÁÃ äÊŸÊflÁ‡ÊÃ α-∑§áÊÊ¥ ‚ ’ŸË „ÒU¥ ´§áÊÊflÁ‡ÊÃ β-∑§áÊÊ¥ ‚ ’ŸË „ÒU– X-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚ŒÎ‡Ê ÁfllÈÃ-
α-∑§áÊ ¬⁄U w ßU∑§Êß¸U äÊŸÊfl‡Ê β-∑§áÊ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU¥– γ-
„UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ α-∑§áÊ ∑§Ê ÷Ê⁄U β-∑§áÊ ∑§Ê β-ÿÊ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê Ã⁄¥UªŒÒäÿ¸– UA° ∑§
„UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§ ŸÊÁ÷∑§ –1
e0 ‚¥∑§Ã ‚ ‹ª÷ª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
∑§ ÷Ê⁄U ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
4 amu „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– α-∑§áÊ
„UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ŸÊÁ÷∑§
„UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ 2He4 ÿÊ α
‚¥∑§Ã ‚ ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
w. flª α-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê flª ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§ β-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê flª 2.79×1010 γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê flª ∑§
flª ∑§Ê 1/10 •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ‚◊Ë/‚∑§á«U „UÊÃ Ë „ÒU– ’⁄UÊ’⁄U „UÊÃ Ê „ÒU–
3 × 109 ‚◊Ë./‚∑§á«U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
x. ÷ŒŸ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ α-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ 0.002 ‚◊Ë β-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ 0.2 ‚◊Ë ◊Ê≈UË γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ v.ÆÆ ‚◊Ë ◊Ê≈UË
(Penetrating Power) ◊Ê≈UË ∞ÀÿÍ◊ËÁŸÿ◊ ∑§Ë ∞ÀÿÍ◊ËÁŸÿ◊ ∑§Ë øÊŒ⁄U ∑§Ê ∞ÀÿÍ◊ËÁŸÿ◊ ∑§Ë øÊŒ⁄U ∑§Ê
øÊŒ⁄U ∑§Ê ÷Œ ‚∑§ÃË „Ò¥U– ÷Œ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU¥– ÷Œ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU¥–
y. flÒlÈÃ •ÊÒ⁄U øÈê’∑§Ëÿ flÒlÈÃ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ α-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ´§áÊ flÒlÈÃ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ β-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ÁfllÈÃ ©UŒÊ‚ËŸ „UÊÃ Ë „ÒU¥–
ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§Êß¸U ¬˝÷Êfl •ÊflÁ‡ÊÃ å‹≈U ∑§Ë •Ê⁄U ◊È«∏ äÊŸ •ÊflÁ‡ÊÃ å‹≈U ∑§Ë •Ê⁄U ßUŸ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U flÒlÃÈ •ÊÒ⁄U øÈê’∑§Ëÿ
¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ÿ Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ◊È«∏ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU¥– ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§Êß¸U ¬˝÷Êfl Ÿ„UË¥
ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÷Ë Áfl‹ÁˇÊÃ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U– ¬«∏ÃÊ „ÒU–
z. •ÊÿŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ªÒ‚Ê¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÁŸÃ (Ionise) ªÒ‚Ê¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÁŸÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U– ªÒ‚Ê¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÁŸÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U–
∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U– ßUŸ∑§Ë •ÊÿŸ ∑§Ë ßUŸ∑§Ë •ÊÿŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ßUŸ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ α-
ˇÊ◊ÃÊ β-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ v/vÆÆÆÆ
vÆÆ ªÈŸË ÃÕÊ γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë vÆÆ ªÈŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU– •ÊÒ⁄U β-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë v/vÆÆ ªÈŸË
•¬ˇÊÊ vÆ,ÆÆÆ ªÈŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU– „UÊÃË „ÒU–
{. »§Ê≈UÊª˝ÊÁ»§∑§ å‹≈U ∑§Ê‹Ê ∑§⁄U ŒÃË „ÒU– ∑§Ê‹Ê ∑§⁄U ŒÃË „ÒU– ∑§Ê‹Ê ∑§⁄U ŒÃË „Ò¥U–
¬⁄U ¬˝÷Êfl
|. S»È§⁄UŒËÁåÃ ªÈáÊ ¬ÒŒÊ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– α-∑§áÊÊ¥ ‚ ∑§◊ „UÊÃË „ÒU– α ÃÕÊ β Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ‚ ∑§◊ „UÊÃ Ë „ÒU–
u b.
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl ‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊa ªp
‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª m ik
‚Ë⁄UÊ«UÊÿÇŸÊÁS≈U∑§ Á∑§≈U ˇÊÿ ⁄UÊªB∑h
u
§ ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞
¬˝‚¥S∑Î§Ã „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ¡‹Ÿ, ∑§≈UŸ •ÊÒ⁄U øÊ≈U ∑§ Á‹∞
„UÊ‹ÁŸÿ◊∑§-v{{ ªÁ∆UÿÊ ∑§ ßU‹Ê¡ ∑§ Á‹∞
ÀÿÍÁÕÁŸÿ◊-v|| •ãŒM§ŸË ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊÕ⁄‘U¬Ë
‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊-vx| ’˝∑§ËÕ⁄‘U¬Ë, ∑Ò¥§‚⁄U ∑§ ßU‹Ê¡ ∑§ Á‹∞
¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ Ãûfl ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ

•ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ (Oxygen) 49.5%
∞ÀÿÈÁ◊ÁŸÿ◊ (Aluminium) 7.5%
∑Ò§ÁÀ‚ÿ◊ (Calcium) 3.4%
¬Ê≈ÒUÁ‡Êÿ◊ (Potassium) 2.4%
„UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ (Hydrogen) 0.87%
Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ (Chlorine) 0.19%
◊Ò¥ªŸË¡ (Maganese) 0.09%
‚À»§⁄U (Sulphur) 0.06%
∑˝§ÊÁ◊ÿ◊ (Chromium) 0.033%
Á‚Á‹∑Ú§Ÿ (Silicon) 25.5%
•Êÿ⁄UŸ (Iron) 4.7%
‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ (Sodium) 2.6%
◊ÒÇŸËÁ‡Êÿ◊ (Magnesium) 1.9%
≈UÊßU≈UÁŸÿ◊ (Titanium) 0.58%
»§ÊÚS»§Ê⁄U‚ (Phosphorus) 0.12%
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ (Carbon) 0.08%
’Á⁄Uÿ◊ (Barium) 0.04%
ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ (Nitrogen) 0.030%
ç‹Ê⁄UËŸ (Fluorine) 0.027%
◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Ãâÿ
§ ⁄‘UÁ«Uÿ◊ ‚’‚ ∑§◊ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë äÊÊÃÈ „ÒU–
§ •Ê‚Á◊ÿ◊ ∑§Ê ÉÊŸàfl ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊⁄U∑§⁄UË ∞∑§ ∞‚Ë äÊÊÃÈ „ÒU, ¡Ê ∑§◊⁄‘U ∑§ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U Œ˝fl •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U ’„ÈUÃ ¡„U⁄UË‹Ë ÃÕÊ ÉÊÊÃ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ „UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ∑§Ê ÄflÕŸÊ¥∑§ ‚’‚ ∑§◊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ç‹Ê⁄UËŸ ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ≈ÍUÕ¬S≈U ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡„UÊ° ç‹Ê⁄UÊ ç‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U •ÊÿŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÁÃ¸Ã „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ÁfllÈÃ ÉÊ«∏Ë ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
b.
‡ÊÈhU Á‚‹Ë∑§ÊÚŸ •h¸U-øÊ‹∑§ ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U ∑§Ê◊ •ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ßU‚Á‹∞ ßU‚∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ÁfllÈÃ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§
pu
§ „UË⁄UÊ ‚’‚ ∑§∆UÊ⁄U ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „ÒU–
ika
§
§ ç‹Ê⁄UËŸ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÁfllÈÃ ´§áÊÊà◊∑§ Ãûfl „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– hum
ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ flÊÿÈ◊á«U‹ ◊¥ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ ∑§Ë ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸ ’¥äÊÈÃÊ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–

B
§ „UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ∑§Ê •ÊÿŸŸ Áfl÷fl ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊ •ÕflÊ »Ò˝§Áã‚ÿ◊ ∑§Ê •ÊÿŸŸ Áfl÷fl ‚’‚ ∑§◊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∞ÀÿÍ◊ËÁŸÿ◊ ‚’‚ ∑§◊ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Ê∞ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê Ãûfl „ÒU–
§ „UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ÃÕÊ »˝§Áã‚ÿŸ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ‚’‚ ¿UÊ≈UÊ ÃÕÊ ‚’‚ ’«∏Ê ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ’Ê⁄UÊÚŸ ∑§Ê ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ •ÊÿŸŸ ‚’‚ ¿UÊ≈UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ øÊ°ŒË ÁfllÈÃ ∑§Ê ‚’‚ •ë¿UÊ ‚ÈøÊ‹∑§ „ÒU–
§ ‹ËÁÕÿ◊ ‚’‚ „UÀ∑§Ë äÊÊÃÈ „ÒU, ßU‚∑§Ê ÉÊŸàfl 0.54g cm3 „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‹Ê„UÊ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚¥∑˝§Ê◊∑§ äÊÊÃÈ „ÒU–
§ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Ê∞ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê Ãûfl „ÒU–
§ H– ∞fl¥ I– •ÊÿŸŸ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ‚‚’ ¿UÊ≈U ÃÕÊ ‚’‚ ’«∏ ´§áÊ äÊŸÊÿŸ „Ò¥U–
§ ‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÁfllÈÃ äÊŸÊà◊∑§ Ãûfl „Ò¥U–
§ „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ¬Í⁄‘U ’˝rÊÊ¥«U ◊¥ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê Ãûfl „ÒU–
§ ∑§fl‹ •Ê¡ÊŸ ∞∑§ ⁄¥UªËŸ ªÒ‚ „ÒU, Á¡‚∑§Ë ‹„U‚ÈŸ ¡Ò‚Ë ª¥äÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
Á◊üÊáÊ ∑§ ÉÊ≈U∑§

Á◊üÊáÊ ∑§ ÉÊ≈U∑§ ‚◊Ê¥ª Á◊üÊáÊ Áfl·◊Ê¥ª Á◊üÊáÊ
v. ∆UÊ‚-∆UÊ‚ Á◊üÊ äÊÊÃÈ∞°, ¡Ò‚-∑§Ê¥‚Ê (Bronze), øËŸË •ÊÒ⁄U Á◊ÛË, øËŸË •ÊÒ⁄U Ÿ◊∑§, ªŸ ¬Ê©U«U⁄U
¬ËÃ‹ (Brass) Á‚Ä∑§Ê (Coins) ßUàÿÊÁŒ (øÊ⁄U∑§Ê‹, ª¥äÊ∑§,
¬Ê≈UÁ‡Êÿ◊ ŸÊßU≈˛U≈U KNO3)
w. ∆UÊ‚-Œ˝fl ’˝ÊßUŸ (‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U ∑§Ê ≈US≈U ≈˜UÿÍ’ ◊¥ ’ŸÊ ÃÊ¡Ê •flˇÊ¬ (ppt) Á◊ÛË øËŸ
¡‹ ◊¥ Áfl‹ÿŸ) ∑§Ê ÉÊÊ‹ ∞fl¥ ¬ÊŸË, ⁄‘UÃ ∞fl¥ ¬ÊŸË, Ÿ◊∑§ fl Ã‹–
x. ∆UÊ‚-ªÒ‚ •ÊÿÊ«UËŸ flÊc¬ ∞fl¥ flÊÿÈ äÊÈ•Ê° (smoke)
y. Œ˝fl-∆UÊ‚ •◊‹ª◊ (Hg-Mg) øÊ⁄U∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ •fl‡ÊÊÁ·Ã ’˝Ê◊ËŸ
z. Œ˝fl-Œ˝fl ‚÷Ë Á◊ÁüÊÃ Œ˝fl, ¡Ò‚ó ‚÷Ë •Á◊ÁüÊÃ Œ˝fl, ¡Ò‚ Ã‹-¡‹, ’¥¡ËŸ-¡‹,
¡‹-∞À∑§Ê„U‹, Ä‹Ê⁄UÊ»§Ê◊¸-¡‹
∞À∑§Ê„U‹-’¥¡ËŸ •ÊÁŒ
{. Œ˝fl-ªÒ‚ Ÿ◊ flÊÿÈ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ-≈U≈˛UÊ Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U ¡‹
|. ªÒ‚-∆UÊ‚ H2 -Pd ÃÊ‹Ê’, ¤ÊË‹, ‚◊ÈŒ˝
}. ªÒ‚-Œ˝fl ∑§ÊÀ«U Á«¥˛U∑§, CO2 ∞fl¥ ¡‹ øÊ⁄U∑§Ê‹ ∞fl¥ Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ
~. ªÒ‚-ªÒ‚ flÊÿÈ◊á«U‹ Á◊ÛË fl øËŸË
u b.
a p
¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ÁflãÿÊ‚mik
Ãûfl ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑˝§◊Ê¥∑§ ¬⁄U◊B
u ÁflãÿÊ‚
ÊáÊÈh÷Ê⁄U
’Ê⁄UÊŸ B 5 10 1s2, 2s2, 2p1
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ C 6 12 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ N 7 14 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
•ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ O 8 16 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
ç‹Ê⁄UËŸ F 9 18 1s2, 2s2, 2p5
ÁŸÿÊÚŸ Ne 10 20 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ Na 11 23 1s2, 2s2, 2p6,3s2 1
◊ÒÇŸËÁ‡Êÿ◊ Mg 12 24 1s2, 2s2, 2p6,3s2
∞ÀÿÍÁ◊Áÿ◊ Al 13 27 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
Á‚Á‹∑§ÊÚŸ Si 14 28 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2,
»§ÊS»§Ê⁄U‚ P 15 31 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
ifjp; (Introduction) : foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlds vUrxZr ge fofHkUu izdkj ds jlk;uksa ,oa mudh vfHkfØ;kvksa dk
vè;;u djrs gS] jlk;u foKku dgykrh gSA
ysok;fl;s (Lavoisiea) dks jlk;u foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
inkFkksZ dh voLFkk,sa ,oa mudk oxhZdj.k (State of Matter and Classification) : lkekU;r% inkFkks± dks buds xq.kksa ds
vk/kj ij pkj voLFkkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
(i) Bksl
(ii) nzo
(iii) xSl
(iv) IykTek (;g inkFkZ dh prqFkZ voLFkk gS)
1. Bksl (Solid):-
§ Bksl ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS] ftuds d.k ,d nwljs ls fpids@tqM+s gq,s gksrs gSA
§ Bkslksa dk vkdkj o vk;ru (Volume) ,oa T;kfefr fuf'pr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k& ydM+h] iRFkj] b±V vkfnA
2. nzo (Liqued):-
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ nzo ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS] ftuds d.k Bkslksa dh rqyuk esa rks nwj gksrs gS ijUrq xSlksa dh rqyuk esa fudV gksrs gSA
§ nzoksa dk vkdkj ik=k ds vuq:i cnyrk gSA mnkgj.k& ikuh] nw/ vkfnA
3. xSl (Gas):-
§ ;s ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS ftuds d.k vf/d nwj&nwj gksrs gSA

§ xSlksa dk vk;ru o vkdkj fuf'pr ugha gksrk gSA
§ xSlksa dk dksbZ i`"B (Surface) ugha gksrk gS rFkk budk folj.k (mPp nkc ls fuEu nkc dh vksj cgus dk xq.k) vf/
d gksrk gS ,oa xSlksa dks lEihfM+r (Compress) fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k& ,y-ih-th-] lh-,u-th-] ehFksu vkfnA
rF; (Fact's)
1. rki ,oa nkc dks cny dj fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dh voLFkk dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
viokn % ydM+h] iRFkj vkfn dks ugha cnyk tk ldrk
2. ty (H2O) rhuksa HkkSfrd voLFkkvksa ;Fkk Bksl] nzo ,oa xSl rhuksa esa jg ldrk gSA
rRo (Element) : rRo ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS tks dsoy ,d tSls gh ijek.kqvksa (inkFkZ dk lcls NksVk Hkkx) ds feyus ls cus
gksrs gSA rFkk bUgsa jklk;fud fof/;ksa }kjk vkSj vf/d inkFkksZ esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, rÙo dks izkjfEHkd
inkFkZ Hkh dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k % gkbMªkstu (H2), yksgk (Fe), vkWDlhtu (O2), lksuk (Au), pk¡nh (Ag) vkfnA
rF; (Fact's)
1. i`Foh ij lokZf/d ek=kk esa 49.9% vkWDlhtu rRo ik;k tkrk gSA
2. vU; rRoksa dk HkwiVy ij ik;s tkus dk izfr'kr
rRo izrhd izfr'kr

flfydkWu Si 26%
,Y;qfefu;e Al 7%
ykSgk Fe 4.1%
dSfYl;e Ca 3.2%
lksfM;e o ikSVsf'k;e Na o K
b . 2.3%
eSfXuf'k;e Mg p u 2.1%
ik a
m
huvU; 'kq¼ inkFkks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;kSfxd
;kSfxd (Compound) : os 'kq¼ inkFkZ ftUgsa jklk;fud fof/;ksa }kjk
B
dgykrs gSAa
§ ;kSfxd esa mifLFkr rRoksa dk vuqikr fuf'pr gksrk gSA
tSls%& ty (H2O) esa gkbMªkt s u (H2) o vkWDlhtu (O2) dk vuqikr 2 : 1 gksrk gS tks fd lnSo fLFkj jgrk gS] pkgs ty
fdlh Hkh Ïksr ls izkIr fd;k x;k gksA
mnkgj.k%& ikuh] ued (NaCl), ,Ydksgy (C2H5OH), DyksjksiQkWeZ (CHCl3) vkfn ;kSfxd gSA
feJ.k (Mixture) : tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d inkFkksZ dks fdlh vuqikr esa feyk;k tkrk gS rks cuus okyk inkFkZ feJ.k dgykrk
gSA
mnkgj.k % nw/] ckyw] phuh vkfn dk tyh; foy;u feJ.k gSA
feJ.k ds izdkj %
(i) lekaxh feJ.k % ,slk feJ.k ftlds lHkh Hkkxksa esa mlds inkFkksZ dk vuqikr ,d leku gksrk gS tSl]s gok esa xSlksa
dk feJ.k] ikuh esa ued o phuh dk feJ.k vkfn lekaxh feJ.k ds mnkgj.k gSA
(ii) fo"kekaxh feJ.k % ,slk feJ.k ftlds lHkh Hkkxksa esa mlds inkFkksZ dk vuqikr ,d leku ugha gksrk gS] tSl]s ckny
o ck:n vkfn fo"kekaxh feJ.k ds mnkgj.k gSA
dqN izeq[k inkFkZ ,oa muds ladsr rFkk ?kuRo&
inkFkZ ladsr ?kuRo (gm/cm3)

lksuk Au 19.3
pk¡nh Ag 10.5
rk¡ck Cu 8.92
,Y;qfefu;e Al 2.70
eSXuhf'k;e Mg 1.70
dSfYl;e Ca 1.60
ty H2O 1.00
inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical Property of Matter):-

(a) nzO;eku (Mass) : fdlh fiaM esa mifLFkr inkFkZ dh ek=kk gh Mass dgykrh gSA
(b) vk;ru (Volume) : fdlh inkFkZ ds }kjk ?ksjk x;k LFkku gh Volume dgykrk gSA
(c) Hkkj (Weight) : fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku (Mass) ,oa ml oLrq ij yxus okys xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy (G) dk xq.kuiQy gh
Hkkj dgykrk gSA
(d) ?kuRo (Density) : fdlh inkFkZ ds bdkbZ {ks=kiQy dk vk;ru gh inkFkZ dk ?kuRo dgykrk gSA
m
?kuRo dk lw=k ⇒ d = [;gk¡ m = nzO;eku] v = vk;ru]
v
b.
?kuRo dk ek=kd ⇒ fdyksxzke izfr ?ku ehVj (Kg/m3) gSA
pu
gh fof'k"V ?kuRo dgykrk gSA ika
(e) fof'k"V ?kuRo (Specific Gravity) : fdlh inkFkZ ds ?kuRo ,oa 4ºC rkieku ij ty (H2O) ds ?kuRo dk vuqikr
ijek.kq lajpuk (Atomic Structure):- hum

B
e
–
d{kk,sa e– = bysDVªkWu
e n
ukfHkd n = U;wVªkWu
–
p
p = izksVkWu
§ inkFkZ dk og NksVs ls NksVk Hkkx ftls vkxs vkSj foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk ftldk dksbZ Lora=k vfLrRo
uk gks ijek.kq dgykrk gSA
§ ijek.kq fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Lora=k :i ls Hkkx ys ldrs gSA
§ ijek.kq dk fuekZ.k bysDVªkWu (e–), izksVkWu (p), o U;wVªkWu (n) ls feydj gksrk gSA
d.k izrhd vkos'k nzO;eku [kkstdrkZ

bysDVªkWu e -1 9.10 × 10–31 kg tsts- FkkWelu (1879)
izksVkWu p +1 1.67 × 10–27 kg xksYMLVhu (1911)
U;wVªkWu n 0 1.67 × 10–27 kg tSEl pSMohd (1932)
Trick :- FkkWelu xksYM dh pSu igurk gS e– = tsts FkkWelu] p = xksYMLVhu] n = tsEl pSMohd
v.kq (Molecule) : fdlh rRo vFkok ;kSfxd dk og NksVs ls NksVk d.k ftldk Lora=k vfLrRo laHko gks] v.kq dgykrk gSA
§ ijek.kq feydj v.kq dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA
eksy bdkbZ dk eku %
§ eksy dk eku 6.022 × 1023 gSA
§ 6.022 × 1023 dks vkoksxknzks la[;k dgrs gSA
ijek.kq la[;k (Atomic Number) : fdlh rRo dh ijek.kq la[;k ml rRo dh ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVkWuks (p) dh
la[;k gksrh gSA
rF; (Fact's)
§ ijek.kq esa ukfHkd gksrk gS bldh tkudkjh jnjiQksMZ (1911) us nh] rFkk ;g crk;k fd ukfHkd esa p (izksVkWu) o n (U;wVkWu)
d.k ik;s tkrs gSA izksVkWu /ukosf'kr d.k gksrs gS tcfd U;wVªkWu mnklhu d.k gksrs gSA
nzO;eku la[;k (Mass Number) : fdlh rRo esa mifLFkr ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVªkWuksa (p) o U;wVªkWuksa (n)
dh la[;k dk ;ksxiQy gh ml rRo dh nzO;eku la[;k (A) dgykrh gSA
A=p+n
ijek.kq d{kk (Atomic Orbit) : fdlh ijek.kq esa mifLFkr og Lrj tgk¡ bysDVªkWu (e–) mifLFkr jgrs gS] rFkk tgk¡ jgrs
gq, os ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrs gS] ml Lrj dks gh ijek.kq d{kk dgrs gSA
§ ;s d{kk,sa K, L, M, N o O ls O;Dr dh tkrh gSA
§ fdlh ijek.kq d{kk esa mifLFkr mi&ÅtkZ Lrj ftUgsa s, p, d o f ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS mi&d{kk dgykrh gSA
rF; (Fact's)
§
ub.
fdlh ijek.kq dh vkarfjd d{kk esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWu (e–) dksj&bysDVªkWu dgykrk gSA
§
a p
fdlh ijek.kq dh ckg~;Re d{kk esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWu (e–) la;ksth bysDVªkWu dgykrk gSA
§ DokaVe la[;k,sa 4 gksrh gSA
mik
bysDVªkWfud foU;kl esa fofHkUu d{kdksa dk c<+rk gqvk ÅtkZ Øe fuEu izdkj gksrk gSA
§
Bhu
1S 2S 2P 3S 3P 4S 3d 4P 5S
4d 5P 6S 4F 5d 6P 7S
leLFkkfud (Isotopes) : ,sls ijek.kq ftuds ijek.kq Øekad rks leku gksrs gS ijUrq mudh nzO;eku la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh
gSA ,sls ijek.kq leLFkkfud dgykrs gSA
§ leLFkkfudksa esa izksVkWuksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gS] ijUrq U;wVªkWuksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx gksr gSA
tSls % 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 vkfn gkbMªkstu ds leLFkkfud gSA
leHkkfjd (Isobar) : ,sls ijek.kq ftuds ijek.kq Øekad rks fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gS] ijUrq mudh nzO;eku la[;k leku gksrh gSA
,sls ijek.kq leHkkfjd dgykrs gSA
§ leHkkfjdksa dh ukfHkd esa izksVkWuksa (p) o U;wVªkWuksa (n) dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA
tSls % 18Ar40, 19k40, 20Ca40 vkfn leHkkfjd gSA
rF; (Fact's)
§ gkbxsu oxZ dk vfuf'prrk dk fl¼kUr ;g crkrk gS dh fdlh d.k dh fLFkfr vkSj ml d.k dk osx nksuksa dk ,d lkFk
fu/kZj.k djuk laHko ugha gSA
§ s, p, d o f d{kdksa esa e– ds Hkjus dk Øe vkWiQckÅ fu;e ds }kjk gh laHko gSA
§ gq.M ds vuqlkj tc rd d{kd miyC/ gS rc rd bysDVªkWu v;qfXer jgrs gSA
rRoksa dk oxhZdj.k
§ vkorZ lkj.kh dh [kkst lu~ 1869 esa :l ds oSKkfud esMayhiQ (Mendleev) us dhA
§ lu~ 1913 esa ekstys uked oSKkfud us vk/qfud vkorZ fu;e izLrqr fd;kA
§ vkorZ lkj.kh ds izkjafHkd rRo {kkj /krq gS ,oa vafre rRo vfØ; xSls gSA
vk;uu foHko (Ionisation Potential) : fdlh xSlh; ijek.kq ds ckg~;re dks'k ls ,d e– (bysDVªkWu) dks ml ijek.kq ds
dks'k ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ dh ek=kk gh vk;uu foHko dgykrh gSA
rF; (Facts)
§ Hydrogen (H) izFke rRo gS ysfdu ;g {kkj /krq ugha gSA
§ Ýyksjhu (F) dh oS/qr Í.kkRedrk dk eku lcls vf/d gksrk gSA
§ Dyksjhu (Cl) dh bysDVªkWu ca/qrk lcls vf/d gksrh gSA
dqN rRoksa dh bysDVªkWu ca/qrk dk ?kVrk Øe
Cl > F > Br > I
§ fuf"Ø; (vfØ;) ;k ukscy xSlks tSls He (fgfy;e)] Ne (fuvkWu), Ar (vkWxZu), Kr (fØIVkWu), Xe (ftukWu) o Rn (jsMkWu)
vkfn dk xyukad fuEu gksrk gSA
§ tc gkbMªkstu rRo ij /ukos'k gksrk gS (H+) rks bls izksVkWu dgrs gSA
§ ijek.kq dh ukfHkd esa mifLFkr U;wVªkWu (n) o izksVkWu (p) d.kksa dk nzO;eku (Mass) cjkcj gksrk gSA
e –
e–
d{kk,sa
n
p
b.
ukfHkd
e e –
–
p u
ika
ijek.kq dh lajpuk m
h u
B
inkFkksZ dh voLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu
(Change in state of matter)
fgekad (Freezing Point) : ,d fuf'pr nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl rki ij dksbZ nzo inkFkZ te tkrk gS] bl fu;r rki
dks gh fgekad dgrs gSA mnkgj.k& ikuh dk fgekad 0°C gksrk gSA
xyukad@nzo.kkad (Melting Point) : ,d fo'ks"k nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl rki ij dksbZ oLrq fi?ky tkrh gS] bl fu;r
rki dks gh xyukad@nzo.kkad ;k Melting Point dgrs gSA mnkgj.k& ciQZ dk xyukad 0°C gksrk gSA
rF; (Facts)
§ rk¡ck (Cu) o ekse dk xyukad nkc c<+kus ij c<+rk gSA
§ ciQZ dk xyukad nkc c<+kus ij ?kV tkrk gSA
§ v'kqf¼;ksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fdlh inkFkZ dk xyukad ,oa fgekad nksuksa dk eku de gks tkrk gSA
§ ikuh esa ciQZ dk VqdM+k Mkyus ij ikuh B.Mk gks tkrk gS bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd tc ciQZ fi?kyrh gS rks og ty ls
m"ek xzg.k djrh gSA ftlls ty dk rkieku de gks tkrk gSA rFkk feJ.k B.Mk gksrk gSA
§ vkbZlØhe tekus ds fy, ued dk ,d Hkkx rFkk ciQZ dk rhu Hkkx feykrs gS ftlls feJ.k dk rki eku –22ºC gks
tkrk gSA rFkk vkbZlØhe te tkrh gSA
DoFkukad (Boiling Point):-
§ og rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo inkFkZ mcydj ok"ih; voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ml rki dks nzo dk DoFkukad (Boiling
point) dgrs gSA mnkgj.k& ty dk DoFkukad 100°C gksrk gSA
§ DoFkukad dk eku nkc c<kus ij c<+ tkrk gS rFkk nkc de djus ij nzoksa dk DoFkukad de gks tkrk gSA
mèoZikru (Sublimation) % nks Bksl inkFkksZ ds feJ.k dks i`Fkd djus dh fof/ mèoZikru dgykrh gS tSl&s usIFkyhu] diwj
vkfn ds feJ.k dks i`Fkd djukA
vklou (Distillation) % nks nzo inkFkksZ ds feJ.k dks i`Fkd djus dh fof/ vklou dgykrh gSA tSl&s dPps rsy dk 'kks/
u djuk
jklk;fud ca/u (Chemical Bonding):-
§ nks ijek.kqvksa dk vkil esa tqM+us dk cy gh jklk;fud ca/u dgykrk gSA
§ vfØ; xSlksa dh ckgjh d{kk LFkkbZ gksrh gS D;ksafd blesa dksbZ eqDr e– ugha gksrk gSA
§ lHkh rRo LFkkbZRo izkIr djus ds fy, ca/u djrs gSA
jklk;fud ca/
(a) lg la;kstd ca/ (Covalent Bond) : nks ijek.kqvksa ds eè; ,d&,d bysDVªkuW ds lk>s ls cuk ca/ lg la;kstd ca/
dgykrk gSA
§ lg&la;kstd ;kSfxdks ds xyukad ,oa DoFkukad fuEu gksrs gSA
§ lg&la;kstd ;kSfxd fo/qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSA
§ lg&la;kstd ;kSfxd ty esa izk;% ugha ?kqyrs ijUrq dkcZfud foyk;dks tSls& csathu (C6H6) o dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM
(CCl4) esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSA
viokn % tSls HCl (Hydro Choloric acid) o NH3 (vkeskfu;k) ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSA
rki o nkc ij xSlh; vFkok nzo voLFkk esa gksrs gSA ub.
§ lg la;kstd ;kSfxdksa ds v.kqvksa ds eè; nqcZy okUMjoky cy mifLFkr gksrs gSA blh dkj.k lg&la;kstd ;kSfxd lk/kj.k
a p
Note : dqN lgla;kstd ;kSfxd tSls ghjk o xzsiQkbV rFkk xa/d Bksl Hkh gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k % ty ds v.kq dk cuuk lg&la;kstd ca/ dk mnkgj.k gSAmik
u
Bh
H H
(H O)
2
gkbMªkstu vkWDlhtu gkbMªkstu ty (H O) v.kq lg&la;kstd ca/

2
ijek.kq ijek.kq ijek.kq

(b) milg&la;kstd ca/ (Co-Ordinate Bond) : tc ,d gh rRo }kjk nksuksa bysDVªkuW fn;s x;s gks rFkk lk>snkjh nks rRoksa
ds eè; gks rks cuus okys ,sls ca/ dks milg&la;kstd ca/ dgrs gSA
§ ,slh lk>snkjh esa e– dsoy ,d gh rRo nsrk gS ijUrq mu bysDVªkWuksa ij nksuksa rRoksa dk leku vf/dkj gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k % vkstksu (O3) v.kq milg&la;kstd ca/ dk mnkgj.k gSA
(O = O → O) = (O 3)
(c) oS/qr la;kstd ca/ (Electrcovalent Bond) : tc nks ijek.kqvksa ds eè; bysDVªkWu ds LFkkukUrj.k gksus ls ca/ dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gS rks ,slk ca/ oS/qr la;kstd ca/ dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k % Na+Cl– ® Nacl (lksfM;e DyksjkbM dk cuuk) ;gk¡ ® = Reaction
§ ,sls ca/ okys ;kSfxd ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSA
§ ,sls ca/ksa okys ;kSfxd Bksl voLFkk esa rks dqpkyd] tcfd nzo voLFkk esa fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gSA
§ oS/qr la;kstd ca/ksa okys ;kSfxdks dk xyukad ,oa DoFkukad nksuksa gh mPp gksrs gSA
?kksy ;k foy;u (Solution):-
(a) foy;u (Solution) : tc foys; inkFkZ ,oa foyk;d inkFkZ ,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa feyk;s tkrs gS] rks cuus okyk feJ.k
foy;u dgykrk gSA
tSls& ued ;k phuh dk ty esa foy;u
(b) lkUnz foy;u (Concentrate Solution) : ,sls foy;u ftuesa izfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa foys; dh ek=kk vis{kkd`r vf/
d gksrh gS rks ,slk foy;u lkUnz foy;u gksrk gSA
(c) rUrq foy;u (Dilute Solution) : ,sls foy;u ftuesa izfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa foys; dh ek=kk vis{kkd`r de gksrh gS
rks ,slk foy;u ruq foy;u gksrk gSA
(d) dksykWbM (Colloid) : tc fdlh foyk;d (?kksyus okyk) esa ifj{ksfir d.kksa dk vkdkj 10–5 cm ;k 10–6 cm rd
gks rks ,sls foy;uksa dks dksykWbMh foy;u dgk tkrk gSA
tSls& /qvk¡] dksgjk] nw/] isaV vkfn dksykWbM ds mnkgj.k gSA
(e) ik;l (Emulsion) : tc ,d nzo ds lHkh d.k nwljs nzo ds lHkh d.kksa esa ifj{ksfir rks gks tkrs gS ysfdu ?kqyrs ugha
gS] rks cuus okys ,sls dksykWbM dks ik;l dgrs gSA
tSls& nw/ izkd`frd ik;l gS] ysfdu isaV (jax) d`f=ke (ekuo fufeZr) ik;l gSA
b.
(f) ciQj foy;u (Buffer Solution) : ,sls foy;u gksrs gS ftuesa vEy ;k {kkj dh lkèkkj.k ek=kk feykus ij budh pH
pu
dk eku ifjofrZr ugh gksrk] ,sls foy;u ciQj foy;u dgykrs gSA
ika
(g) fVaMy izHkko (Tindal effect) : tc fdlh dksykbMh foy;u ls gksdj izdk'k dks xqtkjk tkrk gS rks ml dksykbMh
um
foy;u ds d.k pedrs gq,s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA bls gh fVaMy izHkko dgrs gSA bls fVaMy uked oSKkfud us izLrqr fd;k Fkk
h
§ B
fVaMy izHkko dk izeq[k dkj.k dksykbMh d.kks ls Vdjkus ds ckn izdk'k dk izdh.kZu gksuk gSA
tSls& jks'kunku ls vkrh gqbZ izdk'k fdj.kksa esa /qy ds d.kksa dk pers gq, fn[kkbZ nsukA
(h) czkmuh xfr (Brownian Movement) : dksykbMh foy;u ds d.kks }kjk fd tkus okyh VsMh&esMh xfr gh czkmuh xfr
dgykrh gSA
§ foy;u ds d.k ftrus NksVs gksrs gS rFkk rkieku ftruk vf/d gksrk gS] czkmuh xfr mruh gh rst gksrh gSA
rF; (Facts)
§ >kx] nzo esa xSl dk foy;u gSA
§ dksgjk] xSl o nzo dk foy;u gSA
§ ty lkoZHkkSfed foyk;d (?kksyd) gSA
§ lksMk okVj] CO2 dk H2O esa foy;u gSA
fd.ou (Fermentation) : lw{ethoksa dh mifLFkfr esa dkcZfud ;kSfxdks ds /hjs&/hjs vi?kfVr gksus dh izfØ;k dks fd.ou
dgrs gSA
§ ch;j] o Mcy jksVh] pkWdysV vkfn fd.ou dh fØ;k }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA
Note : 'kjkc vklou fof/ ls cukbZ tkrh gSA
q q q
HkkSfrd o jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,sa

(Physical & Chemical Reactions)
HkkSfrd vfHkfØ;k,sa (Physical Reactions)
HkkSfrd dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& fdlh inkFkZ dh ckg~; voLFkk vFkkZr~ og inkFkZ Bksl gS ;k nzo gS ;k xSlA
tc fdlh inkFkZ dh dsoy HkkSfrd voLFkkvksa esa gh ifjorZu gksrk gS rks ,slh vfHkfØ;k,sa HkkSfrd vfHkfØ;k,sa dgykrh gSA
fdlh inkFkZ ds nks izdkj ds xq.k gksrs gS&
(i) HkkSfrd xq.k % fdlh inkFkZ ds ckg~; xq.k gh ;Fkk vkdkj] vkd`fr] jax] Lokn o voLFkk vkfn gh ml inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd
xq.k gksrs gSA
(ii) jklk;fud xq.k % fdlh inkFkZ ds vkarfjd xq.k vFkkZr~ ml inkFkZ dk laxBu gh ml inkFkZ ds jklk;fud xq.k gksrs gSA
(A) HkkSfrd ifjorZu (Physical Changes):-
inkFkksZ esa gksus okys ,sls ifjorZu ftuesa inkFkZ ds ckg~; xq.kksa (tSls vkdkj] vkd`fr] jax] Lokn o voLFkk) vFkkZr~ HkkSfrd xq.kksa
esa rks ifjorZu gksrk gS ysfdu inkFkZ ds laxBu vFkkZr~ jklk;fud xq.kksa (vkarfjd xq.kks)a esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA ,sls ifjorZu
HkkSfrd ifjorZu dgykrs gSA
HkkSfrd ifjorZu ds mnkgj.k %
(1) ikuh (H2O) dk ciQZ esa rFkk ciQZ dk ikuh esa fi?kyuk
(2) lksus dk fi?kyuk ub.
(3) dk¡p dk VwVuk a p
(4) 'kDdj@ued dk ikuh esa ?kqyuk
mik
(5) yksgs dk pqEcd esa cnyuk u
(6) la?kuu] vklou o mèoZikru Bh
(7) jcj dk f[kpuk
(8) eksecÙkh dk fi?kyuk
(9) ikuh esa jsr dk ?kqyuk
(10) cYc dk tyuk vkfnA
rF; (Fact)
§ eksecÙkh ds tyus ds izØe esa HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud nksuksa ifjorZu 'kkfey gSaA
§ HkkSfrd ifjorZu vxz ,oa i'p nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa pyus ds dkj.k mRØe.kh; ifjorZu dgykrk gSA
§ HkkSfrd ifjorZu vLFkkbZ ifjorZu gksrk gSA
(B) jklk;fud ifjorZu (Chemical Changes):-
inkFkksZ esa gksus okys ,sls ifjorZu ftuesa inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd xq.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mlds jklk;fud xq.k Hkh cny tkrs gSA vFkkZr~
,sls ifjroZuksa esa ,d u;k gh inkFkZ izkIr gksrk gSA ,sls ifjorZu jklk;fud ifjorZu dgykrs gSA
jklk;fud ifjorZu ds mnkgj.k %
(1) dkss;ys dk tyuk
(2) ydM+h dk tyuk
(3) nw/ ls ngh dk cuuk
(4) yksgs ij tax yxuk
(5) vo{ksi.k
(6) ngu
(7) fd.ou
(8) eksecÙkh dk tyuk vkfnA
rF; (Fact)
§ jklk;fud ifjorZu dsoy vxz fn'kk es]a ,d gh rjiQ py dj lEiUu gksrs gSA vr% ;s vuqRØe.kh; ifjorZu gSA
§ ;s ifjorZu LFkkbZ gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k %
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑
mijksDr vfHkfØ;k jklk;fud ifjorZu dk mnkgj.k gS D;ksfa d blesa NaHCO3 (lksfM;e ckbZdkcksZusV @ [kkus dk lksMk)]
HCl (gkbMªkDs yksjhd vEy) ls fØ;k dj] NaCl (ued) o H2O (ty) rFkk CO2 (dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM) xSl cuk
jgk gSA cuus okys mijksDr inkFkksZ (tSls NaCl, H2O o CO2) ls iqu% NaHCO3 ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,sa (Chemical Reactions)
(a) vkWDlhdj.k (Oxidation) :
§ tc inkFkZ ds lkFk vkWDlhtu tqM+rh gS rks bls vkWDlhdj.k dgrs gSA
tSls& C + O2 → CO2 (dk cuuk)
§ tc fdlh ;kSfxd ls gkbMªkstu i`Fkd gksrh gS rks bls Hkh vkWDlhdj.k dgrs gSA
tSls& H2S → H2 + S (gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM ls gkbMªkstu dk vyx gksuk)
§ ijek.kqvksa] vk;uksa ;k v.kqvksa ds }kjk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d bysDVªkWuksa dks R;kxus dh izfØ;k Hkh vkWDlhdj.k
dgykrh gSA
tSls& Na → Na+ + e– (lksfM;e }kjk e– R;kxk tkuk) b .
u
Note : fdlh rRo ds ikl tc e dh deh gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ rRo tcpe R;kxrk gS rks ml rRo ij /ukos'k (+ve)
ka
– –
vk tkrk gSA i
m gSA
§ ,sls inkFkZ ftudk vkWDlhdj.k gksrk gS& vipk;d u
dgykrs
§ dqN izeq[k vipk;d (vodkjd)& H , CO, 2
h
BH S, SO , C, SnCl vkfn gSA
2 2 2
(b) vip;u (Reduction) ;k vodj.k
§ tc inkFkZ ds lkFk gkbMªkstu tqM+rh gS rks bls vip;u dgrs gSA
tSls& S + H2 → H2S (lYiQj ds lkFk gkbMªkstu tqM+dj H2S cukuk)
§ tc fdlh ;kSfxd ls vkWDlhtu i`Fkd gksrh gS] rks bls Hkh vip;u dgrs gSA
tSls& CO2 → C + O2 (CO2 ls vkWDlhtu dk eqDr gksuk)
§ ijek.kqvksa] vk;uksa ;k v.kqvksa ds }kjk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d bysDVªkWuksa dks xzg.k djus dh izfØ;k Hkh vip;u
dgykrh gSA
tSl&s Cu++ + 2e → Cu (dkWij }kjk e– xzg.k djuk)
;k
Cl + e → Cl (Dyksjhu }kjk e– xzg.k djuk)
– –
Note : fdlh rRo ds ikl tc e– dh vf/drk gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ rRo tc e– xzg.k djrk gS] rks ml rRo ij Í.kkos'k
(–ve) vk tkrk gSA
§ ,sls inkFkZ ftudk vip;u gksrk gS& vkWDlhdkjd dgykrs gSA
§ dqN izeq[k vkWDlhdkjd& O2, O3, H2O2, HNO3, KmnO4, K2Cr2O7 vkfn gSA
Note : KmnO4 esa mn dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k 7 gSA
(c) jsMkWDl vfHkfØ;k (Redox Reaction) : tc vkWDlhdj.k ,oa vip;u (vodj.k) dh fØ;k,sa lkFk&lkFk lEiUu gksrh
gS rks bls jsMkWDl vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSA vFkkZr~ tc ,d inkFkZ e– R;kx djrk gS] rks nwljk mls xzg.k djrk gSA bls gh jsMkWDl
vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSA
§ vkWDlhdkjd o vipk;d nksuksa tSlk O;ogkj djus okys inkFkZ & H2S, H2O2, SO2 o HNO2 vkfn gSA
(d) m"ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k % ,slh vfHkfØ;k tks m"ek dk mRltZu djrh gS m"ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA
tSls& pwus dks ikuh esa Mkyus ij m"ek fudyrh gSA
(e) m"ek'kks"kh vfHkfØ;k % ,slh vfHkfØ;k tks m"ek dk vo'kks"k.k djrh gS m"ek'kks"kh vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA
tSls& N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (veksfu;k dk cuuk) [180 K.J. ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr]
(f) ean vfHkfØ;k (Slow Reaction) : ,slh vfHkfØ;k,sa ftUgsa lEiUu gksus esa vf/d le; yxrk gS ean vfHkfØ;k dgykrh
gSA
tSls & yksgs ij tax yxuk ean vfHkfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gSA
4 Fe + 3O2 + 6 H2 O → 2 Fe2 O3 . 3H2 O
(yksgk) (vkWDlhtu) (ty) iQSjl vkWDlkbM (tax)
rhoz vfHkfØ;k (Fast Reaction) : ,slh vfHkfØ;k,sa ftUgsa lEiUu gksus esa de le; yxrk gSA rhoz vfHkfØ;k dgykrh
gSA
tSls &
NaOH + HCl → Nacl + H 2O (10

–10
lSd.M)
(lksfM;e (gkbMªksDyksjhd (lksfM;e DyksjkbM)
gkbMªksDlkbM) vEy) ued
u b.
p
mRizsjd (Catalyst) ika
§ h
;s ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS tks fdlh vfHkfØ;k esa ckgj ls feyk;s utkrsmgS] rFkk budh lw{e ek=kk gh vfHkfØ;k ds osx dks
ifjofrZr dj nsrh gSA ,oa vfHkfØ;k dh lekfIr ij ;sB Lo;a vifjofrZr gksrs gSA ,sls inkFkZ mRizsjd dgykrs gSA
§ mRizsjd fØ;k fof'k"V gksrs gS] vFkkZr~ fo'ks"k izdkj ds mRizsjd fo'ks"k vfHkfØ;k ij gh fØ;k djrs gSA
mRizsjdksa ds izdkj%&
(1) /ukRed mRizsjd (Positive Catalyst) : ;s ,sls mRizsjd gksrs gS] tks vfHkfØ;k ds osx dks c<+k nsrs gSA
mnkgj.k&
N 2 + 3H 2 
→ 2NH 3
Fe(MO)
§ mijksDr vfHkfØ;k esa N2 (ukbVªkt s u) o H2 (gkbMªkstu) feydj 2NH3 (veksfu;k) cukrs gSA bl vfHkfØ;k esa
FkksM+h lh ek=kk esa Fe (MO) (iQSjl ekWfyCMsue) feyk nsus ij 2NH3 (veksfu;k) cuus dh nj c<+ tkrh gSA vFkkZr~
Fe (MO) ;gk¡ /ukRed mRizsjd gSA
§ MnO2 (eSXuht MkbZ vkWDlkbM) Hkh /ukRed mRizsjd gSA
§ KI (ikSVsf'k;e vk;ksMkbM) Hkh ,d /ukRed mRizsjd gSA
(2) Í.kkRed mRizsjd (Negative Catalyst) : ;s ,sls mRizsjd gksrs gS tks vfHkfØ;k ds osx dks de dj nsrs gSA
tSls &
2H 2O2 fXyljhu 2H2O + O2

(gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM) (ty) (vkWDlhtu)
§ fXyljhu feykus ls H2O2, ty o O2 esa /hjs VwVrk gS vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ ^fXyljhu* Í.kkRed mRizsjd gSA
§ C2H5OH (,sFksukWy) Hkh Í.kkRed mRizsjd dk dk;Z djrk gSA
(3) Lor% mRizsjd (Self Catalyst) : tc fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa cuus okyk mRikn gh mRizjs d dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djus
yx tk;s rks ,sls mRizsjd Lor% mRizsjd dgykrs gSA
tSls &
CH3COOC2H5 + H 2O CH3COOH + C2H 5OH
(,fFky ,flVsV) (,flfVd vEy) (,fFky ,Ydksgy@,sFksukWy)
§ mDr vfHkfØ;k ls cuk CH3COOH (,lhfVd vEy)] Lor% mRizsjd dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
(4) tSo mRizsjd (Bio Catalyst) : ,sls inkFkZ tks thoksa ds 'kjhj esa gksus okyh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds osx dks c<+k nsrs
gSA tSo mRizjs d dgykrs gSA
tSls &
LVkpZ fXyljhu ekYVkst
ekYVkst ekYVst Xywdkst
Xywdkst tkbest ,sYdksgkWy

§ ;gk¡ Vk;fyu] ekYVst o tkbest tSo mRizsjd gSA
©Uà¬˝⁄U∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ©U¬ÿÊª
©UlÊª
b . ©Uà¬˝⁄U∑§
§ •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ ªÒ‚ ’ÊŸ ∑§Ë „ÒU’⁄U ÁflÁäÊ ◊¥ pu‹Ê„U ∑§Ê øÍáÊ¸
§ flŸS¬ÁÃ Ã‹Ê¥ ‚ ∑Î§ÁòÊ◊ ÉÊË ’ŸÊŸÊ ika ÁŸÁ∑§‹
§ ‚ÀçÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ë ‚¥¬∑¸§ ÁflÁäÊ ◊¥ hum å‹Á≈UÁŸÿ◊ øÍáÊ¸
§ ‚ÀçÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ë ‚Ë‚ ∑§ˇÊ ÁflÁäÊ ◊¥
B ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ ∑§ •ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U
§ ∞À∑§Ê„U‹ ‚ ß¸UÕ⁄U ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ë ÁflÁäÊ ◊¥ ª◊¸ ∞‹ÈÁ◊ÿÊ
§ Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ ªÒ‚ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ë «UË∑§Ÿ ÁflÁäÊ ◊¥ ÄÿÍÁ¬˝∑§ Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U
§ •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê≈˛UËŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬å≈UÊßU«U ◊¥ •¬ÉÊÁ≈UÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ¬Áå‚Ÿ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ •Ê¥ÃÊ¥ (Intestines) ◊¥ ¬˝Ê≈˛UÊÚŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∞◊ËŸÊ¥ •ê‹ ◊ •¬ÉÊÁ≈UÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ¬Áå‚Ÿ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ ¬Áã∑˝§ÿÊ¡ (Pancreas) ◊¥ ¬˝Ê≈˛UËŸÊ¥ •◊ËŸÊ¥ •ê‹ ◊¥ •¬ÉÊÁ≈UÃ ∑§⁄Ÿ ◊¥ ∑§Ê-Á≈˛U¬Á‚Ÿ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ ◊ÊŸfl ‹Ê⁄U ◊ S≈UÊø¸ ∑§Ê Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÁÃ¸Ã ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ »§ÊßU∞Á‹◊ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ ‚ ∞ÁÕ‹ ∞À∑§Ê„U‹ ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ ¡ÊßU◊‚ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ S≈UÊø¸ ‚ ◊ÊÀ≈UÊ‚ ∑§ ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ «UÊßUS≈U‚ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ ªãŸ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÄ∑§⁄U ‚ Á‚⁄U∑§ (Venegar) ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ◊¥ ◊ÊßU∑§Ê«U◊Ë ∞Á‚≈UË
§ ªãŸ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÄ∑§⁄U ‚ Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ »˝§Ä≈UÊ¡ ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊
§ ŒÍäÊ ‚ ‹ÒÁÄ≈U∑§ •ê‹ ’ŸŸ ◊¥ ‹ÒÁÄ≈U∑§, flÒÁ‚‹Ë
vEy] {kkj (HkLe) o yo.k
(Acid, Base and Salt)
vEy (Acide) : ,sls inkFkZ ;k ;kSfxd tks ty esa ?kksyus ij H+ vk;u (izksVkWu) nsrs gS vEy dgykrs gSA
§ ;s Lokn esa [kV~Vs gksrs gSA
§ vEy uhys fyV~el dks yky dj nsrs gSA (Trick - v fu y)
§ vkWjsfu;l ds vuqlkj ,sls inkFkZ tks ty esa ?kksyus ij H+ (gkbMªkstu vk;u) nsrs gS] vEy dgykrk gSA
Ø-l- inkFkZ vEy
1. vaxjw ] beyh VkVZfjd vEy
2. uhcw lkbfVªd vEy
3. vkaoyk ,LdkWfcZd vEy
4. phaVh iQkWfeZd vEy
5. e/qeD[kh dk Mad iQkWfeZd vEy
6. fljdk ,lhfVd vEy
7. vpkj ,lhfVd vEy
8. [kV~Vs nw/ esa ySfDVd vEy
9. lsc eSfyd vEy
10. lksMkokVj dkcZfud vEy
'khryis; dkcZfud vEy
b.
11.
§ vEyksa dh PH dk eku 0 ls 7 ds eè; gksrk gSA
pu
a
§ vkWDtSfyd vEy dk iz;ksx diM+ks ls tax ds /Ccs gVkus o iQksVksxzkiQh esa usxsfVo dh èkqykbZ djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ik
m
§ HNO3 dk mi;ksx foLiQksVd inkFkZ] moZjd o nok vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
u
Bh
§ ukbfVªd vEy dk mi;ksx lksus o pk¡nh ds 'kq¼hdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Hkkstu ds ikpu esa HCl (Hydro Chaloric Acid) lgk;d gksrk gSA
{kkj@HkLe (Base) : ,sls inkFkZ tks ty esa ?kqyus ij OH– vk;u (gkbMªkWfDly vk;u) nsrs gS {kkj dgykrs gSA
§ ;s Lokn esa rh[ks ;k dM+os gksrs gSA
§ ;s yky fyVel i=k dks uhyk dj nsrs gSA ({k y uh)
§ vkWjsfu;l ds vuqlkj ,sls inkFkZ tks ty esa ?kksyus ij –OH (gkbMªksfDly vk;u) nsrs gS] {kkj dgykrs gSA
§ budh pH dk eku 7 ls 14 ds eè; gksrk gSA
§ NaOH {kkj gS ftldk mi;ksx lkcquhdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ NaOH dk mi;ksx diM+k o dkxt cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ isVªksfy;e ds 'kqf¼dj.k esa Hkh NaOH dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§ CaO (dSfYl;e vkWDlkbM@pwuk) dk mi;ksx Hkou fuekZ.k ,oa Cyhfpax ikmMj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Mg (OH)2 (eSfXuf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM) dk mi;ksx acidity dks nwj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Ca (OH)2 (dSfY'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM) ds mi;ksx fuEu gS&
1. IykLVj cukus esa
2. e`nk dh vEyh;rk dks nwj djus esa
3. ty dks e`nq cukus esa
4. tys gq, LFkku ij eyge iV~Vh djus esa
yo.k (Salt)
§ ;s vEy o {kkj dk feJ.k gksrk gS
§ budh pH dk eku 7 (mnklhu) gksrk gSA
dqN yo.k ,oa muds mi;ksx%&
yo.k mi;ksx miuke
cSfdax ikmMj ds :i esa
NaHCO3 [kkus dk lksM+k
isV dh Acidity dks nwj djus esa
(lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV) cSfdax lksM+k
vkx cq>kus okys vfXu'kked ;a=kks esa
[kkus esa
NaCl
(lksfM;e DyksjkbM) vpkj esa lk/kj.k ued
ekal eNyh ds ifjj{k.k esa
Na2CO3 /kou lksM+k
diM+s /ksus esa
(lksfM;e dkcksZusV) diM+s /ksus dk lksM+k
KNO3 ck:n cukus esa 'kksjk
(ikSVsf'k;e ukbVªsV) moZjd cukus esa lkYVihVj
CuSo4 fo|qr ysiu esa
uhyk FkksFkk
(dkWij lYiQsV) jaxkbZ] NikbZ m|ksx esa
b.
•ê‹, ˇÊÊ⁄U, ‹fláÊ ∞fl¥ Áfl‹ÿŸ pu
Áfl‹ÿŸ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ika
ªÒ‚ ◊¥ ªÒ‚ O ÃÕÊ N ªÒ‚ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ h um
ªÒ‚ ◊¥ Œ˝fl
2 2
B
Ä‹Ê⁄UÊ»§Ê◊¸, flÊc¬ ÃÕÊ N ªÒ‚ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ
2
ªÒ‚ ◊¥ ∆UÊ‚ ∑§¬Í⁄U ∑§Ë flÊc¬ ÃÕÊ N2 ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ

Œ˝fl ◊¥ ªÒ‚ ¡‹ ◊¥ ÉÊÈÁ‹Ã O2 ªÒ‚ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ
Œ˝fl ◊¥ Œ˝fl ¡‹ ◊¥ ÉÊÈÁ‹Ã ∞ÁÕ‹ ∞À∑§Ê„UÊ‹
Œ˝fl ◊¥ ∆UÊ‚ øËŸË ÃÕÊ ¡‹ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ
∆UÊ‚ ◊¥ ªÒ‚ H2 ∑§Ê ¬Ò‹Á«Uÿ◊ ◊¥ Áfl‹ÿŸ
∆UÊ‚ ◊¥ Œ˝fl ‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ ÃÕÊ ¬Ê⁄UÊ (Mercury) •ê‹ ª◊
∆UÊ‚ ◊¥ ∆UÊ‚ ‚ÊŸ ◊¥ ÉÊÈÁ‹Ã ÃÊ°’Ê
PH Scale : PH = Potential of Hydrogen Ion's (H+)
§ fdlh foy;u dh vEyh;rk ,oa {kkjh;rk dks ekius okys Ldsy dks pH Ldsy dgrs gSA
§ pH Ldsy esa 0 ls 14 rd vad vafdr gksrs gSA
§ 0 ls 7 ds eè; vEyh;rk dk eku gksrk gSA
§ 7 ls 14 ds eè; {kkjh;rk dk eku gksrk gSA
§ rFkk PH eku 7 mnklhu gksrk gSA
§ 'kq¼ty dk PH = 7 (mnklhu) gksrk gSA
§ tc o"kkZ ds ty dk PH eku 5.5 ls de gksrk gS rks ,slh o"kkZ vEy o"kkZ dgykrh gS
mnklhu
vEyh; {kkjh;
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
§ pH 7 ls pH 0 dh rjiQ c<+us ij vEyh;rk dk eku c<+rk gSA
§ tcdh pH 7 ls pH 14 dh rjiQ c<+us ij {kkjh;rk dk eku c<+rk gSA
P H = − log10  H + 
vEy jkt (Acid King) : ;g ,slk feJ.k gksrk gS ftlesa HCl (gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy) rhu Hkkx rFkk ukbfVªd vEy (HNO3)
,d Hkkx gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ HCl o HNO3 3 : 1 ds vuqikr esa feys gksrs gSA
§ vEy jkt esa lksuk (Au = vkWje) o IySfVue (Pt) tSlh /krq,sa /qy tkrh gSA
§ ,Dokjsft;k %& ,slk feJ.k ftlesa /krq,sa ?kqy tkrh gS ,Dokjsft;k dgykrk gS] bl feJ.k dk mi;ksx lksus] pk¡nh ds
vkHkw"k.kksa dks pedkus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
dqN inkFkZ o mudh PH dk eku
Ø-l- inkFkZ Pb
.
u
p6.4 - 6.6
H
1. nw/ a
ik 6.5
2. ykjm
u
3.
4.
Bh
'kq¼ ty
jDr
7
7.4
5. leqnzh ty 8.4
6. NaOH 14
7. HCl (vek'k; esa) 3-3.5
rF; (Facts)
1. Dyksjhu dh lkUnz lYÝ;wfjd vEy ds lkFk fØ;k djus ij DDT dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
2. [kk| inkFkksZ ds laj{k.k ds fy, csUtksbd vEy dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
3. iQyksa ds jl dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, iQkWfeZd vEy dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
q q q
/krq ,oa v/krq

(Metals and Non-Metals)
§ rRo rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS&
(i) /krq
(ii) v/krq
(iii) mi/krq
§ Ca (dSfYl;e) /krq gfM~M;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ Fe (vk;ju) /krq jDr esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ Mg (eSXuhf'k;e) /krq DyksjksfiQy (gfjr yod) esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
/krq (Metals)
§ ,sls inkFkZ ftuesa /kfRod ped ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk tks fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gSA ,oa pksV ekjus ij c<+rs gS vFkkZr~ vk?kkr&o/Zfu;
gksrs gS] ,sls inkFkZ /krq,as dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k & lksuk] pk¡nh] rk¡ck vkfnA
rF; (Fact)
§ lksus dk izfrd Au (vkWje) gksrk gSA
b.
§ 24 dSjVs dk lksuk 'kq¼ gksrk gSA pu
§ pk¡nh fo|qr dh lokZf/d lqpkyd /krq gSA ika
§ /krq,sa bysDVªkWu (e–) R;kx dj /uk;u cukrh gSA
h um
B
[kfut (Minerals)
§ ,sls inkFkZ ftUgsa [kkuksa ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA [kfut dgykrs gSA
v;Ld (Ores) :
§ ,sls izkd`frd [kfut inkFkZ ftuls fdlh /krq dk O;kolkf;d fu"d"kZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS v;Ld dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k & ckWDlkbM (Al2O3 . 2H2O) ,oa feV~Vh (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) nksuksa gh Al (,Y;qfefu;e) ds [kfut gSA
§ ckWDlkbM] Al (,Y;qfefu;e) dk v;Ld gSA
Note - /krqvksa dks muds v;Ldks ls fu"df"kZr (vyx) djus ds izØe (Process) dks gh /krqdeZ (Metallurgy) dgrs gSA
§ /krqvksa ds fu"d"kZ.k dh >kx Iyou fof/ esa phM+ dk rsy o lksfM;e ,fFky tsaFksV dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
HktZu %
§ ;g ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa lkfUnzr ('kq¼) v;Ldks ls /krq vkWDlkbM izkIr djus dh fof/ gSA
§ ;g fof/ lYiQkbM v;Ldks ds lkUnz.k esa dke vkrh gSA
mnkgj.k &
2MS + 3O 2 2MO + 2SO 2
(/kfRod lYiQkbM) (vkWDlhtu) (/kfRod vkWDlkbM)
fuLrkiu %
§ ;g fof/ ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa lEiUu gksrh gSA bl fof/ ls Hkh /kfRod vkWDlkbM (MO) izkIr gksrs gSA (MO = Metalic
Oxide)
rk¡ck (Copper)
§ rkacs dh nks feJ /krq] ihry ,oa dk¡lk dk mi;ksx crZu cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ihry = Cu (Copper) + Zn (Zinc)
§ dkalk = Cu (Copper) + Sn (Stransium)
rkacs (Copper) ds v;Ld
1. D;wizkbV @ :ch dkWij Cu2O
2. dkWij ikbjkbV CuFeS 2 [;g eq[; v;Ld gS]
3. dkWij XykUl Cu2S
4. esysdkbV CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
§ dkWij eSV = CuS + FeS
;gk¡ CuS - Copper Sulphide
FeS - Ferus sulphide
iQsjl (Fe)/ yksgk u b.
a p
§ ;g izd`fr esa eqDr voLFkk esa ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
m ik
§
h u ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
lokZf/d Al (Alumenium) rFkk blds ckn Fe i`Foh ij lcls vf/d
ykSgk B
ykSgs ds v;Ld %
1. gsesVkbV Fe2O3
2. eSXusVkbV Fe3O4
3. fyeksukbV Fe2O3 . H2O
4. vk;ju ikbjkbV FeS2
5. flMsjkbV FeCO3
§ <yok¡ ;k dPpk yksgk & ,slk ykSgk ftlesa dkcZu (C), iQkWLiQksjl (F) o flfydk (SiO2) vkfn ik;s tkrs gSA
§ <yos yksgs esa 3 ls 4% rd dkcZu gksrk gSA
lkekU; thou esa iz;qDr dqN egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd

(1) NaCl (lksfM;e DyksjkbM)
§ ;g lk/kj.k ued gSA
§ jktLFkku esa lkaHkj >hy ds ikuh ls ued dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ued dks 'kq¼ djus ds fy, HCl dks xSlh; :i esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls NaCl 'kq¼ gks tkrk gSA
§ ;g ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrk gSAa
mi;ksx %
§ blls teko feJ.k cuk;k tkrk gSA blfy, Ice-cream tekrs le; ikuh esa NaCl feykrs gSA ftlls ;g tYnh
te tkrh gSA
§ NaCl ls [kk| lkexzh tSls& ek¡l] eNyh o eD[ku vkfn dk laj{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
§ lkcqu ds vo{ksi.k djus esa mi;ksx
(2) Na2CO3 (lksfM;e dkcksZusV)
§ ;g ,d liQsn fØLVyh; Bksl gSA
§ diM+s /ksus dk lksM+k Na2CO3 . 10H2O gSA
§ ,slk lksfM;e dkckZsusV ftlesa ty ugha gksrk gS] dks lksMk ,s'k (Na2CO3) dgrs gSA
§ Na2CO3 dk tyh; fofy;u {kkjh; gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %
§ cSfdax ikmMj cukus esa
§ diM+s /ksus esa
§ xyu feJ.k cukus esa
xyu feJ.k = Na CO2 3 + KCO 3
(lksfM;e dkcksZusV) (ikSVsf'k;e dkcksZusV)

§ ikuh ds e`nqdj.k esa
(3) NaHCO3 (lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV)
§ ;g [kkus dk lksMk+ gksrk gSA
§ ;g Hkh liQsn fØLVyh; Bksl gSA
§ ;g ty esa de foys; gksrk gSA b.
pu
§ bls xeZ djus ij lksfM;e dkcksZusV curk gSA
mi;ksx % ika
§ cSfdax ikmMj cukus esa hum
§ vkS"k/h fuekZ.k esa B
§ vfXu'kked ;a=kksa esa
§ ^buks* tSls iQy yo.k cukus esa
(4) NaOH (lksfM;e gkbMªksDlkbM)
§ bls dkfLVd lksM+k Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ;g Hkh ,d liQsn fØLVyh; Bksl gSA
§ ;g H2O esa foys; gksrk gSA
§ bldk tyh; fofy;u {kkjh; gksrk gSA
§ ;g vR;f/d nkgd gksrk gS rFkk peM+h tyk nsrk gS blh dkj.k bls dkfLVd lksM+k dgrs gSA
mi;ksx %
§ lkcqu] viektZd ,oa dkxt m|ksx esAa
§ isVªksfy;e ds 'kqf¼dj.k esaA
§ dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM (CO2) ds vo'kks"k.k esaA
§ jatd (Dye's) m|ksx esa
§ ckWDlkbM ds lkUnz.k esa
(5) AgNO3 (flYoj ukbVªsV)
§ bls ywuj dkfLVd Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ;g jaxghu] ikjn'khZ o fØLVyh; Bksl gksrk gSA
§ ;g ty esa vR;f/d foys; gSA
mi;ksx %
§ vfeV L;kgh cukus esaA
§ iQksVksxzkiQh esAa
§ jtr niZ.k cukus esAa
(6) AgBr (flYoj czksekbM)
§ ;g gYds ihys jax dk fØLVyh; ;kSfxd gSA
§ ;g ty esa v?kqyu'khy gSA
mi;ksx %
§ iQksVksxzkiQh esAa
(7) K2SO4 . Al2 (SO4)3 . 24H2O (fiQVdjh)
§ ;g Al2(SO4) (,Y;wfefu;e lYiQsV) o K2SO4 (ikSVsf'k;e lYiQsV) dk f}dyo.k (Di-salt) gSA
§ ;g ty esa ?kqyu'khy gSA
§ ;g xeZ djus ij iQwy tkrh gSA
mi;ksx %
§ ty ds e`nqdj.k esaA
§ ty esa v?kqyu'khy d.kksa ds LdUnu esaA
(8) CuSO4 . 5H2O (dkWij lYiQsV)
§ bls uhyk FkksFkk (Blue Vitriol) Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ;g uhys jax dk pedhyk fØLVyh; inkFkZ gSA ub.
mi;ksx % a p
§ fo|qr ysiu esaA mik
u
§
§
fo|qr cSVjh;ksa esaA
Bh
cksnksZ feJ.k cukus esa] ;g feJ.k doduk'kh ds :i esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSa
cksnksZ feJ.k = CuSO4 + pwuk
(dkWij lYiQsV)
§ oL=kksa dks jaxus esAa
§ ydM+h ds ifjj{k.k esaA
v/krqvksa ds ;kSfxd
(1) lYiQj (xU/d)
§ ijek.kq Øekad – 16
§ ijek.kq Hkkj – 32
§ bysDVªkWfud foU;kl – 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P4
§ lw=k – 16S32
§ la;kstdrk – +2, +4 o +6
§ ;fn rkacs dks lYiQj ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks rkacs ds xq.k u"V gks tkrs gSA
§ bls (lYiQj dks) ^ysoksft;j* uked oSKkfud us rRo dgkA
lYiQj (S) ds vij:i
fØLVyh; vij:i vfØLVyh; vij:i
jksfEcd lYiQj eksuks fDyfud IykfLVd (MsYVk) dksyk;Mh

lYiQj lYiQj lYiQj lYiQj
mi;ksx %
§ bldk mi;ksx ck:n ,oa fn;klykbZ cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ dhVuk'kd ds :i esa
§ peZ jksxksa dh vkS"kf/;k¡ cukus esa
§ lYiQj dk mi;ksx jcj ds oYdhuhdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) iQkWLiQksjl (P)
§ ijek.kq Øekad – 15
§ ijek.kq Hkkj – 31
§ bysDVªkWfud foU;kl – 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P3
§ lw=k – 15P31
§ la;kstdrk – +3, +5
b.
§ teZu oSKkfud czkaM us 1669 esa iQkWLiQksjl dh [kkst dhA
pu
ka
§ ;g va/sjs esa pedrk gSA blhfy, bldk uke iQkWLiQksjl j[kk x;kA
i
iQkWLiQksjl ds vij:i hum
§ P vR;f/d fØ;k'khy gksus ds dkj.k izd`fr esa eqDr voLFkk esa ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
§ liQsn@ihyk iQkWLiQksjl
B
§ yky iQkWLiQksjl
§ dkyk iQkWLiQksjl
§ cSaxuh iQkWLiQksjl
§ xgjk yky iQkWLiQksjl
§ buesa ls liQsn] yky o dkyk iQkWLiQksjl eq[; gSA
§ liQsn P esa yglqu tSlh xa/ vkrh gS rFkk ;g tgjhyk gksrk gSA
§ bls B.Ms ikuh esa j[kk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ok;q esa vkx idM+ ysrk gSA
§ bls pkdw ls dkVk tk ldrk gSA
§ yky iQkWLiQksjl xa/ jfgr gksrk gSA
§ dkyk iQkWLiQksjl ijrnkj lajpuk okyk gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %
§ liQsn iQkWLiQksjl ls jaxfcjaxh pedrh fn;klykbZ (ekfpl)] vkx ds xksys o /q,
¡ ds xqCckj vkfn cuk;s tkrs
gSA
§ yky iQkWLiQksjl dk mi;ksx fn;klykbZ cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ yky iQkWLiQksjl ls czksat uked feJ /krq cukbZ tkrh gSA
czksat feJ /krq = dkWij + fVu + iQkWLiQksjl

§ iQkWLiQksjl ds ;kSfxd] tSls ftad iQkWLiQkbM rFkk dSfYl;e iQkWLiQkbM vkfn dk mi;ksx pwgs ekjus dh nok ds
:i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) O3 (vkstksu)
§ ;g O2 dk vij:i gSA
§ ;g rhoz vkWDlhdkjd gSA
§ vkstksu dh ijr lw;Z ls vkus okyh UV (ijkcSaxuh) fofdj.kksa dk vo'kks"k.k djrh gSA
mi;ksx %
§ d`f=ke js'ke fuekZ.k esAa
§ ihus ds ty ds 'kqf¼dj.k esaA
§ KmnO4 (ikSVsf'k;e ijeSXusV) ;kSfxd dks cukus esaA
(4) H2O2 (gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM)
§ ;g vkWDlhdkjd o vipk;d nksuksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA
mi;ksx %
§ iqjkus fp=kksa dks pedkus esAa
§ ?kko ,oa pksV dks lkiQ djus esaA
ub.
§ lkUnz H2O2 jkWdsV ds bZa/u ds vkWDlhdkjd ds :i esaA a p
§ lkSan;Z izlk/u o nok vkfn esaA
mik
u
(5) NH3 (veksfu;k)
mi;ksx %
Bh
§ moZjdksa ds fuekZ.k esaA
§ ukbfVªd vEy fuekZ.k esaA
§ ciQZ iQSDVªh;ks o jsfÚtjsVj esa iz'khrd ds :i esaA
§ foLiQksVd inkFkZ cukus esaA
§ diM+ks ij yxs xzht] rsy o pchZ ds /Ccs gVkus esaA
§ nok o lkSUn;Z izlk/u lkexzh cukus esaA
(6) HNO3 (ukbfVªd vEy)
§ bls 'kksjs dk rstkc Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ;g ,d vkWDlhdkjd gSA
mi;ksx %
§ moZjdksa] foLiQksVdks ,oa vkfr'kckth esaA
Note :- 'kksjk (KNO3), ukbVªksfXyljhu] TNT (VªkbZukbVªks VkWyqbu) vkfn foLiQksVd inkFkZ gSA
§ lksus ,oa pk¡nh ds 'kqf¼dj.k esAa
§ xa/d dk vEy cukus esaA
(7) H2SO4 (lYÝ;wfjd vEy)
§ ;g xU/d dk vEy gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %
§ moZjd fuekZ.k esaA
§ isVªksy ds 'kqf¼dj.k esaA
§ /krqvksa ds fu"d"kZ.k ('kqf¼dj.k) esaA
§ okguksa dh cSVfj;ksa esaA
§ fo|qr ysiu (Electroplating) esaA
§ fMVjtsaV m|ksx esaA
Note – H2SO4 dk mi;ksx vR;f/d vkS|ksfxd ;kSfxdksa ds la'ys"k.k esa fd;k tkus ds dkj.k bls ^vEyjkt*
(Acid King) Hkh dgrs gSA
(8) HCl (gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy)
§ bls ued dk rstkc Hkh dgrs gSA
mi;ksx %
§ 3 Hkkx HCl o 1 Hkkx HNO3 (ukbfVªd vEy) dks feykus ls ^,Dokjsft;k* uked foy;u curk gS bl fofy;u
esa /krq,¡ foys; gksrh gSA
§ ikuh dks 'kq¼ djus ds fy, fojatd pw.kZ cukus esaA
(9) NH4Cl (veksfu;e DyksjkbM)
§ bls ukSlknj dgrs gSA
mi;ksx % b.
§ cjruksa ij dybZ djus esaA pu
§ fo|qr cSVjh esaA ika
§ vkS"k/h ds :i esaA hum
(10) CaOCl2 (fojatd pw.kZ) B
mi;ksx %
§ ihus ds ikuh ds 'kqf¼dj.k esaA
§ vkWDlhdkjd ds :i esaA
(11) SiO2 (flfydk)
§ ;g ctjh ;k jsr esa ik;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx %
§ dk¡p cukus esAa
§ tsLij (,d dherh iRFkj) flfydk dk gh :i gS] tks vkHkw"k.k cukus esa dke fy;k tkrk gSA
§ fo|qr midj.k ,oa iz;ksx'kkyk midj.k ,oa vkWIVhdy ysUl ,oa fizTe vkfn cukus esaA
§ flfydk ls flfydkWu (Si) curk gS ftldk mi;ksx v¼Zpkyd o VªkaftLVj vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ flfydk ds gh :i ^dh'ksyxj* dk mi;ksx ^MkbusekbV lhesaV* cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(12) lhes.V %
§ lhes.V fuekZ.k esa mi;ksxh inkFkZ& pwuk (CaO), e`frdk (Clay), o ftIle (Si, Fe, Al, Mg vkfn ;qDr ftIle)A
§ pkoy dh Hkwlh dk mi;ksx Hkh lhes.V cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(13) (CaSO4)2 . H2O (IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl)
§ ;g liQsn jax dk vfrfpduk ikmMj gksrk gSA
§ futZfydj.k ls ;g lw[k dj dBksj gks tkrk gSA
§ P.O.P. ftIle (2CaSO4 . 2H2O) dk gh dBksj :i gSA
mi;ksx %
§ Hkou fuekZ.k esAa
§ ewfrZ fuekZ.k esaA
§ vfXulg (Fire Proof) inkFkksZ ds fuekZ.k esaA
§ pkd cukus esAa
§ VwVh gqbZ gfM~Mksa ij IykLVj p<+kus esaA
feJ/krq (Alloys)
§ ejdjh ds feJ /krq veyxe (amalgam) dgykrs gSA
1. ,sY;wfefu;e ds feJ /krq
(a) eSXusfy;e Al (95%) o Mg (4%)
(b) M~;wjsyqfeu Al (95%) o Cu (4%)
2. dkWij ds feJ /krq
(a) ihry (czkl) Cu (70%) o Zn (30%)
(b) teZu flYoj Cu (50%), Zn (35%), Ni (15%)
(c) Mp esVy Cu (80%), Zn (20%)
(d) dkalk (czkat) Cu (88%), Sn (12%)
(e) xu esVy
(f) csy esVy
b.
Cu (88%), Sn (10%), Zn (2%)
u
(g) d`f=ke xksYM (jksYM xksYM)
Cu (80%), Sn (20%)
a p
- Cu (90%), Al (10%), Au(0%)
m ik
3. vkbju ds feJ /krq h u
(a) LVsuysl LVhy B
Fe (89.4%), Cr (10%), Mn (.35%) o C (.25%)
4. ysM ds feJ /krq
(a) lksYMj (Vkadk) Pn (67%), Sn (33%)
(b) OgkbV esVy Pb (75%), Sb (19%), Sn (5%), Cu (1%)
(c) Vkbi esVy Pb (82%), Sb (15%), Sn (3%)
rF;&
§ Hg (ikjk) ,d ek=k ,slh /krq gS tks dejs ds rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ik;h tkrh gSA
§ Br (czksehu),d ek=k ,slh v/krq gS tks dejs ds rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ik;h tkrh gSA
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dkcZu] gkbMªksdkcZu] fÚvkWu o lh-,u-th-

(Carbon, Hydrocarbon, CFC, CNG)
dkcZu o dkcZu ds egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd

§ dkcZu ijek.kq vius fof'k"V xq.kksa ds dkj.k dbZ ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS ftudh la[;k vU; lHkh rRoksa ds }kjk cuk;s x,
;kSfxdksa dh dqy la[;k dh rqyuk esa dbZ xquk vf/d gSA
dkcZu ijek.kq dh fo'ks"krk,¡%
1. dkcZu ijek.kq dk izrhd 6C12 gSA
2. bldk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl 1s2, 2s2, 2p2 gSA
3. dkcZu prq% la;ksth rRo gksrk gSA
4. dkcZu dh T;kfefr leprq"IkQyh; gksrh gS ftlesa pkjksa la;kstdrk;sa leprq"IkQyd ds pkjksa dksuksa dh vksj bafxr jgrh
gSA izR;sd la;kstdrk ds eè; 109028' dk dks.k gksrk gSA
5. dkcZu esa J`[ a kyu dh izof` r ikbZ tkrh gS ftlesa ,d dkcZu nwljs dkcZu ds lkFk rFkk nwljk dkcZu rhljs dkcZu ls tqMd+ j
yEch Jà[kyk dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSA
C C C C
b .
6. dkcZu ijek.kq dh Ja`[kyk esa dkcZu&dkcZu vkil esa ,dy] f}ca/ ;k f=kcapu/ ls tqM+ ldrs gSA
i ka
um
C C C = C ––
C C–
gkbMªkstu& dkcZu o gkbMªkstu ls cus ;kSfxd gkbMªksdkcZB

h
u dgykrs gSA tSls& CH , C H , C H vkfn
4 2 6 2 4
dkcZu ds vij:i (Allotrops)

§ fdlh rRo ds nks ;k nks ls vf/d :i ftuds jklk;fud xq.kksa esa lekurk o HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa varj gksrk gS vij:i dgykrs
gS rFkk bl xq.k dks vij:irk dgrs gSA
dkcZu ds vij:i nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
fØLVyh; o vfØLVyh;
dkcZu
fØLVyh; vfØLVyh;
ghjk xzsIkQkbV IkqQyjhu
dksd dksy dk’ tUrq dkty xSl

pkjdksy pkjdksy dkcZu
1. ghjk%&
(i) ghjk dkcZu dk vfr'kq¼ :i gSA
(ii) ghjs esa izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq pkj vU; dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls prq"IkQydh; :i ls f?kjk jgrk gSAa
(ii) blesa izR;sd dkcZu ds eè; 1.54 Aº dh nwjh gksrh gSA
(iv) eqDr bysDVªkWu u gksus ds dkj.k ;g fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA
(v) ghjs dh lajpuk es izcy lgla;kstd ca/ks dk f=kfoe tky gskrk gS blfy, ghjk vR;f/d dBksj gksrk gSA
(vi) bldk xyukad 3843 K gksrk gSA
mi;ksx& dk¡p dkVus es]a pV~Vkus ;k iRFkj dkVus dh 'kkW e'khu es]a IkQksuksxkz e dh lqbZ cukus es]a cgqeYw ; jRuks]a vkHkw"k.kksa
esaA
2. xzsIkQkbV%&
(i) ;g dkys /wlj jax dk eqyk;e inkFkZ gSaA
(ii) ;g Nwus ij fpduk yxrk gSA
(iii) blesa /kfRod ped gksrh gSA
(iv) xzsIkQkbV dh ijrnkj lajpuk gksrh gS ftlesa izR;sd dkcZu rhu dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls tqMd + j "kV~dks.kh; oy; lajpuk cukrs
gSA ;s oy; lajpuk,a vkil esa feydj ijrnkj lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
(v) nks ijrksa ds eè; nqcy Z ca/ gksus rFkk muds eè; nwjh vf/d gksus ls ,d ijr nwljh ijr ij vklkuh ls fIkQly ldrh
gS] bl dkj.k xzsIkQkbV dks 'kq"d Lusgd ds :i esa iz;qDr djrs gSA
(vi) eqDr bysDVªkWu ds dkj.k ;g fo|qr dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA
mi;ksx& 'kq"d Lusgd ds :i es]a isafly fuekZ.k es]a yksgs dh oLrqvksa ij ikWfy'k djus es]a ukfHkdh; ijek.kq HkV~Vh esa
enad ds :i esAa
ub.
3. IkQqyjhu a p
(i) bldh lajpuk xksy xsanuqek gksrh gSA
mik
(ii) IkqQyjhu ds v.kq esa 60, 70 ;k vf/d dkcZu ijek.kq ik, tkrs gSA u
Bh
(iii) C60 dh lajpuk esa 32 IkQyd gksrs gS] ftlesa 20 IkQyd "kV~dks.kh; rFkk 12 IkQyd iapdks.kh; gksrs gSA bldh lajpuk
IkqQVckWy ds leku gksrh gS] vr% bls ^cdhckWy* Hkh dgrs gSA
(iv) C60 fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gS o blesa C – C ca/ yEckbZ 1.40 Aº gksrh gSA
mi;ksx& mPp rki ij vfrpkyd gksus ds dkj.k rduhdh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS] rFkk vkf.od cs;fjax cukus esa Hkh mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
ghjk o xzsIkQkbV dk rqyukRed vè;;u
Øe la[;k xq.k ghjk xzIs kQkbV

1. HkkSfrd voLFkk ikjn'khZ] jaxghu vikjn'khZ] pednkj] dkyk
2. la jpuk f=kfoeh;] prq"IkQydh; "kV~dks.kh;] ijrnkj
3. dBksjrk vR;f/d dBksj eqyk;e o fpduk
4. fof'k"V ?kuRo 3.51 2.25
5. fo|q r pkydrk dqpkyd lqpkyd
6. LFkkf;Ro de LFkkbZ vf/d LFkkbZ
gkbMªksdkcZu (Hydrocarbon)
§ ,sls inkFkZ tks dkcZu (c) o gkbMªkstu (H) ls feydj cus gksrs gS] gkbMªksdkcZu dgykrs gSA
mgnkj.k & CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4 vkfnA
gkbMªksdkcZu dk oxhZdj.k%&
gkbMªksdkcZu
(Jà[kyk ds vk/kj ij)
vpØh; pØh;
(,fyiQSfVd) gkbMªksdkcZu
[–C–C–C–] C
C C
larÌr vlarÌr C C
mnkgj.k C
,Ydsu ,Ydhu ,Ydkbu
(esFksu] ,sFksu) mnkgj.k mnkgj.k fo"kepØh; lepØh;
,Fkhu] izksihu] C;wVhu ,Fkkbu] C;wVkbu] vkfn (fijhMhu] Ý;wjsu)
.
u b
p
,jkseSfVd
ika ,fylkbfDyd
mnkgj.k& cSathu] VkWyqbu] uSÝFkyhu
um mnkgj.k& lkbDyksizksisu
vpØh; gkbMªksdkcZu ds izdkj Bh
§ vpØh; gkbMªksdkcZuksa dks dkcZu& dkcZu ds eè; mifLFkr ca/ks ds vk/kj ij rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS&
(A) ,Ydsu
(B) ,Ydhu
(C) ,Ydkbu
§ ,Ydsu esa dkcZu & dkcZu ds eè; ,dy ca/ (Single Bond) gksrk gSA
§ ,Ydhu esa dkcZu & dkcZu ds eè; f}ca/ (Double Bond) gksrk gSA
§ ,Ydkbuksa esa dkcZu & dkcZu ds eè; f=kca/ (Triple-Bond) gksrk gSA
gkbMªksdkcZuksa dk ukedj.k %
§ IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry/ vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo'kq¼ vkSj vuqiz;qDr jlk;u la?k) ,d uke
i¼fr gSA ftlds fu;eksa ds rgr gkbMªksdkcZuksa dk ukedj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
ukedj.k fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS&
(i) loZizFke dkcZu dks Ja`[kyk esa fy[krs gSA
(ii) fiQj dkcZu dks uEcj nsrs gSA
(iii) blds ckn iwoZyXu (Prefix) yxkrs gSA
(iv) rFkk var esa ,Ydsu] ,sYdhu o ,Ydkbu ds vk/kj ij vuqyXu yxkrs gSA
dkcZu dh la[;k ds vk/kj ij vuqyXu (Suffix)%&
C1 – esFk C2 – ,sFk C3 – izksi C4 – C;wV
C5 – isaV C6 – gsDl C7 – gsIV C8 – vkWDV
C9 – ukWu C10 – Msdk
vuqyXu dk fu/kZj.k %
(i) ,sYdsu % C C (C – C ds chp Single Bond) rc ^,su* vuqyXu ds :i esa yxkrs gSA
(ii) ,sYdhu % C C (C – C ds chp Double Bond) rc ^bZu* vuqyXu ds :i esa yxkrs gSA
(iii) ,Ydkbu % C C (C – C ds chp Triple Bond) rc ^vkbu* vuqyXu ds :i esa yxkrs gSA
(A) ,Ydsu Js.kh %
§ ,Ydsuks dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n + 2 gksrk gSA
§ bUgsa larÌr gkbMªksdkcZu (Saturated Hydrocarbon) Hkh dgrs gSA
Note : ,sls gkbMªkd
s kcZu ftues dkcZu] dkcZu ds eè; ,dy ca/ (Single Bond) gks rks ,sls gkbMªkd
s kcZu larÌr Hydro
Carbon dgykrs gSA
§ ^,su* vuqyXu yxkrs gSA
mnkgj.k %
(i) C1H4
H
lajpuk → H C H
b.
H
IUPAC uke – esFk + ,su = esFksu
ca/ks dh la[;k = 4 pu
(ii) C2H6 ika
H H um
lajpuk → H C C H Bh
H H
IUPAC uke – ,sFk + ,su = ,sFksu
ca/ks dh la[;k = 7
(iii) C3H8
H H H
lajpuk → H C C C H
H H H
IUPAC uke – izksi + ,su = izksisu
ca/ks dh la[;k = 10
(iv) C4H10
H H H H
lajpuk → H C C C C H
H H H H
IUPAC uke – C;wV + ,su = C;wVsu
ca/ks dh la[;k = 13
(B) ,sYdhu Js.kh %
§ ,sYdhuks dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n gksrk gSA
§ buesa dkcZu&dkcZu ds eè; f}ca/ (Double Bond) ik;k tkrk gSA
§ ;s vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu (Unsaturated Hydrocarbon) gksrs gSA
Note – ,sls gkbMªkdkcZu ftuesa f}ca/ ;k f=kca/ (Triple bond) ik;k tkrk gS rks ,sls gkbMªksdkcZu vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu
dgykrs gSA
§ ,sYdhuksa dks vkWfyfiQUl Hkh dgrs gSA
§ buesa ^bZu* vuqyXu yxk;k tkrk gSA
§ ,sYdhu Js.kh ds fy, U;wure nks dkcZu ijek.kq gksuk vko';d gSA
mnkgj.k &
(i) C2H4
lajpuk → H C C H
H H
IUPAC uke & ,sFk $ bZu = ,sFkhu
lk/kj.k uke & ,fFkyhu
ca/ksa dh la[;k & 6
(ii) C3H6
H H
lajpuk → H C C C H
H H b.
IUPAC uke – izksi + bZu = izksihu pu
lk/kj.k uke – izksfiyhu ika
ca/ks dh la[;k – 9 hum
(iii) C4H8 B
H H
lajpuk→ H C C C C H
H H H H
IUPAC uke – C;wV + bZu = C;wVhu
lk/kj.k uke – C;wVhyhu
ca/ks dh la[;k – 12
(C) ,Ydkbu & Js.kh
§ ,Ydkbuksa dk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n – 2 gksrk gSA
§ ;s Hkh vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu gSA
§ buesa dkcZu&dkcZu ds chp f=kd ca/ (Triple Bond) ik;k tkrk gSA
§ buesa ^vkbu* vuqyXu (Suffix) yxkrs gSA
§ ,Ydkbu Js.kh ds fy, Hkh U;wure nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA
§ bUgsa ,lhVhyhu Hkh dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %
(i) C2H2
lajpuk→ H–C ≡ C–H
IUPAC uke – ,sFk + vkbu = ,sFkkbu
O;qRiUu uke – ,lhVhyhu
(ii) C3H4
H
lajpuk→ H C C C H
H
IUPAC uke – izksi + vkbu = izksikbu

O;qRiUu uke – esfFky ,sflfVfyu
(iii) C4H6
H H
lajpuk→ H C C C C H
H H
ub.
IUPAC uke – C;wV + vkbu = C;wVkbu
a p
O;qRiUu uke – ,sfFky ,lhVhyhu
mik
u
ca/ks dh la[;k &11
Bh
Dyksjks&Ýyqvksjks dkcZu (Chloro-Fluoro Carbon)
§ tc dkcZu ijek.kq viuh la;kstdrk dks Dyksjhu (Cl) o Ýyksjhu (F) ijek.kqvksa ls iwjh djrk gS rks bl izdkj cus ;kSfxd CFC
dgykrs gSA
§ CFC dks fÚ;kWu Hkh dgrs gSA
§ dkcZu ijek.kq tc viuh la;kstdrk Dyksjhu rFkk Ýyksjhu ijek.kqvksa ls iw.kZ djrk gS rks cus ;kSfxd Dyksjks Ýyqvksjks dkcZu (CFC)
dgykrs gS ftUgsa fIkzQ;kWu Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ,Ydsuksa ds ikWyhDyksjks Ýyqvksjks O;qRiUuksa dks Dyksjks Ýyqvksjks dkcZu ;k fIkzQ;kWu dgrs gSA fIkzQ;kWu ds vkafdd uke ds fy, muds
v.kqlw=k esa mifLFkr dkcZu] gkbMªkstu rFkk Ýyqvksjhu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;kvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k& fIkzQ;kWu& XYZ
tgk¡ X = fIkzQ;kWu v.kq esa mifLFkr dkcZu ijek.kq dh lajpuk –1
Y= fIkzQ;kWu v.kq esa mifLFkr gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dh lajpuk +1
Z= fIkzQ;kWu v.kq esa mifLFkr Ýyksjhu ijek.kq dh lajpuk
fIkzQ;kWu dk ukedj.k
v.kqlw=k X Y Z Ukke
CFCl3 0 1 1 fIkzQ;kWu –11
CF2Cl2 0 1 2 fIkzQ;kWu –12
C2F2Cl4 1 1 2 fIkzQ;kWu –112
mi;ksx&
(1) jsfIkzQtjsVjka]s ,-lh-] 'khr laxgz xkjksa es a iz'khrd ds :i esa
(2) vfØ; foyk;d ds :i esa
lh-,u-th- (Compressed Natural Gas)

§ i`Foh dh xgjkbZ esa isVªksf;ye inkFkksZ ds Åij ijr ds :i esa ikbZ tkuh okyh xSlksa dks izkd`frd xSls dgrs gSA
§ isVªksfy;e ds [kuu ds lkFk vk;h xSlksa dks mPp rki ij lEihfMr (Compress) dj ds xSls i`Fkd dh tkrh gSA
CNG dh fo'ks"krk,sa
§ bldk eq[; ?kVd esFksu (CH4) gSA
§ blesa dkcZu dh izfr'krrk de gksrh gSA
§ i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g xSl vU; isVªksfy;e inkFkksZ dh rqyuk esa Js"B gSA
§ ok;q ls gYdh gksrh gS vr% nq?kZVuk dh laHkkouk cgqr de gksrh gSA
CNG dk mi;ksx b.
§ bZa/u ds :i esa pu
§ ika
egkuxjksa esa isVªksy] Mhty ds LFkku ij okguksa dks pykus ds fy,A
h um Petrolium Gas)
LPG (nzfor isVªksfy; xSl@Liquied
B
§ ?kVd & esFksu $ izksisu $ C;wVsu
§ izeq[k ?kVd & izksisu $ C;wVsu
§ mi;ksx & [kkuk idkus esa jlksbZ xSl flys.Mj esa
§ miuke & bls dqfdax xSl Hkh dgrs gSA
§ ;g ok;q ls Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k fjlko okys LFkku ij ry esa te tkrh gS ftlls nq?kZVuk dh laHkkouk,a vf/d gksrh gSA
§ blesa ¶,fFky edsZIVsu¸ uked inkFkZ ds dkj.k fo'ks"k izdkj dh xa/ vkrh gSA ftlls fjlko dk irk py tkrk gSA
cgqyd (Polymers)
§ cgqyd mPp v.kqHkkj okyk ;kSfxd gksrk gS tks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d izdkj ds de v.kqHkkj okys NksVs&NksVs vusd v.kqvksa
ds la;ksx ls curk gSA
d`f=ke js'ks&
1. ukbykWu– 66
§ ;g ,fMfid vEy (6 dkcZu ijek.kq) rFkk gsDlk esfFkyhu Mkb,sehu ( 6 dkcZu ijek.kq) dh bdkb;ksa ds la?kuu ls curk gS
blfy, bls ukbykWu– 66 dgrs gSA bl cgqyd esa ,ekbM ca/ ( – CO – NH) dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;g ikWfy,sekbM cgqyd
dgykrk gSA
mi;ksx&
(i) Vk;j] diM+s] js'ks] jfLl;k¡] cz'k cukus esaA
(ii) e'khuksa ds fx;j] cs;fjax cukus esaA
2. VSjhyhu&
;g ,sfFkyhu XykbdkWy rFkk VjFkSfyd vEy ds la?kuu ls izkIr gksrk gSA ;g vYiueh vo'kks"kd] f'kduosèkh] lw;Z o ekSle
ds izfr izfrjks/h gksrk gSA bls MsØkWu Hkh dgrs gSA
mi;ksx
diM+s] ukoksa dh iky] csYV] fIkQYe] pqEcdh; Vsi vkfn cukus esaA
3. js;kWu&
;g iqu% fufeZr lsY;qykst gSA js;kWu cukus ds fy, dkxt (lsY;wykst) dks lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM ds foy;u esa fHkxksdj lkIkQ
fd;k tkrk gSA bls dkcZuMkbZ lYIkQkbM (CS2) esa foys; dj lsY;qykst dk foy;u izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] ckn esa foy;u esa
H2SO4 vEy feyk;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx%& oL=k] /kxs] nfj;k¡ vkfn cukus esaA
IykfLVd
§ lkekU;r% IykfLVd mu inkFkksZ dks dgk tkrk gS ftUgsa bPNkuqlkj fofHkUu vkdkj ds lkapks esa <kyk tk ldsA eq[; :i ls
IykfLVd cgqyd fuEu gS&
(1) ikWyh,Fkhu%& mPp rki rFkk nkc ij mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa ,Fkhu ds cgqydhdj.k ls ikWyh,Fkhu izkIr fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g yphyk o lqn`<+ IykfLVd gSA
ub.
n (CH = CH ) → (– CH – CH –)
a p
ik
2 2 2 2 n
,Fkhu ikWyh,Fkhu
m
u cukus esaA
mi;ksx& FkSfy;k¡ lkWpsa esa <+yh oLrq;sa] ikbi] V~;wc] cksryhvkfn
(2)
B
PVC (ikWyh okbfuy DyksjkbM)%& ;g okbfuy DyksjkbM ds cgqydhdj.k ls izkIr gksrk gSA
n (CH2 = CH) [– CH2 – CH–]n
Cl Cl
okbfuy DyksjkbM PVC

mi;ksx& cjlkrh diM+s] FkSys] twrs] pIiy] vLirky dh pn~njs] f[kykSus] ikbZi] fo|qrjks/h ijrsa] IkQksuksxzke dh fjdkMZ
vkfn cukus esAa
vkjykWu%&
;g okbfyu lkbukbM ls cuk;k tkrk gSA bls ikWyhokbfuy lkbukbM ;k ikWfy,fØyksa ukbVªkby (PAN) Hkh dgrs gSA
CH2= CH – CH2– CH – CH2 – CH–
n n
CN CN CN
okbfuy lkbukbM ;k ,fØyksukbVªkby vkjykWu

mi;ksx& LosVj] ckfFkax lwV] Åu tSls rUrq ftuls rfd;k] xn~ns vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSa] esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA
ikWyh esfFky esFk,fØysV
bls esfFky esFk,fØysV ds cgqyyhdj.k ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
COO CH 3
n CH2 = C – COO CH3 – CH2 – C – n
CH3
;g dBksj o ikjn'khZ gksrk gSA blls dkjksa ds ykbV ds doj rFkk vkd"kZ.k lkbu iV~V cuk;s tkrs gSA
mi;ksx& ;g ySal] jks'kunku] ok;qnku dh f[kM+fd;ksa] vkfn ds dk¡p ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
ikWyh&LVkbjhu% ;g LVkbjhu ds cgqyhdj.k ls izkIr gksrk gSA
CH2= CH ijvkWDlkbM – CH2 – CH –
n n
C6H 5 C6H 5
LVkbjhu ikWyhLVkbjhu
mi;ksx& cksryksa ds <+Ddu] NksVs jsfM;ks ds dsfcusV] jfIkzQtjsVj ds Hkkx] daf?k;ks]a f[kykSus] nhokjksa ds VkbYl] pk; ds di] isfa dx
lkexzh vkfn cukus esAa
jcj
§ izkd`frd jcj ,d o`{k ls nzo ds :i esa izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] bls jcj{khj ;k ysVDs l dgrs gSA izkd`frd jcj vkblksizhu dk
cgqyd gksrk gSA ysVsDl esa CH3COOH (,sflfVd vEy) feykdj mls Bksl esa cnyk tkrk gSA jcj dh xq.kork c<+kus o
.
ruu lkeF;Z dks c<+kus ds fy, blesa lYIkQj feykdj xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] bls oYdhuhdj.k dgrs gSA blls izkIr jcM+ dBksj]
b
vizR;kLFk o de f?klus okyk gksrk gSA pu
mi;ksx& Vk;j] V~;wc cukus esa ika
hum
n
CH2 = CH – C = CH2
CH3 CH3
B
– CH2 – CH = C – CH2 –
vkblksizhu jcM+
la'ysf"kr jcj& C;quk&S (C;wVkMkbbZu ,oa IkQsfuy ,fFkyhu ;k LVkbjhu ls fufeZr)]
C;wuk& N (C;wVkMkbbZu ,oa ,fØyks ukbVªkby ds cgqydhdj.k ls fufeZr)
q q q
lkcqu] viektZd ,oa ihM+duk'kh

(Soap, Detergent and Pesticides)
fMVjtsUV (viektZd)
§ ;g ysfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSA
§ vFkZ & LoPN djus okyk (To Wipe Clean)
§ orZeku vFkZ & la'ysf"kr viektZd gSA
§ ;s lkcqu dh rqyuk esa vf/d Js"B gksrs gSA
§ D;ksafd ;s dBksj ty esa Hkh foys; gks tkrs gSA rFkk oL=kksa dks lkcqu dh rqyuk esa vfèkd lkiQ djrs gSA
§ viektZd lkcqu ugh gksrs gSa] ijUrq ;s lkcqu dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA
§ vr% bUgsa lkcqu fofgu lkcqu Hkh dgk tkrk gSa] ;s lkcqu dh mUur fdLe gksrs gS vkSj dBksj ty esa Hkh mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA
§ ;s Bksl] nzo] ikmMj] isLV vkfn lHkh :iksa esa cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA
bUgsa fuEu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSa&
dsVk;fud ;k /uk;u viektZd%&
§ bUgsa bUoVZ lkcqu (izrhi lkcqu) Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA
§ ;s eq[; :i ls prq"d veksfu;e DyksjkbM+] czksekbM vFkok ,slhVsV gksrs gSaA
ub.
§ bueas dèhuk'kd xq.k gksus ds dkj.k] bUgsa gkWfLiVyksa esa iz;ksx esa ysrs gSaA
,suk;fud ;k Í.kk;fud viektZd%& a p
§ ;s yEch dkcZu Jà[kyk okys izkFkfed ,sYdkWgy gksrs gSaA
mik
u
§ buesa C ls C rd dh dkcZu Jà[kyk ik;h tkrh gSaA
12 18
Bh
§ mPp gkbMªksdkcZu ds lYiQksusV ds lksfM;e yo.k Hkh blh esa vkrs gSaA
§ mnkgj.k& lksfM;e ykWfjy lYiQsV] lksfM;e iSjk n- MksMsfly csUthu lYiQksusV vkfnA
ukWu vk;fud viektZd%&
§ ;s lkekU; viektZd gSa tks fd nzo voLFkk esa gksrs gSAa /zo q h; lgla;kstd ca/ ;qDr gksrs gSa vkSj ty foys; gksrs gSAa buesa
vf/d >kx mRiUu gksrs gSAa
§ ;s eq[;r% ikWyhgkbMªkWDlh ,sYdkWgy ds ,LVj gksrs gSaA
§ budk mi;ksx oL=k] e'khu] Øksdjh vkfn dks /ksus ds fy; fd;k tkrk gSaA
viektZd dh xq.koÙkk%&
§ viektZd dks dqN vU; inkFkZ feykdj bldh xq.kork dks c<k;k tkrk gSaA
;s inkFkZ fuEu gSa&
(i) ped mRiUu djus okys& ;s dwefs ju vkSj fLVyohu ds cgqyd gksrs gSAa bUgsa feykus ij viektZd dh ped c<+kus dh
{kerk c<+ tkrh gSAa
(ii) liQkbZ djus okys& viektZd esa lksfM;e VªkbZikWfy iQkLiQsV dks feykus ij] viektZd dh liQkbZ djus dh {kerk c<+
tkrh gSAa
viektZd cukus dh fof/&
(i) rsy vFkok olk ls& rsy ;k olk dk vip;u mPp nkc] mPp rki o mRizjs d (rkez ;kSfxd) dh mifLFkfr esa djkus
ij fXyljkWy ,oa izkFkfed ,sYdkWgy curs gSA
lkcqu%&
§ ;s mPp olk vEy gksrs gS buesa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k 12 ls 18 rd gksrh gSA
§ lkcqu lksfM;e ds yo.k gksrs gSA
olk @ rsy + NaOH / KOH → lksfM;e yo.k (lkcqu) + fXyljkWy
§ iksVsf'k;e (k) yo.k okys lkcqu vf/d e`nq gksrs gS rFkk >kx Hkh vf/d nsrs gSA bl dkj.k budk mi;ksx 'kSfoax fØe
o 'kSEiw cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ fXyljhu ls cus ugkus ds lkcqu ikjn'khZ gksrs gSA
§ lkcqu diM+s ij yxs nCcs ls tqM+dj felsy ljapuk cukrk gSA
'kks/u vfHkdeZd&
§ lkcqu o vfHkdeZd nksuks jklk;fud vfHkdeZd gSa o 'kks/u iz;ksx esa fy;s tkrs gSaA
§ viektZd vPNk 'kks/u vfHkdeZd gSAa
§ lkcqu lkekU;r% mPp olh; vEy tSl& s fLV,sfjd vEy] ikfefVd vEy] ,oa vkWfyd vEy ds lksfM;e ;k iksVfs 'k;e
yo.k gksrs gSaA blds lw=k Øe'k% C17H35COONa, C15H31COONa/K, C17H33COONa/K gSaA
§ bu vEyksa ds iksVfs 'k;e yo.k e`nq lkcqu ;k ckFk:e lkcqu dgykrs gS]a tcfd nksuksa vEyksa ds lksfM;e yo.k dBksj lkcqu
dh rjg tkus tkrs gSAa
lkcqu dk la?kVu (Composition of Soap):-
§ jklk;fud :i ls lkcqu nks Hkkxksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSa&
(i) v/zqzfo; gkbMªksdkcZu Hkkx&
.
§ ;g Hkkx olk esa foys;'khy gSa (Liphophillic) rFkk ty fojks/h (Hydrophobic) Hkkx gSAa
b
(ii) /zqoh; dkcksZfDlysV Hkkx& pu
ka
§ ;g Hkkx ty esa foys;'khy gSa (Hydrophillic) rFkk olk fojks/h (Liphophobic) Hkkx gSAa
i
lkcqu dk fuekZ.k (Preparation of Shop):-
hum
B
§ lkcqu dks lkekU;r% [kkus ;ksX; rsy] tSls ewaxiQyh dk rsy] fry dk rsy vkfn ls cuk;k tkrk gSaA
§ rsy] dkfLVd lksM+k (NaOH) ;k dkfLVd iksVk'k (KOH) ds lkFk ty vi?kfVr gksdj lkcqu cukrs gSaA rFkk bl
vfHkfØ;k dks lkcquhdj.k dgrs gSaA
lkcqu ds izdkj (Types of Shop)-
§ ewyHkwr :i ls lHkh lkcqu lkcquhdj.k izfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i curs gS]a ftlesa nks eq[; ?kVd rsy@olk o {kkj gksrs gSAa
§ fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa ;k rks dqN ifjorZu fd;s tk ldrs gSa ;k dqN ;kSfxd ;k rRo feyk;s tkrs gSaA
tSl&s
§ ckFk:e ds lkcqu esa vPNh fdLe dk rsy iz;Dq r fd;k tkrk gSa o {kkj ds :i esa KOH ysrs gSa rFkk blesa {kkj
ds vkf/D; dks fudkyus dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSaA
§ nk<+h cukus okys lkcquksa dks tYnh lq[kus ls cpkus ds fy, blesa fXyljkWy feykrs gSaA bUgsa cukrs le; jksftu uked
xksan Mkyk tkrk gSa] blls lksfM;e jksftusV curk gSa] tks vPNh rjg Nkx cukrk gSaA
§ /qykbZ okys lkcquksa esa lksfM;e jksftusV] lksfM;e flfydsV cksjsDl] vkSj Na2CO3 tSls iwjd feykrs gSA
§ fØ;k'khy lkcqu cukus ds fy, bues fcYMj feykrs gSAa lkcqu ds ikmMj rFkk ektZu lkcquksa esa dqN lkcqu ektZd]
tSls fd >ked pw.kZ ;k ckjhd jsr rFkk Na2CO3, Na3PO4 vkSj VªkbZ lksfM;e iQkLiQsV tSls fcYMj feykrs gSaA
;s lkcqu dh fØ;k'khyrk dks cgqr c<+k nsrs gSaA
lkcqu dBksj ty esa D;ksa ugh jgrs gSa&
§ lkcqu e`nq ty esa vklkuh ls Nkx cuk ysrs gSaA
§ dBksj ty esa Ca rFkk Mg ds ckbZ dkcksZusV] lYiQsV o DyksjkbM yo.k mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
§ tc ge fdlh lkcqu dks dBksj ty esa feykrs gSa rks lkcqu esa mifLFkr mPp olh; vEyksa esa ?kqyu'khy lksfM;e
yo.k vius vuq:i dSfYl;e ;k eSfXuf'k;e yo.kksa esa cny tkrs gSa vkSj ;s yEcs le; rd ty esa v?kqyu'khy
jgrs gSa o vo{ksi cukrs gS]a ;g vo{ksi oL=kksa ls fpidrk gSa ,oa diM+ks ls rsy ,oa xzht ds nkxkas dks lkcqu }kjk
i`FkDdj.k dh {kerk dks ckf/r djrk gSa A bl izdkj lkcqu dk vR;f/d Hkkx fcuk >kx cuk;s ccZkn gks tkrk
gSaA
ihM+duk'kh (Pesticides)
§ ,sls jlk;u inkFkZ tks dhVks o vU; NksVs cM+s thoksa dks ekjus ds fy, iz;Dq r fd;s tkrs gSA ihM+duk'kh ;k uk'khtho ekjd dgykrs
gSA
Types of Pesticides
§ dhVuk'kh % ;s ,sls jlk;u gksrs gS tks dhVksa dks ekjus ds fy, dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA tSls& lsYiQksl
§ ew"kduk'kh % ;s ,sls jlk;u gksrs gS tks pwgksa dks ekjus ds fy, dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA tSls& ftad iQkWLiQkbM] ,Y;wfefu;e
iQkWLiQkbM] jSVksckj] jsVkfiQu] csfj;e dkcksZusV vkfnA
§ 'kkduk'kh % ,sls jlk;u tks iQly ds lkFk mxs vuko';d [kjirokj dks u"V djus ds fy, dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA 'kkduk'kh
dgykrs gSA
tSls& 2, 4 – D (2, 4 MkbZ Dyksjks fiQukWDlh ,flfVd ,sflM)
iQlysa o muds fy, mi;qDr [kjirokj uk'kh
ub.
iQly 'kkduk'kh a p
1. xsgw¡ 2, 4–D, lsUdksj
mik
u
2. /ku
3. eDdk@cktjk
O;wVkDyksj
LVªkftu
Bh
4. puk@eVj@ewx ¡ cklkfyu (ÝywDykSjsfyu)
dqN 'kkduk'kh@[kjirokjuk'kh o budk O;kikfjd uke
jklk;fud uke O;kikfjd uke
1. 2, 4–D CysMsDl th
2. C;wVkDyksj epsVh
3. ,Vªkftu LVªkVsiQ o ,Vªkftu
§ Li'kZfo"k % ,sls jlk;u inkFkZ ftuds lEidZ@Li'kZ esa vkus ls thoksa dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ,sls jlk;u Li'kZfo"k dgykrs gSA
tSls %
(i) ,fYMªu
(ii) esykfFku
(iii) DDT (MkbZDyksjks MkbZ fiQukby VªkbZ Dyksjks,sFksu)
§ /weu fo"k%& ;s ,sls jlk;u gksrs gS tks /q,as ds :i esa ik;s tkrs gSA
mnkgj.k& HCN (gkbMªkstu lk;ukbM)] CS2 (dkcZu MkbZ lYiQkbM)] feFkkby czksekbM] bFkkbyhu MkbczksekbM vkfnA
§ iQiQwanuk'kh (Fungicides):- ;s ,sls jlk;u gksrs gS tks iQiQwan dks u"V dj nsrs gSA
mnkgj.k& dkcsZUMkfte] eSUdkstSo] fFkje] ?kqyu'khy xa/d vkfnA
Child Development
Maths Geography
Reasoning Economics
Science Polity
General Hindi MP GK
GK Trick By
Telegram
Whatsapp
हमें
FOLLOW Instagram
करें
Apps
Youtube
PHYSICS
HkkSfrd foKku ,d ifjp;
(An Introduction of Physics)
ekiu (Measurment):-
foKku b.
pu
izkd`frd foKku ik
a
HkkSfrd foKku h um tho foKku
B
vk;qfoZKku ouLifr foKku izk.kh foKku
(Medical Science) (Botany) (Zoology)
HkkSfrdh jklk;fudh HkwxfHkZdh [kxksfydh xf.kr

(Physics) (Chemistry) (Geotogy) (Astronology) (Mathematics)
1. Hkkjrh; ekiu i¼fr;k¡ % fczfV'k 'kkld Hkkjrh; eki rksy dks ml le; xzsV fczVus esa iz;qDr i¼fr ls tksMu+ k pkgrs FksA yackbZ
ekius ds fy, ;g ek=kd bap] iQqV o xt vkfn Fks rFkk nzO;eku ekius ds fy;s xzsu] vkSal vkSj ikSaM vkfn FksA
Hkkjr esa ,d feyh&tqyh i¼fr izkjEHk dh xbZ tks Lora=krk dfs le; rd izpfyr FkhA bl i¼fr esa nzO;eku ds eq[; ek=kd
FksA jÙkh] ek'kk] rksyk] NVkad lSj vkSj e.k vkfnA
8 jrh 1 ek'kk
12 ek'kk 1 rksyk
5 rksyk 1 NVkad
16 NVkad 1 lsj
40 lsj 1 e.k
1 e.k 100 ikSaM Vªk;
rF; (Fact)
jÙkh ,d yky jax dk cht gksrk gS] ftldk nzO;eku yxHkx 120 feyhxzke gksrk gSA bldk Use Lo.kZdkj o vk;qosZn ds
fpfdRldksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2. vk/qfud ekiu i¼fr (Modern Measurment Systems)
§ lu~ 1875 bZ- esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ehVj le>kSrk gqvk ftlds vUrxZr eki rksy dk ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; C;wjks LFkkfir fd;k x;k]
ftls BIPM (Bureau International des poidset Measures) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
§ BIPM C;wjks vHkh Hkh isfjl esa lsolZ (Severes) uked LFkku ij dk;Z dj jgk gSA
§ BIPM }kjk Lohd`r ;g i¼fr rhu ewy jkf'k;ksa yEckbZ (l), nzO;eku (m) o le; (t) ds ek=kdksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA
yEckbZ & ehVj
nzO;eku & fdyksxzke
le; & lSd.M
3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; i¼fr (International Systems)
ub.
§ vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSj le; ds fy, cgs (lsUVhehVj] xzkepo lSd.s M) rFkk MKS (ehVj] fdyksxzke]
lSds.M) iz.kkfy;k¡ izpfyr gSA ika
§ orZeku esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ek=kd i¼fr vFkok SI i¼fr (Úkalh
m
hlhuuke& Le Systeme Internationald-unites) dks ekiu
ds fy, lkjs fo'o esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA B
§ SI i¼fr fuEu ek=kdksa ij vk/kfjr gS%
Ø-la- ew y jkf'k ek=kd iz r hd

1. yEckbZ (length) ehVj m
2. nz O ;eku (Mass) fdyksxzke kg
3. le; (Time) lSds.M S
4. fo|q r /kjk (E. Current) ,Eih;j A
5. rki (Temp) ds f You K
6. T;ks f r rhoz r k dS a M s y k Cd
7. inkFkZ dh ek=kk eksy mol
vioR;Z o viorZd (Multiples and Fractions):-
109 fxxk G
10 6 eSxk M
103 fdyks K
10 2 gSDVks h
101 Msdk da
10 -1 Mslh d
10-2 lsaVh c
10 -3 fefy m
10-6 ekbØks µ
10 -9 uSuks n
10-12 fidh p
O;qRiUu ek=kd % ,sls ek=kd tks ewy ek=kdksa dh lgk;rk lsa O;Dr fd;s tkrs gS] mUgsa O;qRiUu ek=kd dgrs gSA
1. izdk'k o"kZ % ;g yEch nwjh dks ekius dk ek=kd gSA
izdk'k }kjk ,d o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks izdk'k o"kZ dgrs gSA
1 izdk'k o"kZ = 9.46 × 1015 eh-
2. ikjlsd (Parsec) : ;g Hkh nwjh dk ek=kd gSA
1 ikjlsd = 3.08 × 1016 m. = 3.262 izdk'k o"kZ
3. [kxksyh; bdkbZ (Astronomical unit) : lw;Z vkSj i`Foh ds chp dh vkSlr nwjh dks ,d [kxksyh; bdkbZ dgrs gSA
1 [kxksyh; bdkbZ = 149.60 × 109 m b.
;k pu
–6
1 A.U. = 4.8481 × 10 P.C. i ka
m
÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸhu(πÊ¡¥)
ŸÊ◊ ¬˝◊Èπ ÿÊªŒÊŸ/πÊ¡¥
B Œ‡Ê
•ÊßU Ê∑§ ãÿÍ≈UŸ ªÈL§àflÊ∑§·¸áÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊, ªÁÃ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊ ÿÍ. ∑§.
ªÒ‹ËÁ‹ÿÊ ¬⁄UÊflÃ¸∑§ ŒÍ⁄U’ËŸ, ¡«∏ÃÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊ ßU≈U‹Ë
•Ê∑¸§Á◊Á«U¡ ©à¬‹flŸÃÊ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊ¥Ã, Á‹fl⁄U ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ª˝Ë‚
¡ê‚ ∑§‹Ê∑¸§ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊ◊ÒÇŸÁ≈U∑§ Á‚hUÊãÃ
◊ÒÄ‚fl‹ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊ◊ÒÇŸÁ≈U∑§ Ã⁄¥Uª ÿÍ. ∑§.
«UéÀÿÍ. ∑§. ⁄UÊã¡≈UŸ ∞Ä‚ Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ¡◊¸ŸË
◊Ò⁄UË ÄÿÍ⁄UË ⁄‘UÁ«Uÿ◊ ∞fl¥ ¬Ê‹ÊÁŸÿ◊, ¬˝Ê∑Î§ÁÃ∑§ ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊäÊÁ◊¸ÃÊ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ ¬Ê‹Òá«U
•À’≈¸U •ÊßUã‚≈UËŸ »§Ê≈UÊ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÁ‚≈UË, ‚Ê¬ˇÊÃÊ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ¡◊¸ŸË
∞‚. ∞Ÿ. ’Ê‚ ÄflÊã≈U◊ S≈ÒUÁ≈UÁS≈UÄ‚ ÷Ê⁄UÃ
¡ê‚ øÒ«UÁfl∑§ ãÿÍ≈˛UÊÚŸ ÿÍ. ∑§.
ŸËÀ‚ ’Ê⁄U „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ÄflÊÊ¥≈U◊ ◊ÊÚ«U‹ «UŸ◊Ê∑¸§
•Ÿ¸S≈U ⁄UŒ⁄U»§Ê«¸U ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ⁄U ◊ÊÚ«U‹ «UŸ◊Ê∑¸§
‚Ë. flË. ⁄U◊Ÿ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§Ê •áÊÈ•Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ •¬˝àÿÊSÕ ÁflˇÊ¬áÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃ
Á∑˝§Á‡øÿŸ sÍªã‚ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§Ê Ã⁄¥Uª ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ „UÊ‹Òá«U
◊ÊßU∑§‹ »Ò§⁄UÊ«U ÁfllÈÃ •¬ÉÊ≈UŸ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊, ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ¬˝⁄UáÊ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊ ÿÍ. ∑§.
∞«UÁflŸ „Ué’‹ »Ò§‹ÃÊ ’˝rÊÊ¥«U ÿÍ. ∞‚. ∞.
„UÊ◊Ë ¡„UÊ¥ªË⁄U ÷Ê÷Ê ’˝rÊÊ¥«UËÿ ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ ¬˝¬ÊÃ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ÷Ê⁄UÃ
•éŒÈ‚ ‚‹Ê◊ ˇÊËáÊ ∞fl¥ ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ’‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë •ãÿÊãÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ
•Ê⁄U. ∞. Á◊Á‹∑§Ÿ ÁfllÈÃËÿ •Êfl‡Ê ∑§Ê ◊Ê¬Ÿ ÿÍ. ∞‚. ∞.
•Ÿ¸S≈U ‹Ê⁄‘Uã‚ ‚ÊßUÄ‹Ê≈˛UÊÚŸ ÿÍ. ∞‚. ∞.
flÊÀ»§ªÒ¥ª ¬ÊÚ‹Ë ÄflÊ¥≈U◊ ∞Ä‹Í¡¥Ÿ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊ¥Ã •ÊÚÁS≈˛UÿÊ
‹Í«˜U‚ «UË ’˝Êª‹Ë Œ˝√ÿ ∑§Ë Ã⁄¥Uª ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ »˝§Ê¥‚
¡. ¡. ÕÊ◊‚Ÿ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸ ÿÍ. ∑§.
∞‚. øãŒ˝‡Êπ⁄U øãŒ˝‡Êπ⁄U ‚Ë◊Ê, ÃÊ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃ
‹fl «UÁfl«UÊÁflø ‹Òã«UÊ©U Ã⁄U‹ „UËÁ‹ÿ◊ M§‚
„U‹Á⁄U∑§ M§«UÊÀ»§ „U≈¸˜U¡ ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ Ã⁄¥Uª ¡◊¸ŸË
¡. ‚Ë. ’Ê‚ ’„UŒ ¿UÊ≈UË ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ
Á„UŒS∑§Ë ÿÍ∑§ÊflÊ ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ⁄U ’‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ¡Ê¬ÊŸ
flÊ⁄UŸ⁄U „UÊßU¡Ÿ’ª¸ ÄflÊ¥≈U◊ ◊∑Ò§ÁŸÄ‚, •ÁŸÁ‡øÃÃÊ ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ
ub. ¡◊¸ŸË
ÁflÄ≈U⁄U »˝§Ê¥Á‚‚ „¥U‚ ’˝rÊÊ¥«UË ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ a p •ÊÚÁS≈˛UÿÊ
∞◊. ∞Ÿ. ‚Ê„UÊ ÃÊ¬Ëÿ •ÊÿÊŸÊßU¡‡ÊŸ mik ÷Ê⁄UÃ
u
Bh
Ã∑§ŸË∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ Á‚hUÊãÃ
÷Ê¬ ß¥U¡Ÿ ©Uc◊Ê ªÁÃ∑§Ë ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊
ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ⁄U Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄U ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ⁄U Áflπá«UŸ
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ ∞fl¥ ≈U‹ËÁfl¡Ÿ ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ Ã⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚⁄UáÊ
‚¥ªáÊ∑§ (∑§êåÿÍ≈U⁄U) Á«UÁ¡≈U‹ ‹ÊÚÁ¡∑§
‹‚⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§ ¬˝fläÊ¸Ÿ ‚ ©UgËÁ¬Ã ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ •ÊÒ⁄U ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ (‚¥ÅÿÊ ¬˝ÁÃ‹Ê◊Ÿ)
©UìÊ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ‚È¬⁄U ∑¥§«UÁÄ≈UÁfl≈UË (•ÁÃøÊ‹∑§ÃÊ)
⁄UÊÚ∑§≈U ¬˝Ê◊À‚Ÿ ãÿÍ≈UŸ ∑§ ªÁÃ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊
ÁfllÈÃ ¡Ÿ⁄‘U≈U⁄U »Ò§⁄UÊ«U ∑§ ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ¬˝⁄UáÊ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊
¡‹ ÁfllÈÃ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ SÕÒÁÃ∑§Ë ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ê ÁfllÈÃ ™§¡Ê¸ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ
flÊÿÈÿÊŸ Ã⁄U‹ ∑§ ¬˝flÊ„U ∑§Ê ’⁄UŸÊ¸‹Ë ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ
∑§áÊ àflÊ⁄U∑§ (∞Ä‚‹⁄‘U≈U⁄U) ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ •ÊflÁ‡ÊÃ ∑§áÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ
‚ÊŸÊ⁄U ¬⁄UÊüÊ√ÿ äflÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬⁄UÊflÃ¸Ÿ
SI ◊Í‹ ⁄UÊÁ‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∞fl¥ ◊ÊòÊ∑§

◊Í‹ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê ŸÊ◊ ¬˝ÃË∑§ ¬Á⁄U÷Ê·Ê
‹¥’Êß¸U ◊Ë≈U⁄U m v ◊Ë≈U⁄U ÁŸflÊ¸Ã ◊¥ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ
1
299, 792, 458
‚∑¥§«U ◊¥ Ãÿ ∑§Ë ªß¸U ŒÍ⁄UË „ÒU– (1983)
Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ kg ÿ„U ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ 12 ( C ) ∑§ 5.01888 × 1025 ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U
12
6
„ÒU–
‚◊ÿ ‚∑¥§«U s v ‚∑¥§«U fl„U ‚◊ÿÊãÃ⁄U „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊ –133 ( 133 35 Cs ) ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ-ÉÊ«∏Ë ◊¥
‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊ ∑§ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ 9, 192, 631, 770 ’Ê⁄U ∑¥§¬Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
ÁfllÈÃ äÊÊ⁄UÊ ∞Áê¬ÿ⁄U A v ∞Áê¬ÿ⁄U, fl„U ÁŸÿÃ äÊÊ⁄UÊ „ÒU, ¡Ê ÁŸflÊ¸Ã ◊¥ ∞∑§ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ŒÍ⁄UË ¬⁄U ⁄Uπ ªÿ ŒÊ
•Ÿ¥Ã ‹ê’Êß¸U flÊ‹ ‚ËäÊ-øÊ‹∑§Ê¥ Á¡Ÿ∑§Ë •ŸÈ¬˝SÕ ∑§Ê≈U ∑§Ê ˇÊòÊ»§‹ Ÿªáÿ
„ÒU, ¬˝flÊÁ„UÃ „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ©UŸ∑§ ’Ëø ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ë≈U⁄U ‹ê’Êß¸U 2 × 10–7N ∑§Ê ’‹ ©Uà¬ãŸ
∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
©Uc◊ÊªÁÃ∑§ ÃÊ¬ ∑§ÁÀflŸ K v ∑§ÁÀflŸ, fl„U ©Uc◊ÊªÁÃ∑§ ÃÊ¬ „ÒU ¡Ê ¡‹ ∑§ ÁòÊ∑§ Á’ãŒÈ (Triple point) ∑§
1
©Uc◊ÊªÁÃ∑§ ÃÊ¬ ∑§Ê 273, 46
÷Êª „ÒU–
íÿÊÁÃ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ ∑Ò§ã«U‹Ê cd v ∑Ò§ã«U‹Ê, Á„U◊∑§Ê⁄UË å‹ÒÁ≈UŸ◊ (freezing platinum) ∑§ ÃÊ¬ ÃÕÊ 101325
1
¬ÊS∑§‹ ∑§ ◊Ëw flÊ‹Ë ‚Ã„U ∑§ ‹ê’flÃ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ „ÒU–
60000
b.
¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ ◊Ê‹ mol u
v ◊Ê‹, Á∑§‚Ë ¬ŒÊÊÕ¸ ∑§Ê fl„U Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ©UÃŸ „UË ¬˝Ê⁄¥UÁ÷∑§ ∞∑§∑§ „Ò¥U
p
ka
Á¡ÃŸ ‡ÊÈhU ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ-vw ∑§ ∆UË∑§ vw ª˝Ê◊ ◊¥ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
i
SI ‚ê¬Í⁄U∑h um
§ ◊ÊòÊ∑§
◊Í‹ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê ŸÊ◊ ¬˝ÃË∑§
B
¬Á⁄U÷Ê·Ê
∑§ÊáÊ ⁄‘UÁ«UÿŸ rad v ⁄‘UÁ«UÿŸ fl„U ∑§ÊáÊ „ÒU ¡Ê ∞∑§ flÎûÊ ∑§Ë ŒÊ ÁòÊíÿÊ ¬⁄U ’ŸÃÊ „ÒU, ¡’ ÿ ¬Á⁄UÁäÊ
¬⁄U ÁòÊíÿÊ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Êß¸U ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U øÊ¬ ∑§Ê≈UÃË „ÒU–
∆UÊ‚ ∑§ÊáÊ S≈U⁄‘UÁ«UÿŸ sr v S≈U⁄‘UÁ«UÿŸ, fl„U ∆UÊ‚ ∑§ÊáÊ ¡Ê r ÁòÊíÿÊ ∑§ ∞∑§ ªÊ‹ ∑§Ë ‚Ã„U ∑§ r2
ˇÊòÊ»§‹ flÊ‹ •¥‡Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ ªÊ‹ ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝ ¬⁄U ’ŸÃÊ „ÒU–
‹êéÊß¸U ∑§Ê ◊ÊòÊ∑§

Œ‚ ∑§ ÉÊÊÃ ŸÊ◊ (prefix) ¬˝ÃË∑§
1018
∞Ä‚Ê (Exa) E
1015 ¬≈UÊ (Peta) P
1012 ≈U⁄UÊ (Tera) T
109 ªËªÊ (Giga) G
106 ◊ªÊ (Mega) M
103 Á∑§‹Ê (Kilo) k
102 „UÄ≈UÊ (Hecto) h
101 «U∑§Ê (Deca) da
10–1 «U‚Ë (Deci) d
10–2 ‚ã≈UË (Centi) c
10–3 Á◊‹Ë (Milli) m
10–6 ◊ÊßU∑˝§Ê (Micro) µ
10–9 ŸÒŸÊ (Nano) n
10–12 Á¬∑§Ê (Pico) P
10–15 »Ò§ê≈UÊ / »§◊Ë¸ (Femto/Fermi) f
10–18 ∞≈UÊ (Atto) a
Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ ∑§ ◊ÊòÊ∑§

flSÃÈ∞° Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ (kg)
ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸ 10–30
¬˝Ê≈UÊÚŸ 10–27
ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ 10–25
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ 10–22
‹Ê‹ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞° 10–13
¬˝Ê≈UÊÚŸ 10–27
ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ub.
10–25
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ a p –22
‹Ê‹ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞°

10
m
10
ik –13
u
äÊÍ‹ ∑§áÊ Bh 10 –9
’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ∑§Ë ’Í°Œ¥ 10–6

◊ë¿U⁄U 10–5
•¥ª⁄Í U 10–3
◊ŸÈcÿ 102
ªÊÁ«∏ÿÊ° 103
’ÊßZUª |y| flÊÿÈÿÊŸ 108
øãŒ˝◊Ê 1023
¬ÎâflË 1025
‚Íÿ¸ 1030
•Ê∑§Ê‡Êª¥ªÊ 1041
’˝rÊÊ¥«U 1055
‚◊ÿ ∑§Ê ◊ÊòÊ∑§
ÉÊ≈UŸÊ ‚◊ÿ
•SÕÊÿË ∑§áÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 10–24
¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ ∞∑§ ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ‚ ∑§Ê ¬Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ Á‹ÿÊ ªÿÊ ‚◊ÿ 10–22
∞Ä‚ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ 10–19
•ÊÁáfl∑§ ŒÊ‹Ÿ •Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ 10–15
¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê Ã⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ 10–15
©UûÊÁ¡Ã •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ 10–8
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ Ã⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ 10–6
äflÁŸ Ã⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ 10–3
¬‹∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¤Ê¬∑§ŸÊ 10–1
ŒÊ ‹ªÊÃÊ⁄U S¬¥ŒŸÊ¥ (◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ÁŒ‹) ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ 100
øãŒ˝◊Ê ‚ ¬ÎâflË Ã∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ¬„È°UøŸ ◊¥ ‹ªÊ ‚◊ÿ 100
‚Íÿ¸ ‚ ¬ÎâflË Ã∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ¬„È¥UøŸ ◊¥ ‹ªÊ ‚◊ÿ 102
©U¬ª˝„U ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U÷˝◊áÊ ∑§Ê‹ 104
¬ÎâflË ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸∑§Ê‹ 105
øãŒ˝◊Ê ∑§Ê •ÊflûÊ¸ ∞fl¥ ¬Á⁄U÷˝◊áÊ ∑§Ê‹ 106
¬ÎâflË ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U÷˝◊áÊ ∑§Ê‹ 107
‚’‚ Ÿ¡ŒË∑§Ë ÃÊ⁄‘U ‚ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ¬„È°UøŸ ◊¥ ‹ªÊ ‚◊ÿ 108
◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 109
Á¬⁄UÊÁ◊«UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 1011
«UÊÿŸÊ‚Ê⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl‹È¬Ã „UÊŸ ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ 1015
b.
’˝rÊÊ¥«U ∑§Ë ¡ËflŸ u
1017
p
i
∑È§¿U √ÿÈà¬UãŸ ◊ÊòÊ∑§
ka
÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê SI ◊ÊòÊ∑§ h um ¬˝ÃË∑§
ˇÊòÊ»§‹ flª¸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U B m2
•ÊÿÃŸ ÉÊŸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U m3

flª ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑¥§«U m/s
∑§ÊáÊËÿ flª ⁄‘UÁ«UÿŸ ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑¥§«U rad/s
àfl⁄UáÊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ flª¸ ‚∑¥§«U m/s2
Ã⁄¥Uª ‚¥ÅÿÊ ¬˝ÁÃ ◊Ë≈U⁄U m– 1
•ÊflÎÁÃ ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑¥§«U ÿÊ „U≈¸˜U¡ S–1 or Hz
ÉÊŸàfl Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U kg/m3
äÊÊ⁄UÊ ÉÊŸàfl ∞Áê¬ÿ⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ flª¸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U A/m2
øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ˇÊòÊ, øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ ∞Áê¬ÿ⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ ◊Ë≈U⁄U A/m
‚ÊãŒ˝ÃÊ ◊Ê‹ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U mol/m3
•ÊÿÃŸ ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ÉÊŸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ m3/kg
‡ÿÊŸÃÊ ªÈáÊÊ¥∑§ Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑¥§«U kg/m/s
‚¥flª Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑¥§«U kgm/s
¡«∏àfl •ÊÉÊÍáÊ¸ Á∑§‹Êª˝Ê◊ flª¸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U kgm2
¬˝flÊ„U Œ⁄U ÉÊŸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ ‚∑§á«U m3 /s
íÿÊÁÃ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ ∑Ò§ã«U‹Ê ¬˝ÁÃ flª¸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U cd/m3
Áfl‡Ê· ŸÊ◊Ê¥ flÊ‹ SI √ÿÈà¬ãŸ ◊ÊòÊ∑§
÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê ŸÊ◊ ¬˝ÃË∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ◊ÊòÊ∑§ SI •ÊäÊÊ⁄UË ◊ÊòÊ∑§
•ÊflÎÁûÊ „U≈¸˜U¡ Hz – s –1
’‹ ãÿÍ≈UŸ N – kg m/s2
ŒÊ’, ¬˝ÁÃ’‹ ¬ÊS∑§‹ Pa N/m3 kg m/s2
™§¡Ê¸, ∑§Êÿ¸, ©Uc◊Ê ¡Í‹ J Nm kg m2/s2
‡ÊÁQ§ flÊ≈U W J/s kg m2/s3
ÁfllÈÃ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑Í§‹ê’ C – sA
ÁfllÈÃ •Êfl‡Ê,
ÁfllÈÃËÿ Áfl÷fl flÊÀ≈U V W/A kg m2/s2 A
Áfl÷ÊãÃ⁄U äÊÊÁ⁄UÃÊ »Ò§⁄UÊ«U F C/V kg–1 m–2 /s–4 A–2
ÁfllÈÃ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊ •Ê◊ Ω V/A kg m2/s–3 A–2
øÊ‹∑§ÃÊ ‚Ë◊ã‚ S Ω + or A/V kg–1 m–2 / s3A2
øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ç‹Ä‚ fl’⁄U Wb Vs or J/A kg m2/s2 A
øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ˇÊòÊ, ≈U‚‹Ê T Wb/m2 kgs2 /A
øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ¬˝⁄UáÊ
¬⁄˝ U∑§àfl „UŸ⁄UË H Wb/A kgm2 /s2A2
íÿÊÁÃ ç‹Ä‚ ÀÿÍ◊Ÿ lm – cd/sr
¬˝ŒËÁ# ÉÊŸàfl ‹Ä‚ lx lm/m2 cd/m2 sr
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊäÊÁ◊¸ÃÊ ’ÄÿÍ⁄U‹ s –1
b.
Bq -
•fl‡ÊÊ·∑§ÃÊ ª˝ Gy J/kg
u m2/s 2
a p
ik
SI ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§ ’Ê„U⁄U ∑§ ∑È§¿U ◊ÊòÊ∑§
m
ŸÊ◊§ ¬˝ÃË∑§ hu
SI ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ◊¥ ◊ÊŸ
B
Á◊Ÿ≈U min 60 second
ÉÊ¥≈UÊ h 60 min = 3600 second
ÁŒŸ d 24 h = 86400s
fl·¸ y 365.25d = 3.156 × 107s
Á«Uª˝Ë ° 1° = (π/180) rad.
‹Ë≈U⁄U L 1L = 10–3m3
≈UŸ t 103 kg
∑Ò§⁄‘U≈U c 200 kg
’Ê⁄U bar 0.1 MPa = 105 Pa.
ÄÿÍ⁄UË c1 3.7 × 1010 S–1
∞ã≈U¡Ÿ R 2.58 × 10–4 C/kg
ÁÄfl¥≈U‹ q 100 kg
’ÊŸ¸ b 100 fm2 = 10–28m2
∞∑§«∏ a 1 dam2 = 102 m2
„ÒUÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ha 1 hm2 = 104m2
•ÊŒ‡Ê¸ atm 1,01,325
flÊÿÈ ŒÊ’ pa 1.013 × 105 Pa
◊Í‹ ⁄UÊÁ‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë Áfl◊Êÿ¥
◊Í‹ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê Áfl◊Ê
‹ê’Êß¸U L
Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ M
‚◊ÿ T
ÁfllÈÃ äÊÊ⁄UÊ I
™§c◊ÊªÁÃ∑§ ÃÊ¬ K
íÿÊÁÃ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ C
¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ë ¬Á⁄U◊ÊáÊ N
äflÁŸ
◊Êäÿ◊ äflÁŸ ∑§Ë øÊ‹ (m/s)
flÊÿÈ 331.5
¬ÊŸË 1483
„UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ 1270
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ «UÊßU•ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U 258
¡‹flÊc¬ 402
∞ÀÿÈÁ◊ÁŸÿ◊ 5000
≈¥UªS≈UŸ 4620
‚¥ª◊⁄U◊⁄U 3810
b.
◊ÊŸfl ©UûÊ∑§ 1550
pu
•◊ÊÁŸÿÊ
Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ
415
ika
um
206
’ã¡ËŸ 202
Bh
⁄UQ§ 1570
‹∑§«∏Ë 4110
‹Ê„UÊ 5244
cy vkSj xfr
(Force and Motion)
HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡%&
1. vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ (Scalar Quantities) : ftu HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, dsoy ifjek.k o bdkbZ dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] ,slh jkf'k;k¡ vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ dgykrh gSA
bu jkf'k;ksa esa fn'kk dk Kku ugha gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & nzO;eku] le;] pky] ?kuRo] ÅtkZ o 'kfDr etc. vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ gSA
2. lfn'k jkf'k;k¡ (Vector Quantities) : ,slh HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡ ftudh iw.kZ tkudkjh ds fy;s ifjek.k ds lkFk&lkFk fn'kk
dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS] lfn'k jkf'k;k¡ dgykrh gSA
mnkgj.k % osx] foLFkkiu] cy] Roj.k] Hkkj] fo|qr {ks=k] cy vk?kw.kZ] nkc] fo|qr/kjk vkfnA
cy%&
§ cy og HkkSfrd lk/u gS ftlds }kjk ge fdlh oLrq dh xfr'khy voLFkk ;k fojke voLFkk esa ifjorZu dj ldrs gSA
vr% fdlh oLrq ij cy yxkus ls oLrq dh pky o fn'kk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA vr% cy ,slh HkkSfrd jkf'k gS tks oLrq
dh xR;koLFkk vFkok fojke voLFkk esa ifjorZu ykrk gS ;k ykus dk izkl djrk gSA
§ cyu ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA
cy
larqfyr cy vlarqfyr cy
;g cy oLrq dh fojkekoLFkk ;g cy oLrq dh fojkekoLFkk
;k xfr'khy voLFkk esa dksbZ ;k xfr'khy voLFkk esa
ifjorZu ugha dj ldrkA ifjorZu ykus esa l{ke gSA
1 U;wVu cy 1 U;wVu cy 1 U;wVu cy 2 U;wVu cy
oLrqfLFkj oLrq xfr'khy

1N = 1N ⇒ ifj.kkeh cy 'kwU; 1N = 2N ⇒ ifj.kkeh cy 'kwU; ugha gksxkA
xfr % fdlh oLrq d.k vFkok fi.M dh fLFkfr dk le; ds lkFk] fujarj cnyuk gh xfr dgykrk gSA
foLFkkiu % fdlh oLrq dh izkjafHkd ,oa vafre fLFkfr ds chp dh U;wure nwjh dks ml oLrq dk foLFkkiu dgrs gSA
b.
foLFkkiu ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS] tks fd /ukRed ;k Í.kkRed vkSj 'kwU; Hkh gks ldrk gSA
u
pky
a p
% xfr'khy oLrq }kjk ,d lSds.M esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks oLrq dh pky dgrs gS] pky vfn'k jkf'k gSA
nwjh mik
pky = u
le;
Bh
osx % ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa ,d lSd.M esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks osx dgrs gSA
;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS] rFkk bldk S.I. ek=kd eh-@ls- gSA
foLFkkiu (s)
osx (v) =
le; (t)
r
r s
v=
t
osx dk S.I. ek=kd = ehVj@lsd.M gSA

Roj.k % fdlh oLrq ds osx esa izfr lSd.M gksus okys ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgrs gSA
§ izfrd = a
§ Roj.k ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA
§ ;fn fdlh oLrq dk izkjfEHkd osx ‘u’ gS rFkk ‘t’ le; i'pkr~ oLrq dk osx ‘v’ gks tkrk gS rks oLrq dk Roj.k fuEu gksxk&
osx esa ifjoruZ

Roj.k =
ifjoruZ esa yxk le;
v−u
lehdj.k :i esa a= ⇒ at = v − u
t
v = at + u ...(i)
mijksDr lehdj.k (i) xfr dj jgh fdlh Rofjr oLrq ds pkj ekuks ;Fkk izk- osx] vafre osx] le; ,oa Roj.k vkfn ds chp
lEcU/ dks crkrk gSA
Note :
§ osx esa o`f¼ ds le; Roj.k dks /ukRed ,oa osx esa deh ds le; Roj.k dks Í.kkRed ekurs gSA
§ ;fn ,d oLrq leku osx ls xfr dj jgh gksrh gS rks ml oLrq dk Roj.k 'kwU; gksrk gS D;ksafd ;gk osx leku gSA
Roj.k dk ek=kd %
oxs dk ek=kd ehVj@lsd.M

= = ehVj@lsd.M 2
le; dk ek=kd lsd.M
Roj.k dk S.I. ek=kd ehVj@lsd.M2 gS bls m/s2 Hkh fy[krs gSA
U;wVu dh xfr ds fu;e

b.
xfr dk izFke fu;e % bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ oLrq fLFkj voLFkk esa gS rks og fLFkj gh jgsxh rFkk xfr'khy voLFkk
pu
U;wVu ds izFke fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e dgrs gSA ika
esa gS rks og xfr'khy gh jgsxh tc rd dh ml ij dksbZ ckg~; cy dk;Z ugha djsA
izFke fu;e ds mnkgj.k hum

B
1. vpkud czsd yxkus ij cl esa cSBs ;k=kh dk vkxs dh vksj >qdukA
2. dEcy dks yVdkdj MaMs ls izgkj djus ij dEcy ls /wy ds d.k dk i`Fkd gksukA
3. Mky dks fgykus ls iQy dk uhps fxjukA
Note : fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku ftruk vf/d gksxk] ml oLrq dk tM+Ro Hkh mruk gh vf/d gksxkA
laosx (Momentum) :
fdlh xfr'khy oLrq dk laosx mlds nzO;eku ,oa osx ds xq.kuiQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
r r
p = mv
§ laoxs ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA

§ laosx dk S.I. ek=kd ^fdyksxzke ehVj@lsd.M* gS bls kg m/s Hkh fy[krs gSA
xfr dk nwljk fu;e % ;g laoxs laj{k.k dk fu;e gSA
r
laosx ( p ) = nzO;eku (m) × osx ( vr )
§ laosx ifjorZu yxk;s x;s cy o oLrq ds foLFkkiu dh fn'kk esa gksrk gSA
xfr dk r`rh; fu;e % ;g fØ;k izfrfØ;k dk fu;e dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
(1) jkWdsV dk Åij dh vkSj tkuk
(2) canwd ls xksyh nkxus ij da/s ij /Ddk yxuk
(3) uko dk vkxs dh vkSj c<+uk
HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa ds ek=kd
jkf'k ek=kd
nw j h ehVj
nz O ;eku fdykxz k e
Hkkj U;w V u
cy U;w V u
dk;Z tw y
ÅtkZ tw y
le; lS d .M
rki d s f You
ra j x nS è ;Z ,a X LVª k e
'kkjs dk rhoz r k Ms f lcy (dB)
v ko` f r dEiu iz f r lS- (gV~ Z t )
fo|q r ,Eih;j
foHkokUrj
ub. oks Y V
iz f rjks /
a p vkse
fo|q r vkos ' k
mik dw y ke
nkc u ikLdy
'kfDr Bh okV
fo|q r /kfjrk iQS j M
izdk'k dk ijkorZu ,oa viorZu

(Reflection and Referaction of Light)
izdk'k (Light)
izdk'k ,d ,slk ekè;e gS ftlds }kjk gesa oLrq,sa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
§ izdk'k lh/h js[kk esa xeu djrk gSA
§ izdk'k ÅtkZ gksrh gSA
§ izdk'k dh izd`fr dks le>kus ds fy, vyx&vyx oSKkfudksa us vyx&vyx er izLrqr fd,&
(i) lu~ 1600 eas U;wVu us izdk'k dks d.k dgk rFkk df.kdk fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA
(ii) lu~ 1678 esa gkbxsu uked oSKkfud us izdk'k dks rjax dgk rFkk rjax fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA
(iii) lu~ 1900 esa Iykad us izdk'k dks ÅtkZ ds iSdsV~l dgk ÅtkZ ds bu iSfdVks dks DokVae dgk¡ rFkk DokaVe fl¼kUr dk
izfriknu fd;kA
§ vkbLVhu us ÅtkZ ds iSdsVks dks iQksVkWu dgkA
§ iQksVkWu dh ÅtkZ e = hν (,p U;w) gksrh gSA
§ iQksVkWu gh izdk'k dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gSA
§ izdk'k dk dk¡p esa osx 2 × 108 m/sec gksrk gSA
§ ysfdu izdk'k dk lokZf/d osx fuokZr esa gksrk gSA tks dh 3 × 108 m/sec gSA
b.
izdk'k dh pky%&
pu
ekè;e
ukbyksu esa ika
izdk'k dh pky
1.96×108 m/s
um
1.
2. dk¡p esa h
2.00×108 m/s
3. ikuh esa B
2.25×108 m/s
4. fuokZr esa 3.00×108 m/s
§ lw;Z ls izdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa 499 lsd.M (vFkkZr~ 8 feuV] 19 lsd.M) yxrs gSA
§ pUnzek ls ijkofrZr izdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa 1.28 lsd.M dk le; yxrk gSA
izdk'k Ïksr%&
1. rkifnIrh Ïksr& mnkgj.k& dksbZ xeZ fi.M
2. tSoizdk'k Ïksr& mnkgj.k& tqxuw (fire fly) tSls dqN tUrq tks izdk'k mRlftZr djrs gSa
3. d`f=ke izdk'k Ïksr& mnkgj.k& fo|qr cYc] eksecÙkh] ykyVsu vkfnA
ijkorZu (Refelection):-
vfHkyEc
vkifrr izdk'k ijkofrZr fdj.k

i r
fdj.k
lrg
tc izdk'k fdj.k dh fdlh lrg ij Mkyh tkrh gS rks og lrg ls Vdjkus ds ckn iqu% mlh ekè;e esa yksV tkrh gSA izdk'k
dh blh ?kVuk dks ijkorZu dgrs gSA
§ vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k o vfHkyEc rhuksa ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSa
§ vkiru dks.k o ijkorZu dks.k nksuksa leku gksrs gSA
ijkorZu nks izdkj dk gksrk gS&
lery lrg [kqnjh

(i) fu;fer ijkorZu (ii) vfu;fer ijkorZu
iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu%& tc izdk'k fdj.k dks fdlh lrg ij Økafr dks.k (90° dks.k) ls vfèkd dks.k ij Mkyk tkrk gSA
rks izdk'k fdj.k iw.kZr% mlh ekè;e esa okil ykSV vkrh gSA ftl ekè;e ls izdk'k fdj.k Mkyh tkrh gSA izdk'k dh blh ?kVuk
dks iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgrs gSA
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds mnkgj.k%&
1. ty esa Mwch ij[kuyh dk peduk
2. ikuh esa Mwch dkyh oLrq dk peduk
3. dk¡p esa vkbZ njkjksa dk peduk
4. izdk'k rUrq
ub.
5. jsfxLrku esa e`x ejhfpdk dk fn[kkbZ nsuk
a p
6. xzh"edky esa lM+dksa ij ikuh Hkjk gqvk izrhr gksuk
mik
hu
7. jsfxLrku esa ;k=kh dks isM+ dk mYVk fn[kkbZ nsuk vkfnA
B
niZ.k (Mirror)
tc fdlh dk¡p dh IysV dh ,d lrg ij ijkorZd inkFkZ Ag (flYoj)] Ni (fudy) dh ikWfyl dj nh tk,sa rks og dk¡p
niZ.k cuk tkrk gSA
niZ.k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
(1) lery niZ.k
§ tc dk¡p dh IysV dh ,d lrg ij ijkorZd inkFkZ dh ikWfyl djns rks og lery niZ.k cu tkrk gSA
§ ?kjksa esa lery niZ.k dke esa fy, tkrs gSA
§ fdlh oLrq dk iwjk izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, niZ.k dh yEckbZ oLrq ls ½ (vk/h) gksuh pkfg,A
(2) xksfy; niZ.k
§ ;s niZ.k dk¡p dk xksyk gksrs gSA
§ ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&
(i) mÙky niZ.k
§ xksys ds mHkjs gq, Hkkx ds vUnj dh vksj ijkorZd inkFkZ dh ikWfyl dj nh tk,sa rks mÙky niZ.k
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
§ okguks ds side okys 'kh'ks mÙky niZ.k gksrs gSA
§ mÙky niZ.k dk n`f"V {ks=k vf/d gksrk gSA
(ii) vory niZ.k
§ xksys ds mHkjs gq, Hkkx ij ijkorZd inkFkZ dh ikWfyl dj nh tk, rks ;g vory niZ.k cuk tkrk
gSa
§ dku] ukd] xyk jksx fo'ks"kK }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
§ nk<+h cukus esa Hkh mi;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA
§ 'kjhj ds vkarfjd Hkkxksa dk vè;;u (,.MksLdksih) djus esa Hkh vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
lery niZ.k ls izfrfcEc dk cuuk
vkHkklh & lh/k

oLrq dh & L → R
b. R→L
pu
xksyh; niZ.k ls izfrfcEc ika
hum
B
P izfrfcEc = vkHkklh lh/k
vory niZ.k ls izfrfcEc
izfrfcEc = okLrfod
¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§ Á‚hUÊãÃ
∑˝§◊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ¬˝ÁÃ¬ÊŒ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ
v. ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ‚⁄U •Êß¸U¡∑§ ãÿÍ≈UŸ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ‚Íˇ◊ ∑§áÊÊ¥ ‚ ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÿ ∑§áÊ Á∑§‚Ë Ã‹ ‚ ≈U∑§⁄UÊ∑§⁄U
•¬flÁÃ¸Ã „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
w. Ã⁄¥Uª Á‚hUÊãÃ Á∑˝§Á‡øÿŸ sÍ¡ã‚ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê Ã⁄¥Uª ‚◊Í„UÊ¥ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ªÊÁ’Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò, ßUŸ ‚◊Í„UÊ¥ ¬⁄U ªÈM§àflÊ∑§·¸áÊ
∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ–
x. ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ Á‚hUÊãÃ ¡ê‚ ◊ÒÄ‚fl‹ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ◊¥ ÁfllÈÃ ∞fl¥ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ ªÈáÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U •ÊÒ⁄U ÿ„U ÁŸflÊ¸Ã ◊¥ ÷Ë ªÁÃ
∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
y. ÄflÊá≈U◊ Á‚hUÊãÃ ◊ÒÄ‚ å‹ÊÚã∑§ •’ Ã∑§ ∑§Ê ‚»§‹Ã◊ Á‚hUÊãÃ „ÒU, ßU‚∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§ ¬Ò∑§≈UÊ¥
(Á¡ã„¥U ÄflÊá≈UÊ ÿÊ »§Ê≈UÊÚŸ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U) ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ø‹ÃÊ „ÒU–
◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Ãâÿó
¬˝ŒËåÃ flSÃÈ∞° (Luminous Bodies) ó ¬˝ŒËåÃ flSÃ∞° fl flSÃÈ∞° „Ò¥U, ¡Ê •¬Ÿ Sflÿ¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ‚ ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡ÊÃ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U, ¡Ò‚ó ‚Íÿ¸, ÁfllÈÃ
’À’ •ÊÁŒ–
•¬˝ŒËåÃ flSÃÈ∞° (Non luminous Bodies) ó •¬˝ŒËåÃ flSÃÈ∞°, fl flSÃÈ∞° „Ò¥U, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê •¬ŸÊ Sflÿ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ, ‹Á∑§Ÿ ©UŸ
¬⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê «UÊ‹Ÿ ¬⁄U fl ÁŒπÊÿË ŒŸ ‹ªÃË „Ò¥U–
¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° (Transparent Bodioes) ó ¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° fl flSÃÈ∞° „Ò¥U Á¡Ÿ‚ „UÊ⁄U∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ÁŸ∑§‹ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U– ¡Ò‚ó
∑§Ê¥ø– ub.
a p
•äÊ¸-¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° (Tranlucent Bodies) ó ∑È§¿U flSÃÈ∞° ∞‚Ë „UÊÃË „Ò¥U, Á¡Ÿ ¬⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ¬«∏Ÿ ‚ ©UŸ∑§Ê ∑È§¿U ÷Êª ÃÊ
mik
•fl‡ÊÊÁ·Ã „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ∑È§¿U ÷Êª ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§‹ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ∞‚Ë flSÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê •äÊ¸-¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
u
Bh
•¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° (Opaque Bodies) ó •¬Ê⁄UŒ‡Ê¸∑§ flSÃÈ∞° fl flSÃÈ∞° „Ò¥U, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ „UÊ∑§⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ’Ê„U⁄U Ÿ„UË¥ ÁŸ∑§‹ ¬ÊÃË¥–
¡Ò‚ó äÊÊÃÈ∞° •ÊÁŒ–
•flÃ‹ Œ¬¸áÊ ‚ ’Ÿ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’

flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ë flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’
ÁSÕÁÃ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ
•ŸãÃ ¬⁄U »§Ê∑§‚ ¬⁄U ’„ÈUÃ ¿UÊ≈UÊ ©UÀ≈UÊ fl flÊSÃÁfl∑§
fl∑˝§ÃÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∞fl¥ »§Ê∑§‚ ∞fl¥ fl∑˝§ÃÊ ¿UÊ≈UÊ ©UÀ≈UÊ fl flÊSÃÁfl∑§
•ŸãÃ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§ ’Ëø
fl∑˝§ÃÊ-∑§ãŒ˝ ¬⁄U fl∑˝§ÃÊ-∑§ãŒ˝ ¬⁄U ‚◊ÊŸ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ©UÀ≈UÊ fl flÊSÃÁfl∑§
»§Ê∑§‚ ÃÕÊ fl∑˝§ÃÊ- fl∑˝§ÃÊ-∑§ãŒ˝ ∞fl¥ ’«∏Ê ©UÀ≈UÊ fl flÊSÃÁfl∑§
∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§ ’Ëø •ŸãÃ ∑§ ’Ëø
»§Ê∑§‚ ¬⁄U •ŸãÃ ¬⁄U ’„ÈUÃ ’«∏Ê ©UÀ≈UÊ fl flÊSÃÁfl∑§
»§Ê∑§‚ ÃÕÊ äÊÈ˝fl ∑§ ’Ëø Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§ ¬Ë¿U ’«∏Ê ‚ËäÊÊ fl •Ê÷Ê‚Ë
◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Ãâÿ
fl∑˝§ÃÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ (Centre of Curvature) ó ªÊ‹Ëÿ Œ¬¸áÊ Á¡‚ πÊπ‹ ªÊ‹ ∑§Ê ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ©U‚∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ê Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ê fl∑˝§ÃÊ ∑§ãŒ˝
∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
äÊÈ˝fl (Pole) ó Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§ ¬⁄UÊflÃ¸∑§ Ã‹ ∑§ ◊äÿ Á’ãŒÈ ∑§Ê Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ê äÊÈ˝fl ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
fl∑˝§ÃÊ ÁòÊíÿÊ (Radius of Curvature) ó Œ¬¸áÊ ¬⁄U ÁSÕÃ Á∑§‚Ë Á’ãŒÈ fl fl∑˝§ÃÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë ŒÍ⁄UË ∑§Ê ©U‚ Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ë fl∑˝§ÃÊ
ÁòÊíÿÊ ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
◊ÈÅÿ •ˇÊ (Principal Axis) ó Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§ äÊÈ˝fl fl fl∑˝§ÃÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ‚ ªÈ¡⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ⁄‘UπÊ ∑§Ê Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ •ˇÊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
»§Ê∑§‚ (Focus) ó ◊ÈÅÿ •ˇÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸÊãÃ⁄U •ÊÃË ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ Œ¬¸áÊ ‚ ¬⁄UÊflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃ˜ Á¡‚ Á’ãŒÈ ¬⁄U •Ê∑§⁄U Á◊‹ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U •ÕflÊ
Á¡‚ Á’ãŒÈ ‚ •ÊÃË ¬˝ÃËÃ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U fl„U Á’ãŒÈ ©U‚ Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ê »§Ê∑§‚ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
»§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË (Focal Length) ó Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§ äÊÈ˝fl fl »§Ê∑§‚ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë ŒÍ⁄UË ∑§Ê »§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
fl∑˝§ÃÊ ÁòÊíÿÊ
»§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË fl∑˝§ÃÊ ÁòÊíÿÊ •ÊäÊË „UÊÃË „ÒU •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ »§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË =
2
¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§ãŒ˝ (Optical Centre) ó ÿ„U ‹¥‚ ∑§ •¥Œ⁄U ÁSÕÃ fl„U Á’ãŒÈ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ªÈ¡⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê Á∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê Áflø‹Ÿ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
ªÊ‹Ëÿ Œ¬¸áÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë »§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË ∑§Ê ‚ÍòÊ ó ©UûÊ‹ •ÊÒ⁄U •flÃ‹ ŒÊŸÊ¥ „UË Œ¬¸áÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë »§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ ‚ÍòÊ ‚ ôÊÊÃ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥Uó
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
¡„UÊ°
u = flSÃÈ ∑§Ë Œ¬¸áÊ ‚ ŒÍ⁄UË
v = ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ë Œ¬¸áÊ ‚ ŒÍ⁄UË
b .
•ÊÒ⁄U f = Œ¬¸áÊ ∑§Ë »§Ê∑§‚ ŒÍ⁄UË p u
ikaU (O) ∑§ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ ∑§Ê •ÊfläÊ¸Ÿ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ m ‚
•ÊfläÊ¸Ÿ (Magnification) ó ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Êß¸U (I) •ÊÒ⁄U flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Êß¸
¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
h um
m=
1 v
=
B
O u
‚¥ÿÈÇ◊Ë »§Ê∑§‚ (Conjugate Focus) ó ¡’ ∞∑§ Á’ãŒÈ ¬⁄U ⁄UπË flSÃÈ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U Á’ãŒÈ ¬⁄U ’Ÿ ÃÊ ∞‚ ŒÊ Á’ãŒÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥ÿÈÇ◊Ë
»§Ê∑§‚ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
©UûÊ‹ ‹¥‚ ‚ ’Ÿ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’

flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’ ∑§Ë¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ∞fl¥
flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U
•ŸãÃ ¬⁄U F2 ¬⁄U flÊSÃÁfl∑§, ’„ÈUÃ ¿UÊ≈UÊ ∞fl¥ ©UÀ≈UÊ
2F1 ‚ ¬⁄‘U F2 ∞fl¥ 2F2 ∑§ ’Ëø flÊSÃÁfl∑§, ¿UÊ≈UÊ ÃÕÊ ©UÀ≈UÊ
2F1 ¬⁄U 2F2 ¬⁄U flÊSÃÁfl∑§, ’⁄UÊ’⁄U, ©UÀ≈UÊ
2F1 ∞fl¥ F1 ∑§ ’Ëø 2F2 ‚ ¬⁄‘U flÊSÃÁfl∑§, ’«∏Ê, ©UÀ≈UÊ
F1 ¬⁄U •ŸãÃ ¬⁄U flÊSÃÁfl∑§, ’„ÈUÃ ’«∏Ê, ©UÀ≈UÊ
O ∞fl¥ F1 ¬⁄U ‹¥‚ ∑§Ë ©U‚Ë •Ê⁄U Á¡‚ •Ê⁄U flSÃÈ „ÒU– •Ê÷Ê‚Ë, ‚ËäÊÊ ÃÕÊ •ÊflÁäÊ¸Ã
o.kZ fo{ksi.k (Colour Dispersal)

§ tc lk/kj.k izdk'k dks fizTe ij Mkyk tkrk gS rks fizTe ls xqtjus ds ckn lk/kj.k izdk'k lkr jaxks esa foHkDr gks tkrk gSA
§ jaxksa dh iV~Vhdk dks LiSDVªe@bUnz/uq"k dgrs gSA
V
I
liQsn B
lk/k izd
j.k i k'k G LiSDVªe@bUnz/uq"k
zdk'k Y
O
R
§ RGB (Red, Green, Blue) izkFkfed jax gksrs gSaA
§ izkFkfed jaxks ds feJ.k ls izkIr jaxksa dks f}rh;d jax dgrs gSA
§ f}rh;d jax fuEu gSA
1. cSaxuh = Red + Blue
2. fidkSd uhyk = Blue + Green
3. ihyk = Red + Green
 1
§ vko`fr (ν – U;w) o rjax nSè;Z (λ – ysEMk) esa O;qRØekuqikfr lEca/ gksrk gSA ν ∝ λ 
 
tc nks jax feydj 'osr jax mRiUu djrs gS rks mUgs iwjd jax dgrs gSAa ub.
§
a p
§
cSaxuh jax dk o.kZ fo{ksi.k dk eku lokZf/d gksrk gSA mik
cSaxuh izdk'k dh vko`fr dk eku lcls vf/d tcfd rjax nSè;Z dk eku lcls de gksrk gSA
§
u
§ Bh
yky izdk'k dh vko`fÙk dk eku lcls de tcfd rjax nSè;Z dk eku lcls vf/d gksrk gSA
§ yky jax dk o.kZ fo{ksi.k dk eku lcls de gksrk gSA
§ izdk'k dh pdkpkSa/ dks nwj djus ds fy, lu Xyklst esa ikWysjkbM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
viorZu (Referaction)
§ tc izdk'k fdj.k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa izo's k djrh gS rks og vius ewy iFk ls fopfyr gks tkrh gS izdk'k dh blh
?kVuk dks viorZu dgrs gSA
vfHkyEc
nwj us=k
fojy ekè;e
i`FkDdkjh lrg
l?ku
ekè;e
viorZu ds fu;e (Laws of Referaction):-
(1) vkifrr fdj.k] viofrZr fdj.k rFkk vkiru fcUnw ij vfHkYkEc ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSA
(2) ;fn vkifrr fdj.k o viofrZr fdj.k vfHkyEc ds LkkFk ozQe'k% vkiru dks.k (i) rFkk vioZru dks.k (r) cukrh gS rks&
sin i
µ=
sin r
bl fu;e dks LuSy dk fu;e (Snell's Law) dgrs gS ;gk¡ µ fu;rkad gSA RkFkk bl fu;rkad dks igys ekè;e ds lkis{k
nwljs ekè;e dk viorZukd (Refractive Index) dgrs gSA
viorZu ds mnkgj.k%&
(1) ikuh esa Mwcs flDds dk Åij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsukA
(2) ikuh esa Mwch isfUly o NM+ dk eqM+k gqvk fn[kkbZ nsukA
(3) rkjksa dk fVefVekuk
(4) vkx dh yiVksa ds ikj ns[kus ij oLrqvksa dk fgyrs gq, fn[kkbZ nsukA
(5) lw;ksZn; o lw;kZLr ds le; lw;Z dk {kSfrt ls uhps gksrs gq, Hkh Åij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsukA
P1
vkHkklh fLFkfr
{kSfrt i`Foh
P
okLrfod fLFkfr
rF; (Facts)
.
§ xzh"edky esa jsfxLrkuh {ks=k esa ikuh Hkjk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS ftls e`xejhfpdk dgrs gSA
b
§ e`x ejhfpdk iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dk mnkgj.k gSA pu
ika
§ xzh"edky esa lM+d ij ikuh Hkjk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS ;g Hkh iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dk mnkgj.k gSA
um
§ ikuh esa j[kh gqbZ ij[kuyh dk peduk iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dk mnkgj.k gSA
h
§ ghjs dk peduk Hkh iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dk mnkgj.k gSAB
§ izdk'k rarq (ophical fiber) esa Hkh iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dh ?kVuk gksrh gSA
§ vkdk'k dk uhyk jax izdh.kZu ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
§ varfj{k ;k=kh dks vkdk'k dkyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
ySal%&
§ ySal ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS ftuds vkj&ikj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
§ ySal nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&
(i) mÙky ySl a
irys
eksV
§ ;s ySal fdukjks ij irys o chp ls eksVs gksrs gSA

§ bUgsa vfHklkjh ySal Hkh dgrs gSA
mi;ksx % us=k jksxksa esa
(ii) vory ySl
a
eksV
irys
§ ;s ySal fdukjks ij eksVs o chp ls irys gksrs gSA

§ bUgsa vilkjh ySal Hkh dgrs gSA
§ mi;ksx % okguksa dh gSM ykbZV esa VkWpZ esa o us=k jksxksa esa
ySal dh {kerk %
1 1 1
= −
f v u
;gk¡ f = focus nwjh
v = izfrfcEc dh ySal ls nwjh
u = oLrq dh ySal ls nwjh
§ tc cuus okys izfrfcEc dh nwjh mlh fn'kk esa ekirs gS ftl fn'kk ls ySal ij izdk'k fdj.ksa vkifrr gksrh gS rks ,slh
ySal {kerk /ukRed (+) gksrh gSA
§ mÙky ySal dh ySal {kerk /ukRed (+) gksrh gSA
§ tc cuus okys izfrfcEc dh nwjh ySal ij vkifrr izdk'k fdj.kksa ds foijhr fn'kk esa gksrh gS rks ,sls ySal dh {kerk
Í.kkRed (–) gksrh gSA
§ vory ySal dh {kerk Í.kkRed (–) gksrh gS& ub.
us=k jksx (Eye Disordars):- a p
(1) fudV n`f"V nks"k (Myopeia) mik
u
§
gSA
Bh
bl jksx ls xzflr O;fDr dks fudV dh oLrq rks lkiQ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu nwj dh oLrq lkiQ fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh
§ bl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, vory ySal dk mi;ksx djrs gSA

(2) nwj n`f"V nks"k (Hyper Metro Peia)
§ bl jksx ls xzflr O;fDr dks nwj dh oLrq rks lkiQ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu fudV dh oLrq lkiQ fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA
§ bl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, mÙky ySal dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
(3) tjk n`f"V nks"k (Prosbiopeia)
§ tSl&s tSls mez c<+rh tkrh gS oSl&s oSls vk¡[kksa dh leatu {kerk de gksrh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ o`¼koLFkk ds lkFk O;fDr
dks u rks nwj dh oLrq Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj u gh fudV dh oLrq Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
§ bl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, f}iQksDlh ySal (Bifocal Lens) dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA
(4) n`f"V oS"kE; (Astagematesum)
§ bl jksx ls xzflr O;fDr ds us=k ds dkWfuZ;k dh xksykbZ vfu;fer gks tkrh gS ftl dkj.k oLrq dk izfrfcEc Li"V
ugha curk gSA
§ mipkj& bl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, csyukdkj ySal (Cylendrical Lens) dke esa ysrs gSA
§ csyukdkj ySal dks Vksfjd ySal Hkh dgrs gSA
q q q
2. oS|qrdh
(Electronics)
/kjk
§ fo|qr ifjiFk esa fdlh fcUnq ls ,d lSd.M esa xqtjus okys bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k gh fo|qr /kjk dgykrh gSaA
Q
I= [;gk¡ I = /kjk] Q = vkos'k] T = le; (lSd.M esa)]
T
§ vkos'kksa dh izokg dh nj dks /kjk dgrs gSA
dwykWe
§ /kjk dk ek=kd = = ,fEi;j
lSd.M
/kjk fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gS&
fn"V /kjk (Direct current- DC)
§ og /kjk ftldk eku le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr u gks vkSj lkFk gh ,d fuf'pr fn'kk es gh ifjofRkZr gksrh gks] fn"V /kjk
dgykrh gSA
§ lSy ;k cSVjh ls fn"V /kjk izkIRk gksrh gSA b.
p
§ fn"V /kjk@ fn"V fo/qr okgd cy dk vkoZrdky vuUr gksrk gSA (T = ∞ )u
ika
§ fn"V /kjk dk eku py dq.Myh /kjkekih ds fl¼kUr (/kjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko)ij midj.k vehVj ls Kkr fd;k tkrk
gSA
hum
izR;korhZ /kjk (Alternative current -AC):& B
§ og /kjk ftldk eku rFkk fn'kk yxkrkj vkorZ:i (Periodically) ls ifjofrZr gksrh gks] izR;korhZ èkkjk dgykrh gSA
§ Hkkjro"kZ esa ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds fy, fo|qr lkekU;Rk% 220 oksYV rFkk 50 gV~t Z dh T;koozQh; izR;korhZ /kjk ds :i esa iwfrZ
(Supply) dh tkrh gSA vesfjdk] :l] tkiku] vkfn esa fo|qr 'kfDr 110 oksYV rFkk 60 gVZ~t dh T;koozQh; izR;korhZ
/kjk ds :i esa iwfrZ dh tkrh gS vko`fr 50 gksus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd /kjk 1 lSd.M esa 50 ckj ,d fn'kk esa rFkk 50
ckj foijhr fn'kk esa cgrh gSA pwfa d ,d pozQ esa /kjk nks ckj 'kqU; rFkk nks ckj vf/dre gksrh gSAa vr% ?kj esa yxk cYc
1 lSd.M esa 100 ckj cq>rk gSA rFkk 100 ckj tyrk gSA ijUrq n`f"V fucZU/ ds dkj.k 1/10 lSd.s M ls de le; esa
gq, ifjorZu dks vk¡[k vuqHko ugh dj ldrhA blh dkj.k cYc gesa yxkrkj tyrk izrhr gksrk gSA
vkorZdky%&
§ izR;korhZ fo|qr okgd cy rFkk izR;korhZ /kjk }kjk 1 pozQ iw.kZ djus esa yxk le; vkorZdky dgykrk gSA
vkse dk fu;e (Om's Law)
§ vkse us ;g crk;k fd tc fdlh pkyd rkj esa /kjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks ml pkyd rkj ds nksuksa fljksa ds eè; foHkokUrj
mRiUu gksrk gS] mRiUu gksus okyk ;g foHkokUrj ml rkj esa izokfgr dh xbZ /kjk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
vFkkZr~ V∝I
V= RI
V
I=
R
izfrjks/ dk ek=kd%& vkse
izfrjks/ dh fuHkZjrk,sa
1. rkj dh yEckbZ ij fuHkZjrk&
R∝L [R= izfrjks/], [L = rkj dh yEckbZ]
R, L ds lekuqikrh gS vFkkZr~ rkj dh yEckbZ c<+kus ij rkj dk izfrjks/ Hkh c<+ tkrk gS ftlls rkj dh pkydrk de gks
tkrh gSA lekuqikr esa ,d jkf'k esa c<+kus ij nwljh Lor% gh c<+ tkrh gSA
2. rkj dh eksVkbZ@vuqizLFk dkV dk {ks=kiQy ij fuHkZjrk&
L
R∝ [A = rkj dh eksVkbZ]
A
;gk¡ izfrjks/ eksVkbZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gS vFkkZr~ rkj dh eksVkbZ c<+kus ij rkj dk izfrjks/ de gks tkrk gS ftlls rkj dh
pkydrk c<+ tkrh gSA O;qRØekuqikr esa ,d jkf'k dks c<+kus ij nwljh Lor% gh de gks tkrh gSA
L
R∝
A
L
R = K.
A
L ub.
K = R.
A
[k = fof'k"V izfrjks/]
a p
vkes × ehVj 2 mik
fof'k"V izfrjks/ (k) dk ek=kd = u
= vkse × ehVj
ehVj
Bh
3. rki ij fuHkZjrk&
v/Zpkyd inkFkZ tSls flfydu (Si), tesfZ u;e (Ge) dk izfrjks/ rki c<+kus ij de gksrk gSA
dqN inkFkksZ dk izfrjks/ rki de djus ij de gksrk gS ;fn buds rki dks ,d fuf'pr fcUnq rd de dj fn;k tk,
rks buds izfrjks/ dk eku yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa (R = O) ;s inkFkZ vfrpkyd (Super Condector)
cu tkrs gSA
Note : ejdjh@ikjk (Hg) dk rki 4.2 K djus ij blds izfrjks/ dk eku 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ bl rki ij ikjk
vfrpkyd cu tkrk gSA
lsy (Cell)
§ lsyksa }kjk jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ izkFkfed lsy & ;s lsy iqu% vkosf'kr ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSA ysDyka'kh lsy] Msfu;y lsy] oksYVh; lsy vkfnA
§ 'kq"d lsy& 'kq"d lsy dk ckg~; vkoj.k tLrs (Zn) dk cuk gksrk gSA
§ tLrs dh ijr ds vUnj dh vksj veksfu;e DyksjkbM (NH4Cl), ftad DyksjkbM+ (ZnCl2) o xksna ds feJ.k dh ijr yxh gksrh
gSA
§ lsy ds vUnj POP (IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl@CuSO4. 5H2O)] eSxa uht Mkb vkWDlkbM (MnO2), o dks;ys dk feJ.k Hkjk gqvk
gksrk gS] bl feJ.k esa dkcZu dh NM+ Mwch gksrh gSA
§ bu lsyksa dk fo|qr okgd cy 1.5 volt gksrk gSA
§ budk mi;ksx nhokj ?kfM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ lsy dh VkWih ihry dh cuh gksrh gS tks dh /ukxz (+) dk dk;Z djrh gS] bls ,uksM dgrs gSA
§ tLrs dk ik=k Í.kkxz (–) dk dk;Z djrk gS] bls dSFkksM+ dgrs gSA
f}rh;d lsy & ;s lsy iqu% vkosf'kr fd;s tk ldrs gSA lhlk lapk;d lsy] {kkjh; lapk;d lsy] yksgk fudy lsy vkfnA
;s lsy igys fo|qr ÅtkZ dks jklk;fud ÅtkZ esa rFkk ckn eas jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ eas cnyrs gSA
lhlk lapk;d lsy%&
§ bu lsyksa dk vkoj.k ,cksukbV dk cuk gksrk gSA
§ bu lsyksa dh IysVs ySM+@lhls dh cuh gksrh gSaA
§ ySM+ dh IysVks esa PbO2 (ySM vkWDlkbM) ;k fyFkktZ Hkjk gqvk gksrk gSA
§ ySM dh IysVs ruq H2SO4 (x/ad dk vEy@lyÝ;wfjd vEy) esa Mwch gksrh gSA
§ bu lsyksa dk fo|qr okgd cy 2.2 volt gksrk gS] tks fd discharge gksrs le; 1.8 volt rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
§ bu lsyksa dk mi;ksx okguksa dh cSVjh;ksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
rF; (Facts)
§ fdlh LFkku ij fo|qr vkos'k dh izokg dh nj dks fo|qr /kjk dgrs gSA
§ fo|qr/kjk dk ek=kd dwyke izfr lSd.M gksrk gSA bls ,Eih;j Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
§ vkos'k dk ek=kd dwyke gksrk gSA
§ fo|qr/kjk dk ekiu vehVj uked midj.k ls fd;k tkrk gSA
§ lsy esa jklk;fud ÅtkZ fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
§ loZizFke vysDts.Mj oksYVk uked oSKkfud us lu~ 1976 esa lsy cuk;k FkkA
.
§ Úsap oSKkfud ysDyka'kh us ysDyka'kh lsy ('kq"d lsy) dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
b
u
§ lapk;d lsy pktZ djrs le; fo|qr ÅtkZ dks jklk;fud ÅtkZ ds :i esa lafpr djrk gSA
p
§ lkSj lsy & lkSj lsy flfydkWu ls cus gksrs gSA
ika
hum
§ tujsVj ;k Mk;useks dk vkfo"dkj izfl¼ oSKkfud ekbdy iQSjkM+s us fd;k FkkA
§ lsy ls izkIr gksus okyh fo|qr /kjk ,d fn'kk esa cgrh gS ftls fn"V/kjk (MkjsDV djaV & D.C)A
B
§ tc fo|qr /kjk dh fn'kk le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks ,slh /kjk izR;korhZ /kjk (Alternating Current-A.C.)
gksrh gSA
§ pk¡nh lokZf/d pkyd /krq gSA
§ fctyh ds fLop rFkk jsX;wysVj] csdsykbV ;k IykfLVd ds cuk;s tkrs gSA
§ 'kq¼ ikuh fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA
§ flfydkWu rFkk tesZfu;e izeq[k v¼Zpkyd gSA
fo|qr tfu=k (Electric Generator)
§ ,slk lk/u tks ;kfU=kd ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS] fo|qr tfu=k (M;useks) dgykrs gSA
§ fo|qr tfu=k fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k ds fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA
§ fo|qr tfu=k 2 izdkj ds gksrs gS& (i) izR;korhZ /kjk tfu=k (ii) fn"V /kjk tfu=k
§ fo|qt tfu=k ds Hkkx&
(i) vkesZpj & ;g dPps yksgs ds <kps ij fyiVh fo|qrjks/h rkacs ds rkj dh vusd iQsjks okyh ,d dq.Myh gksrh gSA
(ii) {ks=k pqEcd
(iii) lihZoy; & nks gksrs gS o /krq ds cus gksrs gSA
(iv) cq'k & /krq vFkok dkcZu ds cus gksrs gSA
§ fn"V /kjk tfu=k o izR;korhZ /kjk tfu=k dh cukoV yxHkx ,d tSlh gh gksrh gSA vUrj dsoy bruk gS] fd fn"V /kjk tfu=k
esa lihZ oy; ds LFkku ij foHkDr oy; iz;qDr fd;s tkrs gSA
fo|qr la;kstu (Electric Connection Arrangment):-
§ fo|qr midj.kksa dk la;kstu nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
(i) Js.kh de la;kstu (Series Arrangement)
(ii) lekUrj Øe la;kstu (Perlar Arrangement)
§ Js.kh Øe la;kstu & bl la;kstu esa lHkh pkyd rkjksa esa izokfgr /kjk (I) dk eku ,d leku gksrk gS] ijUrq foHkokUrj
(V) vyx&vyx gksrk gSA
§ lekUrj Øe la;kstu & bl la;kstu esa lHkh izfrjks/ksa (rkjks)a ds fljks ij foHkokUrj leku gksrk gS] ijUrq buesa izokfgr
/kjk dk eku vyx&vyx gksrk gSA
§ ?kjksa esa fo|qr midj.kksa dks lekUrj Øe la;kstu esa yxk;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d ifjiFk dh [kjkch dk vlj vU; ifjiFkksa
ij ugha iM+rkA
§ fo|qr ÅtkZ dks fdyksokV ?k.Vk (KWH) esa ekik tkrk gS] ftls lk/kj.k cksypky esa ;wfuV dgrs gSA
fo|qr O;; dh x.kuk
§ ,d 1500 okV dh fueUtu NM+ izfrfnu 3 ?k.Vs ikuh xeZ djus esa dke vkrh gS] rks 30 fnu esa mi;ksx gqbZ fo|qr dh
x.kuk djks\
okV × ?k.Vk × fnu
fo|qr [kpZ dh x.kuk dk lw=k =
1000
1500 × 3 × 30
= = 135 fdyksokV ?k.Vk ;k ;wfuV
1000
ub.
p
?kjsyq ;qfDr;k¡ ,oa buds kdk;Z
a
m i
u Appliances)
(Working of house-hold Electrical
h
fo/qr pqEcdh; izsj.k%& B
§ fo/qr pqEcdh; izsj.k %& fdlh dq.Myh ,oa pqEcd ds eè; tc lkis{k xfr djokbZ tkrh gSA rks dq.Myh esa fo/qr mRiUu
gksrh gSA blh ?kVuk dks fo/qr pqEcdh; izsj.k dgrs gSA
§ pqEcdh; iQyDl %& fdlh fuf'pr {ks=kiQy ls xqtjus okyh pqEcdh; cy js[kkvksa dh la[;k pqEcdh; iQyDl dgykrh
gSaA
§ iQyDl dk ek=kd & oscj gksrk gSaA
§ iQyDl dk fpag & φ (iQkbZ) gksrk gSA
VªkUliQkeZj (Transformer):-
(i) ;g ,slh ;qfDr gksrh gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls izR;korhZ oksYVrk (A.C) dks de ;k T;knk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) VªkaLiQkeZj iVfyr ØksM (Laminated Core) ls cuk gksrk gSA
E N
(iii) E = N
S S
P P
ES = f}fr;d dq.Myh esa oksYVrk

EP = izkFkfed dq.Myh esa oksYVrk
NS = f}fr;d dq.Myh esa ?ksjksa dh la[;k
NP = izkFkfed dq.Myh esa ?ksjksa dh la[;k
(iv) VªkaliQkWeZj 2 izdkj ds gksrs gSA
(a) vipk;h VªkaliQkeZj %& ,sls VªkaliQkWeZj tks mPp oksYVrk dks fuEu oksYVrk esa cny nsrs gSA
(b)mPpkbZ VªkaliQkeZj %& ,sls VªkaliWQkeZj tks fuEu oksYVrk dks mPp oksYVrk esa cny nsrs gSA
fo/qr dk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx %
(i) ?kjksa esa vkus okyh /kjk AC gksrh gSA
(ii) ?kjksa esa vkus okyh /kjk dh oksYVrk 220 oksYV gksrh gSA
(iii) ?kjksa esa vkus okyh /kjk dh vko`fr 50 gVZ~t (pØ izfr lsd.M) gksrh gSA
(iv) ?kjksa esa fo/qr la;kstu O;oLFkk lekUrj Øe esa gksrh gSA
(v) jksM+ ykbZVksa dk la;kstu Js.khØe esa gksrk gSA
fo/qr 'kfDr (Electric Power) :- fdlh fo/qr ifjiFk esa èkkjk izokfgr djus ij ,d lsd.M esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dh nj dks
foèkqr 'kfDr dgrs gSA
w
fo/qr 'kfDr (P) = t
w = fd;k x;k dk;Z
t = dqy le;
fo?kqr ÅtkZ O;; x.kuk %
(i) ;fn 'kfDr okV esa rFkk le; lsd.M esa gks rks fo?kqr ÅtkZ twy ;k okV × lsd.M esa gksxhA
(ii) okV × lsd.M ÅtkZ dk NksVk ek=kd gS blfy, fo?kqr ÅtkZ dks fdyksokV ?k.Vk (kwh) esa ekirs gSA
1 kwh = 1000 okV × ?kaVk
= 1000 × 60 × 60 okV×lsd.M
= 3600000 twy
= 3.6 × 106 twy
b .
(iii) lk/kj.kr;k 1 kwh dks 1 ;wfuV dgrs gSA
p u
(iv) /kjk dk ek=kd ,fEi;j gksrk gSA
i ka
Ý;wt (Fuse)
h um
(i) Ý;wt ,d iryk rkj gS tks de xyukad rFkk de B
izfrjks/ okys feJ /krq dk cuk gksrk gSA
(ii) Ý;wt rkj dk xeZ gksdj fi?kyuk ifjiFk foPNsnu dgykrk gSA
(iii) vktdy Ý;wt rkj dh txg MCB (y?kq ifjiFk foPNsnd@Miniature Circit Braker ) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tks
fLop dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gSA
(iv) Ý;wt rkj fVu$ySM (Sn + Pb) dk cuk gksrk gSA
eYVhehVj (Multimeter)
,slk bysDVªkWfud ekid ;a=k tks oksYVehVj] vkseehVj o vehVj rhuks dk dk;Z fu"ikfnr djrk gSA eYVhehVj dgykrk gSA
;qfDr fo'ks"k
1. fo/qr ghVj rkiu rarq feJ /krq dk cuk gksrk gSA ftldk xyukad mPp o fof'k"V izfrjks/ gksrk gSA
tSls& ukbØkse] dsyksjkbV] Øksesy vkfn
2. izsl (Iron) IysV <yok¡ yksgs dh cuh gksrh gSA rkiu rarq ukbØkse dk cuk gksrk gSA
3. fo/qr VksLVj rkiu rarq ukbØkse rkj dk cuk gksrk gSA
;g /kjk ds m"eh; izHkko ij dk;Z djrk gSA
4. jsfÚtjsVj ;g Û;wu nkc ij nzo dk ok"iu ds fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSa ;g nzo iz'khrd dgykrk gSA
blesa CFC (Dyksjks ÝyqvksjksdkcZu)] veksfu;k] feFkkby DyksjkbM o gkbMªkDs yksjkbM (HCl) vkfn dk mi;ksx iz'khrd ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fo|qr dk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx

§ ?kjksa esa Hksth tkus okyh izR;korhZ /kjk dh oksYV~rk 220 oksYV rFkk vkorhZ 50 pØ izfr lSd.M ;k gV~t
Z gksrh gSA
§ ?kjksa esa yxs fo|qr midj.k cYc] nwjn'kZu] ia[kk] ghVj] jsfÚtjsVj dks lekUrj Øe esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
§ fo|qr ifjiFk esa /kjk izokfgr djus ij izfr lSd.M fd;s x;s dk;Z ;k dk;Z djus dh nj dks fo|qr 'kfDr dgrs gSA
§ fo|qr 'kfDr dk ek=kd twy izfr lSd.M ;k okV gksrk gSA
§ okV 'kfDr dk NksVk ek=kd gSA
1 fdyksokV = 1000 okV]
1 esxkokV = 1000000 okV]
1 v'o'kfDr (H.P.) = 746 okV
§ fdlh cYc ij 100 okV rFkk 220 oksYV fy[kk gS rks bldk rkRi;Z gS fd cYc 220 foHkkokUrj ij iz;qDr djus ij
100 okV 'kfDr O;; djsxk vFkkZr~ 1 lSd.M esa 100 twy ÅtkZ [kpZ gksxhA
fo|qr ÅtkZ = okV × lSd.M ;k twy
ÅtkZ :ikUrfjr djus okyh dqN ;qfDr;k¡
;qfDr (Devices) ÅtkZ dk :ikUrj.k
Mk;useks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa
V~;wc ykbV fo|qr~ ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ÅtkZ esa
fo|qr~ eksVj fo|qr~ ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa
fo|qr~ cYc fo|q r~ ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ,oa Å"ek ÅtkZ esa
ykmMLihdj b.
fo|qr~ ÅtkZ dks èofu ÅtkZ esa
u
lksyj lsy p
lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr~ ÅtkZ esa
a
eksecÙkh ik
jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ,oa Å"ek ÅtkZ esa
m
u
ekbØksiQksu
fo|qr~ lsy
Bhèofu ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa
jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr~ ÅtkZ esa
flrkj ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks èofu ÅtkZ esa
rF; (Facts)
§ fo|qr ÅtkZ dks fdyksokV ?k.Vk esa ekik tkrk gSA fdyksokV ?k.Vk dks ,d ;wfuV dgrs gSA
§ ,d fdyksokV ?k.Vk (KWh) = 1000 okV × ?k.Vk = 1000 × 60 × 60 okV lSd.M = 3.6 × 106 twy
§ Ý;wt rkj ,d iryk rkj gksrk gS tks vYi xyukad rFkk de izfrjks/ okys feJ /krq (fVu + lhlk) dk cuk gksrk gSAa
§ VsyhiQksu] VsyhxzkiQ] fo|qr ?k.Vh rFkk fo|qr Øsu fo|qr /kjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko ij dk;Z djrs gSA
§ ghVj IysV IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl ,oa phuh feV~Vh ds feJ.k ls cukbZ tkrh gS tks fo|qr dh dqpkyd gksrh gSA
§ ghVj esa rkiu rUrq ukbØkse] dksysjkbV] Øksesy vkfn dk cuk gqvk iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
§ fo|qr bL=kh ;k izsl esa rkiu rUrq ukbØkse] vHkzd ds VqdM+ks esa j[kk tkrk gSA
§ fo|qr VksLVj esa rkiu rarq ukbØkse rkj dk cuk gksrk gSA
§ jsfÚtjsVj U;wu nkc ij nzo ds ok"iu fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA
§ jsfÚtjsVj esa veksfu;k] feFkkby DyksjkbM] DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu iz'khrd ds :i esa dke esa yk;s tkrs gSA
§ fdlh pkyd esa fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij og xeZ gks tkrk gS bls fo|qr dk Å"eh; izHkko dgrs gSA
§ ghVj] izsl] fo|qr dsryh] VksLVj] vkWou vkfn ;qfDr;k¡ èkkjk ds Å"eh; izHkko ij dk;Z djrh gSA bu lHkh ;qfDr;k¡ esa izk;%
ukbØkse tSlh feJ /krq ds rkiu rarq dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA
§ can dejs esa pyrs gq, fÚt dk njoktk [kqyk NksM+ nsus ij dejk xeZ gks tkrk gSA
q q q
3. dEI;wVj
(Computer)
dEI;wVj ifjp;
(Introduction to computer)
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ dEI;wVj ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djukA

§ dEI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVªksfud e'khu gS ftldk dk;Z x.kuk djuk gksrk gSA
§ dEI;wVj esa MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks la[;kRed ,oa fpÉkRed :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA
§ dEI;wVj] MkVk dks mi;ksxdRkkZ ds fy, lqxe cukrk gSA
dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ %&
(i) mPpxfr (High Speed) & dEI;wVj x.kukvksa dks de le; esa iw.kZ dj ysrk gS] lqij dEI;wVj ,d lSd.M esa ,d [kjc
x.kuk,¡ dj ysrk gSA
(ii) lap; {kerk (Storage Capacity) %&dEI;wVj vusd MkVk ,oa iQkbyksa dks j[kus esa l{ke gSA
§ dEI;wVj esa vk¡dM+ksa dk Hk.Mkj.k Hard disck o CD ROM vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) fo'olfu;rk (Reliability) %& dEI;wVj ds }kjk dh xbZ x.kuk,¡ =kqfV jfgr gksrh gSaA
(vi) xksiuh;rk (Secrecy) %& dEI;wVj esa lwpukvksa dks fdlh folder esa ykWd djds xksiuh; j[kk tk ldrk gSA
dEI;wVj dk fodkl %&
§ lcls iqjkuk dEI;wVj ^LVksu gsUt* uked dEI;wVj gSA tks baXyS.M esa cuk;k x;k FkkA
§ ¶pkYLkZ cSost¸ dks dEI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
§ ¶ysMh ,Mk¸ us loZizFke dEI;wVj izksxzke rS;kj fd;kA
dEI;wVj dh ih<+h;k¡
izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj%&
§ 1951 esa dEI;wVj e'khu dk iz;ksx izkjaHk gqvkA

§ bl ih<+h dk dEI;wVj ;wuhoSd Fkk ftldk iz;ksx loZIkzFke vesfjdk esa fd;k x;k FkkA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa e'khuh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
ub.
§
a p
e'khuh Hkk"kk dEI;wVj dh igyh Hkk"kk Fkh ftlesa 0 o 1 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
mnkgj.k & ,fu;d] ekdZ&1 o ;quhoSd (;wuhoklh)
mik
u
f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj%& Bh
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa VªkaftLVj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA

§ Vªkfa tLVj ,d NksVh bysDVªkWfud ;qfDr gksrh gSA tks flfydkWu (Si) o teZfs u;e (Ge) tSls v¼Zpkyd inkFkksaZ ls cuh gksrh
gSA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa vaxt sz h Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA ;g vaxt
sz h Hkk"kk mPp Js.kh dh Hkk"kk Fkh ftlesa dkscksy
(COBOL) o iQkWVªksu (FORTRAN) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
§ COBOL = Common Business Oriented Language
§ FORTRAN = Formula Translation
§ FORTRAN Hkk"kk dk fodkl IBM (International Business Machine) }kjk fd;k x;kA
mnkgj.k%& IBM o ;wuhoSd &II
rhljh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj%&
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa IC (Integrated Circuit) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA

§ IC ds mi;ksx ls dEI;wVj dk vkdkj dkIkQh NksVk gks x;k] IC Hkh v¼Zpkyd inkFkZ flfydkWu o tesfaZ u;e ls cuh gksrh
gSA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa es ikLdy ,oa csfld Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
§ bl Ikh<+h ds dEI;wVjkas dks PC dEI;wVj dgk tkrk gSA ftudk mi;ksx dk;kZy;ksa ds vykok ?kjksa esa Hkh fd;k x;kA
mnkgj.k%& IBM-360, PDP-8 b.
PkrqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVj%& pu
ika
hum
B
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs cuk, x, ftudksa Vsfcy ij j[kk tkuk laHko gqvkA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds vkdkj dk NksVk gksus dk dkj.k buesa LSI (Large Scale Integration) & VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration) fpi ,oa ekbØksikz slslj dk mi;ksx gksuk gSA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa LAN (Local Area Networks) ,oa WAN (Wide Area Network) tSls dEI;wVj usVodksaZ
dk fodkl fd;k x;kA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa es MS-DOS & MS- WINDOWS vkfn dEI;wVj vkWijsfVax lkWÝVos;jksa dk fodkl gqvkA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk “C” Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA
Example:- IBM-PC, Apple- II
ik¡poh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj%&

§ orZeku dEI;wVj ik¡poh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj gSaA

§ bl ih<h ds dEI;wVjksa dk vkdkj vR;f/d NksVk gks x;kA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa Optical Disk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa Internate, E-mail, WWW( World wide web) vkfn dk fodkl fd;k x;kA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh eseksjh (RAM) dks bPNkuqlkj de&T;knk fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
Example :- IBM uksVcqd] isafV;e ihlh o lqij dEI;wVj
vxyh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj (NBoha ih<+h ds dEI;wVj)%&

§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj iQkWVksu ij vk/kfjr gksaxsA
§ iQkWVksu] izdk'k dh lw{e bdkbZ gksrh gSa] tks ,d lSd.M+ esa rhu yk[k fdeh- dh nwjh r; dj ldrh gSaA
§ bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks iQkWVksfud dEI;wVj ;k vkWfIVdy dEI;wVj dgk tk,xkA
§
b .
bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ik¡poh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh rqyuk esa ,d gtkj xq.kk vf/d rst gksaxsA
Example:- p u
a
ik budk vkdkj rks vR;f/d NksVk gksxkA ysfdu
(a) uSuksa dEI;wVj%& ;s 10 m O;kl okyh uSuksa V~;wc ls fufeZr gksaxs ftlls
-9
budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk vfèkd gksxhA u m

(b) DNA dEI;wVj%& bl dEI;wVj esa DNA dk mi;ksx vk¡ BdhM+ks dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa fd;k tk,xk rFkk bl dEI;wVj dks
ck;ks dEI;wVj ds uke ls tkuk tk,xkA
uksV%& ;gk¡ DNA ls vfHkizk;% ekuo 'kjhj dh dksf'kdk esa ik, tkus okys DNA ls gSA tks fd tSfod inkFkZ gSA
(c) DokaVe dEI;wVj%&bl dEI;wVj esa izdk'k ds DokaVe fl¼kar dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
(d) dsfedy dEI;wVj%& bl dEI;wVj eas vk¡dM+ksa ds laxg
z .k ds fy, jlk;u inkFkks± dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
dk;Ziz.kkyh ds vk/kj ij dEI;wVj ds izdkj%&

1. ,ukykWx dEI;wVj (ANALOG COMPUTER)
§ ;s dEI;wVj fo|qr Lianksa dks ekidj viuk dk;Z djrs gSaA
§ bu dEI;wVjksa dh xfr vR;f/d /heh gksrh gSA
§ orZeku esa bu dEI;wVjksa dk izpyu can gks x;k gSA
mnkgj.k%& lk/kj.k lwbZ okyh ?kM+h] okguksa dk Speed ehVj o oksYVst ekius okyk oksYV ehVj vkfnA
2. vadh; dEI;wVj (DIGITAL COMPUTER)
§ bu dEI;wVjksa esa x.kuk dk;Z ds fy, f}vk/kjh vad i¼fr (Binary Systam) 1 o 0 dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAa
§ bu dEI;wVjksa dh Speed rhoz gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k%& orZeku izpfyr dEI;wVj] vadks okyh ?kM+h vkfnA
3. gkbfczM dEI;wVj (HYBRID COMPUTER)
§ ;g dEI;wVj ,ukykWx dEI;wVj o fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuksa dk fefJr :i gSaA
§ bu dEI;wVjksa dk mi;ksx gkWfLiVy ,oa foKku o j{kk {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4. izdk'kh; dEI;wVj (OPTICAL COMPUTER)
§ bu dEI;wVjksa esa vkWfIVdy iQkbcj(izdk'k rarq) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ;s dEI;wVj izdk'kh; i¼fr ds vk/kj ij x.kuk dk;Z djrs gSaA
5. ,VkWfed dEI;wVj (ATOMIC COMPUTER)
§ ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gksxa s ftudh {kerk vkt ds dEI;wVjksa ls nl gtkj xquk T;knk gksxs hA bu dEI;wVjksa dk [kkst dk;Z
tkjh gSA
vkdkj ds vk/kj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj%&
1. lqij dEI;wVj
§ ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa ftudh {kerk 500 esxk ÝyWkIl ls vf/d rFkk eseksjh 52 MB ls T;knk gksrh gSA
§ ;s vc rd dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa eg¡xk dEI;wVj gSA
§ fo'o dk igyk lwij dEI;wVj Øs- ds&1 ,l gS] ftls vesjhdk dh dEiuh us 1979 esa rS;kj fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa lqij dEI;wVj
§ Hkkjr esa bl lqij dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k loZiFz ke 1998 esa iq.ks esa fd;k x;kA
§ Hkkjr dk izFke lqij dEI;wVj Ýyks lkWYoj gSA
§ DRDO (fMiQsUl fjlpZ ,.M MoyiesaV vkWxZsukbts'ku) us îsl* uked dEI;wVj rS;kj fd;kA
2. ekbØks dEI;wVj
§ bu dEI;wVjksa dk fodkl 1970 esa izkjEHk gqvkA b.
pu
§ IBM daiuh us loZizFke ekbØks dEI;wVj dk fodkl fd;kA
ika
vkdkj vR;fèkd de gSA hum
§ budks ekbØks dEI;wVj blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d buesa CPU esa ekbØks izkl s l
s j dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa budk
B
§ budk mi;ksx fo|ky;] fpfdRlk] vkWfiQl] euksjatu o ?kjksa easa fd;k tkrk gSA
Example:- ilZuy dEI;wVj o ySiVkWi] ekbØks dEI;wVj gSA
3. feuh dEI;wVj
§ bl dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj 1965 esa DEC uked dEiuh us fd;kA
§ ;s dEI;wVj ekbØks dEI;wVj ls cM+s gksrs gSaA
§ bl dEI;wVj ij ,d ls vf/d O;fDr ,d lkFk dke dj ldrs gSaA
mi;ksx%&
§ bl dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx ;k=kh fVdV vkj{k.k o vuqla/ku dsUnzksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4. esuizsQe dEI;wVj
§ bl dEI;wVj dh laxzg.k {kerk vR;f/d gksrh gSA
§ ;s dEI;wVj feuh dEI;wVj ls cM+s gksrs gSaA
mi;ksx%&
§ bu dEI;wVjksa dk mi;ksx vUrfj{k vuqla/ku] cSad o j{kk {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k%& IBM 360, ,fufed - 4
5. uksVcqd dEI;wVj@ysiVkWi
§ ;g dEI;wVj uksVcqd ds vkdkj dk gksrk gSA
§ bl dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx xksn (Lap) esa j[kdj fd;s tkus ds dkj.k bls ySiVkWi Hkh dgrs gSA
§ blesa LCD iQksYM gksrh gSA
FACT:-
§ Hkkjr dk lcls rst dEI;wj ERA gSA
§ Smart Phone ,d eksckby iQksu gSaA ftlesa dEI;wVj dh lHkh lqfoèkk,¡ gSaA
§ Hkkjr dk cSx a yq: 'kgj dEI;wVj fuekZ.k esa lcls vkxs gSA
§ cSx a yq: es]a dEI;wVj esa dke es yh tkus okyh flfydkWu (Si) dh fpi cukbZ tkrh gS] bl dkj.k cSxa yq: dks
flfydkWu oSyh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
6. ikWe VkWi
§ ;g fefu dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftls gFksyh esa j[kdj dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
§ bldk mi;ksx eksckby iQksu dh Hkk¡fr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
§ blesa fdlh MkVk dks dh&cksMZ ds LFkku ij vkokt ls Hkh Input fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dEI;wVj ds dk;Z
(i) buiqV& MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djuk buiqV dgykrk gSA
(ii) Hk.Mkj.k& dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks LVksj djrk gSA
b.
(iii) izkslsflax& dEI;wVj vius vanj LVksj MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks mu :iksa esa cnyrk gS ftudk mi;ksx fdlh O;fDr }kjk fd;k
u
p gh izkslsflax dgykrk gSA
tkrk gS] dEI;wVj }kjk MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks mi;ksxh :i esa ifjofrZr djuk
a
(iv) vkmViqV& dEI;wVj }kjk lwpukvksa dks iznf'kZr djuk vkmViqV dgykrk
m ik gSA
tSls& eksfuVj dh LØhu ij lqpukvksa dk fn[kkbZ nsukA hu
(v) dUVªksy& dEI;wVj lwpukvksa ds eè; rkyesy cSBkus dk B dk;Z djrk gSA vFkkZr lHkh fØ;kdykiksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
q q q
foUMks ifjp;
(Introduction of Windows)
§ fo.Mkst ,d vkWijsfVax lkWÝVos;j gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls ge vusd MkVk] lwpukvksa ,oa èofu;ksa dks ns[k o lqu ldrs gSaA
§ ekbØkslkWÝV daiuh us vusd foaMkst fodflr fd;s gSaA tks fuEu gSa&
(ii) foaMkst 95 - 1995 bZa- eas fodflr
(i) foaMkst 3.0 - 1995 bZa- eas fodflr ;g ekbØks lkÝV fo.Mks gSaA
(iii) foaMkst 98 - 1998 bZa- eas fodflr
(iv) foaMkst ME - 2000 bZa- eas fodflr
(v) foaMkst XP - 2004 bZ-a eas fodflr
(vi) foaMkst Vista - 2007 bZa- eas fodflr
(vii) foaMkst 7 - 2009 bZa- eas fodflr
Note:- fo.Mkst esa iQkby dk uke 225 dSjsDVj dk gks ldrk gSA
fo.Mkst esa iQkby ;k iQksYMj cukuk%&

fo.Mkst eas MkVk dks iQkby esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
§ bl izdkj dh lHkh iQkbyksa dk ,d fo'ks"k uke gksrk gS] dEI;wVj dh gkMZ&fMLd esa fo.Mkst ds uke ls ,d iQksYMj
igys ls gh cuk gksrk gSA b .
p u
ka
§ fo.Mkst eas iQkby ,oa iQksYMj dks vkbdkaWu ,oa uke ds }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
i
vkbdkWu (ICON) h um
B
GUI (Graphical User Interface) esa izksxzkeksa dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, NksVh&NksVh rLohjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu
rLohjksa dks gh vkbdkWu dgrs gSA bu vkbdkWu ij ekml }kjk fDyd djds izksxzke dks Open fd;k tkrk gSA
fo.Mkst ds eq[; Hkkx
1. MsLdVkWi
§ ;g fo.Mkst dk og Hkkx gS tks dEI;wVj dks vkWu (ON) djus ij lcls igys LØhu ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA
blds fuEu Hkkx gksrs gSa%&
(a) ekbZ dEI;wVj (My Computer):& ;g vkbdkWu dEI;wVj esa LVksj lHkh lwpukvksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
§ blesa C,D, E gkMZ Mªkbo] CD ROM MªkbZo ,oa dUVªksy isuy vkfn vkbdkWu gksrs gSaA
(b) fjlkbfdyfcu (Recyclebin)%& tc fdlh iQkby dks fMfyV dj fn;k tkrk gS rks og vLFkkbZ :i ls fjlkbfdyfcu
esa pyh tkrh gSA tgk¡ ls ml fMfyV dh xbZ iQkby dks jh&LVksj (Re-store) fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
(c) ekbZ MkWD;wesaVl (My Documents):& bl vkbdkWu esa dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ vius fuft MkVk ,oa iQkbysa j[krk gSA
(d) b.VjusV ,DlIyksjj (Internet Explorer):& ;g MsLdVkWi ij fLFkr ,d lkÝVos;j gS ftlds ekè;e ls dEI;wVj
dks b.VjusV ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
(e) VkLd ckj (Task bar):& ;g MsLdVkWi LØhu ds lcls uhps fLFkr ,d iV~Vh gksrh gSA
(f) LVkVZ esU;q (Start menu):& ;g VkLd ckj ij lcls ck;ha lkbM ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
§ bl LVkVZ fodYi ij fDyd djds ge izksxzke dh fyLV [kksy ldrs gSaA rFkk dEI;wVj dks 'kV Mkmu dj ldrs
gSaA bl LVkVZ esU;q dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj ij ykWx vkWu ikloMZ Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
LVkVZ esU;q ij vU; fuEu fodYi Hkh gksrs gSa&
(i) RUN& izksxzke dks pkyw djus ds fy, mi;ksx fy;kk tkrk gSaA
(ii) Help & fdlh tkudkjh ds fy, mi;ksxh
(iii) Find & fdlh iQkby ;k iQksYMj dks [kkstus ds fy, mi;ksxh
(iv) Setting & dEI;wVj esa cnyko djus esa mi;ksxh
(v) Documents & blesa dEI;wVj esa fLFkr lHkh vk¡dM+ksa ;k nLrkostks dh fyLV gksrh gSaA
(vi) Programme & blesa dEI;wVj esa fLFkr izksxzke dh fyLV gksrh gSaA
2. VkbVy ckj & tc fdlh izksxzke dks pkyw fd;k tkrk gSa] rks LØhu ds lcls mij ,d iV~Vh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl iV~Vh ij
pkyw izkxs kz e dk uke fy[kk gksrk gSA
bl iV~Vh ij rhu izdkj ds fpUg gksrs gSa&
_ & ;g [kqyh gqbZ fo.Mks dks feuhekbt djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
& ;g moniter LØhu dks cM+k o NksVk djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
× & ;g [kqyh gqbZ fo.Mks dks cUn djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
ub.
3. LØkWy ckj (Scroll Bar) a p
k
§ [kqyh gqbZ fo.Mks ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys MkVk dks mij uhps f[kldkus ids fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
m
§ LØksy ckj ,d vk;rkdkj ckWDl gksrk gSA
B hu
4. esU;q ckj (MENU BAR)
§ ;g VkbVy ckj ds uhps fLFkr ,d iV~Vh gksrh gSA ftlesa dbZ izdkj ds izksxzke o iQkbyksa ds cVu gksrs gSaA
5. Vwy ckj (TOOL BAR)
§ ;g Hkh VkbVy ckj ds uhps fLFkr ,d iV~Vh gksrh gS ftlesa dbZ izdkj ds izksxzkeksa ds vkbdu gksrs gSaA
6. esU;q (MENU)
§ ;g fodYiksa dh ,d lwph gksrh gS ftlesa ls fdlh Hkh fodYi dk ekml ds }kjk fDyd djds p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
§ esU;q cVu lkekU;r% [kqys gq, izksxzke esa LØhu ds ck;sa vkSj mij dh vksj fLFkr gksrk gSA
esU;q esa fuEu ladsr fpÉ gksrs gSa%&
f=kHkqt] yksifpÉ (Euipsys)] MkWV] lgh dk fpÉ (Cheak mak) vkfn gksrs gSaA
7. 'kkWVdV cVu (Shortcut-Key)
§ ekml dk mi;ksx fd, fcuk gh fdlh izkz x s kz e dks] dh&cksMZ ds cVuksa dk mi;ksx dj [kksyk tk ldrk gSA dh&cksMZ ds
,sls cVu ftuls izksxzke dks vksiu fd;k tkrk gS] ,sls cVu Shortcut-Key dgykrs gSaA
tSls%& Open fodYi dks Ctrl+O nksuksa dks ,d lkFk nckdj [kksyk tk ldrk gSA
Note :- dEI;wVj lapkyu esa iz;qDr vU; egRoiw.kZ Shortcut Key`s dh lwph cqd ds var esa nh xbZ gSA
8. Mk;ykWx ckWDl (Dialogue Box)
§ ;g ,d ,slk ckWDl gS tks dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ ,oa lkWÝVos;j ds eè; okrkZyki (Dialogue) LFkkfir djrk gSA
bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa fuEu CkVu gksrs gS&
(i) vkns'k cVu (Command Button)
(ii) fodYi cVu (Option Button)
(iii) lgk;rk cVu (Help Button)
(iv) psd ckWDl (Check Box)
(v) VSc 'khV (Tab Sheet)
(vi) fyLV ckWDl (List Box)
(vii) VsDLV ckWDl (Text Box)
(viii) MªkWi Mkmu fyLV ckWDl (Drop Down List Box)
(ix) fLiu ckWDLk (Spin Box)
9. IkQkby rFkk iQkWYMj
§ dEI;wVj esa LVksj MkVk ds lewgksa dks IkQkby dgrs gSa rFkk iQkbyksa ds lewgksa dks iQksYMj dgrs gSaA
§ IkQkby rFkk iQkWYMj vkbdkWu RkFkk vkbdkWu uhps uke ls iznf'kZr gksrh gSaA
§ bu iQkby ;k iQkWYMjksa dks open djus ds fy, bu ij ekml ds }kjk nks ckj fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
Uk;k iQkWYMj cukuk%&
MsLdVkWi ij Right Click Menu New fodYi ij Click Folder fodYi ij Click
MsLdVkWi ij u;s Folder dk vkbZdkWu
10. dEI;wVj esa fnu o le; cnyuk
b.
§ dEI;wVj LØhu ij lcls uhps fLFkr MsLdVkWi iV~Vh ds nk;sa dksus esa fnu o le; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
p
dEI;wVj esa fnu o le; cnyus ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k djrs gS%&
u
VkLd ckj Time ij Mcy Click ika
Start ij Click Setting ij Click
Control Panel ij Click um
Date/Time Properties ij Click dj Time and Date dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
h
11. foUMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe ds vU; izksxzke B
(i) Note pad (ii) Power Point
(iii) Word Pad (iv) Calculator
(v) Clip Board (vi) Game
q q q
buiqV ,.M vkmViqV fMokbl

(Input & Output Divices)
buiqV fMokbl%& ,slh fMokbl tks MkVk ;k lwpukvksa dks ckbujh dksM (0, 1) esa cny dj mUgsa lh-Ikh-;w- esa Hkst nsrh gSA
1.,slh Key
fMokbl gh buiqV fMokbl dgykrh gSA 2. Mouse
Board
3.Input Devices fuEu gS%&
Scanner 4. Joystick
5. Light Pen 6. Bar Code Reader
7. MICR 8. OMR
9. Touch Screen 10. SRS
11. Webcam 12. Mike
1. Key Board
ub.
a p
mik
u
§ BhgSA
blds }kjk MkVk ,oa lwpukvksa dks dEI;wVj esa Mkyk tkrk
§ vkt dy 104@110 cVu okys dh&cksMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Key Board esa fuEu Hkkx gksrs gS%&
Type writter Bouten vaxzsth ds v{kj] vad (0&9) o fpÉ
Function Bouten F1ls F12rd cVu
la[;kRed Key Pad blds }kjk x.kuk,¡ dh tkrh gSAa
dlZj eqoesUV cVu bl ds }kjk dlZj vFkkZr~ rhj ds fpÉ dks Åij uhps] nk;sa&ck;sa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'ks"k cVu%&
Num Lock ;g cVu vkWu gksus ij gh la[;k,¡ Vkbi gksrh gSA
Caps Lock bl cVu ds vkWu gksus ij vaxst z h ds Capital letter Type gksrs gSAa
Shift Key bl cVu ds vkWu gksus ij dh cksMZ dh Key esa Åij okyk fpÉ Vkbi gksrk gSA
Tab Key bl cVu ds }kjk dlZj dks vkxs rd ys tk;k tk ldrk gS tSls fdlh ykbu dks lysDV djus
ds fy, Tab Key dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Enter Key bl cVu ds }kjk fdlh izksxzke dks izkslsl fd;k tkrk gSA
Esc (Escape) Key bldh lgk;rk ls fdlh pkyw izksxzke ls ckgj fudyk tkrk gSA
Back Space Key blds }kjk Vkbfiax ds nkSjku gksus okyh =kqfV dks lqèkkjk tkrk gSA
Del (Delete) blds }kjk fdlh lysDV fd;s x, Matter dks feVk;k tkrk gSA
Ctrl+Alt+Del bu rhuksa cVuksa dks ,d lkFk nck dj fdlh pkyw izksxzke dks cUn fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk
rc fd;k tkrk gSA tc Computer Hang gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g dEI;wVj dks Resat djus dh
izfØ;k gSA
2. Mouse
§ bls IokbfVax fMokbl Hkh dgrs gSaA

§ ;g gkFk esa idM+s tkus okyk NksVk pwgs ds vkdkj dk fMCck gksrk gSA
§ Mouse esa nks cVu gksrs gS& ,d ck;ka cVu] ,d nk;ka cVuA
§ lkekU;r% ck;sa cVu dk iz;ksx lokZf/d fd;k tkrk gSA
ekml ds izdkj
Optical Mouse Track Ball Mouse
blesa LED yxh gksrh gSA blesa ,d jcj dh Ball yxh gksrh gSA
LED – Light Emitting Diode
3. Scanner
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ blds }kjk fdlh fp=k ;k MkVk dks fMftVy fp=k esa cny dj dEI;wVj eseksjh esa Scanne fd;k tkrk gSA
4. Joystick
§ ;g VªsdckWy ds tSls dk;Z djus okyk ,d IokbfVax fMokbl gSA bl fMokbl dk mi;ksx Vedio Game esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
5. Light Pen
§ ;g Pen ds tSlh fMokbl gksrh gS ftldk mi;ksx LØhu ij dqN fy[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
6. Bar Code Reader (BCR)
u b.
a plgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq ij cus Bar Code
§ ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gksrh gSA ftlesa Ykstj fdj.ksa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSAa bldh
dks i<+k tkrk gSA m ik
h u ds :i esa gksrh gSaA
§ Bar Code dkyh ykbZusa gksrh gSa ftuesa oLrq dh lwpuk,sa Code
7. MICR B
§ bldk iwjk uke Magnetic Ink Recognition gSA

§ MICR pqEcdh; L;kgh gS ftldk mi;ksx Bank Check vkSj Draft esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ MICR Code esa 14 Character gksrs gSaA
8. OMR
§ bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA

§ ;g fo'ks"k izdkj ds ladsrksa dks i<+ dj mUgsa dEI;wVj }kjk mi;ksx esa ysus ;ksX; cukrk gSA
§ bldk mi;ksx vktdy oLrqfUk"B ijh{kkvksa dh mÙkj iqfLrdk dks tk¡pus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
9. Touch Screen
b.
pu
ika
hum
§ ;g ,d vklku buiqV fMokbl gSA B
§ bl fMokbl dk mi;ksx LØhu ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys fodYiksa dks Nw dj fd;k tkrk gSA
§ bldk mi;ksx vktdy ATM o Touch Screen eksckbyksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
§ ATM dk iwjk uke Automated Teller Machine gSA
10. SRS
§ bldk iwjk uke Speech Recognition System gSA

§ bl fMokbl dk mi;ksx cksy dj fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ge cksy dj dEI;wVj dks tks lwpuk,¡ nsrs gSAa dEI;wVj mu lwpukvksa
dk fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA
11. Web cam
§ ;g fMokbl Digital Camera dh rjg gksrh gSA

§ bl fMokbl dh lgk;rk ls ge nwj cSBs O;fDr dks bUVjusV ds ekè;e ls ns[k ldrs gSaA
§ bl fMokbl esa Photo Diode yxh gksrh gS tks izdk'kh; lwpukvksa dks fo|qr rjaxksa esa cny dj dEI;wVj dks ns nsrh gSA
12. MIKE
§ ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS ftldh lgk;rk ls vkokt dks dEI;wVj esa Hkstk tkrk gSA
Output Device
§ ;s ,slh fMokbl gksrh gS tks dEI;wVj ls ckbujh dksM ds :i esa MkVk ys dj mls mi;ksxdrkZ ds fy, mi;ksxh MkVk
esa cny nsrh gSA ub.
§ Output Device nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa& a p
(i) Soft copy output Device - bUgsa Nqvk ugha tk ldrk gSiAk
(ii) Hard copy output Device - bUgsa Nqvk tk ldrk
h ugSmA
izeq[k output Device fuEu gSa%& B
1. Moniter
2. Printer
3. Speaker
4. Ploter
5. Screen Image Projector
6. Card reader
7. Tape reader
1. MONITER/VDU
§ VDU = Visual Display Unit

§ Moniter MkVkvksa dks iznf'Zkr djus dk dk;Z djrk gZSA
ekWuhVj ds izdkj
fMLiys ds vk/kj ij rduhdh ds vk/kj ij

(1) eksuksÚse & ;s Cysd ,.M OgkbV (1) CRT – Cathod Ray Tube
ekWuhVj gksrs gSA &,sls ekWuhVj lkekU;r% Vh-oh- dh LØhu tSls gksrs gSA
buesa ,d dk¡p dh yEch V~;wc gksrh gS ftlesa
bySDVªkWu che }kjk Display izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
&,sls ekWuhVjksa esa nks ikjn'khZ ijrks ds chp
Liquid Crystal Hkjk gksrk gSaA vktdy
,sls ekWfuVj vf/d izpyu esa gSaA
Note:– Moniter dh xq.koÙkk dks MkWV ihp@fiDlsy ds vk/kj ij ekik tkrk gSaA
2. Printer
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ ;g ,slh fMokbl gS tks vkmViqV ds :i esa gkMZ dkWih iznku djrh gSA
fizVa j ds izdkj
dk;Z i¼fr ds vk/kj ij fizVa {kerk ds vk/kj ij
Impact Printer Non Impact Printer djSDVj fizVa j ykbu fizVa j ist fizVa j
1- MkWV eSfV Dl fizVa j 1- FkEkZy fizVa j
2- Msth Oghy fizVa j 2- bad tsV fizVa j
3- ystj fizVa j
3. Speaker
§ ;g fMokbl Output fMokbl gS tks èofu dks Soft copy

ds :i esa ckgj izLrqr djrk gSA
4. Ploter
§ ;g cM+s vkdkj ds dkxt ij vPNs fp=k cukrk gSA

§ bldk mi;ksx Hkou fuekZ.k ds uDls o flVh Iykfuax ds
ekufp=k vkfn cukus eas fd;k tkrk gSA
5. Screen Image Projecter
;g ,slh fMokbl gS tks dEI;wVj LØhu ij mifLFkr fp=kksa

b.
§
,oa lwpukvksa dks cM+s insZ ij fn[kkrk gSA
pu
§ bldk mi;ksx vkokt ,oa fp=k ;qDr Multimedia Pre-
ika
sentation ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA m
u
Bh
6. Card Reader :-
§ blds }kjk fdlh eseksjh dkMZ dks dEI;wVj ij [kksyk tkrk

gSA
7. Tape Reader :-
§ blds }kjk fdlh esXusfVd Vsi dks lquk tkrk gSA
q q q
Le`fr
(Memory)
§ ;g dEI;wVj dh vkUrfjd Hk.Mkj.k {kerk gksrh gS blesa lHkh MkVk ,oa izksxzkesa dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
eseksjh dks fuEu oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
eseksjh ds izdkj
izkFkfed@eq[; eseksjh f}rh;d@lgk;d eseksjh

(1) ÝykWih fMLd
LFkkbZ eseksjh vLFkkbZ eseksjh (2) gkMZ fMLd
(1) ROM (1) RAM (3) eSXusfVd Vsi
(2) PROM
(3) E-PROM (4) isu Mªkbo
(4) EE-PROM (5) Cyw js fMLd
(6) CD-ROM/DVD-RAM
izkFkfed eseksjh%& b.
[A] LFkkbZ eseksjh pu
ika
um
(1) ROM
Bh
§ bldk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA

§ ;g ,d LFkkbZ eseksjh gS blesa laxfz gr MkVk u"V ugha gksrs gSaA
§ ROM esa lwpuk,¡ dEI;wVj fuekZ.k ds le; gh Hkj nh tkrh gSaA
§ ROM esa MkVk Mkyus dks Burn dgrs gSaA
(2) PROM
§ bldk iwjk uke izksxkz escy jhM vkWuyh eseksjh gSA

§ bl eseksjh esa MkVk dh izksxzkfeax dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ ds vuqlkj dh tk ldrh gSA
(3) E-PROM
§ bldk iwjk uke Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory gSA

§ bl eseksjh esa mifLFkr MkVk dks gVk dj mlds LFkku ij u;k MkVk Mkyk tk ldrk gSA
(4) EE-PROM
ub.
a p
mik
u
Bh
§ bldk iwjk uke Electrically Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory gSA
§ bl eseskjh ls iqjkus MkVk dks gVkus ds fy, Electric Volt dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA
§ bl eseksjh dks ÝyS'k eseksjh Hkh dgrs gSaA
[B] vLFkkbZ eseksjh
(1) RAM
§ bldk iwjk uke Random Access Memory gSA

§ ;g ,d vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gS ftlesa fLFkr MkVk ,oa lwpuk,¡ dEI;wVj dk ikoj cUn gksus ij lekIr gks tkrh
gSaA
§ RAM dks dEI;wVj ds Mother Board ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
§ orZeku esa cktkj esa GB (xhxk ckbV) {kerk okys RAM miyC/ gSaA
f}rh;d eseksjh%&
(1) ÝykWih fMLd
§ ;g ,d oxkZdkj IysV tSlh lajpuk gksrh gSA tks IykfLVd dh cuh gksrh gSA bl IysV ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ dk vkoj.k
yxk gksrk gSA
§ ÝykWih dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk yxHkx 1.44 MB ls 2.88 MB rd gksrh gSA
§ dEI;wVj esa ÝykWih dks ÝykWih Mªkbo esa yxkdj i<+k tk ldrk gSA
(2) gkMZ fMLd
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ ;g ,Y;wfefu;e dh cuh gqbZ fMLd gksrh gSA ftl ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ dk vkoj.k yxk gksrk gSA
§ dEI;wVj esa yxs gq, gkMZ fMLd dks 'C' Mªkbo dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA
§ gkMZ fMLd dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk vf/d gksrh gS vr% blesa vko';d izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) eSXusV Vsi%&
(4) isu Mªkbo
§ ;g ,d bysDVªkWfud eseksjh gksrh gSA

§ bls dEI;wVj esa USB Port esa yxkdj mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
§ bls ÝyS'k Mªkbo Hkh dgrs gSaA
(5) Cyw js fMLd%&
(6) CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
ub.
a p
mik
u
Bh
§ CD-ROM dk iwjk uke Compact Disk Read Only Memory gSA
§ ;g ,d orkZdkj Disk gksrh gSA
§ CD dh lkekU;r% Hk.Mkj.k {kerk 700MB rd gksrh gSA
§ CD-Disk ij MkVk fy[kus ;k Hk.Mkj.k djus dh fØ;k dks Data Burn djuk dgrs gSaA
§ DVD- ROM dk iwjk uke Digital Video Disk gSA
§ DVD-ROM Hkh CD-ROM dh rjg gh gksrh gSA ijUrq bldh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk CD-ROM ls vf/d gksrh gSA
DVD-ROM nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
(i) ,dy ys;j fMLd ¾ bldh {kerk 4.7 MB gksrh gSA
(ii) Mcy ys;j fMLd ¾ bldh {kerk 8.5 GB gksrh gSA
q q q
iksVZl
(PORTS)
b.
§ iksVZ flLVe ;qfuV ds ihNs ds Hkkx ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA pu
§ flLVe ;qfuV ilZuy dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSA ika
§ Am
blh ds }kjk dEI;wVj eas lHkh dk;ks± dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSu
iksVZ fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa& Bh
(i) flfj;y iksV&Z ;g ,slk LFkku gksrk gSa ftl ij ekml dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(ii) iSjsyy iksVZ & bl iksVZ ij fizaVj dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(iii) USB iksVZ& bl iksVZ ij fdlh Hkh fMokbl tSls ekml] isu Mªkbo vkfn dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(iv) ekWuhVj iksVZ & bl iksVZ ij ekWfuVj dh yhM (Lead) dks tksM+k tkrk gSaA
(v) dh&cksMZ iksV&Z bl iksVZ ij dh&cksMZ dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(vi) vkWfM;ks tSd& ;g ,slk iksVZ gksrk gS] ftl ij Lihdj] ekbd] gSMiQksu vkfn dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(vii) SCSI iksVZ& bldk iwjk uke Small Computer system Interface gksrk gSA
bl iksVZ ij ckgjh Hard disk, Scanner & DVD vkfn dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(viii) usVodZ iksVZ & bl iksVZ dh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVj dks nwljs dEI;wVj ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
q q q
foUMks ,DlIyksjj esU;q

(Windows Explorer Menu)
fo.Mkst ,DlIyksjj ,d izkxs kz e gS tks iQkby rFkk iQkWYMjksa ds izcU/ dk dk;Z djrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g foUMksa esa cukbZ xbZ iQkby
,oa iQkWYMjksa dks O;ofLFkr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
§ foUMkst ,DlIyksjj ,slh lqfo/k iznku djrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ls ge IkQkby ,oa iQkWYMjksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
rd ys tk ldrs gSa rFkk bUgsa copy dj ldrs gSaA
§ foUMkst ,DlIyksjj dks [kkstus ds fy, blds vkWbdku ij ekml }kjk Mcy fDYkd djrs gSA
bl izksxzke ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa&
(i) Tree Pane - ;g ck;k¡ Hkkx gksrk gSA
(ii) Content Pane - ;g nk;k¡ Hkkx gksrk gSA
eSausftax iQkby ,.M iQksYMj

(Managing Files & Folders)
ub.
§ vusd MkVk ds lewg dks IkQkby dgrs gSaA a p
§ cgqr lh IkQkbyksa dks feykdj IkQkWYMj cuk;k tkrk gSA
mik
§ IkQkby ,oa IkQkWYMj nksuksa dks vkbdu }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrkugSA
§ vkbduksa ds uhps iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dk uke Hkh fy[kkB
h
gksrk gSA
§ fdlh iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dks [kksyus ds fy, mlds vkbdkWu ij ekml }kjk Mcy fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
u;k iQkWYMj cukuk%&

§ u;k iQkWYMj cukus ds fy, MsLdVkWi ij ekml dk nk;kW cVu fDyd djrs gSa ,slk djus ij ,d fyLV fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
ftlesa New fodYi ij fDyd djrs gSaA ,slk djus ij fyLV esa ,d iQkWYMj fodYi fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftl ij fDyd
djrs gSaA ,slk djus ij MsLd VkWi ij ,d u;k iQkWYMj cu tkrk gS ftldk vkbdkWu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
IkQkby ;k iQkWYMj dk uke cnyuk%&

§ fdlh iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dk uke cnyus ds fy, mlds vkbdkWu ij ekml dh lgk;rk ls Right (nk;k¡) fDyd djrs
gSA ,slk djus ij Rename fodYi fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftl ij fDyd dj iQkby ds iqjkus uke ds LFkku ij u;k uke VkbZi
djds dh&cksMZ ls Enter Key nck nsrs gSaA bl izdkj iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dk uke cny tkrk gSA
iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dks <w¡<+uk%&

§ dEI;wVj esa cukbZ xbZ fdlh iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dks <w¡<+us ds fy, dEI;wVj dh LØhu ij lcls uhps fn[kkbZ nsus okyh VkLd
ckj iV~Vh ij fLFkr Start cVu ij fDyd djrs gSA ,slk djus ls ,d List fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl List esa Find cVu ij
fDyd djrs gSA ftlesa fdlh iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dk uke VkbZi djds Find Now cVu ij fDyd djrs gSA ,slk djus
ij gekjs }kjk Find fd;k x;k Folder ;k File gesa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
§ fdlh iQkby ;k iQkWYMj dks mlds fuekZ.k dh rkjh[k] mlds vkdkj ;k izdkj ds fglkc ls Hkh Find fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
lsVvi ,.M ,slsljht

(Setup & Accessories)
dEI;wVj ds ?kVd%& dEI;wVj ds ?kVdksa dks rhu Hkkxksa easa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
(A) vko';d ?kVd
(A) vko';d ?kVd (Component):& blesa fuEu ?kVdsak dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
(B) eYVhehfM;k ds ?kVd
1. flLVe ;wfuV 2. ekWuhVj 3. ekml
(C) ,sfPNd ?kVd
4. dh cksMZ 5. gkMZ fMLd
§ flLVe ;wfuV (System Unit)%& ;g dEI;wVj dk eq[; ?kVd gksrk gS] tks dEI;wVj ds lHkh dk;kZas dk lapkyu djrk
gSA
flLVe ;wfuV ds fuEu Hkkx gksrs gSa&
(i) PSU (Power Supply Unit):–
b .
p u
§ ;g Hkkx dEI;wVj dks ikWoj lIykbZ djrk gSA
ik a
§ PSU ls 220v ls 240Volt rd dh AC (izR;korhZ /kjk)
u m /kjk dh lIykbZ dh tkrh gSA
§
Bh dk fu;a=k.k djrk gSA
PSU esa ,d ia[kk yxk gksrk gS tks PSU ds rkieku
(ii) CPU (Central processing unit):–
§ lh-ih-;w- dEI;wVj dk efLr"d dgykrk gSA

§ blesa ,d ekbØks izkls l
s j yxk gksrk gSA
§ lh-ih-;w- esa gh dEI;wVj dh eq[; eSeksjh yxh gksrh gSA
§ CPU esa ALU(Arithmatic Logical Unit) yxk gksrk gS tks dqN ykWftdy vkSj vadxf.krh; dk;ks± dk lEiknu
djrk gSA
(iii) enjcksMZ (Mother Bord):–
§ ;g CPU esa yxk ,d lfdZV gksrk gS] tks dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu midj.kksa ds eè; ladsr ,oa lwpukvksa dk
vknku&iznku djrk gSA
(iv) jkWe (ROM- Read Only Memory):–
§ ;g LFkkbZ eSeksjh gksrh gSA ;g enj cksMZ ij yxh gksrh gSA
(v) jSe (RAM– Random Access Memory):–
ub.
a p
m ik
§ hugksrh gSA
;g vLFkkbZ eSeksjh gksrh gSA ;g Hkh enj cksMZ ijByxh
(vi) VDC (Video Display Card):–
§ ;g enj cksMZ ij yxk gqvk dkMZ gksrk gSA bl dkMZ ds }kjk gh geas ekWuhVj ij fp=k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
(vii) Audio Card:–
§ bl dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls gh gesa èofu lqukbZ nsrh gSA

(viii) DDC (Disk drivr cantrol card):–
§ ;g dkMZ gkMZ fMLd ,oa ÝykWih ds MkVk dk fu;a=k.k djrk gSA
(ix) Vkbej:–
§ ;g ?kM+h dk dk;Z djrk gSA
(x) Lihdj:–
§ ;g èouh mRiUu djrk gSA
2. ekWuhVj (Monitor):–
§ ;g vkmViqV fMokbl gS tks py jgs izksxzkeksa dks iznf'kZr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
3. ekml (Mouse):–
§ ;g buiqV fMokbl gS] tks CPU ls tqM+k jgrk gSA
4. dh&cksMZ (Key Board):–

b.
§ ;g buiqV fMokbl gS ftldh lgk;rk ls lwpukvksa dks dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djrs gSaA
gkMZ fMLd (Hard Disk):– ;g ,d LVksjst fMokbl gSA pu
ka
5.
i
(B) eYVhehfM;k ds ?kVd
hum
(i) CD – ROM Drive o DVD ROM Drive:– B
(ii) Lihdj
(iii) ekbd
(iv) dSejk
(v) ekWMse
(C) ,sfPNd ?kVd(Optical Components):–

(i) fizaVj
(ii) LdSuj
(iii) ÝykWih Mªkbo
(iv) TokW;fLVd
(v) Compact Disk
fo|qr vkiwfrZ ds fy, ?kVd%&
(i) UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply
(ii) CVT – Constant Voltage Transformer
q q q
iQksesZfVax
(Formatting)
iQkjesfVax ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fdlh Vkbi fd;s x;s Text matter ds :i ,oa LVkby dks cnyk tk ldrk
gS] vFkkZr~ fdlh VSDlV~ dks bVkfyd (I)] cksYM (B) ,oa vyx&vyx iQksUVksa (Fonts) esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
§ Formatting ds fy, ,d Formatting tool Bar gksrk gSa] ftlesa fuEu fodyi gksrs gSa&
(i) Style :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa ds :i dks cnyk tkrk gSA
(ii) Font :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa ds izdkj dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
(iii) Font Size :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa ds vkdkj dks cnyk tkrk gSA
(iv) Font Style :– blesa rhu izdkj ds fodYi gksrs gSa&
(a) BOLD :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks eksVs v{kjksa esas cnyk tkrk gSA
(b) ITALIC :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks frjNk fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) UNDER LINE :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa ds uhps js[kk [khaph tkrh gSA
(v) ALIGMENT :– blesa pkj izdkj ds fodYi gksrs gSa&
(a) LEFT :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks ist ds ck;ha vksj ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
(b) CENTER :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks ist ds chp esa ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
b.
(c) RIGHT :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks ist ds nk;sa vkSj lsV fd;k tkrk gSA
u
p
(d) JUSTIFY :– blds }kjk 'kCnksa dks ist ds ck;sa o nk;sa nksuksa vksj lsV fd;k tkrk gSA
a
ik
(vi) Numbering :– blds }kjk iSjkxzkiQ ;k ykbu dks uEcj fn;k tkrk gSA
m
u
(vii) Bullet :– blds }kjk iSjkxzkiQ ;k ykbu dks 0 ls lsV fd;k tkrk gSA
Bh
(viii) Outside Background :– blds }kjk Select fd, x, Text ds pkjksa vksj Border cuk;k tkrk gSA
(viii) Highlight :– blds }kjk Select fd, x, Text dk Background dk jax cnyk tkrk gSA
Creating CD/DVD
dEI;wVj ls fdlh MkVk] fp=k] pyfp=k] laxhr ;k èofu dks fdlh [kkyh CD ;k DVD esa izfo"V djokuk gh CD/DVD
Creating dgykrk gSaA
CD/DVD Creat djus dh izfØ;k%&
[kkyh CD/DVD 
Insert
→ Disk Drive Open Nerrow Program Click on CD-Creat Opetion
Start Burning Show Complet Eject CD/DVD from Disk Drive
q q q
oMZ izkslsflax ,.M iztsaVsa'kUl

(Word Processing & Presentations)
ekbØkslkWÝV oMZ dks izkjaHk djuk%& MS Word dks vksiu djus ds nks rjhds gSaA
(a) MsLd VkWi ij cus MS Word ds ICON ij Mouse }kjk Mcy fDyd djds [kksy fy;k tkrk gSA
(b) Task Bar ij fLFkr LVkVZ cVu ij fDyd djus ls izkx s kz e fodYi [kqyrk gSA bl fodYi esa MS Office fodYi fn[kkbZ
b.
nsrk gSA bl fodYi ij fDyd djus ls MS Word fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftls fDyd djds bls [kksy fy;k tkrk gSA
Menu Bars pu
ika
Menu Bar esa Selected tool-Bar, Formatting tool Bar gksrs gSaA ftudk mi;ksx lokZf/d fd;k tkrk gSA
um
§ Standard Tool Bar – blesa New, Open, Save, Spelling and Grammer o Print vkfn Vwy gksrs gSaA
h
B
§ Formatting Tool Bar – blesa Font Name, Font Style, Marzine, Paragraph, Bullets ,oa Numbering vkfn Vwy
gksrs gSAa
Managing Documents & Presentations
cuk;s x;s nLrkostksa dks lgh rjhds ls lqjf{kr j[kuk ,oa mUgsa iznf'kZr djuk gh Documents managing & Presentation gksrk
gSaA
§ u;s nLrkost cukus ds fy, Mouse Pointer dks Menu Bar esa iQkby fodYi ij fDyd djrs gS]a ,slk djus ij LØhu
ij ,d esU;w fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl esU;w esa U;w fodYi ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk djus ij gesa MS Word dh eq[;
Window ij ,d [kkyh nLrkost feyrk gSA bl [kkyh nLrkost esa ge vius vuqlkj fdlh Hkh Matter dks fy[k vFkok
cuk ldrs gSaA
§ cuk, x, Matter dks lso djus ds fy, Menu Bar esa iQkby fodYi ij fDyd djrs gSaA ,slk djus ij ,d List Open
gksrh gSA bl List esa Save fodYi ij Click dj cuk;s x;s Matter dks Save fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bl fyLV esa
Preview fodYi Hkh gksrk gSA bl fodYi ij fDyd dj cuk, x, matter dks Print djus ls igys ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA
§ MS-WORD esa cukbZ xbZ fdlh iQkby dks [kksyus ds fy, Menu Bar esa iQkby fodYi ij fDyd djrs gSAa ,slk djus
ij Pull dowu list [kqyrh gSA bl fyLV esa Open fodYi ij fDYkd djrs gSAa ,slk djus ij Open Dialog Box [kqyrk
gSA vc bl Open dialog Box esa pkgh xbZ iQkby dks lysDV dj Open fodYi ij fDYkd djrs gSaA ,slk djus ij
iQkby [kqy tkrh gSA
Text Formatting
MS-WORD esa cuk, x, fdlh Text ds :i ,oa Style esa ifjoRkZu djuk gh Text formatting dgykrk gSA
§ cuk, x, Text esa 'kCnksa ds :i ,oa vkdkj vFkkZZr~ Font esa cnyko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
§ cuk, x, Text esa 'kCnksa dks frjNk vFkkZr~ bVkfyd ,oa vkdkj esa eksVk vFkkZr~ cksYM fd;k tk ldrk gS] bl izdkj Text
esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu djuk Text Formatting dgykrk gSA
Table Manipulations
bldk vfHkizk; MS- WORD esa Vsfcy cukus ls gksrk gSA
§ Manipulation dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gLr dkS'ky gksrk gSA
§ Table fjdkMksZa ls lECkfU/r ,d lewg gksrk gS tks iafDr (Row) ,oa dkWye (Coloum) esa O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA
§ fdlh Hkh Data Base esa ,d ls vf/d Table's gks ldrh gSaA ;s Table's ,d nwljs ls LkEca/ j[krh gSaA
fdlh Table dks fMtkbu djus ls igys fUkEUk ckrkssa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,%&
(i) izR;sd Table ds Data Item esa Fild (fiQYM) dk p;u djukA
(ii) izR;sd Fild (fiQYM) esa MkVk dk fooj.k nsukA
(iii) Fild dh Size dk p;u djukA
Vscy cukus ds rjhds%& fuEu rjhdksa dk mi;ksx dj Vscy cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
(i) fØ,V Vscy bu fMtkbu O;w
(ii) fØ,V Vscy ;wftax fotkMZ
(iii) fØ,V Vscy ckb ,UVfjax MkVk
ub.
Slide Designs
a p
ik dgykrk gSA
fdlh Text ;k Matter dks Slides ds :i esa Design djuk Slide Desigens
m
§ Slide dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Text ;k Matter dks ScreenhijuPresent fd;k dk ldrk gSA
LykbM ds vo;o%& LykbM esa fuEu vo;o gksrs gSa& B
(i) Tittle (VkbVy)& ;g LykbM dh gSfMax gksrh gSA
(ii) Sub Tittle (lc VkbVy)& ;g LykbM ds eq[; fcUnqvksa dks crkrk gSA
(iii) Drawing object (Mªkabx vkWCtsDV)& ;g LykbM dh vkWVks lsi] doj] oMZ ,DV o ykbUl vkfn dks crkrk gSA
(iv) Clip Art or Pictures (fDYki vkVZ vkSj fiDplZ)& ;g xzkfiQDl vkSj fiDplZ dks crkrk gSA
§ tc slide ij Animation cuk;k tkrk gS rks bls fotqvy] lkm.M] VSDlV o fiDplZ ds lkFk isLV fd;k tkrk gSA
§ LykbM es E;wftd lkm.M ds lkFk Animation ds fn[kkbZ nsus ls Jksrkvksa dk è;ku LykbM iztUs Vs'ku esa yxk jgrk
gSA
LykbM iztsUVs'ku fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS&
(i) vkWu fLØu iztsUVs'ku
(ii) vkWoj gSM iztUs Vs'ku
(iii) osc iztUs Vs'ku
§ LykbM 'kks dks 'kq: djus ds fy, slide show cVu ij click djrs gSaA
§ vxyh LYkkbM esa tkus ds fy, Enter, Page down, Right Arrow, cVu ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
§ fiNys LykbM ij vkus ds fy, Back space, Page up , Left Arrow cVu ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
Animation
Animation fo'ks"k izdkj dh èofu ,oa n`'; izHkko gksrs gSa ftUgasa fdlh Text ;k fdlh matter ds lkFk tksMk+ tk ldrk gSA
§ Animation ds }kjk fdlh LykbM dks LØhu ij Øeokj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
§ Animation esa 25&30 js[kk fp=kksa dks ,d lSd.M esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS ftlls ;g xfr'khy fn[krs gSaA
§ Animation izHkko dks lsV djus ds fy, Animation Sceems Pen fof/ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§ bl isu esa dbZ Animation LdhEl gksrh gSa ftUgsa lysDV dj LykbM ij yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
§ Animation 2D & 3D gks ldrs gSaA
Animation dks vkdf"kZr cukus ds fy, fuEu vo;oksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
(i) Slide es èofu dk mi;ksx djuk
(ii) Slide esa fofM;ks dk mi;ksx djuk
(iii) fo'ks"k izdkj ds iQkWUVks dk mi;ksx djuk
(iv) Text dks ljy ,oa Li"V fy[kdj
§ vktdy Animation dk mi;ksx Vedio Game & carton films esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
Page Layout
§ ysvkmV dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ uD'kk gS vFkkZRk~ ist dSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS bls gh Page Layout dgrs gSaA
§ Page Layout esa LØhu ist ij oSlk gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tSlk fizUV djus ij (Right) fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
Page Layout fuEu izdkj ls ns[k ldrs gSa%&

(i) lkekU; Page Layout & blesa Page Screen Bhd mlh izdkj dh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ftl rjg dk ist cuk;k x;k gSA
(ii) vkmV ykbu Page Layout – blesa ist ds ck;sa fdukjs ij vè;k; (Lesson) o iSjkxzkIkQ dk uke fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
(iii) vkWu ykbu Page Layout – blesa Document Page Web Page dh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
Printing
§ rS;kj fd, x, Matter dks fizUVj dh lgk;rk ls dkxt ij fizUV djuk Printing dgykrk gSA
§ RkS;kj matter dks fizUV djus ds fy, ekml Pointer dks File Menu ij fDyd djrs gSA ,slk djus ij Drop Dowu Menu
[kqyrh gSA bl esU;w esa ,d fizUV fodYi gksrk gSA bl fodYi ij ekml cVu dks fDyd djus ij LØhu ij ,d Print Box
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl fizUV ckWDl esa OK cVu ij fDyd djrs gSAa ,slk djus ij rS;kj fd;k x;k matter ;k Document Print
gks tkrk gSA
MS-Word esa Document dks fizaUV djus ds izdkj%&

§ MS-Word esa Document dks pkj izdkj ls fizUV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(i) All select djds &
§ All select ds }kjk lHkh i`"B ,d lkFk fizaUV gks tkrs gSaA
§ lHkh istksa dks All select djus ds fy, ctrl+A Short Cut Key nckbZ tkrh gSA
(ii) Page select djds & dqN istksa dks lysDV djds mUgsa fizaUV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) Current Page – bl fodYi ds }kjk og ist fizUV gksrk gS tks fizUa V djrs le; LØhu ij [kqyk gqvk gksrk gSA
(iv) Selection – bl fodYi ds }kjk ge ist esa fdlh Text dks lysDV djds mls fizUV dj ldrs gSaA
LiszsM 'khV (Spread Sheets)
ub.
a p
mik
u
Bh
§ Spread Sheet ,d Software Tool gSA bldk mi;ksx la[;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus] fjdkWMZ ,oa lwpukvksa dks O;ofLFkr
djus ,oa dksbZ fjIkksVZ o iztsUVs'ku rS;kj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Spread Sheet ,d ,slh rduhd gS ftlds }kjk la[;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k (Data Analysis) fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Spread Sheet esa Row (iafDr) ,oa Coloum gksrs gSaA
§ Row lery iafDr;k¡ (Horizontal lines) gksrh gSAa
§ Coloum yEcor iafDr;k¡ (Vertical lines) gksrh gSaA
§ Excel esa cell dks Cell Address Hkh dgrs gSaA
§ Cell esa Enter gksus okys 'kh"kZdksa dks yscYl dgk tkrk gSA
§ Spread Sheet esa Formula vkSj Function dh lgk;rk ls x.kuk vklkuh ls dh tk ldrh gSA
§ Spread Sheet esa ,d ckj lw=k fu/kZfjr djus ds ckn x.kuk Lor% gh gksrh gSA
,Dly esU;q ckj (Excel Menu Bar)
§ Excel ,d Spread Program gksrk gSA bl izksxzke esa fd, x, dk;Z dks Work Sheet dgrs gSaA
§ Excel esa Table cukuk] la[;kvksa dh x.kuk djuk ,oa lwpukvksa ij vk/kfjr xzkiQ cukuk vkfn dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA
b.
§
pu
MS- Excel dks Start djus ds fy, Start cVu ij fDyd dj All Program fodYi pqudj blesa Micro Soft Office
gSA ika
fodYi ij fDyd djrs gSa ,slk djus ij Micro Soft Excel fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftl ij fDyd djus ls ;g Open gks tkrk
§ ,d Work Book esa 16 Work Sheet gksrh gSaA h um

§
B
,d odZ 'khV esa 16384 Row & 256 Coloum gksrs gSAa
§ Excel Menu Bar Tittle Bar ds uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA
§ Menu Bar eas File, Edit, view, Insert, Format & Tools vkfn fodYi gksrs gSaA
§ File fodYi esa ubZ iQkby cukuk] lso djuk ,oa iqjkuh iQkbYl dks open djuk ,oa mudk print out ysuk vkfn dk;Z
fd;s tkrs gSAa
§ Insert fodYi dh lgk;rk ls Excel Sheet esa dksbZ lwpuk ;k fpÉ dks izfo"V djok;k tkrk gSA
§ Excel Sheet dk mi;ksx Ldwyksa esa Mark Sheet cukus ,oa dk;kZy;ksa esa MkVk dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Entering Data
Entering data : - Excel Sheet esa fdlh MkVk dks bUVj djus ds fy, lcls igys cell dks lysDV fd;k tkrk gSA blds
ckn Cell esa MkVk dks Text ds :i esa Type dj fn;k tkrk gSA blds ckn Enter Key nck nh tkrh gSA
§ tc cell esa Formula Type dj fn;k tkrk gS rks blds ckn Enter Key nck nh tkrh gS ,slk djus ls cell esa Formula
Hkj tkrk gS rFkk x.kuk,¡ gks tkrh gSAa
§ Excel esa Formulae ds fy, pkj izdkj dh Operator Jsf.k;k¡ gksrh gSa%&
csfld iQksjeqys ,.M bufcYV iQaD'ku

(Basic Formulae & Inbuilt Functions)
(i) vad xf.krh; vkWijsVj & bl Js.kh dk mi;ksx xf.krh; fØ;kvksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) rqyuk vkWijsVj & blds }kjk nks value dh vkil esa rqyuk dh tkrh gSA
(iii) Text vkWijsVj & blds }kjk Excel esa Text dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(iv) lanHkZ vkWijsVj & lanHkZ vkWijsVj ds }kjk Excel Sheet esa fdUgh nks ;k nks ls vf/d lSyksa ds chp dh jat
s dks cryk;k
tkrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ Excel Formula :-
1. ;ksx djus ds fy, lw=k%& fdUgha la[;kvksa dk ;ksx djus ds fy, Excel cell esa sum fy[kdj la[;kvksa dks dks"Bd
esa fy[krs gSaA ,slk djus ds ckn Enter nckrs gSa bl izdkj lHkh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx izkIr gks tkrk gS&
Ex : SUM (4,5,13,3) = 25 Ans.
2. oxZ djus ds fy, lw=k %&
Ex : SQRT (49) = 7 Ans.
3. cM+h la[;k ds fy, lw=k %&
Ex : MAX (15,25,15,20,18,2) = 25 Ans.
4. NksVh la[;k ds fy, lw=k %&
Ex : MIN (5,25,18,20,15,1,3,7) = 1 Ans.
5. vkSlr ds fy, lw=k %&
ub.
Ex : AVERAGE (51,20,25,29,15) = 28 Ans.
a p
6. 'ks"kiQy ds fy, lw=k %&
m ik
Ex : MOD (13,3) = 1 Ans.
B hu
§ Excel esa Function dh lgk;rk ls tfVy x.kuk,a dh tkrh gSaA
§ Function dh lgk;rk ls tfVy Formulae cuk, tkrs gSAa
iQaD'kuksa dk oxhZdj.k %& iQaD'kuksa dh fuEu Jsf.k;ka gksrh gSa&
(i) Data Base Function
(ii) fofÙk; iQaD'ku
(iii) rkjh[k ,oa le; iQaD'ku
(iv) lwpuk iQaD'ku
(v) lanHkZ iQaD'ku
(vi) rkfdZd iQaD'ku
(vii) lkaf[;dh iQaD'ku
(viii) ikB~; (Text) iQaD'ku
(ix) xf.kr ,oa f=kdks.kfefr iQaD'ku
Cell & Text Formatting :-

§ tc fdlh cell esa Vkbi fd, x, Text ds :i ,oa Style esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS rks bls Cell Text Formating
dgrs gSAa
Cell & Text Formatting

§ Cell esa Formating ds ekè;e ls ckWMj tksM+k tkrk gS ,oa Cell esa fy[ks Text dks High Light fd;k tkrk gSA
§ ftl Cell esa ckWMj tksMu+ k o High Light djuk gksrk gS ml Cell dks mouse pointer dh lgk;rk ls fDyd djds Select
dj fy;k tkrk gSA rFkk vko';d Formating dj nh tkrh gSA
Navigating
§ Key Bord esa fLFkr ,sls cVu tks fdlh ist esa Next ;k Previous tkus ds fy, dke esa fy, tkrs gS] Navigation
Key dgykrs gSaA
§ Navigation Key dk iz;ksx djuk gh Navigating dgykrk gSaA
fdlh Work Sheet data dh xzkfiQdy izLrqfr (Presentation) dks pkVZ dgrs gSaA
pkVZl~ (Charts)
b.
pu
ika
hum
B
§ MS- Excel esa vadks dks pkVZ ds :i esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Chart esa ftu Value lewgksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa MkVk Js.kh dgrs gSaA
§ Excel esa Insert tab ij fDyd dj vko';drk vuqlkj fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Chart dks pquk tkrk gSA
Chart ds izdkj %&

(i) Area Chart – ;g le; ds lkFk gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh ek=kk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
(ii) Coloum Chart & ;g pkVZ ,d fuf'pr le; vUrjky ij MkVk esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
§ ;g pkVZ nks ;k nks ls vf/d enksa ds chp rqyuk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
(iii) Bar Chart & bl pkVZ esa MkVk ds ekuksa dks ckjksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
(iv) Line Chart & bl pkVZ esa MkVk ds ekuksa dks fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr djds mUgsa ,d js[kk ds }kjk tksM+
fn;k tkrk gSA
(v) Pie Chart & bl pkVZ esa MkVk ds ekuksa dks ,d o`r esa vyx&vyx Hkkxksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
(vi) XY Chart & bl pkVZ ds }kjk MkVk ds la[;kRed ekuksa ds chp lacU/ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Page Setup :-
fdlh Documents dks cukus ls igys ;g r; fd; tkrk gS fd Documents dk Page rFkk mldk Out put fdl izdkj
dk ysuk gSA ,slk blfy, ns[kk tkrk gS rkfd Page mlh izdkj ls iz;ksx esa fy;k tk, tSlk gesa Documents dk Output ysuk
gSA
§ Page Set up esa page esa Tap, Bottom o Left ,oa Right esa LFkku NksM+k tkrk gSA
§ Page Setup esa ist Orientation fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Orientation ds }kjk Page dks vkM+k ;k frjNk fd;k tkrk gSA
§ Page Setup esa ist dh lkbt ,oa dkWye vkfn dks Hkh cnyk tk ldrk gSA
§ Page Setup esa Documents dh lkbt dks A3, A4, A5 o Legal vkfn Page Size ij Set fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Printing
§ Printer dh lgk;rk ls Excel Sheet dks dkxt ij fizaV djuk Printing dgykrk gSA
§ Print ds fy, Ctrl+P Short Cut Key gSA
LizsM 'khVl~ iQkWj vdkmafVax

(Spread Sheets for Accounting)
§
ub.
Excel esa vk¡dM+ks dks fu:fir djus ds fy, Spread Sheet dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
§
a p
Spread Sheet esa ge fo|ky; ds dk;Z o daiuh ,oa fdlh dk;kZy; ds ys[kksa dks lajf{kr djrs gSaA
§
mik
Spread Sheet esa ys[kkas dks fy[kuk Spread Sheet Accounting dgykrh gSA
u
tc Spread Sheet eas ys[kksa dh Accounting dh tkrh gS rc Spread Sheet esa ,d rjiQ Øekad o uke o buds vkxs
Bh
§
vadks dks fy[kk tkrk gSA
Example – fo|ky; esa Nk=kkas dh Worksheet Spread Sheet eas gh cukbZ tkrh gSA ,d Nk=k ds vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa
esa izkIrkad fuEu gSa%&
vaxsth 60
fgUnh 70
foKku 80
xf.kr 70
laLd`r 60
Lkekftd foKku 60
Spread Sheet ij bl vadrkfydk dks fuEu izdkj ls cukrs gSaA

Child Development
Maths Geography
Reasoning Economics
Science Polity
General Hindi MP GK
GK Trick By
Telegram
Whatsapp
हमें
FOLLOW Instagram
करें
Apps
Youtube
5. varfj{k foKku] fjeksV ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxd

(Space Science, Remote Sensing Technique
and Information Technology)
Hkkjr esa vUrfj{k izkS|ksfxdh (Space Techonology in India)

§ 1962 esa Hkkjr esa vUrfj{k vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
§ lu~ 1969 esa bljks (ISRO) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bljksa varfj{k dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx fuHkkus okyh izeq[k laLFkk gSaA
§ lu~ 1974 esa Hkkjr esa varfj{k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh ds egRoiw.kZ dsUnz%&

1. bljks (ISRO) mixzg dsUnz & cSaxywj
2. varfj{k iz;ksx dsUnz & vgenkckn
3. lfr'k /ou varfj{k dsUnz & Jh gfjdksVk (vkU/zizns'k)
uksV& ;g eq[; iz{ksi.k dsUnz gSAa
4. foØe lkjkHkkbZ vUrfj{k dsanz & fr:ouUriqje
uksV& ;g iz{ksikL=k vuql/a ku dsUnz gSAa
5. pk¡nhiqj felkby iz{ksi.k dsUnz & mM+hlk
6. nzo&iz.kkyh iz.kksnu dsUnz & egsUnfxjh(rfeyukMw)
vUrfj{k dk;ZØe (Space Programe):&

§ uklk (NASA) vesfjdk dh varfj{k ,tsalh gSaA
§ vUrfj{k esa tkus okyh izFke efgyk& osysUrhuk rsjsLdksok (:l) FkhA
§ vUrfj{k esa tkus okyk izFke varfj{k ;k=kh ;wjh xkxjhu (:l) FkkA
§ varfj{k eas tkus okyh Hkkjrh; ewy dh izFke efgyk& dYiuk pkoyk FkhA
uksV& lu~ 1977 esa vesfjdh varfj{k ;ku dksyafc;k }kjk dYiuk us varfj{k dh lSj dhA
§ dYiuk dh e`R;q dksyafc;k uked varfj{k ;ku ds nq?kZVukxzLr gksus ds dkj.k gqbZA
§ varfj{k esa tkus okys izFke Hkkjrh; jkds'k 'kekZ (1984)A
mixzg (Satellite)%&
§ fdlh xzg ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djus okys fiaM dks ml xzg dk mixzg dgrs gSaA
tSls& pUnzek i`Foh dk ,d mixzg gSAa
§ izFke mixzg Liwrfud&I gSA
§ Hkkjr dk izFke vk;ZHkV~V gSA
iyk;u osx (Escape Velocity)&

§ tc fdlh oLrq dks bl osx ls iQsd a k tk;s dh og xq:Rokd"kZ.k dks ikj dj tk;s rks og oLrq dHkh ykSVdj ugh vkrh
gSAa ftl osx ls oLrq dks iQsd
a k tkrk gS]a og osx gh iyk;u osx dgykrk gSAa iyk;u osx dk eku 11.2 fdeh@lSd.M
;k 7 ehy@lSd.M gksrk gSaA
jkspd rF;%&
§ i`Foh ds fy, iyk;u osx & 11.2 fdeh@lSd.M
§ pUnzek ds fy, iyk;u osx & 1.9 fdeh@lSd.M
§ lkSje.My ds fy, iyk;u osx & 42 fdeh@lSd.M
Øk;kstsfud b±tu (Cryogenic Engine):&

§ ;s ,sls jkWdVs bZt
a u gksrs gSa ftuesa gkbMªkt
s u nzo voLFkk esa – 250°C rki ij rFkk vkWDlhtu nzo voLFkk esa – 183°C rki ij
b±/u ds :i esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gSaA Øk;kstsfud bZatu vfrU;wu rki ij dk;Z djrs gSaA bl izdkj ds nzo bZa/uksa ls jkWdsV dks
vf/d /Ddk yxrk gSaA ftlls jkWdsV rst osx ls mij dh vksj xfr djrk gSaA
Hkkjr dk eaxy fe'ku (Mars mission of India)&

§ Hkkjr usa 5 uoEcj 2013 dks JhgfjdksVk (vkU/zinz 's k) ds lrh'k /ou varfj{k dsUnz ls ih,l,yoh lh&225 (PSLV C-225)
dh lgk;rk ls eaxy;ku dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
§ ;g ;ku 24 flrEcj 2014 dks eaxy xzg dh d{kk esa igqp ¡ kA
§ bl fe'ku dk mn~ns'; eaxy ij thou dh laHkkouk,a ryk'kuk gSaA
fjeksV lsaflax (Remote Sensing)

§ fdlh oLrq ds fcuk izR;{k esa lEidZ esa vk;s gh nwj ls gh oLrqvksa ;k izfØ;kvksa dks fu;a=k.k djus dh izfØ;k fjeksV lsaflax
dgykrh gSaA
§ blds }kjk mixzg] LFky e.My] ok;qe.My] rFkk tye.My vkfn dh fØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa rjaxksa dh lgk;rk ls lwpuk izkIr
dh tkrh gSaA
fjeksV lasflax ds vuqi; z ksx&
§ bZ&esy (E-mail)%& blds }kjk lwpukvksa dks fo|qfr; dksMksa (ladsrks) ds :i esa cgqr de le; esa fdlh crk;s x;s
irs ij Hkstk tkrk gSAa
§ iQSDl (Fax)& bl izfØ;k es e'khu }kjk fdlh nLrkost dks LdSu dj crk;s x;s irs ij Hkstk tkrk gSaA
§ MASER- (Microwave amilification by stimulated emassion of rediation)& bldh lgk;rk ls varfj{k ,oa leqnkz as
esa lwpuk,sa Hksth tkrh gSAa
§ RADER- (Radio detection and Ranging)& bldh lgk;rk ls ok;q;kuksa dh fLFkfr ,oa nwjh Kkr dh tkrh gSA bldh
lgk;rk ls gh /krq ,oa rsy ds Hk.Mkjksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSaA
§ LASER- (Light Ampilfication and Stimulated Emission)& bldk mi;ksx ekSle ds vè;;u ,oa fpfdRlk ds {ks=k
esa fd;k tkrk gSaA
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh (Information Techonology)
lapkj pSuy (Communication Channel)

§ lapkj pSuy ,d ,slk HkkSfrd ekè;e gS tks izfs "kr (Sender) ,oa vfHkxzkgh (Receptor) dks ,d nwljs ls la;ksftr djrk gSA
fofHkUu pSuy
1. lapkj ds izdkj pSuy ;k fyad
2. jsfM;ks lapkj eq Dr vkdk'k
3. VsfyiQksu ,oa VsyhxzkiQh lapkj lapj.k ykbu
4. izdk'kh; lapj.k izdk'kh; rarq
VªkalM;wlj (Transducer):&
§ og ;qfDr tks ÅtkZ dks ,d :i ls nwwljs :i eas ifjofRkZr dj nsrh gSA VªaklM;wlj dgrs gSA
vko`fr ifjlj
lsok dk uke vko`fr cS.M fVIi.kh
1. Ekkud AM izlkj.k (Amplitude jsfM;ksa esa
Modulated Transmission) 540 – 1600 KHZ
2. FM – izlkj.k (Frequency Modulated 88 – 108 MHZ jsfM;ks esa
Transmission)
3. Vsfyfotu 54 – 72 MHZ vfr mPp vko`fr (Very High
76 – 88 MHZ
Frequency : VHF) T.V. ijk
174 – 216 MHZ
420 – 890 MHZ mPp vko`fr (Ultra High
Frequency UHF) T.V.
4. lsY;qyj eksckby jsfM;ksa 896 – 901 MHZ Eksckby ls vk/kj LVs'ku
840 – 935 MHZ vk/kj LVs'ku ls eksckby
5. mixzg lapkj 5.925 – 6.425 GHZ vifyad (Uplink)
3.7 – 4.7 GHZ Mkmufyad (Downlink)
6. izdk'kh; lapkj 1 THZ – 1000 THZ lq{e rjax ijkcSaxuh izlkj.k
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjxas&

§ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh rjaxnSè;Z ijkl cgqr vf/d gksrh gS jsfM;ks rjax]s lw{e rjax]as n`'; izdk'k rjax]as ,Dl rjaxs vkfn
lHkh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa gh gksrh gSA
O;kse rjaxsa (Sky Waves):-
§ i`Foh ds fdUgha nks fcUnwvksa ds chp yEch nwjh lapkj vk;u e.My }kjk fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds ijkorZu }kjk laHko
gks ikrk gSA bl izdkj dh rjaxkas dks O;kse rjaxs dgrs gSA bl fof/ esa vk;u e.My dh Hkwfedk gksrh gS tks vkdk'k ls
65 fdeh- rFkk i`Foh ls yxHkx 400 fdeh- Å¡pkbZ rd iQSyk gqvk gSA
lqnwj laons u
§ lqnjw laons u ,d foKku gS] tks fdlh oLrq] {kS=k] ?kVuk dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh dyk gSA iQksVksxkz iQh dk iz;ksx loZiFz ke ¶izFke
fo'o ;q¼¸ esa lSfud dk;Zokgh ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
§ {kS=k esa vf/d mUur (fodflr) rduhfd ¶lVsykbV bestjh¸ (mixzgh; izfrekoyh) mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA
lqnwj laosnu ds dqN vuqiz;ksx
(1) ekSle foKku & ekSle foKku dk fodkl rFkk ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.khA
(2) tyok;q foKku & tyok;q ifjorZu dk ekWuhVj.kA
(3) leqnz foKku & leqnz lrg dk rki] leqnz dh ciQZ dk ekufp=k.k rFkk rsy iznq"k.k dk ekWuhVj.kA RkFkk (leqnz) rfV;
vè;;u (okfgr ey&vks|ksfxd vijnu rFkk iznw"k.k ekWuhVj.k) iqjkrkfRod] HkwxHkZ] los{Z k.k] ikuh L=kksr gsrq los{Z k.k] 'kgjh
Hkwfe ds mi;ksx gsrq los{Z k.k] d`f"k ,oa ou fon~;k rFkk izkd`frd foinkvks a dk laons u bR;kfn lqnjw laons u ds dqN vU; vuqiz;ksx
gS A
izdk'kh; lapkj (Optical Communication)

§ blesa mPp vko`fr dh izdk'k rjaxs izdk'k Lianks ds :i esa lapfjr dh tkrh gSA
§ ;g lapkj izdk'kh; ladsrks ds }kjk gksrk gSA fdlh TV pSuy }kjk fp=kksa dks izlkfjr izdk'kh; lapkj }kjk fd;k tkrk
gSA izdk'kh; rarq esa egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu gS] izdk'kh; rUrq esa vadh; ladrs lapfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSA
§ lsY;qyj iQksu lsok& lsY;qyj iQksu lsok dk mi;ksx djus okys izR;sd O;fDr dks fle dkMZ (lClØkbcj ekWM~;y w ) dk
mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSAa
§ GPRS - General Pocket Radio Services
§ CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
§ TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
§ GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication
§ eksMse& eksMes ,d bysDVªkfW ud ;qfDr gS]a tks dEI;wVj rFkk VsfyiQksu ykbu ds chp lEidZ lk/u ds :i esa dke es vkrh
gSaA
§ izdk'kh; rUrq& ;g iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkoZru ij dk;Z djrk gS]a blls gksdj gtkjksa ladrs ,d gh le; esa vk tk ldrs
gSA
§ VsfyiQksu& bl ;qfDr ds ekè;e ls nwj cSBs O;fDr vkil esa ckr dj ldrs gSaA
§ lkbcj Økbe& fdlh nwljs ds dEI;wVj dks gSd dj ds vijk/ djuk lkbcj Økbe dgykrk gSaA
§ bUVjusV& bUVjusV dk tud izks- tslh fyDykbMj dks ekuk tkrk gSaA
Hkkjr esa bUVjusV lsok dk izkjEHk 15 vxLr 1995 dks gqvkA
Hkkjr dh ch,l,u,y dh czkM+ cS.M lsok dk uke MkVk ou gSaA
§ bZ&esy (E-mail)& bZ&esy dk vkfo"dkj vesfjdk ds oSKkfud vkj- Vksaefyalu us 1971 esa fd;k FkkA
bZa&esy dh fo'ks"krk,a& (i) eSlt s izkIr djukA
(ii) eSlts dk fjIykbZ djuk
(iii) eSlts dks iQkWjoMZ djuk
(iv) eSlst dks fizaV djuk
§ usVodZ ds izdkj%&
(i) LAN - Local Area Network
(ii) MAN - Metropolitian Area Network
(iii) WAN - Wide Area Network
§ iQSDV%&
(i) ATM - Automatic Teller Machine
(ii) WiFi - Wireless Fidelity
(iii) WAP- Wireless access point
q q q
6. ⁄UˇÊÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë
(Defence Technology)
DRDO
§ SÕÊ¬ŸÊ —ó v~z}
§ ∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. ÿ„U ‚¥ª∆UŸ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ, Á«U¡Êß¸UŸ •ÊÒ⁄U Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ©Uã„¥U Á∑˝§ÿÊÁãflÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò–
2. ÿ„U ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚ŸÊ ∑§Ë ¡M§⁄UÃÊ¥ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U „ÁÕÿÊ⁄U ’ŸÊÃÊ „ÒU–
D.R.D.O ‚¥SÕÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ∑˝§◊ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U „ÒU
1. ªÊ«¸UŸ Á⁄Uø fl∑¸§‡ÊÊÚ¬ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (G.R.W.L) – 1934

2. ÷Ê⁄UÃ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (B.E.L) – 1954
3. Á„UãŒÈSÃÊŸ ∞ÿ⁄UÊŸÊÚÁ≈UÄ‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (H.A.L) – 1964
4. ÷Ê⁄UÃ •Õ¸◊Ífl‚¸ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (BEML)– 1964
5. ◊¤ÊªÊ°fl «UÊÚ∑§ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (M.D.L) – 1960
6. Á◊üÊ äÊÊÃÈ ÁŸª◊ Á‹Á◊≈U«U – 1973
7. ªÊflÊ Á‡Ê¬ÿÊ«¸U Á‹Á◊≈U«U – (G.S.L)
8. ÷Ê⁄UÃ «UÊÿŸÊÚÁêÊÄ‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U – (B.D.L)
1. ªÊ«¸UŸ Á⁄Uø fl∑¸§‡ÊÊÚ¬ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (GRWL) – 1934

§ ∑§Êÿ¸‹ÿ —- ∑§‹∑§ûÊÊ fl ¤ÊÊ⁄Uπá«U
§ ∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. Á‡Ê¬ÿÊ«¸U fl ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ß¥U¡ËÁŸÿÁ⁄¥Uª ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
2. ŸÊÒ‚ŸÊ ÃÕÊ Ã≈U ⁄UˇÊ∑§ ’‹ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬ÊÃÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ fl ßUŸ∑§Ë ◊⁄Uê◊Ã ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
∑§‹∑§ûÊÊ ◊¥ ßU‚∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ Áfl÷Êª „ÒU–
Áfl÷Êª —-
1. ¡„UÊ¡⁄UÊŸË
2. •Á÷ÿÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§Ë
3. ßU¥¡Ÿ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ
2. ÷Ê⁄UÃ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸÄ‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (B.E.L)– 1954
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- ’Ò¥Ç‹ÈL§, øÒÛÊß¸U, „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ, ◊‚Í‹Ë¬ÛŸ◊, ¬ÈáÊ, Ã‹Ê¡Ê, ¬¥ø∑È§‹Ê, ªÊÁ¡ÿÊ’ÊŒ fl ∑§Ê≈UmUÊ⁄U–
∑§Êÿ¸ —- ßU‹Ä≈U˛ÊÚÁŸ∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
3. Á„UãŒÈSÃÊŸ ∞ÿ⁄UÊŸÊÁ≈UÄ‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (HAL) – 1964
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- ◊¥ª‹Í⁄U
∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥, „ÒU‹Ë∑§ÊÚå≈U⁄U fl ©UŸ‚ ‚ê’ÁãäÊÃ „UflÊß¸U ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ß¥U¡Ÿ fl ©UŸ∑§ ¬È¡¸ ’ŸÊŸÊ–
2. ÿ„U ‚¥SÕÊŸ ©UÛÊÃ Á∑§S◊ ∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
4. ÷Ê⁄UÃ •Õ¸◊Ífl‚¸ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (B.E.M.L) – 1964
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- ’Ò¥Ç‹ÈL§, ∑§Ê‹Ê⁄U, ◊Ò‚Í⁄U–
∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. •àÿÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ÃÕÊ ©UŸ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
2. ÿ„U ‚¥SÕÊŸ ◊ÍÁfl¥ª ◊‡ÊËŸ, ⁄‘U‹ ∑§ Á«Ué’, ‹Êß¸UŸ Á’¿UÊŸ flÊ‹ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ, ≈˛U∑§Ê, ≈˛UÊ‹Ê •ÁÊŒ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
5. ◊¤ÊªÊ°fl «UÊ∑§ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (MDL) – 1960
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- ◊Èê’ß¸, ŸÊflÊ, ◊¥ª‹Í⁄U
∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. ÿ„U ‚¥SÕÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ŸÊÒ ‚ŸÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬Ÿ«ÈUÁé’ÿÊ¥, ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ, ŸÊÒ∑§Ê•Ê¥ Áfläfl‚¥∑§Ê •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò–
2. ‚◊ÈŒ˝Ë Ã‹ ∑È§•Ê¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ å‹»§Ê◊¸ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
3. ‚◊ÈŒ˝ Ã‹ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U¬ Á’¿UÊŸÊ fl ©U‚∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ≈¥Uª ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
6. Á◊üÊ äÊÊÃÈ ÁŸª◊ Á‹Á◊≈U«U - 1973
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ
∑§Êÿ¸ —- ÿ„U ‚¥SÕÊ Á◊üÊäÊÊÃÈ, ◊Ò⁄UÊÁ¡¥ª ßUS¬ÊÃ, ÃÊ⁄U ⁄UÊäÊ∑§ Á◊üÊ äÊÊÃÈ ∑¥§≈˛UÊ‹ ∞Ä‚¬ã‡ÊŸ, ≈¥UªS≈UŸ, ◊ÊÁ‹é«UŸ◊ •ÊÁŒ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸
7. ªÊflÊ Á‡Ê¬ÿÊ«¸U Á‹Á◊≈U«U (GSL)
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- flÊS∑§ÊÁ«UªÊ◊Ê
∑§Êÿ¸ —-
1. ¡„UÊ¡Ê¥ fl ¡‹¬ÊÃÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
2. ¡„UÊ¡Ê¥ ∑§Ê Á«U¡Êß¸UŸ ’ŸÊŸÊ–
8. ÷Ê⁄UÃ «UÊÿŸÊÚÁ◊Ä‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U (BDL)
∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ —- „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒU–
∑§Êÿ¸ —- ÿ„U ‚¥SâÊÊŸ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ fl‹Ë - ¬ÎâflË, ÁòÊ‡ÊÈ‹, •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ŸÊª ŸÊ◊∑§ Á◊‚ÊßU‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ‚Ÿ˜ 1972 ß¸U. ◊¥ (ISRO) ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „UÃÈ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ∑§Ê
©U¬ÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ©Ug‡ÿ ‚ ∑§Ë ÕË–
§ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ Áfl÷Êª ∑§ ‚Ê⁄‘U ∑§Êÿ¸∑§˝ ◊ ⁄UÊc≈˛UËÿ ‚ÈŒ⁄Í U ‚¥flŒ Ÿ ∞¡ã‚Ë (NRSA) ÃÕÊ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê (PRL) mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑˝§ÿÊÁãflÃ Á∑§∞
¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ‚◊Á∑§Ã ÁŸŒ¸Á‡ÊÃ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ (Intergrated Guided Missile Development Programme) ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ 1983 ◊¥
üÊË◊ÁÃ ßUÁãŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ°äÊË mUÊ⁄UÊ ∑§Ë ªß¸U ÕË–
§ ‚◊Á∑§Ã ÁŸŒ¸Á‡ÊÃ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ (IGMDP) ∑§Ê ÷Ê⁄U ⁄UˇÊÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚¥ª∆UŸ (DRDO) ∑§Ê ‚ÊÒ¬Ê ªÿÊ–
§ ⁄UˇÊÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚¥ª∆UŸ (DRDO) ∑§Ë ∑§◊ÊŸ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ôÊ «UÊ. ∞.¬Ë.¡ •éŒÈ‹ ∑§‹Ê◊ ∑§ „UÊÕÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚ÊÒ¬Ë ªß¸U ÕË–
DRDO ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ

1. ¬ÎâflË
2. •ÁÇŸ
3. •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê
4. ÁòÊ‡ÊÈ‹
5. ŸÊª
v. ¬ÎâflË —-
¬˝Õ◊ ¬⁄ËUˇÊáÊ —- ¬ÎâflË ∑§Ê ¬˝Õ◊ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ 22 »§⁄Ufl⁄UË 1988 ∑§Ê •Êãœ˝¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑§ üÊË „UÁ⁄U∑§Ê≈UÊ ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ‚ „ÈU•Ê–
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ —- ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ‚»§‹ÃÊ ◊ß¸U 1992 ∑§Ê ÃÕÊ 13flÊ° ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ 27 ¡Ÿfl⁄UË 1996 ∑§Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
¬ÎâflË ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ —-
1. ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ - 40 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U
2. •øÍ∑§ ÁŸ‡ÊÊŸÊ
3. ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ‚ ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UÃ ◊Êª¸ ¬⁄U ŒÊª ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ ¬˝ˇÊ¬SòÊÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl¬⁄UËÃ ¬ÎâflË •¬Ÿ ◊Êª¸ ∑§Ê ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ Sflÿ¥ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚ˇÊ◊ „Ò–
¬ÎâflË
¬ÎâflË - I ¬ÎâflË - II ¬ÎâflË - III

(Õ‹ ‚ŸÊ) (flÊÿÈ ‚ŸÊ) (ŸÊÒ ‚ŸÊ)
⁄‘¥U¡ —- 150km ⁄‘¥U¡ —-200–350km ⁄‘¥U¡ —-350km
ÁøòÊ — ¬ÎâflË x
w. •ÁÇŸ
¬„U‹Ê ¬⁄UËUˇÊáÊ —- 22 ◊ß¸U 1989 ∑§Ê •ÊÁ«U‡ÊÊ ∑§ ’Ê‹Ê‚Ê⁄U Á¡‹ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËUˇÊáÊ —- 19 »§⁄Ufl⁄UË 1994 ∑§Ê øÊ°ŒË¬È⁄U Á¡‹ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
•ÁÇŸ II ∑§Ê ‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ 2001 ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞° —-
§ 18.4 ◊Ë≈U⁄U ‹ê’ •ÊÒ⁄U 1.3 ◊Ë≈U⁄U øÊÒ«∏U ßU‚ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ ∑§ ¬„U‹ ø⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ∆UÊ‚ •ÊÒ⁄U ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ø⁄UáÊ ◊¥ Ã⁄U‹ ßZUäÊŸ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U 5000°C Ã∑§ ∑§Ê ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ‚„UŸ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
§ •ÁÇŸ II ∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 2,000 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „Ò–
§ ‹ê’Êß¸U 20 ◊Ë≈U⁄U fl fl¡Ÿ 16 ≈UŸ „Ò–
•ÁÇŸ
•ÁÇŸ - I •ÁÇŸ - III •ÁÇŸ - IV •ÁÇŸ - V

⁄‘¥U¡ —-700km ⁄‘¥U¡ —-350km ⁄‘¥U¡ —-3000km ⁄‘¥U¡ —-5000km
ÁøòÊ — •ÁÇŸ z
x. •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê —-
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËUˇÊáÊ —- »§⁄Ufl⁄UË 1994 ∑§Ê øÊ°ŒË¬È⁄ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ ÿ„U ¬Ê°ø ∞ÿ⁄U ∑˝§Êç≈U ÿÊ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ∑§Ê ÁŸ‡ÊÊŸÊ ’ŸÊ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ ∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ‹ª÷ª 25 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U „ÒU–
§ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ ßU‚∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ¬ÒÁ≈UÿÊ‹ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ‚ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
ÁøòÊ — •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê
y. ÁòÊ‡ÊÈ‹
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËUˇÊáÊ —- 28 ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 1996 ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 500 ◊Ë≈U⁄U ‚ 9 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U „ÒU–
Note :- 16 •¬˝‹ 1999 ∑§Ê ÁòÊ‡ÊÍ‹ ∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Ë ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ „ÈU∞– 26 ◊ß¸U 1999 ∑§Ê ŸÊÒ‚ŸÊ ‚¥S∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ∑§ÊÁëø ◊¥ Œ˝ÊáÊÊøÊÿ¸
‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
ÁøòÊ — ÁòÊ‡ÊÍ‹
z. ŸÊª
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ —- 29 Ÿflê’⁄U 1990 ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ ŒÊªÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Í‹ ¡Ê•Ê ““(Fire and forget) ∑§ ◊Í‹ ◊¥òÊ ¬⁄U •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄UÃ ßU‚ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ ∑§Ë 40 Á∑§.◊Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ „Ò–
§ ßU‚◊¥ äÊÍ◊ (äÊÈ•Ê°) ⁄UÁ„UÃ ©UìÊ ™§¡Ê¸flÁãÃ ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ◊ËŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ ∑§Ê∑§‹ å‹Ÿ ⁄‘U ∑§Ë Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê •¬ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U 1°C ∑§ Œ‚fl¥ ÷Êª ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ∑§Ê ¬„UøÊŸ ∑§⁄U ßUã»˝§Ê⁄‘U«U Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ‚ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ ≈Ò¥U∑§ ∑§Ê ŸCU ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
ÁøòÊ — ŸÊª
{. ‚ÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ê
‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ —- ¡ÍŸ 1994 Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ 300 Á∑§◊Ë. ∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ
§ ÿ„U Áfl‡fl ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë Á„US‚¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ˇÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
Note :- ⁄UˇÊÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ‚¥ª∆UŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’Ò‹ÁS≈U∑§ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ë ÿÊ¡ŸÊ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ¡Ê ¬Ÿ«UÈé’Ë
‚ ¬˝ÁˇÊÃ „UÊ ‚∑§ ßU‚Ë ∑§Ê ““‚ÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ê”” ŸÊ◊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ –
ÁøòÊ — ‚ÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ê
¬˝◊Èπ ≈Ò¥∑§
1. ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ÿÈhU∑§ ≈Ò¥U∑§ •¡È¸Ÿ

‚»§‹ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ —- 15 ¡ÍŸ 1993 ∑§Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
§ ßU‚ ≈Ò¥U∑§ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ (DRDO) ⁄UˇÊÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ÃÕÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚¥ª∆UŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ ßU‚ ÿÈhU∑§ ≈Ò¥U∑§ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ 70 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃÉÊ¥≈UÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 500 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U „ÒU–
§ 150 •E‡ÊÁQ§ ∞fl¥ ÷Ê⁄U 55 ≈UŸ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ≈Ò¥U∑§ 40 Á∑..◊Ë. ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊá≈U ∑§Ë ⁄UçàÊ⁄U ‚ ’„ÈUÃ äÊË◊Ë •ÊflÊ¡ ◊¥ ø‹ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ≈Ò¥U∑§ ¡flÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡„U⁄UË‹Ë ªÒ¥‚Ê ∞fl¥ ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ ¬˝÷ÊflÊ¥ ‚ ⁄UˇÊÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
ÁøòÊ — •¡È¸Ÿ ≈Ò¥∑§

Á◊‚ÊßU‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ

1. ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ ◊ÊÚ«U ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U Á◊‚ÊßU‹Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U —-
(A) ‚Ã„U —-
‚Ã„U ‚ ‚Ã„U Ã∑§ ◊ÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ¬ÎâflË - I, II, fl •ÁÇŸ
‚Ã„U ‚ „UflÊ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ÁòÊ‡ÊÈ‹ fl •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê „ÒU–
‚Ã„U ‚ ¬ÊŸË ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ‡ÊÊÒÿ¸ ÁŸ÷¸ÿ „ÒU–
(B) „UflÊ
(i) „UflÊ ‚ „UflÊ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- •SòÊ
(ii) „UflÊ ‚ ‚Ã„U ◊ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ’˝rÊÊ‚, ŸÊª
(C) ¬ÊŸË
(i) ¬ÊŸË ‚ ¬ÊŸË ◊ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- K–15
(ii) ¬ÊŸË ‚ ‚Ã„U ¬⁄U ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ÁŸ÷¸ÿ
(D) 1. ÿÈhU ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ •ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ŸÊª
2. ‚Ê◊Á⁄U∑§ - ŒÈ‡◊Ÿ Œ‡Ê ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U ‹ˇÿ ÷ŒŸ ◊¥
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- •ÁÇŸ
•ãÿ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Á◊‚ÊßU‹¥
(a) ’˝rÊÊ‚ (Brahmos)
§ ßU‚∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 290 Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ‚È¬⁄U ‚ÒÁŸ∑§ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ „ÒU ¡Ê 500 Á∑§‹Ê¥ Ã∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄U ‹ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
(b) ¬˝„UÊ⁄U (Prahar)
ßU‚∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 150 Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
(c) ‡ÊÊÒÿ¸ (Shaurya)
ßU‚∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 600 Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
(d) ‚Íÿ¸ (Surya)
‚Íÿ¸ I ∑§Ë ◊Ê⁄U∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 5 ‚ 8 „U¡Ê⁄U Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
‚Íÿ¸ IInd ∑§Ë ⁄‘U¥¡ 12 „U¡Ê⁄U Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
(e) ‹Ê„U≈U (Lahat)
ßU‚ ““•¡È¸Ÿ ≈Ò¥∑§”” ∑§Ë Ÿ‹Ë (120mm) ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬≈˛UÊÁ‹¥ª Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥ ◊ ŒÊªÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
(f) ÁŸ÷¸ÿ (Nirbhay)
ÿ„U ∞∑§ ∑Í˝§¡ ¬˝ˇÊ¬ÊSòÊ „ÒU–
ßU‚∑§Ê ¬⁄UÊ‚ 1000 Á∑§◊Ë. fl ªÁÃ 7 ◊Ò∑§ „Ò–
(G) Sfl¬Ÿ (Swapn) :-
ßU‚∑§Ë ªÁÃ 7 ◊Ò∑§ „ÒU–
ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª 100 ’Ê⁄U ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
ÁflŒ‡ÊÊ¥ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ ¬˝◊Èπ Á◊‚Êß‹¥
1. »˝§Ê°‚ ‚ ¬˝Ê# —-
(i) ◊Ë∑§Ê - 2012 ◊¥ flÊÿÈ ‚ŸÊ ◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ ∑§Ë ªß¸U, ÿ„U „UflÊ ‚ „UflÊ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
(ii) Á◊‹Ÿ - 1998 ∑§ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ‚ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Õ‹ ‚ŸÊ ◊ ©U¬ÿÊª ◊¥ •Ê ⁄U„UË „ÒU–
2. M§‚ ‚ ¬˝Ê#
1. ∑§Ê∑§È ⁄U
2. »§Ê⁄UŸ⁄ U ∞¥≈UË ≈ÒU∑§ Á◊‚ÊßU‹
∏Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ‚ ¡È«∏ ¬˝◊Èπ flÊ„UŸ (Vehicals of missile)

1. ‚Ê⁄UÕ (Sarth) :- DRDO mUÊ⁄UÊ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã
2. •÷ÿ (Abhaya)
3. ŒˇÊ - DRDO mUÊ⁄UÊ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã
4. Á¬ŸÊ∑§Ê (Pinaka) :-
§ ßU‚‚ 12 Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ¿UÊ«UË ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ßU‚∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ 100 Á∑§◊Ë. „ÒU–
⁄Ê‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄U
1. Blistea Agent
§ ÿ„U ⁄U‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ∞¡ã≈U „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ¬⁄U »§»§Ê‹ ¬«∏ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
2. Nerve Agent
3. Pulmonary of Agent
⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U (Radar)
§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞¥ —-
¡’ ÿ Ã⁄¥ª Á∑§‚Ë flSÃÈ ‚ ≈U∑§⁄UÊ∑§⁄U flÊ¬‚ ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U ∑§Ë •Ê⁄U •ÊÃË „ÒU ÃÊ ⁄UÊ«U⁄U ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ flSÃÈ ∑§Ë ŒÍ⁄UË, ªÁÃ fl •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁ’ê’
⁄UÊU«UÊ⁄U ∑§Ë S∑˝§ËŸ ¬⁄U ÁŒπÊß¸U ¬«∏ÃÊ „ÒU–
ÁøòÊ — ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U
÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U (Radar of India)
(A) ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚¥SÕÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊ∞ ª∞ ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U —-
(i) ß¸U⁄UŸÊ, ‡ÊÁŸ ⁄UÁ‡◊ (ii) ßUãŒ˝ ¬˝Õ◊, ÁmUÃËÿ
(iii) •¬áÊÊ¸ (iv) 3D
(v) ‡ÊÊ¥Ã (vi) ⁄UÊÁ„UáÊË
(vii) ⁄‘UflÃË (viii) ⁄UÊ¡ãŒ˝
(ix) ÿÈhU ˇÊòÊ ÁŸª⁄UÊŸË ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U (x) W.L.R
(xi) •Ê∑§Ê‡Ê mUË¬
(B) •ÊÿÁÃÃ ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U (ßU¡⁄UÊßU‹ mUÊ⁄UÊ)
(1) •flÊÄ‚ (Airbon Warning and Control System)
ßU‚ ßU¡⁄UÊßU‹ ‚ ¬˝Ê# Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
ÿ„U 800 Á∑§◊Ë. ∑§ ŒÊÿ⁄‘U ◊ ©U«∏ÊŸ ÷⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë flSÃÈ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
ÿ„U ‹ˇÿ ‚ÍøŸÊ 3 ‚ 4 ‚Ò∑§á«U ◊¥ Œ ŒÃË „ÒU–
(2) ª˝ËŸ ¬Êß¸UŸ ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U (2011)
ßU‚∑§Ë ¬⁄UÊ‚ 600 Á∑§◊Ë „ÒU–
DRDO mUÊ⁄UÊ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ¬˝◊Èπ Áfl◊ÊŸ
1. Ã¡‚ —-
§ ÿ„U ‚’‚ „UÀ∑§Ê ‚È¬⁄U ‚ÒÁŸ∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸ „Ò Á¡‚◊¥ ∑§Êfl⁄UË ß¥UÁ¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊ Digital Fly by wire Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ DRDO mUÊ⁄UÊ 1993 ◊¥ Ã¡‚ ¬⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ Á∑§ÿÊ ÕÊ–
2. ÁŸ‡ÊÊ¥Ã —-
§ ÿ„U SflŒ‡ÊË ◊ÊŸfl ⁄UÁ„UÃ S≈UÀÕ ≈UÊ‹Ë Áfl◊ÊŸ „Ò–
§ ßU‚◊¥ SflŒ‡ÊË PAT -7 ß¥U¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
3. ‹ˇÿ —- ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ¡◊ËŸ ‚ flÊÿÈ ÃâÊÊ flÊÿÈ ‚ flÊÿÈ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹¥ ¬˝ˇÊ¬SòÊÊ¥ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
4. M§SÃ◊ —- DRDO Ÿ M§SÃ◊ ∑§ ŒÊ fl¡¸Ÿ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU
1. M§SÃ◊ H
2. M§SÃ◊ C
z. äÊ˝Èfl —- ÿ„U Ã≈U⁄UˇÊ∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ, ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ÿÊÃÊÿÊÃ ¬˝’ãäÊ fl •Ê¬ŒÊ ⁄UÊ„UÃ ∑§ÊÿÊ¸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
•ÊÿÁÃÃ Áfl◊ÊŸó
(1) „UÊÚ∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸ —-
¬˝ÿÊª —- Á◊ª 21 ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’…∏UÃË ŒÈÉÊ¸≈UŸÊ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ „UÃÈ
(2) „U⁄UÄÿÍÁ‹‚ —-
¬˝ÿÊª —- ◊Ê‹flÊ„U∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÊª
(3) ‚ÈπÊß¸U 30 MKI
¬˝ÿÊª —- 100 Á∑§◊Ë. ŒÍ⁄UË ¬⁄U ‹ˇÿ ÷ŒŸ „ÃÈ–
(4) •Êß¸U ∞‹ - 78
¬˝ÿÊª —- ©U«U∏Ã ‹«UÊ∑Í§ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ ◊¥ ß¸UäÊŸ ÷⁄UŸ „UÃÈ
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë
§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ 8 ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 1967 ∑§Ê ¬„U‹Ë ¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë M§‚ ‚ ¬˝Ê# ∑§Ë ªß¸U ÕË–
§ ßU‚∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ZNS ⁄UπÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§ ¬Ê‚ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 14 ¬Ÿ«ÈUÁé’ÿÊ° „UÒ–
ÁøòÊ — ¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë
¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë ∑§Ë üÊÁáÊÿÊ° —-

(1) INS ø∑˝§
§ SÕÊ¬ŸÊ —- 1988
§ ªÁÃ - 30 ŸÊÚÁ≈U∑§‹ ◊ËŸ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊá≈UÊ
§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ - ÿ„U ÃËŸ ◊Ê„U ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ¬ÊŸË ◊¥ ⁄U„U ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
(2) INS ‡ÊË‡ÊÈ◊Ê⁄U
§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ —- ÿ„U «UË¡‹ ¬ã«ÈUé’Ë „ÒU ßU‚◊¥ ∞«UflÊ¥‚ ∑§ÊÚê’≈U ◊Ÿ¡◊ã≈U Á‚S≈U◊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ ‡ÊË‡ÊÈ◊Ê⁄U , ‡Ê¥∑È§‡Ê, ‡ÊÁÀ∑§, ‡Ê¥∑È§‹ ¬¥«ÈUÁé’ÿÊ° ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹
(3) INS Á‚¥äÊÈ ÉÊÊ· —-
§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ —- ÿ„U «UË¡‹ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§ ¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U Á¿U¿U‹ ¡‹ ◊¥ ÷Ë ø‹ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
(4) INS •Á⁄U„¥UÃ —-
§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ —- ÿ„U ÷Ê⁄UÃ mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã SflŒ‡ÊË Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ¬⁄U •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄UÃ ¬Ÿ«ÈUé’Ë „ÒU–
Note - ÷Ê⁄UÃ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ¬ãÊ«ÈUé’Ë ’ŸÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ÁflE ∑§Ê 6flÊ° Œ‡Ê ’Ÿ ªÿÊ „Ò–
¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄UÊ¥ ¬⁄U ÁŸáÊ¸ÿ

÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄U ∑§ ©U¬ÿÊª ∑§ ÁŸáÊ¸ÿ „UÃÈ ÁmUSÃ⁄UËÿ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ „Ò–
(1) ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ ¬Á⁄U·Œ
•äÿˇÊ —- ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË
‚ŒSÿ —- ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË, ¬˝◊Èπ ◊¥òÊË, ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ‚‹Ê„U∑§Ê⁄U–
(2) ∑§Êÿ¸∑§Ê⁄UË ¬Á⁄U·Œ —-
•äÿˇÊ —- ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ‚‹Ê„U∑§Ê⁄U
‚ŒSÿ —- ∑§Á’Ÿ≈U ‚Áøfl, Õ‹ ‚ŸÊ, flÊÿÈ ‚ŸÊ fl ŸÊÒ ‚ŸÊ πÈÁ»§ÿÊ Áfl÷Êª–
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ

§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ¬„U‹Ê ⁄UˇÊÊ •ÁäÊª˝„UáÊ •ÁäÊÁŸÿ◊ 1999 ◊¥ ∑§Ê⁄UÁª‹ ÿÈhU ∑§ ’ÊŒ ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ¬⁄U ∞∑§ ‚Á◊ÁÃ ∑§Ê ª∆UŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
§ 2002 ◊¥ ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ (PPP) ∑§Ê ŒSÃÊfl¡ ¬‡Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–
÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ∑§ ©Ug‡ÿ
1. ‚ŸÊ ∑§Ë ¡M§⁄UÃÊ¥ ∑§Ê Ãà¬⁄ÃÊ ‚ ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
2. ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ⁄UˇÊÊ ©lÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ –
3. ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ◊¥ ¬Ê⁄UŒÁ‡Ê¸ÃÊ fl ß¸U◊ÊŸŒÊ⁄UË ⁄UπŸÊ–
4. ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ◊¥ •ÁãÃ◊ •ÁäÊ∑§Ê⁄U ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ¬Á⁄U·UŒ˜ ∑§Ê ‚ÊÒ¥¬ŸÊ–
5. •ª‹ 15 fl·ÊZ „UÃÈ ŒËÉÊ¸∑§ÊÁ‹Ÿ ⁄UˇÊÊ ÿÊ¡ŸÊ ’ŸÊŸÊ–
6. ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ ªÈáÊflQ§Ê Ãÿ ∑§⁄UŸÊ –
7. ⁄UˇÊÊ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ¬˝àÿˇÊ ÁflŒ‡ÊË ÁŸfl‡Ê ∑§Ë ‚Ë◊Ê 26% ⁄UπË „ÒU–
Note :- 20 •¬˝‹ 2013 ∑§Ê ⁄UˇÊÊ ◊¥òÊÊ‹ÿ •¬ŸË Ÿß¸U ⁄UˇÊÊ π⁄UËŒ ∑§Ë ŸËÁÃ ¡Ê⁄UË ∑§Ë „ÒU–
∑È§¿U ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Á’ãŒÈ

1. Cruise Missile :-
Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ —-
1. ÿ„U Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ¬ÎâflË ‚ ∞∑§ ÁŸÁpÃ ™°§øÊß¸U ¬⁄U ©U«∏ÃË „ÒU–
2. ÿ„U ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U ∑§Ë ¬∑§«∏ ◊¥ Ÿ„UË¥ •ÊÃË „ÒU–
3. ßUŸ◊¥ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U —- ’˝rÊÊ‚, ÁŸ÷¸ÿ, ‡ÊÊÒÿ¸, SflåŸ •ÊÁŒ–
2. Ballistic Missile :-
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U —- ¬ÎâflË , •ÁÇŸ, ¬˝„UÊ⁄U fl ‚ÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ê–
§ ßU‚◊¥ ¬Ífl¸ ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UÃ ¬Õ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÿ„U ⁄UÊ«UÊ⁄U ∑§Ë ¬∑§«∏ ◊¥ •Ê ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
1. SRBM - ⁄‘¥U¡ 40 ‚ 1000 Á∑§◊Ë.
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ - ¬˝„UÊ⁄U, ¬ÎâflË , •ÁÇŸ - Ist
2. MRBM – ⁄‘Uã¡ 1000 ‚ 2500 Á∑§◊Ë.
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ - •ÁÇŸ - II
3. IRBM – ⁄‘Uã¡ 2500 ‚ 5000 Á∑§◊Ë.
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ - •ÁÇŸ III, IV
4. ICBN – ⁄‘¥U¡ 5000 ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ - •ÁÇŸ, ‚Íÿ¸ fl •ÁÇŸ - III
3. ‹¡⁄U - ÁŸŒ¸Á‡ÊÃ ’◊ —-
•ÊÁflc∑§Ê⁄U - 1960 ◊¥ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ - Á∑§‚Ë ‹ˇÿ ∑§Ë ‚≈UË∑§ÃÊ ‚ äflSÃ ∑§⁄UŸ „UÃÈ–
4. Á‹ÁÄfl«U ’◊ —-
1. ÿ„U Ã⁄U‹ ÁflS»§Ê≈U∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „ÒU–
2. ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁflS»§Ê≈U∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª •ÊÃ¥∑§flÊŒË ‚¥ª∆UŸÊ¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
5. ‚¥¡ËflŸË —-
1. ßU‚‚ ◊‹’ ◊¥ Œ’ ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË Á◊‹ÃË „ÒU–
2. ÿ„U ‚÷Ë ◊ÊÒ‚◊ ◊¥ 6–8 ◊Ë≈U⁄U Ã∑§ ‚ •ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë •ÊflÊ¡ ‚ÈŸ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
6. ∑§Ê‹Ë 5000 (Kali 5000)
1. ÿ„U ∑§ß¸U ªËªÊ’ÊßU≈U ‡ÊÁQ§ ∑§Ë ◊ÊßU∑˝§Êfl’ Ã⁄¥Uª ©Uà¬ÛÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
2. ßU‚‚ ‡ÊòÊÈ ∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§ ¬˝áÊÊÁ‹ÿÊ° fl ∑§êåÿÍ≈U⁄U Áø¬ ŸCU „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
7. ŒˇÊ —-
1. ÿ„U DRDO mUÊ⁄UÊ SfløÊÁ‹Ã ’◊ ÁŸ⁄UÊäÊ∑§ flÊ„UŸ „ÒU–
2. ÿ„U ‚Ë…UËÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U ø…U ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
3. ™§°øÊß¸U ¬⁄U ⁄Uπ ÁflS»§Ê≈U∑§ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê ŸCU ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
8. flÒÄÿÍ◊ ’◊ (Vacuum Bobm) :-
1. ÿ„U M§‚ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ßU‚‚ flÊÿÈ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
2. ÿ„U ŒÊ ø⁄UáÊÊ¥ flÊ‹Ê ’◊ „ÒU–
3. ÿ„U •’ Ã∑§ ‚’‚ ªÒ⁄U ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ’◊ „ÒU–
4. ÿ„U ‚÷Ë ’◊Ê¥ ∑§Ê Á¬ÃÊ „ÒU–
9. ßUÀÊÒÄ≈˛UÊ◊ÒÇŸÁ≈U∑§ ’◊ (Electomagnetic Bobm) :-
ÁøòÊ — ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊ-◊ÒÇŸÁ≈U∑§ ’◊
1. ÿ„U ’◊ ÁfllÈÃ øÈê’∑§Ëÿ Ã⁄¥UªÊ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ê ‚¥øÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
2. ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ’◊ ∑§Ê ÁŸc∑˝§Ëÿ ∑§⁄UŸ „UÃÈ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
3. ÿ„U ‡ÊòÊÈ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊ ¬„È°UøŸ „UÃÈ ∑Í˝§¡ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ÿÊ ◊ÊŸfl ⁄UÁ„UÃ Áfl◊ÊŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ‚¥SÕÊŸ
•¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ SÕÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸
Áfl∑˝§◊ ‚Ê⁄UÊ÷Êß¸U •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ (VSSC) ÁÃL§flŸãÃ¬È⁄U◊ ( ÕÈÈê’Ê) ÿ„U ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝◊Êø∑§,
¬˝ÊÒlÊÁªÁ∑§ÿÊ¥ ∑§ Á«U¡ÊßUŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ª˝áÊË
∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
ßU‚⁄UÊ ©U¬ª˝„U ∑§ãŒ˝ (ISAC) ’¥ª‹ÈL§ (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§) ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§ ‚÷Ë ©U¬ª˝„UÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á«U¡ÊßUŸ, ÁflÊ∑§‚, ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ,¡Ê°ø
„UÃÈ ßU‚⁄UÊ ∑§Ê •ª˝áÊË ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
‚ÃË‡Ê äÊflŸ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ (SHAR) üÊË „UÁ⁄U∑§Ê≈UÊ (•Ê¥äÊ˝ ¬˝Œ‡Ê) ßU‚⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
Œ˝fl ŸÊŒŸ ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§ãŒ˝ (LPSC) ÁÃL§flŸãÃ¬È⁄U◊, ◊„UãŒ˝ÁªÁ⁄U, ’¥ª‹ÈM§ ¬˝◊Êø∑§ ⁄UÊÚ∑§≈UÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬ÎâflË ‚ ∑§ˇÊÊ Ã∑§ ©UãŸÃ ŸÊŒŸ
¬˝áÊÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚ÊÕ „UÊ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ÿÊŸÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ŸÊŒŸ
¬˝áÊÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÃÕÊ ¬˝ÊÁåÃ „UÃÈ ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
•¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ©U¬ÿÊª ∑§ãŒ˝ (SAC) •„U◊ŒÊ’ÊŒ (ªÈ¡⁄UÊÃ) ÿ„U ∑§ãŒ˝ ‚¥øÊ⁄U, ŸÊÒfl„UŸ, ÷Í¬˝ˇÊáÊ, ª˝„UËÿ ¬˝ˇÊáÊ ÃÕÊ
◊ÊÒ‚◊ ÁflôÊÊŸËÿ ŸËÁÃ÷Ê⁄U ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚, ¬˝ÊÁåÃ ÃÕÊ ÿÊÇÿ
’ŸÊŸ ÃÕÊ ‚¥’Á¥ äÊÃ •Ê°∑§«∏Ê¥ ∑§ ‚¥‚ÊäÊŸ ∞fl¥ ÷Í-¬˝áÊÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥
∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „ÒU–
Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÃÕÊ ‡ÊÒÁˇÊ∑§ ‚¥øÊ⁄U ÿÍÁŸ≈U (DECU) •„U◊ŒÊ’ÊŒ ÿ„U S¬CUÃÊ, •ÊÿÊ¡ŸÊ, ∑§ÊÿÊ¸ãflÿŸ ÃÕÊ ©U¬ª˝„U •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄UÃ
‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ©U¬ÿÊªÊ¥ ∑§ ‚Ê◊Ê¡ÊÁÕ¸∑§ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ/◊ÍÀÿÊ¥∑§Ÿ
∑§Êÿ¸ ◊¥ ‹ªË „ÈUß¸U „ÒU–
ßU‚⁄UÊ ŒÍ⁄UÁ◊ÁÃ •ŸÈflÃ¸Ÿ •ÊÒ⁄U •ÊŒ‡Ê ‚¥øÊ⁄U ’¥ª‹ÈL§, ‹πŸ™§, ◊ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê‚, ßU‚∑§Ê ßU‚⁄UÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ¬˝◊Êø∑§ ⁄UÊÚ∑§≈U ∞fl¥ •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊÿÊŸ
¡Ê‹ (ßUS≈˛ÒU∑§) üÊË„UÁ⁄U∑§Ê≈UÊ ¬Ê≈¸U é‹ÿ⁄U, Á◊‡ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ÿÊŸ ≈UË.≈UË.‚Ë. ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ
ÁÃL§flãÃ¬È⁄U◊, ’ÈŸ˝ ß U̧ ÃÕÊ Á’ÿÊ∑§ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ Á¡ê◊ŒÊ⁄UË ‚ÊÒ¥¬Ë ªß¸U „ÒU–
◊ÈÅÿ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ‚ÈÁfläÊÊ (MCF) „UÊ‚Ÿ (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§), ÿ„U ßU‚⁄UÊ¥ ∑§ ‚÷Ë ÷Í-ÁSÕ⁄U ©U¬ª˝„UÊ¥, ¡Ò‚ ßUã‚Ò≈U, ¡Ë‚Ò≈U
÷Ê¬Ê‹ (◊. ¬˝.) ∞fl¥ ∑§À¬ŸÊ üÊÎ¥π‹Ê ∑§ ©U¬ª˝„UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸª⁄UÊŸË ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ
ßU‚⁄UÊ ¡«∏àflËÿ ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ÿÍÁŸ≈U (IISU) ÁÃL§flãÃ¬È⁄U◊ ÿ„U ßU‚⁄UÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊Êø∑§ ⁄UÊÚ∑§≈UÊ¥ ÃÕÊ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊÿÊŸ
∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ê¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡«∏àflËÿ ¬˝áÊÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á«U¡ÊßUŸ
’ŸÊŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „ÒU–
ÁfllÈÃ-¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ë ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ’¥ª‹ÈL§ ÿ„U ‚ÈŒÍ⁄U ∞fl¥ ◊ÊÒ‚◊ ÁflôÊÊŸËÿ ŸËÁÃ÷Ê⁄U „UÃÈ ÁfllÈÃ-
(Á‹ÿÊ‚) ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ë ‚¥flŒ∑§Ê¥ ÃÕÊ ∑Ò§ª⁄UÊ ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ë ∑§ Á«U¡ÊßUŸ, Áfl∑§Ê‚
∞fl¥ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „ÒU–
⁄UÊC˛UËÿ ‚ÈŒÍ⁄U ‚¥flŒŸ ∑§ãŒ˝ (NRSC) „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ ÿ„U ∑§ãŒ˝ ‚ÈŒÍ⁄U ‚¥flŒŸ ©U¬ª˝„U ∑§ •Ê°∑§«∏Ê •¡¸Ÿ ÃÕÊ
‚¥‚ÊäÊŸ, •Ê°∑§«∏Ê Áfl∑§ËáÊ¸Ÿ, „UflÊß¸U ‚ÈŒÍ⁄U ‚¥flŒŸ ÃÕÊ
•Ê¬ŒÊ ¬˝’¥äÊŸ „UÃÈ ÁŸáÊ¸ÿ ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË
„ÒU–
÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê (PRL) •„U◊ŒÊ’ÊŒ ÿ„U πªÊ‹‡ÊÊSòÊ •ÊÒ⁄U πªÊ‹ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë, ‚Ê⁄‘U ÷ÊÒÃ∑§Ë,
ª˝„UËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∞fl¥ πÊ¡, •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ ∑§Êÿ¸⁄UÃ ∞∑§
•ª˝áÊË ‚¥SÕÊ „ÒU–
⁄UÊC˛UËÿÿ flÊÿÈ◊á«U‹Ëÿ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ªÊ¥Œ∑§Ë (ÁÃL§¬ÁÃ) ßU‚∑§Ê ‹ˇÿ ¬˝ˇÊáÊ ÃÕÊ ◊ÊÚ«UÁ‹¥ª ∑§ ¡Á⁄Uÿ ¬ÎâflË ∑§
(NARL) flÊÿÈ◊á«U‹ ∑§ ¬ÍflÊ¸ŸÈ◊ÊŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
©UûÊ⁄UË-¬ÍflË¸ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ©U¬ÿÊª ∑§ãŒ˝ Á‡Ê‹Ê¥ª ÿ„U •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÃÕÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ©UûÊ⁄U-
¬ÍflË¸ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚Êà◊∑§ ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
∞Áã≈˛UÄ‚ ∑§Ê¬Ê¸⁄‘U‡ÊŸ Á‹Á◊≈U«U ’¥ª‹ÈL§ ÿ„U ßU‚⁄UÊ ∑§Ê flÊÁáÊÁíÿ∑§ ∞fl¥ Áfl¬áÊŸ •¥ª „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê
©Ug‡ÿ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ‚¥’¥äÊË ©UlÊª ∑§Ë
‚„UÊÿÃÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÒU–
‚◊Ë-∑§á«UÄ≈U⁄U ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ø¥«UËª…∏U ßU‚∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§Êÿ¸ ‚Íˇ◊ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§Ë ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ
∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸ ¬⁄U ’‹ ŒŸÊ „ÒU–
÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÃÕÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ÁÃL§flãÃ¬È⁄U◊ ßU‚∑§Ê ©Ug‡ ÿ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑§˝ ◊ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ•Ê¥
(IIST) ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ „UÃÈ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÃÕÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ◊¥ ©UìÊ
ªÈáÊflûÊÊ flÊ‹Ë Á‡ÊˇÊÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÒU–
◊¥ª‹ÿÊŸ ‚ ‚¥’¥ÁäÊÃ ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË

§ •ÊÒ¬øÊÁ⁄U∑§ ŸÊ◊ ◊¥ª‹ ∑§ˇÊËÿ Á◊‡ÊŸ
§ Á◊‡ÊŸ •flÁäÊ xÆÆ ÁŒŸ
§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸ÃÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ‚¥ª∆UŸ ©U¬ª˝„U ∑§ãŒ˝
§ ‹ÊÚãø fl¡Ÿ vxzÆ Á∑§ª˝Ê.
§ ¬‹Ê«U fl¡Ÿ vz Á∑§ª˝Ê.
§ ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ ÁÃÁÕ z Ÿflê’⁄U, wÆvx
§ ⁄UÊÚ∑§≈U ¬Ë∞‚∞‹flË-∞Ä‚¬‹ ‚Ë wz
§ ¬˝ˇÊ¬áÊ SÕ‹ ‚ÃË‡Ê äÊflŸ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ãŒ˝
§ ¬Á⁄UÁäÊ x|| Á∑§◊Ë.(wxy ◊Ë‹)
§ ∑§ˇÊËÿ ÁŸfl‡ÊŸ wv Á‚Ãê’⁄U, wÆvy
÷Ê⁄UÃ mUÊ⁄UÊ fl·¸ wÆvz-v{ ◊¥ ¬˝ˇÊÁ¬Ã ©U¬ª˝„U

§ GSAT - 18 5 Oct., 2016
§ SCATSAT - 1 26 Sept. 2016
§ INSAT - 3DR 8 Sept., 2016
§ Cartosat - 2c 22 June, 2016
§ IRNSS - 1G 28 April, 2016
§ IRNSS - 1F 10 March, 2016
§ IRNSS - 1E 20 Jan., 2016
§ GSAT - 15 11 Nov., 2015
§ Astrosat 28 Sept., 2015
§ GSAT - 6 27 Aug., 215
•¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ ¬˝Õ◊

v~z| ∑Î§ÁòÊ◊ ©U¬ª˝„U, S¬ÈÃÁŸ∑§-v (Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‚ÊÁflÿÃ ‚¥ÉÊ) ¬ÎâflË ∑§Ë ∑§ˇÊÊ ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÊ–
v~z| x Ÿfl¥’⁄U v~z| ∑§Ê ¬˝◊ÊÁøÃ S¬ÈÃÁŸ∑§-w ¬„U‹Ë ’Ê⁄U ¡ËÁflÃ ¡¥ÃÈ ‹Êÿ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊∑§ ∑È§ûÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ˇÊÊ ◊¥ ‹ ªÿÊ– ∑È§ûÊÊ-•¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ „UË ◊⁄U
ªÿÊ, ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ÿÊŸ ∑§Ê flÊÁ¬‚ ‹ÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êß¸U Ã⁄UË∑§Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ¬ÊÃÊ ÕÊ–
v~z~ ¬„U‹Ê ‚»§‹ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ¬˝Ê’ ‹ÍŸÊ-x (Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‚ÊÁflÿÃ ‚¥ÉÊ ∑§Ê) ø¥Œ˝◊Ê ∑§ ¬Ê‚ ‚ ©U«∏ÃÊ „ÈU•Ê ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ø¥Œ˝◊Ê ∑§Ë ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ê⁄U ‚ ÁøòÊ
÷¡–
v~{Æ ÿÍ⁄UË ªÊªÁ⁄UŸ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ ©U«∏Ÿ flÊ‹Ê ¬„U‹Ê √ÿÁQ§ ’ŸÊ Á¡‚Ÿ ¬ÎâflË ∑§Ê ∞∑§ øÄ∑§⁄U ‹ªÊÿÊ–
v~{w ◊Ò⁄UËŸ⁄U-w (•◊⁄UË∑§Ê ∑§Ê) ‡ÊÈ∑˝§ ‚ ¬Ê‚ ‚ ©U«∏ÃÊ „ÈU•Ê– ÿ„U •ãÿ ª˝„U ¬⁄U ¬„È°UøŸ flÊ‹Ê ¬„U‹Ê ¬˝Ê’ ÕÊ–
v~{x fl‹¥ÁÃŸÊ é‹ÊÁŒÁ◊⁄UÊÁflŸÊ Ã⁄‘U‡∑§ÊflÊ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ ¬„È°UøŸ flÊ‹Ë ¬„U‹Ë ◊Á„U‹Ê ÕË¥–
v~{y ◊Ò⁄UËŸ⁄U-y Ÿ ¬„U‹Ë ’Ê⁄U Ÿ¡ŒË∑§ ‚ ◊¥ª‹ ‚ ÁøòÊ ◊È„ÒUÿÊ ∑§⁄UÊ∞–
v~{z é‹ÊÁŒ◊Ë⁄U Á◊πÊßU‹ÊÁflø ∑§Ê◊Ê⁄UÊfl (v~w|-{|) •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ©U«∏ÊŸ ◊¥ ◊⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê ¬„U‹Ê √ÿÁQ§ ÕÊ–
v~{~ ø¥Œ˝◊Ê ¬⁄U ø‹Ÿ flÊ‹Ê √ÿÁQ§ ŸË‹ •Ê◊¸S≈˛UÊ¥ª ÕÊ–
v~|v ¬„U‹Ê •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ S≈U‡ÊŸ ‚ÀÿÍÃ-v (‚ÊÁflÿÃ ‚¥ÉÊ) ∑§ˇÊÊ ◊¥ ªÿÊ–
v~|v ◊Ò⁄UËŸ⁄U-v •ãÿ ©U¬ª˝„U ∑§Ë ∑§ˇÊÊ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ¬˝Ê’ ÕÊ–
v~|{ flÊ∞¡⁄U-v •ÊÒ⁄U w (•◊⁄UË∑§Ê ∑§Ê) ¬ÎâflË ‚ ¿ÍU≈UÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ’Î„US¬ÁÃ (v~|~), ‡ÊÁŸ (v~}v), ÿÍ⁄‘UŸ‚ •ÊÒ⁄U ŸåëÿÍŸ (v~}~) ∑§ ¬Ê‚ ‚ „UÊÃÊ
„ÈU•Ê ©U«∏ ªÿÊ– ’Ês ‚ÊÒ⁄U ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ∑§Ê •ãfl·áÊ–
v~}v •◊⁄UË∑§Ë •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ‡Ê≈U‹ ∑§Ê‹¥Á’ÿÊ Ÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ◊¥ ¬„U‹Ê ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ©U«∏ÊŸ ÷¡Ê–
v~}{ ÿÍ⁄UÊ¬Ëÿ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ¬˝Ê’ Áª•Ê≈UÊ Ÿ „ÒU‹Ë äÊÍ◊∑§ÃÈ ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§ Ÿ¡ŒË∑§Ë ÁøòÊ ÷¡–
v~~| ◊Ê‚¸ ¬ÊÕ»§Êß¥U«U⁄U (•◊⁄UË∑§Ê ∑§Ê) Ÿ ◊¥ª‹ ∑§ ÁøòÊ •ÊÒ⁄U •Ê¥∑§«∏ ÷¡–
wÆÆy ◊‚¥¡⁄U ’ÈäÊ ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸÁøòÊáÊ •ÊÒ⁄U •ãfl·áÊ „UÃÈ ¬˝ˇÊÁ¬Ã (•◊⁄UË∑§Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ)–
⁄UˇÊÊ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∞fl¥ •Ê¬ÍÁÃ¸ Áfl÷Êª

∑˝§. ‚¥. ŸÊ◊ SÕÊ¬ŸÊ fl·¸ Áflfl⁄UáÊ
v. Á„UãŒÈSÃÊŸ ∞⁄UÊŸÊÁ≈UÄ‚ Á‹. v~{y ßU‚∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ’¥ª‹ÈL§ ◊¥ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§Êÿ¸ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥, ß¥U¡ŸÊ¥,
∑§‹¬È¡Ê¸, ∞ÿ⁄US¬‚ flÊ„UŸÊ¥ ∑§ …UÊ¥øÊ¥, ©U¬ª˝„U ÃÕÊ ◊Ò⁄UËŸ ªÒ‚ ≈U⁄U’Êß¸UŸ ß¥U¡ŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ
∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÒU–
w. ÷Ê⁄UÃ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸÄ‚ Á‹. v~zy ßU‚∑§Ê ÁŸªÁ◊Ã ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ ’¥ª‹ÈM§ ◊¥ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚∑§Ë ŸÊÒ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ßU∑§ÊßUÿÊ¥ „ÒU–
x. ÷Ê⁄UÃ •Õ¸ ◊Ífl‚¸ Á‹. v~{y ßU‚∑§Ë ’¥ª‹ÈL§, ∑§Ê‹Ê⁄U SfláÊ¸ πÊŸ ˇÊòÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊Ò‚Í⁄U ◊¥ ÃËŸ •ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ßU∑§ÊßUÿÊ¥ „Ò¥–
ßU‚ ¬˝ÁÃDUÊŸ ∑§Ê ÁŸªÁ◊Ã ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ ’¥ª‹ÈM§ ◊¥ ÁSÕÃ „ÒU–
y. ªÊ«¸UŸ ⁄UËø Á‡Ê¬ Á’À«U‚¸ v~xy ßU‚∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ◊Ò‚‚¸ ªÊ«¸UŸ ⁄UËø fl∑¸§‡ÊÊ¬ Á‹Á◊≈U«U ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ∞∑§ ‚¥ÿÈQ§ S≈UÊÚ∑§ ∑¥§¬ŸË
∑§. ∞¥«U ß¥U¡ËÁŸÿ‚¸ Á‹Á◊≈U«U ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ „ÈUß¸U– ßU‚∑§Ê ÁŸªÁ◊Ã ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ◊¥
’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ–
z. ªÊflÊ Á‡Ê¬ÿÊ«¸U v~z| flÊS∑§ÊÁ«UªÊ◊Ê ÁSÕÃ ªÊflÊ Á‡Ê¬ÿÊ«¸U ∑§Ë ªÁÃÁflÁäÊÿÊ¥ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ¡„UÊ¡Ê¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ¡‹¬ÊÊÃ¥ ∑§
ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ, ©UŸ∑§Ë ◊⁄UêÃ ÃÕÊ ¬ÈŸ— Á»§≈U ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚¥’¥ÁäÊÃ „ÒU–
{. ÷Ê⁄UÃ «UÊÿŸÁ◊Ä‚ Á‹. v~|Æ ßU‚∑§Ê ÁŸªÁ◊Ã ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ „UŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ ◊¥ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ë ßU∑§ÊßUÿÊ° ∑¥§øŸ’Êª •ÊÒ⁄U ◊Œ∑§ ◊¥ ÁSÕÃ
„ÒU–
|. Á◊üÊäÊÊÃÈ ÁŸª◊ Á‹. v~|x „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ ÁSÕÃ Á◊üÊäÊÊÃÈ ÁŸª◊ Á‹., ⁄UˇÊÊ •¥ÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∞fl¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ™§¡Ê¸ ªÒ‚ ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ M§¬
‚ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ∞fl¥ ©UìÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë flÊ‹ √ÿÊfl‚ÊÁÿ∑§ ©UlÊªÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ Áfl‡Ê· äÊÊÃÈ•Ê¥ ∞fl¥
Á◊üÊäÊÊÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ •Êà◊ÁŸ÷¸⁄UÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ©Ug‡ÿ ‚ ÁŸªÁ◊Ã ∑§Ë ªÿË ÕË–
}. ◊¤ÊªÊ¥fl «UÊÚ∑§ Á‹Á◊≈U«U v~{Æ ◊Èê’ß¸U ◊¥ ÃÕÊ ßU‚∑§Ë ßU∑§ÊßUÿÊ° ŸÊflÊ, ◊Èê’ß¸U fl ◊¥ª‹ÊÒ⁄U ◊¥ ∑§Êÿ¸⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
7. lw{e izkS|ksfxdh
(Nano Technology)
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§
ÿ„U ‡ÊéŒ ŸÒŸÊ¥ fl Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ‚ Á◊‹∑§⁄U ’ŸÊ „ÒU– ŸÒŸÊ ∞∑§ ª˝Ë∑§ ÷Ê·Ê ∑§Ê ‡ÊéŒ „ÒU– Á¡‚∑§Ê •Õ¸ „ÒU “’ËŸÊ”– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ¬Á⁄U¬ˇÿ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ ∑§Ê •Õ¸
10 ‚ „ÒU •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ∞∑§ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ∑§Ê ∞∑§ •⁄U’flÊ° Á„US‚Ê– ÿ„U ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ë fl„U ‡ÊÊπÊ „ÒU Á¡‚∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã Á∑§‚Ë ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ÿÊ •áÊÈ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U
–9
•äÿÿŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ⁄U‚ÊÿŸ ÁflôÊÊŸ fl Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ∑§Ê ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ÿ „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ŸÒŸÊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ∑§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ‚¥ÿÊÁ¡Ã ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë
Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃ— ÁflôÊÊŸ øÊ⁄U ÷ÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒUó
ÁflôÊÊŸ
(Science)
SÕÍ‹ ÁflôÊÊŸ ‚Íˇ◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ

(Micro cience) (Micro–3 Science) (Nano–8Science) (Nuclear/Quantum Science)
(10 –10–6) (10 –10–9) (<10–9)
ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ◊¥ 10–9 Ã∑§ ∑§Ë ‚Íˇ◊ •flSÕÊ Ã∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ŸÒŸÊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U 10–9 ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ßU∑§Êß¸U
Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU ’ÁÀ∑§ ßU‚‚ ÷Ë ãÿÍŸ ßU∑§Êß¸UÿÊ° ‚ê÷fl „Ò¥U– ¬⁄UãÃÈ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ Ÿ 10–9 ◊Ë. ∑§ SÃ⁄U ∑§Ê øÈŸÊ ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ SÕÍ‹ (Macro) ∑§ ªÈáÊ äÊ◊¸ ∑§Ê
¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÁfl∑§ ªÈáÊ äÊ◊¸ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ŸÒŸÊ ◊Ë≈U⁄U SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U „UË „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê •¬Ê⁄U ‚ê÷ÊflŸÊ•Ê¥ flÊ‹Ê ˇÊòÊ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ ÁŸêŸ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ò¥Uó
(v) SÕÍ‹ (macro) fl ‚Íˇ◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ◊¥ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ •äÿÿŸ „UÃÈ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊªÃ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ÁŸÿ◊ ‹ÊªÍ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U fl„UË¥ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ SÃ⁄U (10–9 ‚
¿UÊ≈U) ¬⁄U ÄflÊ¥≈U◊ ÁŸÿ◊ ‹ÊªÍ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ (10–6 – 10–9 SÃ⁄U) ¬⁄U ∑§ÊÒŸ‚ ÁŸÿ◊ ‹ÊªÍ „UÊ¥ª ÿ„U S¬CU Ÿ„UË¥– ÿ„UÊ° ∑È§¿U
¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊªÃ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ÃÊ ∑È§¿U ÄflÊ¥≈U◊ ÁŸÿ◊ ‹ÊªÍ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ßU‚ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U „U◊ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ◊¥ ◊ŸøÊ„UÊ ªÈáÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U–
(w) ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ÿÊ Ãûfl ◊¥ ªÈáÊ Áfll◊ÊŸ Ÿ„UË „UÊÃÊ fl⁄UŸ˜ ªÈáÊ „UÃÈ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃË „ÒU ¡Ê Á∑§ •áÊÈ fl ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ
∑§ÁflãÿÊ‚ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¡Ò‚ „UË ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§ ÁflãÿÊ‚ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§⁄‘¥Uª ∞∑§ Ÿ∞ ªÈáÊ flÊ‹Ë flSÃÈ ¬˝ÊåÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU– •Ã— ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U
•¬Ê⁄U ‚ê÷ÊflŸÊ flÊ‹Ê ˇÊòÊ „ÒU– •’ Ã∑§ ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÃËŸ ’Ê⁄U ŸÊ’‹ ¬˝ÊåÃ „UÊ øÈ∑§ „ÒU fl “‚Êß¥U‚” ¬ÁòÊ∑§ÊŸ ßU‚ wÆflË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË
∑§Ë ∞∑§ ’«∏Ë ©U¬‹ÁéäÊ ◊ÊŸÊ „ÒU– wvflË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ë „UÊªË •Ã— •Ê¬∑§Ê ßU‚ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§ ’Ê⁄‘U ◊¥ ¡ÊŸŸÊ •ÁÃ-•Êfl‡ÿ∑§
„ÒU–
““Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ¬ŒÊâÊ¸ ∑§Ê ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÁfl∑§ Áãfl∑§ ¬Ò◊ÊŸ (ŸÒŸÊ S∑§‹) ¬⁄U ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ …¥Uª ‚ ¡Ê«∏-ÃÊ«∏ ∑§⁄U •¬ŸË ßUë¿UÊŸÈ‚Ê⁄U Ÿ∞ M§¬ ◊¥
¬Á⁄UflÁÃ¸Ã ∑§⁄U ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÁfllÊ „UË ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ „ÒU–”” Á⁄Uø«¸U »§◊Ÿ Ÿ ßU‚∑§Ë •fläÊÊ⁄UáÊÊ ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§Ë– v~|y ◊¥ ŸÊÁ⁄UÿÊ ÃÊŸËªÍøË Ÿ
ßU‚∑§Ê ŸÊ◊∑§⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ–
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ πÊ¡ ∑§Ë ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ ó ßU‚ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ „UÃÈ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ ∑§„UÊ° ‚ Á◊‹Ë? ßU‚ ¡ÊŸŸ „UÃÈ „U◊¥ ¡Ëfl ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ë Ã⁄U»§ M§π
∑§⁄UŸÊ „UÊªÊ– ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ¬„U‹È „ÒU ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ, •áÊÈ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ¡Ê«∏-ÃÊ«∏ ∑§⁄UŸÊ– ßU‚ „UÃÈ ∞‚ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „UÊªË ¡Ê
Á∑§‚Ë •áÊÈ-•áÊÈ ÿÊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ-¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§ ◊äÿ ÁSÕÃ ◊¡’ÍÃ ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ’¥äÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÃÊ«∏, ‚ÊÕ „UË ßUŸ ≈ÍU≈U •áÊÈ, ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊¡’ÍÃË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ
ÁflÁ÷ãŸ ÁflãÿÊ‚Ê¥ ◊¥ ¡Ê«∏¥– ßU‚ „UÃÈ ßUŸ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ¬Ê‚ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ™§¡Ê¸ „UÊŸË øÊÁ„U∞– ‚ÊÕ „UË ŸÒŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ◊¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÁfl∑§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U
•‚ê’Á‹¥ª „UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÊ •‚ê’‹‚¸ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ÷Ë ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÁfl∑§ SÃ⁄U ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞–
¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ Ÿ „U◊Ê⁄‘U øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ∞‚ •‚ê’‹‚¸ ’ŸÊ ⁄Uπ „Ò¥U ¡Ê ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU ÿ „Ò¥Uó DNA fl RNA ¡Ò‚Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ, ¡Ê ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U
¬⁄U ◊ÊòÊ wÆ •◊ËŸÊ •ê‹ ∑§ ÁflãÿÊ‚ ’Œ‹∑§⁄U ‹ÊπÊ¥ Ã⁄U„U ∑§Ë ¡Òfl ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥øÊ‹Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§-flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ¬Á⁄U¬˝ˇÿ ó flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ‚ ‚¥’¥ÁäÊÃ •äÿÿŸ/•ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ŒÊ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ „UÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU–
(v) Top Down Approach (™§¬⁄U ‚ ŸËø) ó ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ∑§ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∑§ Ã„UÃ˜ ’«∏U •Ê∑§Ê⁄U flÊ‹Ë flSÃÈ•Ê¥/¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§Ê ¿Ê≈UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ
∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê‡Ê ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ë πÊ¡ ŸÊÁ⁄UÿÊ ÃÊŸËªÈøË Ÿ (v~y|) ◊¥ ∑§Ë– ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ∑§ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ ∑§áÊ, ŸÒŸÊ ‚Áê◊üÊáÊ,
ŸÒŸÊ ◊äÿflÃË¸ ¡Ò‚Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ∞° ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– wÆÆy ◊¥ ßU‚ ˇÊòÊ ◊ ŸÊ’‹ ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÈU•Ê– (F.E.D. (Field emission
display) ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥) ßU‚∑§Ê ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ „ÒU– ’ÈÁhU◊ÊŸ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ (Intelligent Medicine) „ÒU–
(w) Bottoom up approach ßU‚∑§ Ã„UÃ ¿UÊ≈U •áÊÈ ∑§Ê ’«∏Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚ó ŸÒŸÊ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U– ßU‚◊¥ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ •áÊÈ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê
¡Ê«∏-¡Ê«∏ ∑§⁄U ŸÒŸÊ (vÆ-~) SÃ⁄UËÿ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ë πÊ¡ ∞Á⁄U∑§ «ÒUÄ‚‹⁄U (v~|~) Ÿ ∑§Ë– ßUã„UÊ¥Ÿ AFM
(Atomic force Microscope) ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ Á¡‚∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ „UÃÈ ßUã„¥U v~}| ◊¥
ŸÊ’‹ ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÈU•Ê–
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊªÃ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ∑§Ë (SÕÍ‹/‚Íˇ◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ) ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê „U‹ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚ó
(v) •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ’«∏Ê „UÊŸÊ / ’«∏U •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‚≈UË∑§ÃÊ ‚ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ¬ÊÃË–
(w) ‚¥‚ÊäÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÍáÊ¸ ©U¬ÿÊª Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ¬ÊÃÊ–
(x) ©Uà¬ÊŒ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ©U¬-©Uà¬ÊŒ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊŸÊ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊªÃ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ∑§Ë ◊ÈÅÿ ‚◊SÿÊ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ∑§ß¸U •flÊ¥Á¿UÃ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ’ŸÃ „Ò¥U ¡Ê
¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ »Ò§‹ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
(y) ©Uà¬ÊŒÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ SÕÊÁÿàfl–
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§ ©U¬ÿÊª (Use of Nano Technology)ó
v. SflÊSâÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Health Sector) ó ÿ„U Ã∑§ŸË∑§ SflÊSâÿ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸêŸ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§ „U‹ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊªË „UÊªË–
(v) ŒflÊ•Ê¥ ∑§ ßUÃ⁄U ¬˝÷Êfl (side effect) ∑§◊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥–
(w) ŒflÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‹ÊªÃ ∑§◊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥–
(x) ‡ÊÀÿ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Ë •flÁäÊ ∑§Ê ¿UÊ≈UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥–
(y) ßU‚ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ‚ ∞‚Ë ’ÈÁhU◊ÊŸ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ‚ê÷fl „ÒU ¡Ê ∑§fl‹ ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ¬⁄U „UË •‚⁄U ∑§⁄‘UªË, ‚ÊÕ „UË ßU‚∑§Ë
‹ÊªÃ ÷Ë ∑§◊ „UÊªË–
(z) ‡ÊÀÿ ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê „UÃ ∞‚ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ‚ê÷fl „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ëÿ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ‡ÊÀÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ „UÊ ‚∑§–
({) flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ∑È§¿U ∞‚ ŸÒŸÊ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U ’ŸÊ∞ ª∞ „ÒU Á¡ã„¥ ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ ‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÊÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– fl ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ •flÊ¥Á¿UÃ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ê
∆UË∑§ ∑§⁄U Œ¥ª–
w. •ÊÚ≈UÊ ◊Ê’ÊßU‹ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Automobile Sector) ó ßU‚‚ •ÊÚ≈UÊ◊Ê’ÊßU‹ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸêŸ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê „U‹ ‚ê÷fl „Ò¥U–
(i) ◊ÊßU‹¡
(ii) ¬˝Œ· Í áÊ
§ ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ‚ ∞‚ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „ÒU ¡Ê S≈UË‹ ‚ ◊¡’ÍÃ fl „UÀ∑§ „UÊ¥ Á¡‚∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ flÊ„UŸÊ¥ ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊßU‹¡ ¬˝ÊåÃ
„UÊ ‚∑§, ßU‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ wÆvÆ ◊¥ ª˝»§ËŸ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ „UÃÈ ∞‚ ŸÒŸÊ Á»§À≈U⁄U ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „ÒU ¡Ê CO2, CO, ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ fl ‚À»§⁄U ∑§ •ÊÄ‚ÊßU«UÊ¥ ∑§Ê flÊÿÈ ◊¥
Á◊‹Ÿ ‚ ⁄UÊ∑§ ‚∑§–
x. ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚ ©U¬ÿÊªË „ÒUó
(v) ŸÒŸÊ Á»§À≈U⁄U ó ÿ„U ¬˝ŒÍ·∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸ ‚ ⁄UÊ∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª flÊ„UŸÊ¥, ∑§Ê⁄UπÊŸÊ¥ fl •ãÿ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ »Ò§‹ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë
ßU∑§Êß¸UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚ê÷fl „ÒU– ÿ„U BHU fl IIT ◊Œ˝Ê‚ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ßU‚ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÒU–
(w) ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ „UÃÈ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ Nano Robots ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„U „ÒU ¡Ê ÷ÍÃ∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ ∑§⁄‘¥Uª ‚ÊÕ „UË ÷Áflcÿ ◊¥ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ »Ò§‹Ÿ
‚ ⁄UÊ∑¥§ª– ÿ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„U „ÒU, ¡Ò‚ó
flÊÿÈ¡ÁŸ∑§ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U ó flÊÿÈ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ „UÃÈ
¡‹ ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U ó ¡‹ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ „UÃÈ
Á‚Àfl⁄U ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U ó •Ê¡ÊŸ ¬⁄UÃ ∑§ ˇÊÿ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ „UÃÈ–
•Ã— ŸÒŸÊ¥ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ŸÊ ∑§fl‹ ÷Áflcÿ ◊¥ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ ∑§⁄‘UªË fl⁄UŸ˜ ÷ÍÃ∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∑§◊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ „ÒU–
y. πÊl ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Food Sector) ó ÿ„U πÊl ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸêŸ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê „U‹ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ „Ò¥Uó
(v) ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ OUÊ‚ ó •flÊ¥Á¿UÃ ∑§Ê flÊ¥Á¿UÃ ◊¥ ’Œ‹ ∑§⁄U–
(w) ©Uà¬ÊŒŸø ’…∏UÊŸÊ ó ßU‚‚ ’Ë¡, ©Ufl¸⁄U∑§ fl Á‚¥øÊß¸U ÃËŸÊ¥ ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ∑˝§Ê¥ÁÃ∑§Ê⁄UË ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ‚ê÷fl–
(x) ¡ÒÁfl∑§ fl •¡ÒÁfl∑§ Œ’Êfl ∑§Ê ∑§◊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ó ¡Ò‚- ¡ÒÁfl∑§ Œ’Êfl - »§‚‹ ⁄UÊª, •¡ÒÁfl∑§ Œ’Êfl - ’Ê…∏U, ‚ÍπÊ •ÊÁŒ–
z. ™§¡Ê¸ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Energy Sector) óÿ„U ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚ ©U¬ÿÊªË „ÒUó
(v) ŸÒŸÊ ’À’Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ó ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU ¡Ê ∑§◊ ™§¡Ê¸ ¬⁄U •ÁäÊ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ŒÃ „ÒU–
(w) ’˝ÊrÊÊá«U ◊¥ (H) „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê Ãûfl „ÒU fl ßU‚ ÷Áflcÿ ∑§Ë ™§¡Ê¸ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë
•flSÕÊ ◊¥ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ∑§Ê»§Ë ◊ÈÁ‡∑§‹ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∑§Êÿ¸ ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚ê÷fl „UÊ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
{. ‚ÍøŸÊ-‚¥øÊ⁄U ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Communication) ó ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ Nano ‚Á∑¸§≈U ’ŸÊŸÊ ‚ê÷fl „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U
ÉÊ≈UªÊ ‚ÊÕ „UË ‚ÍøŸÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÃËfl˝ ¬˝‚Ê⁄UáÊ ÷Ë ‚ê÷fl „UÊ ‚∑§ªÊ–
|. •ÊÒlÊÁª∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ (Industrial Sector)
(v) S◊Ê≈¸U ◊≈UÁ⁄Uÿ‹ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ◊¥ (‚ÊÒãŒÿ¸ ¬˝‚ÊäÊŸ flSÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊª)–
(w) ŸÒŸÊ ≈˜UÿÍ’ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ◊¥ ó ÿ„U ◊È«U∑§⁄U flÊ¬‚ •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ ‚ËäÊË „UÊ ‚∑§ªË, •Ã— ÷Í∑§ê¬⁄UÊäÊË ◊∑§ÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª „UÊ ‚∑§ªÊ–
(x) ŸÒŸÊ ∑¥§¬ÊÁ¡≈U ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ ó v~~~ ◊¥ ¡Ê¬ÊŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ Á¡‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ Á¬˝ÿ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ◊¥ „UÊªÊ–
(y) ŸÒŸÊ ⁄‘U‡Ê ó ßU‚‚ ∞‚ ∑§¬«∏U ’ŸÊ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U ¡Ê ◊Ò‹ ŸÊ „UÊ fl ‹ê’ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ©U¬ÿÊªË „UÊ–
(z) ŸÒŸÊ SÿÊ„UË
}. ŸÒŸÊ ªáÊŸÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ó “⁄UÊÒ≈UÊÄ¡Ÿ” ŸÊ◊∑§ ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§ ÁSflø •ÊáÊÁfl∑§ ªáÊŸÊ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ÷Áflcÿ ◊¥ ¬˝∑§ÊÊËÿ ªáÊŸÊ fl ÄflÊ¥≈U◊ ªáÊŸÊ
„UÃÈ ÷Ë ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ‚ê÷fl „ÒU–
ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ∞°ó
(v) ∞‚ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ (Assembler) ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¡Ê ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ¡Ê«∏-ÃÊ«∏ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§–
(w) ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ∑§ß¸U ¬ŒÊÕ¸ •¬ŸË ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞° πÊ ŒÃ „Ò¥U– •Ã— ßUŸ ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§ ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ ªÈáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄UπŸÊ ∞∑§ øÈŸÊÒÃË „ÒU–
(x) ŸÒŸÊ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U Sfl ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ (Self production) ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‡ÊÈM§ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ DNA •¬ŸË ¬˝ÁÃ∑Î§ÁÃ Sflÿ¥ ’ŸÊÃÊ „ÒU– •Ã— flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥
∑§Ê «U⁄U „ÒU Á∑§ ∑§„UË¥ ÿ ŸÒŸÊ ©Uà¬ÊŒ Sfl ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ‹ª ÃÊ ∞∑§ ªê÷Ë⁄U ‚◊SÿÊ π«∏Ë „UÊ ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU–
(y) ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ’¥äÊŸ ∑§Ê»§Ë ◊¡’ÍÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ ÃÊ«∏Ÿ fl ¡Ê«∏Ÿ ◊¥ ∑§Ê»§Ë ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(z) ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÁfl∑§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬„È°UøŸÊ ∑§Ê»§Ë ◊ÈÁ‡∑§‹ „ÒU–
({) ÿ„U ∑§Ê»§Ë ◊„¥UªË Ã∑§ŸË∑§ „ÒU–
(|) ¬˝Á‡ÊÁˇÊÃ ◊ÊŸfl ‚¥‚ÊäÊŸ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „ÒU–
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ (Nano Technology in India)
§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊ wÆÆ| ◊¥ ¬Ífl¸ ⁄UÊC˛U¬ÁÃ •éŒÈ‹ ∑§‹Ê◊ ∑§Ë ‚‹Ê„U ¬⁄U ŸÒŸÊ Á◊‡ÊŸ ‡ÊÈM§ Á∑§ÿÊ– Á¡‚ „UÃÈ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ vÆÆÆ ∑§⁄UÊ«∏ L§¬ÿ ∑§Ê
’¡≈U •Êfl¥Á≈UÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ‚ÊÕ „UË ÿ„U ÷Ë ÁŸáÊ¸ÿ Á‹ÿÊ ªÿÊ Á∑§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÁŸ¡Ë ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ‚ „UÊªÊ–
§ ŸÒŸÊ Á◊‡ÊŸ ∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã xx Ÿß¸U ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ∞¥ fl·¸ wÆÆ~-vÆ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ∑§Ë ªß¸U „ÒU– ßUŸ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ fl ¡Ê¬ÊŸ Á◊‹∑§⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄‘¥Uª ‚ÊÕ „UË
¡◊¸ŸË ‚ ‚„UÿÊª „UÃÈ flÊÃÊ¸ ∑§Ë ¡Ê ⁄U„UË „ÒU–
§ vwflË¥ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÊ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ {y Á◊‡ÊŸ ◊Ê«U ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ∞° ø‹Êß¸U ¡Ê∞¥ªË– ßUŸ ÿÊ¡ŸÊ•Ê¥ „UÃÈ ARCI ŸÊ«U‹ ∞¡¥‚Ë ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸
∑§⁄‘UªË fl ÷Ê⁄UÃ, ¡Ê¬ÊŸ, ¡◊¸ŸË, M§‚, ÿÈ∑˝§Ÿ, ÃÊßUflÊŸ fl ßU≈U‹Ë ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á◊‹∑§⁄U ŸÒŸÊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ¬⁄U •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∑§⁄‘UªÊ– ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ
Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ¬⁄U ¬˝◊Èπ M§¬ ‚ IIT ◊Œ˝Ê‚, BHU, DRD ŸÒŸÊ ‚¥SÕÊŸ ◊Èê’ß¸U fl øá«UËª…∏U ÁSÕÃ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ‚¥SÕÊ
∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄U ⁄U„UË „Ò¥U–
•’ Ã∑§ ∑§Ë ©U¬‹ÁéäÊó
v. ŸÒŸÊ Á»§À≈U⁄U (Nano filter) ó ÿ„U IIT ◊Œ˝Ê‚ fl BHU mUÊ⁄UÊ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU Á¡‚ •ãÃ⁄UÊ¸C˛UËÿ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ◊ÊãÿÃÊ Á◊‹
øÈ∑§Ë „ÒU– 10–8 – 10–9 Ã∑§ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U flÊ‹ ∑§áÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¿UÊŸ ‚∑§ªÊ– ÿ„U ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊªË „Ò¥U–
w. ŸÒŸÊ ’À’ ó CSIR ∑§ «UÊÚ. ÷Êª¸fl ∑§ ŸÃÎàfl ◊¥ ßU‚ ’À’ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU ¡Ê LED ‚ ÷Ë •ÁäÊ∑§ ŒˇÊ „ÒU–
x. ≈UÊßU»§ÊßU«U ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊŸ flÊ‹Ë Á∑§≈U DRDE (ÇflÊÁ‹ÿ⁄U) ∑§ ¬˝Ê. ∞‚. ∑§. ‚ÍŒ ∑§ ŸÃÎàfl flÊ‹ Œ‹ Ÿ ∞‚Ë «UÊßUÇŸÊÁ‚‚ Á∑§≈U ∑§Ê
ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ≈UÊßU»§ÊßU«U ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ •flSÕÊ ∑§ ¬„UÊøŸ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃË „ÒU–
y. øá«UËª…U ÁSÕÃ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ ‚¥SÕÊ Ÿ ÁŸêŸ ¬⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU–
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ŸÒŸÊ ≈˜UÿÍ’ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ó ßU‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª Áfl‡fl SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ≈UÁŸ‚ ∑§ ’À‹ ◊¥ „UÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU–
(v) ŸÊ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈˜U‚ ó ßUŸ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ⁄UÊª ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊŸ fl ©U¬øÊ⁄U ◊¥ „UÊªÊ– ßUŸ∑§Ê ◊ÊßU∑˝§Ê ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÊŸfl ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÊÿÊ
¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
(w) ŸÒŸÊ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U ó ßU‚ ¬⁄U •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¡Ê⁄UË „ÒU–
z. ŒflÊ ¬„È°UøÊŸ flÊ‹ Ã¥òÊ ¬⁄U ó ÁŒÀ‹Ë Áfl‡fl ÁfllÊ‹ÿ ∑§ ¬˝Ê. ∞. ∑§. Á◊üÊÊ Ÿ ßU‚ „UÃÈ ¬„U‹ ∑§Ë– •’ ARCI ßU‚ ¬⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄U
⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ∑È§¿U ∞‚Ë ŒflÊ ’ŸÊß¸U ¡Ê ⁄U„UË „ÒU ¡Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ë ⁄UÊªË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§Ê „UË ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄‘U ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ∑§Ê Ÿ„UË¥–
BIO-MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) ó ÿ„U ŸÒŸÊ-Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ë ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊª ∑§Ë
•ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§Ã◊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ „ÒU Á¡‚∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¬„UøÊŸ fl ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§ ÁŸŒÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ŸÒŸÊ ⁄UÊ’Ê≈U „ÒU ¡Ê
‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¡Ê∑§⁄U ⁄UÊª ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊÃ „ÒU– ‚ÊÕ „UË ©Uã„¥U ∆UË∑§ ÷Ë ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
q q q
8. ◊ÊŸfl ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U
(Human Body)
¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ
Circulatory System
Blood
Introduction (¬Á⁄Uøÿ)
§ ÿ„U ∞∑§ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „ÒU ¡Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ‚÷Ë •¥ªÊ ∑§Ê •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ¡Ê«∏Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU
§ ⁄UQ§ Ã⁄U‹ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ™§ûÊ∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ‚÷Ë •¥ªÊ, (Orgen) ™§ûÊ∑§Ê (Tissue), ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ (Cell) ∞fl¥ •¥ª Ã¥òÊÊ¥ (Orgenal
System) ∑§Ê •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ¡Ê«∏Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§, OUŒÿ ∞fl¥ ⁄UQ§ flÊÁ„UÁŸÿÊ° (Vessels) ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
§ ∞∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ëÿ (Unicellular) ¡ãÃÈ ¡Ò‚ - •◊Ë’Ê (Amoeba) fl ¬⁄UÊ◊Ë‡ÊËÿ◊ (Paramecium) ◊ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ (Circulatory
System) ¬ÍáÊ¸ûÊÿÊ •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ßUŸ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ∞fl¥ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ◊äÿ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê •ÊŒÊŸ - ¬˝ŒÊŸ (Exchange) ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U
∑§Ë ‚Ã„U ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ‚Ÿ˜ 1682 ◊¥ «UÊÚ. ÁflÁ‹ÿ◊ „UÊfl¸ (Dr. William Harvey) Ÿ OUŒÿ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∞fl¥ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ŒË–
§ ⁄UQ§ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ (Circulatory) ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ ∞¥Á¡ÿÊ‹ÊÚ¡Ë (Angiology) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ «UÊÚ. ÁflÁ‹ÿ◊ „UÊfl¸ ∑§Ê ∞¥Á¡ÿÊ‹ÊÚ¡Ë ∑§Ê Á¬ÃÊ◊„U (Father) ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ •äÿÿŸ ∑§Ê Á„U◊≈UÊ‹ÊÚ¡Ë (Haematology) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ÷˝ÈáÊ (Embryo) ◊¥ ÃËŸ SÃ⁄U „UÊÃ „ÒU -
(i) ∞Ä≈UÊ«U◊¸ (ii) ◊Ë¡Ê«U◊¸ (iii) ∞á«UÊ«U◊¸
§ ◊Ë¡Ê«U◊¸ SÃ⁄U ‚ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ‚¥ª∆UŸ (Composition of Blood)
§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ √ÊÿS∑§ √ÿÁQ§ ◊¥ 5 ‚ 6 ‹Ë≈U⁄U ⁄UQ§ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UQ§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÷Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ‹ª÷ª 6 ‚ 7.5 ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ (Vertibrate) ◊¥ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ⁄U¥ª ‹Ê‹ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ë ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ªÈM§àflÃÊ (Specific Gravity) 1.050 ‚ 1.060 „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ¡‹ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 5 ªÈáÊÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÁflS∑§Ê‚Ë (Viscous) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ÿ„U ¡‹ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ 5 ªÈáÊÊ ∑§◊ ’„UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ◊Êäÿ◊ ˇÊÊ⁄UËÿ (Aikaline) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ pH ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸ ‹ª÷ª 7.4 „UÊÃ Ê „ÒU ¡Ê Á∑§ ŒÈ’‹
¸ ˇÊÊ⁄UËÿ (Alkaline) „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ SflÊŒ ◊¥ Ÿ◊∑§ËŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ŒÊ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, Á¡‚◊¥ 55% ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ∞fl¥ 45% ÷Êª ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞¥ „ÒU–
(Blood Corpuscles)
Blood
Blood Corpuscles (45%) Plasma (55%)
RBC WBC Platlets
(I) ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê•Ê¥ (Blood Corpuscles) :-

§ ÿ„U ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ M§ÁäÊ∑§⁄U ∑§Ê 45% ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ å‹Êí◊Ê ◊¥ ÃËŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU —-
(i) ‹Ê‹ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ (RBC) ÿÊ ßUÁ⁄UÕ˝Ê‚ÊßU≈˜U‚ (Erythrocytes)
(ii) SflÃ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ (WBC) ÿÊ ÀÿÍ∑§Ê‚ÊßU≈˜U‚ (Leucoyctes)
(iii) å‹≈U‹≈U‚ ÿÊ Õ˝Êê’Ê‚ÊßU≈U˜‚ (Thrombocytes)
RBC
§ ßUã„¥U ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ÀÿÍflÒŸ„UÊÚ∑§ Ÿ 1674 ◊¥ ŒπÊ–
§ RBC ‹ª÷ª ‚÷Ë ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∑È§¿U •∑§‡ÊM§∑§Ë (Invertebrate) ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ¡Ò‚ Ç‹ÊßU‚⁄UÊ, »§Ê⁄UÊÁŸ‚, •Ê∑¸§ ∞fl¥ ÕË•ÊŸ ◊¥ ÷Ë RBC ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
•Ê∑Î§ÁÃ (Shape)
§ SÃÊÁŸÿÊ¥ ◊¥ (™°§≈U ∞fl¥ ‹Ê◊Ê ∑§Ê ¿UÊ«U∏∑§⁄U) ¬ÍáÊ¸ ¬Á⁄U¬`§ RBC flÎûÊÊ∑§Ê⁄U (Circular), ©U÷ÿÊflÃ‹ (Biconcave) ∞fl¥ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§Áfl„UËŸ (non-
nucleated) „UÊÃË „Ò–
§ SÃÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ •‹ÊflÊ ‚÷Ë ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ RBC •¥«UÊ∑§Ê⁄U (Oval), ©U÷ÿÊûÊ‹ (Biconvex) ∞fl¥ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ÿÈQ§ (Nucleated) „UÊÃË
„ÒU–
§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÁÃ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ RBC ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ (Haemoglobin) ‚÷Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
•Ê∑§Ê⁄U (Size)
§ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U •‹ª - •‹ª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë RBC ∞ê»§ËÁ’ÿÊ flª¸ ∑§ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– (∞ê»§ËÁ’ÿÊ - ◊¥…∏U∑§)
§ SÃÁŸÿÊ¥ ◊¥ RBC ∑§◊ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU– ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U •ÊÒ‚ÃŸ 7.5µ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ „UÊÕË ◊¥ ‚’‚ ’«∏Ë ¡’Á∑§ ∑§SÃÈ⁄UË ◊Îª (Musk deer) ◊¥ ‚’‚¥ ¿UÊ≈UË RBC ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ π⁄U„UÊ (Rabbit) - 6.9 µ, Á’À‹Ë (cat) - 6.5µ, ÉÊÊ«UÊ (Horse) 4.6µ ∞fl¥ ∑§SÃÈ⁄UË ◊Îª 2.5µ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë RBC ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „UÒ–
‚¥ÅÿÊ (Number)
§ flÿS∑§ ¬ÈM§· (Adult male) ◊¥ RBC 50 ‚ 55 ‹Êπ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ m.m ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ flÿS∑§ SòÊË ◊¥ 45 ‹Êπ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ m.m „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ RBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ◊Ê¬Ÿ flÊ‹Ê ÿ¥òÊ „UË◊Ê‚ÊßU≈UÊ◊Ë≈U⁄U (Haemocytometer) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ¡ã◊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ RBC ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ‹ª÷ª 68 ‹Êπ / ÉÊŸ mm –
§ „UÊÕË ◊¥ 9,300,000/ ÉÊŸ mm, π⁄U„UÊ ◊¥ 5,700,000 / ÉÊŸ mm ∞fl¥ ™°§≈U ◊¥ 10,400,000 / ÉÊŸ mm ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ RBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ‚ ∑§◊ „UÊŸÊ ∞ÁŸÁ◊ÿÊ (Anaemia) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ª÷Ê¸flSÕÊ (Pregnancy) ∞fl¥ ◊ÊÁ‚∑§ äÊ◊¸ (Mensturation) ∑§ ‚◊ÿ RBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „Ò Á¡‚
¬Ê‹Ë‚ÊßUâÊÁ◊ÿÊ (Polycythemia) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU ‚¥ÅÿÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
‚¥⁄UøŸÊ (Structure)
§ RBC ∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U 0.02 µ ◊Ê≈UÊß¸U ∑§Ë ¬Ã‹Ë ∞fl¥ ‹øË‹Ë Á¤ÊÑË ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ¡Ê Á∑§ •äÊ¸¬Ê⁄Uªêÿ (Semipermeable) Á¤ÊÑË „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ RBC ◊¥ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ (Nucleus), •¥Ã— ¬˝Œ˝flË ¡ÊÁ‹∑§Ê (E.R), ‚ã≈˛UË•ÊÀ‚ (ÃÊ⁄U∑§∑§Êÿ), ◊ÊßU≈˛UÊ∑§ÊÚÁá«˛UÿÊ (Mitochondria) ∞fl¥ ªÊÚÀ¡Ë∑§Êÿ
•ÊÁŒ •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ = „UË◊ (⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ‚◊Í„U) + Ç‹ÊÁ’Ÿ (¬˝Ê≈UËŸ)
§ flÿS∑§ ¬ÈM§·Ê¥ ◊¥ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ (HB) ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ‹ª÷ª 14 ª˝Ê◊ ¬˝ÁÃ 100ml ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ O2 fl Co2 ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄Ufl„UŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿÁŒ Hb ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§◊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ÃÊ O2 ∑§Ë ¬˝ÿÊ¸# •Ê¬ÍÁÃ¸ Ÿ„UË „UÊ ¬ÊÃË „Ò ∞‚Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ E‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ∑§Á∆UŸÊß¸U „UÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡‚
∞ŸÊÄ‚ËÁ◊ÿÊ (Anoxemia) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ªÈáÊ (Physical Properties) :-

§ RBC ∑§Ê◊‹ ∞fl¥ ‹øË‹Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ RBC ∞∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄UË RBC ¬⁄U ¡◊Ê „UÊ∑§⁄U SÃê÷Ê¥ (Columns) ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÁŒπÊß¸U ŒÃË „ÒU RBC ∑§ ßU‚ ªÈáÊ ∑§Ê M§‹Ä‚ (Roulearx) ∑§„UÃ
„ÒU–
§ ‚¬¸ Œ¥‡Ê ¬⁄U RBC ∑§Ë Á¤ÊÑË ˇÊÁÃª˝SÃ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡‚‚ Hb, RBC ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§‹ •ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ‚◊Í„UŸ ∑§Ê ªÈáÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Á„U¬Á⁄UŸ ∞∑§ ∞ã≈UË - ∑§ÊÚ∞ªÍ‹¥≈U (¬˝ÁÃ S∑¥§Œ∑§) ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „ÒU ¡Ê ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ¡◊Ÿ Ÿ„UË ŒÃÊ „ÒU–
RBC ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ —-

§ RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ßUÁ⁄UÕ˝Ê¬ÊßUÁ‚‚ ÿÊ „UË◊Ê¬ÊßUÁ‚‚ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÷Í˝áÊËÿflSÕÊ (Embryonic phase) ∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ◊Ê„U Ã∑§ RBC ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ¬ËÃ∑§ ÕÒ‹ (yolk sac) mUÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ yolk sac RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝Õ◊ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „ÒU–
§ ÷˝ÍáÊËÿflSÕÊ ∑§ ÃË‚⁄‘U ◊Ê„U ◊¥ RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ÿ∑Î§Ã (Liver) ◊¥ ¡’∑§Ë øÊÒÕ ◊Ê„U ◊¥ å‹Ë„UÊ ◊¥ ∞fl¥ ¬ÊÚøfl ◊Ê„U ◊¥ RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ
∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ÕÊßU◊‚ ª¥˝¥ÁÕ ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ flÿS∑§ ¬˝ÊáÊËÿÊ¥ ◊¥ RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ‹Ê‹ •ÁSÕ ◊îÊÊ (Red bone Marrow) ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ RBC ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÒU– Acct ∑§Ë Book ‚
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ »§Ë◊⁄U (¡¥ÉÊÊ •ÁSÕ) ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ (Life span) :-

§ ◊¥…∏U∑§ ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 100 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 120 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑È§ûÊ ◊¥ RBC ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ 124 ÁŒŸ (‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ÎÃ RBC ÿ∑Î§Ã ∞fl¥ å‹Ë„UÊ (Spleen) ◊¥ ø‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ å‹Ë„UÊ ∑§Ê RBC ∑§Ê ∑§Á’˝SÃÊŸ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ∞∑§ ‚Ò∑§á«U ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 25 ‹Êπ ∞fl¥ ∞∑§ ÁŒŸ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 5 × 1011 RBC ŸCU „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∞∑§ RBC •¬Ÿ ¬Í⁄‘U ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ‹ª÷ª 50,000 øP§⁄U ¬ÍáÊ¸ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃË „ÒU–
§ RBC ∑§ ŸCU „UÊŸ ‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ 250mg Á¬Ã ‹fláÊ (Bile Salt) ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
RBC ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸
(i) O2 fl Co2 ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄Ufl„UŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ
(ii) ÿ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ë ‡ÿÊŸÃÊ (Viscocity) ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
(iii) Hb ∞∑§ ’»§⁄U Ã¥òÊ ∑§Ë ÷ÊÚÁÃ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ë PH ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ’ŸË ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU–
Facts (Ãâÿ)
(i) å‹Ë„UÊ ◊ÎÃ RBC ∑§Ê ÁflÉÊ≈UŸ ∑§⁄U Hb ∑§Ê ◊ÈQ§ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ßU‚Á‹∞ å‹Ë„UÊ ∑§Ê RBC ∑§Ê ’Íø«UπÊŸÊ (Salaughter House) ÷Ë
∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
(ii) RBC ∑§ ¬Á⁄U¬`§Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ Vit -B12 •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(iii) „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ÷Êª ◊¥ Fe (‹Ê„UÊ) Ãàfl ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(iv) ∞∑§ Hb •áÊÈ O2 •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¡Ê«∏ÃÊ „ÒU–
Hb + 402 ––––––––––– Hb (O2) 4
(•ÊÚÄ‚Ë„UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ)
(v) Hb + 4Co2–––––––––– Hb (Co2)4
(∑§Ê’Ê¸Ä‚Ë„UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ)
(vi) Hb + Co2 ––––––––––– ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ⁄¥Uª ‹Ê‹ (‡ÊÈhU ⁄UQ§)
(vii) Hb + Co –––––––––––– ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ⁄¥Uª ŸË‹Ê / „U⁄UÊ (•‡ÊÈhU ⁄UQ§)
(viii)Hb Sflÿ¥ ’Òª¥ŸË ⁄¥Uª ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(ix) Hb ∑§Ë ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ ¡È«ÈUŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ Co (∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ◊ÊŸÊ •ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U) ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ‚’‚ ∑§◊ „ÊÃË „ÒU–
WBC (‡UflÃÊáÊÈ)
§ ßU‚∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ŸÊ◊ EÃ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê „ÒU–
§ ÿ •ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ∞fl¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ‡ÊË‹ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞ „ÒU–
§ ÿ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ◊ÈQ§ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ flÊSÃÁfl∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê „Ò–
§ ÿ RBC ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ ∑§Ê»§Ë ’«∏Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ 2. WBC ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§ÊŒ˝√ÿ ⁄¥Uª„UËŸ ‹Á∑§Ÿ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê◊ÿ (Granular) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
‚¥⁄UøŸÊ (Structure) :-
§ WBC ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ‹ª÷ª 8µ ‚ 15µ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
‚¥ÅÿÊ (Number)
§ SflSâÊ √ÿÁQ§ ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ 6000 ‚ 10,000 ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ mm „UÊÃË „Ò?
§ WBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ flÿS∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ ’ëøÊ¥ ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ WBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊŸÊ ÀÿÍ∑§Ê ‚ÊßU≈UÊÁ‚‚ (Leucocytosis) ÿÊ EÃÊáÊÈ ’„ÈU‹ÃÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÀÿÍ∑§Á◊ÿÊ WBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– Á¡‚ ⁄UQ§ ∑Ò¥§‚⁄U ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU– (•ÁSÕ◊îÊÊ ∑§Ê ∑Ò¥§‚⁄U)
§ WBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ „UÊŸÊ EÃÊáÊÈ ãÿÍŸÃÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿÊ ÀÿÍ∑§Ê¬ÁŸÿÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Á◊ÿÊŒË ’ÈπÊ⁄U (Typhoid fever) ∞fl¥ Ã¬ÁŒ∑§ (Tuber cul) ◊¥ WBC ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§◊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U (Type)
(A) ª˝ÒãÿÍ‹Ê‚ÊßU≈U (∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê◊ÿ EÃ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞°) —-

§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ‹Ê‹ •ÁSÕ◊îÊÊ (B.M) ∑§Ë ⁄‘UÁ≈U∑È§‹⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ÿÊ ◊ÊßU‹Êé‹ÊS≈U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ª˝ãÿÍ‹Ê‚ÊßU≈U •Á÷⁄¥U¡Ÿ (Stain) ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÃËŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU-
1. ßU•ÊÁ‚ŸÊÁ»§À‚
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ∑§Ê‹ (Life Spam) ‹ª÷ª 8 ‚ 12 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „UÒ–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∞‹¡Ë¸ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ◊¥ Á„US≈ÒU◊ËŸ (Anti aluergic) ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
2. ’‚ÊÁ»§À‚
§ßUŸ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ‹ª÷ª 12 ‚ 15 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞° Á„U¬ÒÁ⁄UŸ (Anti Coagulant) ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ Áø∑§Ÿ ¬ÊÚÄ‚ (¿UÊ≈UË ◊ÊÃÊ) ◊¥ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
3. ãÿÍ≈U˛ÊÁ»§À‚
§ ÿ WBC ∑§Ê ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÷Êª ’ŸÊÃË „ÒU– (60 ‚ 70% )
§ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ 2 ‚ 4 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ë ⁄UÊªÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ‚ ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
§ ◊flÊŒ (Pus) flÊ‹ ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
(B) •ª˝ÒãÿÍ‹Ê‚ÊßU≈÷U‚ (∑§ÁáÊ∑§ÊÁfl„UËŸ EÃ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞°) —-
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÕÊßU◊‚ ª˝ÁãÕ (Thymus Gland), å‹Ë„UÊ (Spleen) fl ‹‚Ë∑§Ê ªÊ°∆UÊ (lymph glands) ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ •ª˝ÒãÿÍ‹Ê‚ÊßU≈˜U‚ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ fl •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU-
•ª˝ãÿÍ‹Ê‚ÊßU≈÷U‚
Á‹ê»§Ê‚ÊßU≈˜U‚ ◊ÊŸÊ‚ÊßU≈˜U‚
(1) ßUŸ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ªÊ‹Ê∑§Ê⁄U fl ’«∏Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU (1) ßUŸ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ ’«∏Ê fl flÎP§Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(2) ßUŸ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ’Ë≈UÊ fl ªÊ◊Ê Ç‹ÊéÿÍÁ‹Ÿ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ (2) ÿ ÷ˇÊ∑§ÊáÊÈ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¡Ê ‚Íˇÿ
∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÷ˇÊáÊ ∑§⁄U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
(3) ªÊ◊Ê Ç‹ÊéÿÍÁ‹Ÿ ‚ ∞á≈UË’ÊÚ«UË ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– (3) ÿ •¬◊Ê¡¸∑§ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ◊¥ ◊ÎÃ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥
(4) ÿ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞° ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UˇÊÊ (immynity) ©Uà¬UãŸ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ∑§Ê ÁŸSÃÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
(5) ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑È§∑§⁄U πÊ°‚Ë (whooping cough)◊¥ ’…∏ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– (4) ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ Ã¬ÁŒ∑§ (turberclosis)
◊¥ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
å‹≈U‹≈÷U‚ (Platelets)
§ ßUã„U Õ˝Êê’Ê‚ÊßU≈˜‚ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ÿ •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ªÊ‹Ê∑§Ê⁄U, •á«UÊ∑§Ê⁄U fl ¿U«UÊ∑§Ê⁄U (Rod like) „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ‚’‚ ¿UÊ≈U •Ê◊Ê¬ (Size) ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ 2 ‚ 3 ÁŒŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ å‹≈˜‹≈˜U‚ ∑§Ê 2 ‚ 5 ÁŒŸ ◊¥ ¬ÍáÊ¸Ã— ŸËflŸË∑§⁄UáÊ (Renewal) „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ‹ª÷ª 3 ‹Êπ ¬˝ÁÃ ÉÊŸ mm „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ‹Ê‹ •ÁSÕ◊îÊÊ ◊¥ ◊ÒªÊ∑§Á⁄UÿÊ‚ÊßU≈˜U‚ ŸÊ◊∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ „UÊŸÊ Õ˝Êê’Ê‚ÊßU≈UÊÁ¬ÁŸÿÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ å‹≈U‹≈˜U‚ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ —- ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê (Clot) ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
å‹Êí◊Ê (Plasma)
§ ÿ„U „UÀ∑§ ¬Ë‹ ⁄¥Uª ∑§Ê Ã⁄U‹ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ŒÈ’¸‹ ˇÊÊ⁄UËÿ ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚∑§Ê PH ◊ÊŸ 7.4 „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê Ã⁄U‹ (Liquid) •flSÕÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ 90% ¡‹ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ 10% ÷Êª ◊¥ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ (Organic) fl •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ (inorganic) ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ¬Ê∞ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
§ 10% ÷Êª ◊¥ 7% ¬˝Ê≈UËã‚, 0.9% ‹fláÊ fl 0.1% Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ å‹Êí◊Ê ∑§ ∑§ÊéÊ¸ÁŸ∑§ ÉÊ≈U∑§ - ¬˝Ê≈UËã‚, ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ, •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ fl Á∑˝§∞≈UËŸ •ÊÁŒ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU („UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ fl Á‹Á¬«U ÷Ë ¬Ê∞ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU)
§ å‹Êí◊Ê ∑§ •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ÉÊ≈U∑§ - Na+, k+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, Nacl (‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Ê∞° ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–)
§ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ å‹Êí◊Ê ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 200 ‚ 300 ª˝Ê◊ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ÿ„U ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ „UË ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÁflS∑§ÊÁ‚ÃÊ (Viscosity) ¬˝ŒÊŸ
§ å‹Êí◊Ê ◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ - ∞ÀÿÈÁ◊Ÿ (4.5%), Ç‹ÊéÿÍÁ‹Ÿ (2.5%) »§ÊßUÁ’˝ŸÊ¡Ÿ (0.3%) fl ¬˝ÊÕ˝ÊÁê’Ÿ (0.4%) •ÊÁŒ „ÒU–
§ ∞À’ÈÁ◊Ÿ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÿ∑Î§Ã ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Ç‹ÊéÿÍÁ‹Ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÷Ë ÿ∑Î§Ã ◊¥ „UË „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚Ë⁄U◊ = å‹Êí◊Ê - »§ÊßÁ’˝ŸÊ¡Ÿ
⁄UQ§ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ (Funtion of Blood)

1. ªÒ‚Ê ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄Ufl„UŸ (Transport of gases) – O2 flŒ Co2 ∑§Ê
2. ⁄UÊªÊ ‚ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UˇÊÊ (Defence Against infections)
3. ÉÊÊflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÷⁄UŸÊ (Healing of wound)
4. ¬Ê·∑§ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê fl„UŸ (Transport of nutrients)
5. ŒÒÁ„U∑§ ÃÊ¬ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿãòÊáÊ (Control of Body temperature)
6. PH ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ (Maintenance of PH)
7. S∑¥§äÊŸ (Coagulation)
8. ‹‚Ë∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ (Lymphformastion)
M§ÁäÊ⁄U flª¸ (Blood Group)

§ M§ÁäÊ⁄U flª¸ ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ∑§ÊÀÊ¸ ‹Òã«US≈UËŸ⁄U Ÿ ∑§Ë–
§ M§ÁäÊ⁄U flª¸ ∑§Ê flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ ∞¥≈UË¡Ÿ fl ∞¥≈UË’ÊÚ«UË ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–
§ AB ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ‚fl¸ªÊ„UË (Universal Receptor) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ O ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ‚fl¸ŒÊÃÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
∑˝§.‚ ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ∞¥≈UË¡Ÿ ∞¥≈UË’ÊÚ«UË

1. A a b
2. B b a
3. AB a fl b •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ
4. O •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ a fl b
⁄UQ§ ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ—-
⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U Á∑§‚‚ ‹ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU

A A fl O ‚
B B fl O ‚
AB ‚÷Ë ‚
O ∑§fl‹ O ‚
⁄UQ§ ŒŸ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ—-
⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U Á∑§‚‚ Œ ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU

A A fl AB ∑§Ê
B B fl AB ‚
AB ∑§fl‹ AB ‚
O ‚÷Ë ∑§Ê
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ∑§ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃÃÊ —-

⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃÃÊ
A 25
B 35
AB 10
O 30
Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ (Rh Factor)
§ Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ◊∑§Ê∑§Ê ⁄UË‚◊ ŸÊ◊∑§ ’¥Œ⁄U ◊¥ ∑§Ê‹¸ ‹ã«US≈UËŸ⁄U fl flËŸ⁄U Ÿ ∑§Ë–
§ Rh ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∞∑§ Áfl‡Ê· ∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿÁŒ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ê ©U‚ Rh+ fl •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÊ ©U‚ Rh+ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ÿÁŒ ∞∑§ Rh+ ¬ÈM§· ∑§Ê ÁflflÊ„U Á∑§‚Ë Rh- SòÊË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ∑§⁄UflÊ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Êfl ÃÊ ßUŸ∑§ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚¥ÃÊŸ ÃÊ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¬⁄UãÃÈ
ÁmUÃËÿ ‚¥ÃÊŸ ∑§Ë ª÷Ê¸‡Êÿ ◊¥ „UË¥ ◊ÎàÿÈ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ∞‚Ê ◊ÊÃÊ ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ Rh ∞á≈UË’ÊÚÁ«U¡ ’ŸŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ∑§Ë ª÷¸ ◊¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ◊ÎàÿÈ ∑§Ê ßUÁ⁄UÕ˝Êé‹ÊS≈UÊÁ‚‚ (ª÷¸ ⁄UQ§ÊáÊÈ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ÃÊ) Á»§≈UÁ‹‚ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ŒÍ‚⁄UË ‚¥ÃÊŸ ∑§Ê ’øÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ SòÊË ∑§Ê ∞ã≈UË Rh°, ∞ã≈UË D ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ ÿÊ lgG ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ◊¥ ‚ ∑§Êß¸U ÷Ë ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ ¬˝Õ◊ ‚¥ÃÊŸ ∑§ ¡ã◊ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ‹Á∑§Ÿ 24 ÉÊá≈U ∑§ •ãŒ⁄U ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞–
§ ÿ„U ß¥U¡Ä‡ÊŸ SòÊË ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ ’Ÿ Antiboby ∑§Ê ŸCU ∑§⁄U ŒÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 93% ‹Êª Rh+ „ÒU–
§ ÁflE ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 85% ‹Êª Rh+ „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ 15% ‹Êª Rh- „ÒU–
⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ¡◊Ÿ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ (Blood clotting factors)
∑§Ê⁄∑§ ŸÊ◊ πÊ¡∑§ûÊÊ¸
I »§ÊßUÁ’˝ŸÊ¡ŸU ÁfløÊ¸fl (1845)
II ¬˝ÊÕ˝ÊÁê’Ÿ Á‡◊«˜⁄U (1863)
III Õ˝Êê’Êå‹ÊÁS≈UŸ
IV ∑Ò§ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ •ÊÿŸ
V ¬˝Ê∞ÁÄ‚‹Á⁄UŸ •Êfl⁄‘UŸ (1947)
VI ∞ÁÄ‚‹Á⁄UŸ
VII ¬˝Ê∑§ãflÁ≈¸UŸ
VIII ∞ã≈UË„UË◊ÊÁ»§Á‹∑§U
IX Á∑˝§S◊‚ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
X S≈ÈU•≈¸U ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
XI å‹Êí◊ÿÊ Õ˝Êê’Êå‹ÊÁS≈UŸ
XII „Uª◊Ÿ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
XIII »§ÊßUÁ’˝Ÿ ÁSÕ⁄UË∑Î§Ã ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ M§ÁäÊ⁄U flª¸ ∑§Ê ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄UáÊ (Blood group determination in human)
§ ⁄UQ§ ÁŸäÊÊ¸Á⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ I ¡ËŸ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ ¡ËŸ ∑§ ÃËŸ Áfl∑§À¬Ë „UÊÃ „ÒU– ¡Ê ÁŸ◊A „ÒU Ia, Ib, Io
⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ¡ËŸ Áfl∑§À¬Ë
A ia io
B ib io
AB ia ib
O io io
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ÿÁŒ A ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U flÊ‹ ¬ÈM§· ÁflflÊ„U B ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U flÊ‹Ë SòÊË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ∑§⁄UflÊ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Êÿ ÃÊ ßUŸ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹ ‚¥ÃÊŸÊ¥ ∑§
⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃÃÊ ÁŸ◊A „UÊÃË „ÒU-
¬ÈM§· (A) SòÊË (B)

a o b o
I I I I
a b a o b o o o
I I I I I I I I
(AB) (A) (B) (O)
§ ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ßU‚ Œê¬ÁÃ ‚ A ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U flÊ‹Ë 25% B ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U flÊ‹Ë SòÊË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ∑§⁄flÊ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Êÿ ÃÊ ßUŸ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚¥ÃÊŸÊ¥
∑§ ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Í„U flÊ‹Ë 25% ‚¥ÃÊŸ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊ¥ªË
⁄UÄÃ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ¡◊ŸÊ (Coagulation of Blood)

§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ »§Êß¸UÁ’˝ŸÊ¡Ÿ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ¡Ê Á∑§ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ »§Êß¸UÁ’˝Ÿ ◊¥ ’Œ‹ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡‚‚ ÉÊÊfl flÊ‹ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ¡Ê‹ËŸÈ◊Ê ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ’Ÿ
¡ÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡‚◊¥ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞¥ »§‚ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U– ∞fl¥ ’„UŸÊ ’¥Œ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ßU‚ „UË ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ’ŸŸ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 5 Á◊Ÿ≈U ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ ‹ªÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿÁŒ ÕP§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ◊¥ 5 Á◊Ÿ≈U ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‹ªÃÊ „ÒU– ÃÊ ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ Áfl≈UÊÁ◊Ÿ K ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „Ò¥U–
§ ÿÁŒ ⁄UÄÃ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ’ŸÃÊ „UË Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU ÃÊ ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UË◊ÊÁ»§Á‹ÿÊ ŸÊ◊∑§ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ⁄UÊª „Ò¥U–
§ „UË◊ÊÁ»§Á‹ÿÊ ∞∑§ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ⁄UÊª „ÒU–
OUŒÿ (Heart)
§ ÿ„U ∞∑§ ¬‡ÊËÿ •¥ª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ◊ÊÿÊ¡ÁŸ∑§ OUŒÿ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁÃ Á◊¡Ê«U◊¸ ‚ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ◊¥ SA Nod ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ¡Ê OUŒÿ äÊ«U∑§Ÿ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ßU‚Á‹∞ ßU‚ OUŒÿ ∑§Ê ¬Ò‚◊∑§⁄U ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ê O2 ∑§Ë ¬ÍÁÃ¸ ∑§◊ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ßU‚∑§Ë ◊Ê°‚¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ŒŒ¸ „UÊŸ ‹ª ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– Á¡‚ “∞¥¡ÊßUŸÊ ¬Ä≈UÊÁ⁄U‚” ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ÿÊ ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ OUŒÿ øÊ⁄U ∑§ÊDU∑§Ë „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ê fl¡Ÿ ‹ª÷ª 300 – 350 ª˝Ê◊ Ã∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U flˇÊªÈ„UÊ ◊¥ ∑È§¿U ’Ê¥ÿË •Ê⁄U ŒÊŸÊ¥ »§»§«∏Ê ∑§ ◊äÿ »È§ç»È§‚ ◊äÿÊfl∑§Ê‡Ê ◊¥ ÁSÕÃ ⁄U„UÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ÿ„U ŒÊ„U⁄‘U •Êfl⁄UáÊ ¬⁄UË∑§ÊÁ«¸Uÿ◊ ‚ ÁÉÊ⁄UÊ ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ë Á÷ÁûÊ ÃËŸ SÃ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’ŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ‚’‚ ’Ê„U⁄UË ∞¬Ë∑§ÊÁ«¸Uÿ◊, ◊äÿ ◊ÊÿÊ∑§ÊÁ«¸Uÿ◊ fl ÷ËÃ⁄UË ∞á«UÊ∑§ÊÁ«¸Uÿ◊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ÊŸfl OUŒÿ ◊¥ øÊ⁄U ∑§ˇÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ŒÊ •ÊÁ‹ãŒ fl ŒÊ ÁŸ‹ÿ, ÁŸ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á÷ÁûÊ ◊Ê≈UË „UÊÃË „Ò¥–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ê äÊ«∏∑§ŸÊ ŒÊ°ÿ OUŒÿ ‚ ‡ÊÈM§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ªÁÃ ÁŸäÊÊ¸⁄U∑§ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ¬‚◊∑§⁄U ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ OUŒÿ ø∑˝§ ¬ÍáÊ¸ „UÊŸ ◊¥ 0.8 ‚∑§á«U ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ ‹ªÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ŒÊ„U⁄UÊ ⁄UQ§ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò¥–
§ OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊ∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝ “◊«ÍU‹Ê •ÊÚé‹Êª¥≈UÊ” „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥–
§ ∞∑§ SflSâÿ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§Ê OUŒÿ ∞∑§ Á◊ãÊ≈U ◊¥ 72 ’Ê⁄U äÊ«∏∏∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚ÈŸŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©U¬ÿÊª ◊¥ Á‹∞ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ÿ¥òÊ S≈UÕS∑§Ê¬ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ ∑§Ë äflŸË (Heart + Sound) ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU-
¬˝Õ◊ äflŸË - ‹’ (Lubb)
ÁmUÃËÿ äflŸË - «U’ (Dubb)
§ 120mm Hg Á‚S≈UÊÁ‹∑§ (‚¥∑È§øŸŒÊ’) „ÒU–
§ 80mm Hg «UÊÿS≈UÊÁ‹∑§ (•ŸÈÁ‡ÊÁÕ‹Ÿ ŒÊ’) „ÒU–
§ ©UìÊ ⁄UQ§ŒÊ’ (150mmHg ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§) Nacl ∑§Ë •ÁäÊ∑§ÃÊ ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÁŸ◊A ⁄UQ§ ŒÊ’ Hypotension (100mmHg ‚ ∑§◊ Á‚S≈UÊÁ‹∑§ ŒÊ’) Nacl ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë fl ÕÊÚÿ⁄UÊßU«U ∑§Ë •À¬‚Á∑˝§ÿÃÊ ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ OUŒÿ S¬¥ŒŸ ∑§Ê ª˝Ê»§ ECG (Electro cardio graph) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ’ÊßU∑Ò§ÁSåÊ«U fl ≈U˛Êß¸U∑Ò§ÁS¬«U ∑§¬Ê≈U (Valve) ∑§ ’¥Œ „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ¬˝Õ◊ äflŸË ‚ÈŸÊß¸U ŒÃË „ÒU–
§ •Œ˝¸øãŒ˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§¬Ê≈UÊ ∑§ ’ãŒ „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ÁmUÃËÿ äflŸË ‚ÈŸÊß¸U ŒÃË „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ŒÊ„U⁄UÊ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Ã¥òÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ŒÊ„U⁄UÊ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ (Double Circulation) ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ÁflÁ‹ÿ◊ „UÊfl¸ Ÿ ∑§Ë
§ 70 fl·¸ ∑§Ë •ÊÿÈ Ã∑§ OUŒÿ ‹ª÷ª 2 •⁄U’ 80 ∑§⁄UÊ«∏ ’Ê⁄U äÊ«∏∑§ ‹ÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ‹ª÷ª 15 ∑§⁄UÊ«∏ 50 ‹Êπ ‹Ë≈U⁄U ⁄UQ§ ¬ê¬ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃÊ „ÒU–
§ SflSÕ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§Ê ⁄UQ§ ŒÊ’ 120/80mmHg „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ BP ∑§Ê ◊Ê¬Ÿ flÊ‹Ê ÿ¥òÊ S»§Ç◊Ê◊ŸÊ◊Ë≈U⁄U ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ BP ∑§Ë πÊ¡ ⁄UÊÚ∑§Ë fl ⁄UËflÊ Ÿ ∑§Ë 1896 ◊¥–
§ „UÊÕË ∑§Ë OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ‚’‚ ∑§◊ (20–25 ¬˝ÁÃÁ◊Ÿ≈U) „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ üÊÈ (¿U¿Í¥UŒ⁄U ) ∑§Ë OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ (800 ¬˝ÁÃ Á◊Ÿ≈U) „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ’fl¸ Ÿ 1856 ◊¥ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ê ⁄UQ§ ŒÊ’ ◊Ê¬Ê
§ ‚’‚ ¬„U‹ 1733 ◊¥ S≈U»§Ÿ „UÀ‚ Ÿ ÉÊÊ«∏Ë ◊¥ ⁄UQ§ ŒÊ’ ∑§Ê ◊Ê¬Ê –
◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ÁflÁ÷óÊ •ÊÿÈ ◊¥ OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ
•ÊÿÈ (fl·Ê¸ ◊¥) OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ (¬˝ÁÃ Á◊Ÿ≈U)

ª÷¸SÕ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ 145 ’Ê⁄U
Ÿfl¡ÊÃ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ 130 ’Ê⁄U
1 fl·¸ ◊¥ 110 ’Ê⁄U
5 fl·¸ ◊¥ 100 ’Ê⁄U
10 fl·¸ 95 ’Ê⁄U
15 fl·¸ 80 ’Ê⁄U
20 - 45 fl·¸ ◊¥ (√ÿS∑§)U 75 ’Ê⁄U
55 fl·¸ ◊¥ 80 ’Ê⁄U
65 fl·¸ ◊¥ ™§¬⁄UU 60-70 ’Ê⁄U
‚ÊÃ ‚◊ÿU 60-70 ’Ê⁄U
¡ÊªÃ ‚◊ÿ 65-75 ’Ê⁄U
ÁflüÊÊ◊ (Rest) ∑§ ‚◊ÿ U 50-60 ’Ê⁄U
√ÿÊÿÊ◊ (Exercise) 85-100 ’Ê⁄U
§ ’˝«UË∑§ÊÁ«¸UÿÊ - OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ‚ ∑§◊ „UÊŸÊ

§ ≈U∑§Ë∑§ÊÁ«U¸ÿÊ - OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊŸÊ
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ÃÊ¬ ◊ÊŸ 1° ‚¥≈UËª˝«U ’…∏UŸ ¬⁄U OUŒÿ äÊ«∏∑§Ÿ 10 ’Ê⁄U ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê — ∑§‡ÊL§∑§Ë flª¸ ∑§ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ÃãòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ªÊ◊Ë M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ
∑§‡ÊL§∑§Ëÿ flª¸ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊÿ¥ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ
v. ◊àSÿ (Pisces) OUŒÿ ÁmU∑§ˇÊËÿ (v •Á‹ãŒ fl v ÁŸ‹ÿ) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ‹Á’ÿÊ S∑§ÊÚÁ‹ÿÊ«UÊÚŸ
(’˝ÊÁã∑§ÿ‹ NŒÿ) flËŸ‚ (Venous) NŒÿ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ÿ„U Sflÿ¥
•ŸÊÚÄ‚Ë∑Î§Ã M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§Ê •ÊÚÄ‚Ë∑§⁄UáÊ „UÃÈ Áª‹Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬¥¬
∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ¡„UÊ¥ ‚ ÿ„U ‚ËäÊ „UË •¥ªÊ¥ Ã∑§ ¬„È¥UøÃÊ „ÒU
(∞∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊÿ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ)– ‚ÊßUŸ‚ Áfl¡Ê‚‚ fl ∑§ÊŸ‚
•ÊÁ≈¸UÁ⁄UÿÊ‚‚ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ‹¥ª ◊ËŸÊ (lung fishes)
◊¥ w •ÊÁ‹ãŒ fl v ÁŸ‹ÿ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
w. ©U÷ÿø⁄U NŒÿ ◊¥ (i) w •ÊÁ‹ãŒ, (ii) •Áfl¡ÊÃËÿ ÁŸ‹ÿ, ◊…∏U∑§
(Amphibians) (iii) ‚ÊßUŸ‚ ÁflŸÊ‚‚, (iv) ≈˛Uã∑§‚ •ÊÁ≈¸UÁ⁄UÿÊ‚‚
„UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßU‚◊¥ ÁmUÃ¥òÊËÿ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ (Double Circuit
Circlation) ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
x. ⁄‘Uå≈UÊßU‹ (Reptiles) NŒÿ ◊¥, (i) ŒÊ •ÊÁ‹ãŒ, (ii) •¬ÍáÊ¸ Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã ÁŸ‹ÿ, Á¿U¬∑§‹Ë ∑§¿ÈU•Ê, ‚Ê¥¬
(iii) ‚ÊßUŸ‚ ÁflŸÊ‚‚ (iv) ∑§ÊŸ‚ •ÊÁ≈¸UÁ⁄UÿÊ‚‚
(¡Ê Á‚S≈UÁ◊∑§ fl ¬À◊ÊŸ⁄UË øÊ¬Ê¥ ◊¥ Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã „UÊÃË „ÒU)
„UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ÁmUÃ¥òÊËÿ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ–
y. ∞flË¡ (Aves) NŒÿ ◊¥, ŒÊ •ÊÁ‹ãŒ, ŒÊ ÁŸ‹ÿ, ¬ÎÕ∑˜§ Á‡Ê⁄UËÿ fl ‚÷Ë ¬ˇÊË
äÊ◊ŸËÿ ¬Á⁄U‚¥ø⁄UáÊ ÃÕÊ ∑§fl‹ ŒÊÿÊ¥ Á‚S•Á◊∑§ øÊ¬
©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ‚ÊßUŸ‚ ÁflŸÊ‚‚ fl ≈˛Uã∑§‚
•ŸÈ¬ÁSâÊÃ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
z. ◊Ò◊‹ (Mammals) NŒÿ ∞flË¡ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊Ò◊‹ ◊¥ ∑§fl‹ ◊ÊŸfl
’ÊÿÊ¥ Á‚S≈UÁ◊∑§ øÊ¬ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¬ÊøŸ Ã¥òÊ
(Digestive System )
ifjp; & ekuo ds ikpu ra=k dk fuekZ.k vkgkj uky o lgk;d ikpd xzfa Fk;ksa ;k vaxksa }kjk gksrk gSAa ikpu ra=k ds ekè;e
ls gh izk.kh;ksa esa iks"k.k dh fØ;k gksrh gSaA
(mid.kZ xzafFk)
(xzfldk)
;d`r (vkek'k;)
firk'k;
x`g.kh (iEik'k;)
(eè;kU=k)
(va/uky)
(d`fe:i ifj'ksf"kdk)
(eyk'k;)
(xqnk)
û- vkgkjuky dh lajpuk & thfor O;fDr esa vkgkjuky dh yEckbZ 4.5 ehVj gksrh gS] tcfd e`R;q ds i'pkr bldh yEckbZ
c<+dj 7-8 ehVj rd gks tkrh gSA vkgkjuky eq[k] eq[kxqgk] xzluh] xzfldk] vkek'k;] {kqnka=k] o`gnka=k] ew=kk'k; o xqnk vkfn
ls feydj gksrh gSA
(a) eq[k
§ ;g vkgkjuky dk izkjfEHkd Hkkx gksrk gSAa blesa nks lajpuk,a ikbZ tkrh gSAa
1- thHk 2- nkar
§ eq[k xqfgdk dk mQijh Hkkx dBksj o dksey rkyq dk cuk gksrk gSA
thHk&
§ ¡Ë÷ ∞∑§ ◊Ê¥‚‹ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃË „Ò, Á¡‚∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ SflÊŒ ∑§Ê ôÊÊŸ „UÊŸÊ
§ ¡Ë÷ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§Êÿ¸ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê SflÊŒ ôÊÊŸ ∑§⁄UflÊŸÊ „ÒU
§ ∑È§ûÊ ◊ ¡Ë÷ ““ÃÊ¬ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ”” ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
§ ¡Ë÷ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ◊¥ ‹Ê⁄U Á◊‹ÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò– ÄÿÊÁ∑§ ‹Ê⁄U •àÿÁäÊ∑§ Áø∑§ŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡‚∑§ Á◊‹Ÿ ‚ ÷Ê ¡ Ÿ Ÿ⁄U◊ ∞fl¥
‹‚‹‚Ê „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– Á¡‚‚ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸª‹Ÿ ◊¥ •Ê‚ÊŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸª‹Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ““Á«UÇ‹ÍÁ≈U‡ÊŸ”” ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
Ãâÿó
§ ‹Ê⁄U ◊¥ “≈UÊßUÁ‹Ÿ ∞ã¡ÊßUã◊” ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ •Ê°‚È•Ê¥ ◊ “‹ÊßU‚Ê¡ÊßU◊” ŸÊ◊∑§ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ‚’‚ ’«∏Ê •¥ª “àfløÊ” „ÒU–
§ àfløÊ ∑§Ê “„U⁄U»§Ÿ◊ÊÒ‹Ê” •¥ª ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ àfløÊ fl ’Ê‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ⁄¥Uª “◊‹ÁŸŸ” ŸÊ◊∑§ fláÊ¸∑§ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊‹ÁŸŸ fláÊ¸∑§ ∑§Ê ‚¥‡‹·áÊ äÊÍ¬ ◊ ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ’Ê‹ fl ŸÊπÈŸÊ¥ ◊¥ “Á∑§⁄‘UÁ≈UŸ” ŸÊ◊∑§ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
ŒÊ°Ã (Teeth) :- ŒÊ¥Ã øÊ⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
1. ß¥U‚ÊßU¡⁄U (∑Î§Ã∑§) ∑È§Ã⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê—-
§ ÿ ‚Ê◊Ÿ flÊ‹ øÊÒ«∏ ŒÊ°Ã „UÊÃ „ÒU– ßUŸ ŒÊ°ÃÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑È§Ã⁄UŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ŒÊ°Ã ¡ËflŸ-¬ÿ¸ãÃ flÎÁhU ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
2. ∑Ò§ŸÊßUŸ (⁄UŒŸ∑§) —- ÿ ‚ÊßU« flÊ‹ ŸÈ∑§Ë‹ ŒÊ°Ã „UÊÃ „ÒU– ßUŸ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ë øË⁄U»§Ê«U ∑§⁄UŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ ŒÊ°Ã ◊Ê¥‚Ê„UÊ⁄UË ¬˝ÊáÊË ¡Ò‚-
‡Ê⁄U fl ∑È§ûÊ ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „UÊÃ „ÒU–
Note :- ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ∑Ò§ŸÊßUŸ ŒÊ°ÃÊ ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ, ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ê ◊Ê¥‚Ê„UÊ⁄UË „UÊŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
3. ¬˝Ë-◊Ê‹⁄U (¿UÊ≈UË ŒUÊ…∏U )—- ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ø’ÊŸÊ–
4. ◊Ê‹⁄U (’«∏Ë ŒÊ…∏U) —- ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ø’ÊŸÊ–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ŒÊ°Ã ŒÊ ’Ê⁄U •ÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ê “ÁmU’Ê⁄U-Œ¥ÃË” (difident) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ◊ÈŸcÿ ◊¥ ŒÊ°Ã ◊‚È«U∏Ê ∑§Ë ªÃ¸ ◊¥ ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU, ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ë “ªÃ¸Œ¥ÃË” (Thecodont) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
ŒÊ°Ã ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ (Structure of Teeth)
‡ÊË·¸ (Row)
ßUŸ◊‹
(Neck) ª˝ËflÊ ¬À¬∑§Áfl≈UË
Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Êÿ¥
¡«∏ Root
M§ÁäÊ⁄U flÊÁ„UÁŸÿÊ¥
§ ŒÊ°Ã ∑§Ê ‚’‚ ’Ê„U⁄UË •Êfl⁄UáÊ “ßUŸ◊‹” ŸÊ◊∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ê ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÿ„U ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ‚’‚ ∑§∆UÊ⁄U ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ŒÊ°Ã ◊¥ “¬À¬ ∑§Áfl≈UË” ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „UÒ, Á¡‚◊¥ ¬À¬ ŸÊ◊∑§ Œ˝fl ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ÷⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ŒÊ°Ã ∑§ ÃËŸ ÷Êª „UÊÃ „ÒU 1. ‡ÊË·¸ 2. ª˝ËflÊ 3. ¡«∏
Note :- Root canal Treatmet- ÿ Treatment ŒÊ°Ã ‚ ‚ê’ÁãäÊÃ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ euq"; esa nkar fo"kenarh (Hetrodont) izdkj ds gksrs gSA
§ o;Ld euq"; esa dqy nkarksa dh la[;k 32 gksrh gSA
§ nw/ ds nkarksa dh la[;k 20 gksrh gSA
euq"; dk nar lw=k fuEu gS &
LMI = 2 , C = 1 , PM = 2 , M = 3 OP × 2
N 2 1 2 3Q
ª˝Ê‚ŸÊ‹
§ ÿ„U ‹ª÷ª 12cm ‹ê’Ë ŸÁ‹∑§Ê „UÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ◊Èπ ◊¥ ø’Êÿ ªÿ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ Ã∑§ ¬„È°UøÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ◊Êª¸ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ
„UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸª‹Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ “Á«UÇ‹ÍÁ≈U‡ÊŸ” ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ª˝Ê‚ŸÊ‹ ◊¥ ©U¬ÊÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ÿ "C" •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ¿UÑ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU, ÿ ¿UÑ ª˝Ê‚ŸÊ‹ ∑§Ê Á¬ø∑§Ÿ ‚ ’øÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ÁŸª‹Ã ‚◊ÿ ÿÍfl‹Ê (ÉÊÊ≈UË…Uå¬Ÿ) ŸÊ‡ÊÊ ◊Êª¸ ∑§Ê ’ãŒ ∑§⁄U ŒÃÊ „ÒU– ÃÕÊ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ‚ËäÊ ª˝Ê‚ŸÊ‹ ‚ „UÊÃ „ÈUÿ •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ ◊¥ ¬„È°Uø ¡ÊÃÊ
„ÒU–
•Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ
•Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ “ J” •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU, •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ ∑È§¿U ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚¥ª˝„UáÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ ∑§Ë Á÷ÁûÊ ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê·
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ßUŸ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ““¬Ò⁄UÊßU≈U‹ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ¥ ÿÊ •ÊÚÄ¡Á≈¥U∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ”” ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ¬Ò⁄UÊßU≈U‹ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ¥ •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ ◊¥ HCL (Hydrocloric Acid) ∑§Ê SòÊÊfláÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU?
§ HCL ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ ’«∏U ≈ÈU∑§«∏Ê ∑§Ê ¿UÊ≈U-¿UÊ≈U ≈ÈU∑§«∏Ê ◊¥ Áfl÷Q§ ∑§⁄U ŒÃÊ „ÒU–
§ bl izdkj vkek'k; esa Hkkstu dk v¼Zikpu (Semi-Digestion) gksrk gSAa
§ vkek'k; esa v¼Zifpr Hkkstu ^dkbe* (Chyme) dgykrk gSAa ;g dkbe vkek'k; ls NksVh vka=k ds izkjafHkd Hkkx ^M~;fw Mue*
esa izo's k djrk gSAa
§ HCL ds dkj.k gh vkek'k; dk ekè;e vEyh; gksrk gSaA
§ vEyh; ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k vkek'k; esa Hkkstu ds lkFk vkus okys lq{e thok.kq u"V gks tkrs gSaA
§ •Ê◊Ê‡Êÿ “»Í§«U Á⁄U¡fl¸” ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ vkek'k; mnj xqgk esa cka;h vksj Mk;Úe ds uhps fLFkr jgrk gSA vkek'k; rhu Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gksrk gS& mQijh iQ.Ml] eè;dk;]
fupyk tBj fuxZeA
§ vkek'k; esa ,YdksgkWy o vkS"kf/ dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSAa
§ vkek'k; dh vkarfjd fHkfÙk ds pkjksa vksj E;qdl dh ijr gksrh gSaA
§ vkek'k; esa ikbZ tkus okyh tkbekstu dksf'kdk,as isfIlukstu gkeksuZ dk L=kko.k djrh gSAa
§ vkek'k; ds vanj mifLFkr E;qdl ('ys"ek) dh ijr vkek'k; dks Lo&ikpu ls cpkrh gSaA
§ vkek'k; esa nks izdkj dh xzafFk;k¡ gksrh gSa&
1- tBjh; xzfUFk;k¡ 2-tBj fuxZe xzfUFk;k¡
§ tBjh; xzfUFk;k¡ vkek'k; dk 80 izfr'kr Hkkx cukrh gSa
§ tBj fuxZe xzfUFk;k¡ vkek'k; dk 20 izfr'kr Hkkx cukrh gSAa
NksVh vka=k
§ ;s 5&7 ehVj yEch gksrh gSA
§ NksVh vka=k rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gkrh gSaA
1- M~;wfMue & ;g 'U' vkdkj dk izkjafHkd Hkkx gksrk gSaA
2- tstuw e & ;g dq.Myhuqek Hkkx gksrk gSAa
3- bfy;e & ;g NksVh vka=k dk vafre lh/k Hkkx gksrk gSaA
§ bfy;e esa is;lZ ispst] yhcjdgu dh xfrZdk;sa] xksCysV dksf'kdk;as] isusFk dksf'kdk;sa vkfn ik;h tkrh gSA
§ isusFk dksf'kdk;sa ykblkstkbe ,Utkbe dk L=ko.k djrh gSA
§ NksVh vka=k esa vaxqfyuqek mHkkj tSlh lajpuk,as ikbZ tkrh gSaA ftUgsa ekbØksfofy(lq{ekadqj) dgrs gSaA
§ ;s lq{ekadqj vka=k esa vo'kks"k.k dh lrg dks c<+k nsrh gSaA
§ NksVh vka=k esa dkcksgZ kbMªsV] izksVhu o olk vkfn inkFkksaZ dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSaA
cM+h vka=k
§ bldh yEckbZ yxHkx 1-5 ehVj gksrh gSA
§ ;g rhu Hkkxksa & lhde] dksyu o eyk'k; ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA
§ NksVh o cM+h vka=k dh laf/ ij lhde (vU/uky) ik;h tkrh gS ;g ,d vo'ks"kh vax gSA
§ lhde ds fljs ij oehZiQkseZ visfUMdl ik;k tkrk gSA
§ cM+h vka=k dk vfUre Hkkx eyk'k; gksrk gS tks xqnk }kjk ckgj [kqyrk gSA
§ cM+h vka=k esa ty o nok dk vo'kks"a k.k gksrk gSAa
fgisfVd iksVZy flLVe (;d`r fuokfgdk ra=k)
§ ;d`r] firk'k; o vXuk'k; ;s rhuksa lajpuk,sa ,d gh ufydk ds ekè;e ls NksVh vka=k ds M~;wfMue okys Hkkx esa [kqyrh gSaA
bu rhuksa lajpukvksa dks lfEefyr :i esa ;d`r fuokfgdk ra=k dgrs gSaA
ikpd xzafFk;k¡ & euq"; esa vkgkjuky ls lEcfU/r rhu ikpd xzafFk;k¡ gksrh gS &
û- ykj xzfUFk;k¡ &
§ euq"; esa rhu tksM+h ykj xzafFk;k¡ gksrh gS & isjksfVM] lceSDyjh o lcfyaX;qvyA
§ bu xzafFk;ksa }kjk L=kkfor ykj {kkjh; rjy gksrh gSA
§ ykj esa ty] Vk;fyu] ykblkstkbe] vYiQk ,ekbyst vkfn mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
§ Vk;fyu ikpd ,Utkbe gS tcfd ykblksstkbe thok.kqvksa dks u"V djrk gSA
;d`r
§ ;g 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzafFk gSA
§ ;g mnjxqgk ds nk;sa Hkkx esa Mk;Úe ds Bhd uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA
§ ;d`r vusd ;d`rh; ikfydkvksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ;s ;d`r dh lajpukRed bdkbZ gksrh gSA ;d`rh ikfydk dk
fuekZ.k ;d`r dksf'kdk,a (Hepatocytes) djrh gS tks fiÙk L=kkfor djrh gSA
§ ;d`r esa dqÝiQqj dksf'kdk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA
;d`r foVkehu A, D, E o K dk laxzg.k djrk gSaA
§ ;d`r ds dk;Z fuEu gS &
1. fiÙkjl dk fuekZ.k djukA
2- Detoxification (fujkfo"kdj.k) djukA
3- mikip; dh fØ;k esa lgk;dA
4- lap;u dk dk;ZA
5- olk ds Emilcification (ik;lhdj.k) esa lgk;dA
vXuk'k;
§ ;g 'kjhj dh nwljh lcls cM+h xzfUFk gksrh gSaA
§ vXuk'k; fefJr (vUr%L=kkoh o cfg%L=kkoh) izdkj dh xzfUFk gksrh gSaA
§ vXuk'k; esa rhu izdkj dh dksf'kdk,as gksrh gSa&
1- ,YiQk&dksf'kdk,sa & ;s XywdkxkWu gkWeksuZ dk L=kko.k djrh gSaA
2- chVk&dksf'kdk,sa & ;s bUlwfyu gkWeksZu dk L=kko.k djrh gSaA
3- MsYVk&dksf'kdk,sa & ;s lksesVksLVsfVu gkWeksZu dk L=ko.k djrh gSaA
§ bUlwfyu gkWeksuZ ds de L=kko.k ls e/qegs jksx gks tkrk gSAa
§ vXuk'k; es ikbZ tkus okyh dksf'kdkvksa ds lewg dks ^ySaxjgSal ds }hi lewg* dgrs gSaA
§ vXuk'k; dh vkd`fr o`{k ds tSlh gksus ds dkj.k bls ekuo 'kjhj dk o`{k Hkh dgrs gSaA
ikpu dh dk;Zdh
§ thHk dh lgk;rk ls Hkkstu esa ykj feykbZ tkrh gSaA bl izdkj Hkkstu dk v/ZBksl xksyk cu tkrk gS ftls cksyl dgrs gSAa
û- eq[k xqgk esa ikpu & eq[k xqgk esa Hkkstu esa ykj feyus ls Hkkstu dk ikpu izkjaHk gksrk gSA
eq[k xqgk esa dkcksgZ kbMªVs dk ikpu izkjaHk gksrk gSAa
ü- vek'k; esa ikpu & vek'k; esa Hkkstu dks eFkk tkrk gS rFkk blesa tBjh; jl feyk;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ izkVs huksa dk vkaf'kd
ikpu gksrk gSA
isfIlukstu (fuf" Ø;) HCL
→ isfIlu (lfØ;)
isfIlu + HCL
izksVhu  
→ izksfV;ksl] isIVksu] ikWyhisIVkbM
pH = 2 − 3
vek'k; esa ikpu ds ckn Hkkstu eghu] ysbZ leku inkFkZ dkbe esa cny tkrk gSA
ý- NksVh vka=k esa ikpu & xzg.kh dh czuw j xzfa Fk;k¡ ,Utkbe jfgr {kkjh; rjy dk L=kko.k djrh gSA Hkkstu ds ikpu dk vf/dka'k
dk;Z xzg.kh esa gh gksrk gSA
,UVsjkdkbust
fVªfIlukstu fVªfIlu (lfØ;)
(fuf"Ø;)
dkbeks fVªfIlukstu] dkbeksfVªfIlu]

fVªfIlu
izksdkcksZDlhisIVhMsl] dkcksZDlhisIVhMst]
izksbySLVsl (fuf"Ø;) bySDVsl (lfØ;)
lqØst
lqØkst Xywdkst (+) ÚDVkst
pH 8.5
ekYVst
ekYVksl Xywdkst$Xywdkst
pH 8.5
ySDVsl
ySDVksl Xywdkst + xSysDVksl
pH 8.5
‡√Ê‚Ÿ Ã¥òÊ
(Respiratory System)
¬Á⁄U÷Ê·Ê —-
§ ‡fl‚Ÿ ‚¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∞∑§ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ Á∑˝§ÿÊ „ÒU–
§ ‡fl‚Ÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ ÷Êíÿ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ◊¥ O2 ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ Œ„UŸ (Combustion) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, Á¡‚∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ë
¬˝Ê#Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU
§ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ Œ„UŸ ◊ CO2 ’ŸÃË „ÒU Á¡‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ßU‚Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ‡fl‚Ÿ (Respiration) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ‡fl‚Ÿ ∞∑§ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ íÊÒfl ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ Á∑˝§ÿÊ (Physiobiochemical Reaction) „ÒU–
§ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë∑§⁄UáÊ (Oxidation) ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§ »§‹S√ÊM§¬ ™§¡Ê¸ ◊ÈQ§ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¡Ê ATP (Adenosin Triphosphate) ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ◊ÈQ§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ◊¥ ◊ÈQ§ ÿ„U ATP ™§¡Ê¸ ◊ÊßU≈˛UÊ∑§ÊÁã«˛UÿÊ ◊¥ ¡◊Ê (Store) „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊ÊßU≈˛UÊ∑§ÊÁã«˛UÿÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§Ê ‡ÊÁQ§ ªÎ„ /
‡ÊÁQ§¬ÊŒ¬ (Power Plant) ∑§„Ã „ÒU–
§ ATP ∑§Ê ™§¡Ê¸ ∑§Ë ◊ÈŒ˝Ê (Energy Cranci) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ‚Ÿ˜ 1600 ◊¥ ⁄UÊÚ’≈¸U ’ÊÚÿ‹ fl ⁄UÊÚ’≈¸U „ÈU∑§ Ÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U÷ÊÁ·Ã Á∑§ÿÊ –
§ ‚Ÿ˜ 1770 ◊¥ ‹flÊ¡Ëÿ⁄U (Lavosier) ŸÊ◊∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ Ÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ ∑§ ◊„Uûfl ∑§Ê ‚◊¤ÊÊÿÊ–
§ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ©UìÊ SÃ⁄UËÿ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ (Higer Animals) ◊¥ G.S. Carter ŸÊ◊∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ Ÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚◊¤ÊÊÿÊ–
‡fl‚Ÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ
’Ê„U⁄UË ‡fl‚Ÿ •Ê¥ÃÁ⁄U∑§ ‡fl‚Ÿ/ ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ

(External Respiration) ©UÃ∑§Ëÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ (Cellular Respiration)
(Internal /Tissue
Respiration)
ÁŸ—E‚Ÿ ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ
(Inspiration) (Expiration)
§ àfløÊ (Skin), Ä‹Ê◊ (Gills), »§»§«∏ (lungs) •ÊÁŒ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’Ê„Uÿ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ∑§ ◊äÿ O2 fl CO2 ∑§Ê ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ (Exchange) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ◊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ëÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ™§¡Ê¸ (¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ’ŸŸ flÊ‹Ë ™§¡Ê¸) ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U (Kinds of Respiration)
§ ‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ O2 ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ ÿÊ •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÁÃ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU-
(a) •ÊÚÄ‚Ëÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ (Aerobic Respiration)
(b) •ŸÊÚÄ‚Ëÿ ‡fl‚Ÿ (Anaerobic Respiration)
•ÊÚÄ‚Ë‡fl‚Ÿ —-
§ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë‡fl‚Ÿ Á∑§ Á∑˝§ÿÊ O2 ©U¬ÁSâÊÁÃ ◊¥ ‚ê¬ÛÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ (Cytoplasm) fl ◊Êß≈˛UÊÁã«˛UÿÊ ◊¥ ‚ê¬ÛÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
•ÊÚÄ‚Ë‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§ ø⁄UáÊ -
(a) Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‹ÊßUÁ‚‚ (b) ∑˝§é‚ ø∑˝§
§ Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‹ÊßUÁ‚‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ∞∑§ Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ •áÊÈ ∑§ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë∑§⁄UáÊ ‚ 2 ¬ÊßUM§Á’∑§ •ê‹ ∑§ •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‹ÊßUÁ‚‚ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 4 ATP •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ 2 ATP •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
∑È§‹ 2 ATP •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‡ÊÈhU ‹Ê÷ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‹ÊÁ‚‚ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ∑˝§é‚ ø∑˝§ (Krebs cycle) ‚ê¬ÛÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ßU‚ ø∑˝§ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‚Ÿ˜ 1937 ◊¥ „Uã‚ ∑˝§é‚ (Hans krebs) ŸÊ◊∑§
flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ Ÿ ‹ªÊÿÊ ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ßU‚ ∑˝§é‚ ø∑˝§ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡ ∑§ ∞∑§ •áÊÈ ∑§ ‡fl‚Ÿ ‚ 2 ATP (Ç‹Ê∑§Ê‹ÊßUÁ‚‚ ‚) + 36 ATP (∑˝§é‚ ø∑˝§ ‚) = 38 ATP ∑§ •áÊÈ ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ‚flÊ¸ÁäÊ∑§ ATP •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§˝ é‚ ø∑˝§ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ „UË „UÊÃ Ê „ÒU–
•ÊÚÄ‚Ë‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ —-
C6H34+ 602 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
(Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡) (™§¡Ê¸)
•ÊŸÊÚÄ‚Ë ‡fl‚Ÿ —-
§ ÿ„U O2 ∑§Ë •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ ‚ê¬ãŸ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÷Ë CO2 ∑§Ê ÁŸc∑§Ê‚Ÿ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ∑§Ê’Ê¸„UÊßU«˛U≈U‚ (Ç‹Í∑§Ê¡) fl fl‚Ê•Ê¥ (Fat’s) ∑§Ê ¬ÍáÊ¸ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë∑§⁄UáÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ¬ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê E‚Ÿ •Ÿ∑§ ¡ËflÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ (Bacteria) ÿËS≈U (Yeast) fl ¬⁄U¡ËflË ¡ËflÊ¥ (Parastic Animal) ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ •ŸÊÚÄ‚Ë ‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ∞À∑§Ê„U‹ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ‡fl‚Ÿ •¥ª (Respiratory Organs)
¡Ëfl ‡flŸÊ¥ª
◊ŸÈcÿ »§»§«∏
◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ° ÁªÀ‚ / ª‹»§«U
◊¥…∏U∑§ ÁªÀ‚ fl »§»§«∏
‚⁄UË‚Î¬ »§»§«∏
¬ˇÊË »§»§«∏
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË »§»§«∏
¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ‡fl‚Ÿ Œ⁄U (Respiratory Rate)

◊ÊŸfl ∑§Ë •ÊÿÈ ‡fl‚Ÿ Œ⁄U / Á◊Ÿ≈U
flÿS∑§ ◊ŸÈcÿ 12-20 ’Ê⁄U
6 ‚#Ê„U U 30-60 ’Ê⁄U
6 ◊Ê„UU 25-40 ’Ê⁄U
3 fl·¸ U 20-30 ’Ê⁄U
6 fl·¸ 18-25 ’Ê⁄U
10 fl·¸ U 17-23 ’Ê⁄U
65 fl·¸ U 12-28 ’Ê⁄U
80 fl·U̧ 10-30 ’Ê⁄U
»§»§«∏ (Lungs)
§ •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ - ‡Ê¥∑È§ ¡Ò‚Ë (Corn Shaped)

§ ÁSÕÁÃ - flˇÊËÿ ÷Êª (Throacic Cavity) ◊äÿÊfl∑§Ê‡Ê (Mediastimum) ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U –
§ •Êfl⁄UáÊ - Áfl‚⁄U‹ å‹Í⁄UÊ ŸÊ◊∑§ •Êfl⁄UáÊ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ
§ Á¬á«U - ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ’Êÿ¥ (Left) »§»§«¥U ◊¥ ŒÊ Á¬á«U ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU - (i) ©U¬⁄UË Á¬á«U (ii) ÁŸø‹Ê Á¬á«U
◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ŒÊÿ¥ (Right) »§»§«¥U ◊¥ ÃËŸ Á¬á«U „UÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ - »§»§«∏Ê ◊¥ flÊÿÈ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê∞, ⁄UQ§ flÊÁ„UÁŸÿÊ° fl ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ •ÊÁŒ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ - ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ »§»§«∏Ê ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 7,50,000,000 (Á¬øÃ⁄U ∑§⁄UÊ«∏) flÊÿÈ ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê∞¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ÿ ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê∞¥
»§»§«∏Ê¥ ◊¥ 100 flª¸ ◊Ë≈U⁄U ‚Ã„U ∑§Ê ÉÊ⁄‘U ⁄U„UÃË „Ò¥–
§ ªÒ‚Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ - »§»§«∏Ê ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSâÊÃ flÊÿÈ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê•Ê¥ fl ⁄UQ§ flÊÁ„UÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ ◊äÿ O2 fl CO2 ∑§Ê •ÊŒÊŸ - ¬˝ŒÊŸ (Exchange) „UÊÃÊ
„ÒU–
‡fl‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ - ÁflÁäÊ (Mechanism of Respiration)
‡fl‚Ÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ- ÁflÁäÊ
ÁŸ—‡fl‚Ÿ (Inspiration) ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ (Expiration)

ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ flˇÊËÿ ªÈ„UÊ ßU‚ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ flˇÊËÿ ªÈ„UÊ
∑§Ê •ÊÿÃŸ ’…UÃÊ „ÒU ∑§Ê •ÊÿÃŸ ÉÊ≈UÃÊ „ÒU
O 2 flÊÿÈ ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê ‚ ⁄UQ§ flÊÁ„ŸË O 2 ⁄UQ§ flÊÁ„UŸË ‚ flÊÿÈ∑Í§Á¬∑§Ê
◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
ÁflüÊÊ◊ •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ‡fl‚Ÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ

§ ÁflüÊÊ◊ÊflSÕÊ (Resting Stage) ◊¥ ◊ŸÈcÿ •ÊÒ‚ÃŸ ∞∑§ E‚Ÿ ø∑˝§ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª (7500ml) ∑§Ê »§»§«∏Ê¥ ∑§Ê íflÊ⁄UËÿ •ÊÿÃŸ (Tidal
Volume) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU
§ ¬ÍáÊ¸Ã— ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÷Ë »§»§«∏Ê ◊¥ ‹ÇÊ÷ª 1000ml flÊÿÈ ‡Ê· ⁄U„U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ßU‚ ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§Ê »§»§«∏Ê ∑§Ê •flÁ‡ÊCU •ÊÿÃŸ
(Residual Volume) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
»§»§«∏Ê¥ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ∞¥
∑˝§.‚. ˇÊ◊ÃÊ∞¥ ◊ÊòÊÊ

1U T.V.U 500ml U
2U I.R.VU 2500ml - (2.5 liter)U
3U E.R.V. U 1500ml – (1.5 liter)U
4U V.C.U 4500ml – (4.5 liter)U
5U R.V.U 1000ml (1 liter)U
6U T.L.C U 5500ml (5.5 liter)U
ÿ„UÊÚ —-
T.V = Tidal Volume (íflÊ⁄UËÿ •ÊÿÃŸ)
§ »§»§«∏Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ‹Ë ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∞fl¥ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ T.V „UÊÃË „ÒU–
I.R.V = Inspiratory Reserve Volume (ÁŸ—‡fl‚Ÿ •Ê⁄UˇÊË •ÊÿÃŸ )
§ Ã¡ ÁŸ—‡fl‚Ÿ mUÊ⁄UÊ πËøË¥ ªß¸U flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ IRV „UÊÃË „ÒU–
E.R.V. = Expirator Reserve Volume (©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ •Ê⁄UˇÊË •ÊÿÃŸÊ¥)
§ Ã¡ ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ mUÊ⁄UÊ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ë ªß¸U flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ EVR ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
V.C = Vital Capacity (‚¡Ëfl ‚Ê◊äÿ¸)
§ flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë fl„U ◊ÊòÊÊ Á¡‚ Ã¡ ÁŸ—‡fl‚Ÿ mUÊ⁄UÊ •¥Œ⁄U ‹∑§⁄U ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¥U– V.C ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
R.V = Residval Volume (•fl‡Ê·Ë flÊÿÈ)
§ flÊÿÈ Ã¡ ©Uë¿Ufl‚Ÿ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÷Ë »§»§«∏Ê¥ ◊¥ ‡ÊcÊ ’øË flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§Ê R.V. ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
T.L.C = Total Lung Capacity (∑È§‹ »È§ç»È§‚Ëÿ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ) —-
§ flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë fl„U ∑È§‹ ◊ÊòÊÊ ¡Ê »§»§«∏Ê ◊¥ ‚◊Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU, T.L.C ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ‡fl‚Ÿ fláÊ¸∑§
(Respiratory Pigments)
fláÊ¸∑§ SÕÊŸ äÊÊÁàfl∑§ ‚◊Í„U ⁄¥Uª (O2 ÿÈQ§)

„UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ RBC ◊¥ Fe (‹ÊÒ„UÊ) ‹Ê‹
„UË◊Ê‚ÊßUÁŸŸ å‹Êí◊Ê ◊¥ Cu (ÃÊ◊˝) ŸË‹Ê
„UË◊Ê∞Á⁄UÁÕ˝Ÿ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ Fe (‹ÊÒ„UÊ) ‹Ê‹
Ä‹Ê⁄UÊ∑˝È§ÿÊÁ⁄UŸ å‹Ê¡◊Ê ◊¥ Cu (ÃÊ◊˝) ‹Ê‹
Á¬òÊí‹ÊÁ’Ÿ å‹Êí◊Ê ◊¥ (◊¥ªŸË) „U⁄UÊ
„UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ mUÊ⁄UÊ flÊÁ„UÃ O2
¡ãÃÈ flÊÁ„UÃ O2 / 100ml ⁄UQ§ mUÊ⁄UÊ

SÃŸË (◊Ò◊À‚) 20ml flÊÿÈ
¬ˇÊË (∞flË¡) 18- 19 ml flÊÿÈ
◊¿U‹Ë (Á¬‚Ë¡) 9ml flÊÿÈ
©U÷ÿø⁄U (◊¥…∏U∑§) 12ml flÊÿÈ
‚⁄UË‚Î¬ (⁄‘Uå≈UÊßUÀ‚) 9ml flÊÿÈ
§ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ ∑§Ê •áÊÈ÷Ê⁄U (Molecular Weight) 67,000 „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–

§ HB („UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ) ∞∑§ ¬˝’‹ “•ê‹ ˇÊÊ⁄U ’»§⁄U” (acid base butter) „ÒU¥–
§ ’»§⁄U ÁÄ‹ÿŸ ∞‚ Áfl‹ÿŸ „UÊÃ  „ÒU Á¡Ÿ∑§Ë PH ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸ ‚ŒÒfl ÁSÕ⁄U ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ å‹Êí◊Ê ‚ RBC ◊¥ Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U •ÊÿŸÊ¥ (Cl–) ∑§ ª◊Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U ÁflSÕÊ¬Ÿ / „ÒUê’ª¸⁄U ¬˝∑˝§◊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ 7.4 PH ¬⁄U ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ •ê‹ ∞fl¥ ’ÊßU∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U •ÊÿÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ 1 : 20 „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
‡fl‚Ÿ ÷Êª»§‹ (Respiratory Quateient)
’ŸË „ÈUß¸ CO 2 U ∑§Ê •ÊÿÃŸ

RQ =
¬˝ÿÈQ§ ∑§Ë ªß¸U CO 2 ∑§Ê •ÊÿÃŸ
§ Á∑§‚Ë ¡ãÃÈ mUÊ⁄UÊ ßU∑§Êß¸U ‚◊ÿ ◊ ª˝„UáÊ ∑§Ë ªß¸U O2 fl ¿UÊ«∏Ë ªß¸U CO2 ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ „UË R.Q. ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¬ŒÊÕ¸ R.Q
∑§’Ê¸„UÊßU«˛U≈˜U‚ 1
fl‚Ê 0.7
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ 0.8
Mixed diet 0.85
∑¥§∑§Ê‹ Ã¥òÊ
(Skeletel System)
∑¥§∑§Ê‹
’Ê„U⁄UË ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ •¥Ã— ∑¥§∑§Ê‹

(External Sleletan) (Endoskeleton)
Ex. ’Ê‹,
ŸÊπÍŸ (◊ÊŸfl ◊)¥ Ex. „UÁaUÿÊ, ∑§ÊÁ≈¸U‹¡
‚Ë¥ª, πÈ⁄U (◊flÁ‡ÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥)
§ ’Ê„Uÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ø◊¸ (Dermis) ∞fl¥ •ÁäÊø◊¸ (Epidermis) ŒÊŸÊ¥ ‚ „UË ’ŸÃÊ „ÒU
§ •¥Ã— ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ¡ËÁflÃ ©UûÊ∑§ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ◊ÊŸfl ∑§Ê ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ∞fl¥ ©U¬ÁSÕÿÊ¥ (∑§ÊÁ≈¸U‹¡) ∑§Ê ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ „U◊Ê⁄‘U ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ÁŸÁ‡øÃ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U - •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§ Á’ŸÊ „U◊Ê⁄UÊ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∞∑§ ◊Ê¥‚ ∑§Ê Á¬á«U „ÒU–
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ (Bon’s) ∑§∆UÊ⁄U ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ©UûÊ∑§ (Solid Connective Tissue) „UÊÃ „Ò–
§ ¡’Á∑§ ◊Ê¥‚ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ (Cartilage) ∑§Ê◊‹ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ©UûÊ∑§ (Soft Connective Tissue) „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ∑Ò§À‚Ëÿ◊ (Ca) Ãàfl ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ◊ ∑§Ê‹Ò¡Ÿ (Colegen) Ã¥ÃÈ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò–
∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸

§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ Ã¥òÊ ªÁÃ, ø‹Ÿ, ©U∆UŸ fl ’Ò∆UŸ •ÁÊŒ ◊ ¥‚„UÊÿ∑§ „Ò–
§ ÿ„U ∑Ò§ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ (Ca) ∞fl¥ »§ÊÚS»§≈U (PO4) ∑§Ê ‚¥ÁøÃ ÷á«UÊ⁄U „ÒU– (‹ª÷ª 97% Ca fl PO4 „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU–)
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë •ÁSÕ◊ííÊÊ (Bone Merrow) ◊¥ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ („UË◊Ê¬Ê∞Á‚‚) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U •Ê¥ÃÁ⁄U∑§ •¥ªÊ ∑§Ê ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§Ë ∑È§¿U •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ¡Ò‚ ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ ∞fl S≈UŸ¸◊ ‡flÊ‚ ‹Ÿ ◊¥ ÃÕÊ ∑È§¿U •ÁSÕÿÊ° ¡Ò‚ ∑§ÊŸ ∑§Ë ◊ÒÁ‹ÿ‚, ß¥U∑§‚ ∞fl¥ S≈U¬Ë¡ ‚ÈŸŸ ◊
‚„UÊÿ∑§ „ÒU–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ÁŸÁ‡øÃ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∞fl •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ‚¥ÃÈ‹Ÿ (ªÁÃ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ) ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄UπŸÊ •ÊÁŒ–
•ÁSÕ (Bones)
§ flÿS∑§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 206 „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÷Í˝ÁáÊÿ •flSÕÊÿ ∑È§‹ 306 „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ’ÊÀÿ∑§Ê‹ (Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ) ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 270 „UÁaUÿÊ° ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê •ÁSÕ¡ŸŸ (Osteogenesis) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ◊¥ flÎÁhU (Growth) ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ªÈáÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ •ÁSâÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥ª∆Ÿ - ∑Ò§ÁÀ‚ÿ◊, »§ÊÚS»§≈U, Áfl≈UÊÁ◊Ÿ, πÁŸ¡ Ãàfl fl ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ê„Uÿ ÃãÃÈŸ◊È Ê •Êfl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U•ÊS≈U◊ (Periosteum) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
„UÁaUÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
§ •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U „UÁaUÿÊ¥ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(i) ø¬≈UË •ÁSÕÿÊ° - S∑Ò§¬È‹Ê (∑È§À„U ∑§Ë •ÁSâÊ), ¬‚‹Ë fl S≈UŸ¸◊ (flˇÊËÿ ªÈ„UÊ ◊¥) •ÊÁŒ–
(ii) ‹ê’Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ° - »§Ë◊⁄U (¡¥ÉÊÊ •ÁSÕ) •ÀŸÊ („UÊÕ ◊¥)–
(iii) ‹ÉÊÈ •ÁSâÊÿÊ° - ∑§ÊÚ¬¸‹, ≈UÊ‚¸‹ („UÊÕ fl ¬Ò⁄U ◊¥)–
(iv) •ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã •ÁSÕÿÊ° - ∑§‡ÊM§∑§Œá«U (⁄UË«∏ ∑§Ë „UaUË) ∑§⁄UÊ≈UË (π⁄UÊ≈UË) •ÊÁŒ–
(v) ‚‚◊ÊÚßU«U •ÁSâÊÿÊ° - ¬≈U‹Ê (ÉÊÈ≈UŸ ¬⁄U ∑§≈UÊ⁄UË ŸÈ◊Ê)–
(vi) ãÿÍ◊ÒÁ≈U∑§ •ÁSÕ - ¬ÁˇÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë „UÁaUÿÊ° (πÊπ‹Ë)–
©U¬ÊÁSÕ (Cartilage)
§ ÿ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ©UûÊ∑§ (Connective Tissue)

§ ÿ ∑§ÊÚÁá«˛UŸ ŸÊ◊∑§ ‹fláÊ ÿÈQ§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ©U¬ÊÁSÕÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÷⁄‘U Ã⁄U‹ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ê ◊ÒÁ≈˛UÄ‚ ∑§„UÃ¥ „Ò¥U– ÿ„U ◊ÒÁ≈˛UÄ‚ •h¸U∆UÊ‚ (Semi Solid) ¬Ê⁄UŒ‡ÊË¸ (Transpirent) fl ßU‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ (¬˝àÿÊSÕ)
„UÊÃ Ê „ÒU–
§ ÿ ßU‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ Ã⁄U‹ „UË •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‹øË‹Ê¬Ÿ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ©U¬ÊÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U -
(i) ∑§ÊøÊ÷ (Hyaline) ©U¬ÊÁSÕ
(ii) ‡flÃ Ã¥ÃÈ◊ÿ (White fibrous) ©U¬ÊÁSÕ
(iii) ¬Ë‹Ë ‹øË‹Ë (Yellow elastic) ©U¬ÊÁSÕ
(iv) ∑Ò§À‚Ë÷ÍÃ ©U¬ÊÁSÕÃ (Calcified)
•ÁSÕ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ∑¥§∑§Ê‹
∑¥§∑§Ê‹
•ˇÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ •ŸÈ’¥äÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹

(Axial Skeleton) (Appendicular Skeleton)
Ex. ∑§⁄UÊÁ≈U,
∑§‡ÊM§∑§ Œá«U, Ex. „UÊÕ, ¬Ò⁄U, flˇÊ (•¥‡Ê ◊π‹Ê)
fl ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ° •ÊÁŒ fl ∑È§À„UÊ (üÊáÊË ◊π‹Ê)•ÊÁŒ
∑§Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ°
•ˇÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ (Axial Skeletion)

§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ •ˇÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 80 •ÁSÕÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ˇÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ° ÁŸ◊A „ÒU–
(a) ∑§⁄UÊ≈UË (Skull)
§ Á‚⁄U ∑§Ê ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§⁄UÊ≈UË ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Á‚⁄U ∑§Ë ‚èÊË •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ‚ËflŸÊ¥ (Sutures) mUÊ⁄UÊ •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ¡È«∏Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∑§⁄UÊ≈UË ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 29 •ÁSÕÿÊ° ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
∑§⁄UÊ≈UË
∑§¬Ê‹ (Crahial) ø„U⁄UÊ (Face) ∑§ÊŸ (Ear) ∑§ÊŸ (Ear)

•ÊÚÁ‚Á¬≈U‹ - v ŸÊ∑§ - w „UÊÚÿÊßU«U - v
◊ÒÁ‹ÿ‚ - w
¬⁄UÊßU≈U‹ -w flÊ◊⁄U - v ßUŸ∑§‚ - w
»¥̋§≈U‹ -v ≈UÁ’¸Ÿ‹ - w
S≈U¬Ë¡ - w
≈Uê¬Á⁄U‹ - w ‹∑§˝ ÊßU◊‹ - w
ÁS»§ŸÊÚßU«U - v ¡ÊßUªÊ◊Á ≈U∑§ -w
ßUÕ◊ ÊßU«U - v ¬Ò‹≈UÊßUŸ - w
◊ÒÁÄ‚‹Ê - w
◊ÒÁã«U’‹
§ ∑§⁄UÊÁ≈U (Skull) ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 8 •ÁSÕÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU–

§ ø„U⁄‘U (Face) ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 14 •ÁSÕÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∑§ÊŸ (Ear) ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 6 •ÁSÕÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ¡Ë÷ (Tangue) ∑§Ë ŸËø flÊ‹Ë ‚Ã„U ¬⁄U 1 •ÁSÕ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(b) ∑§‡ÊM§∑§ Œá«U (Vertibrel Column) -∑È§‹ 33 ∑§‡ÊM§∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(c) ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ° (Ribs) - ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ 24 fl ¡Ê«∏Ë ◊¥ 12 „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ 11 flË¥ 12 flË¥ ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ° S≈UŸ¸◊ ‚ ¡È«∏Ë „ÈUß¸U Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃË ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊ÈQ§ ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ° (Floating ribs) ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
•ŸÈ’¥äÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ (Appendicular Skeleton)

§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ •ŸÈ’¥äÊËÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ∑È§‹ 126 •ÁSÕÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(a) •¥‚ ◊¥π‹Ê (Pectoral Girdle)
§ ÿ ∑¥§äÊ ∑§Ë øÊÒ«∏Ë •ÁSÕ „ÒU–
§ ‚¥ÅÿÊ - 2
(b) üÊÊáÊË ◊π‹Ê (Pelvic Girdle)
§ ÿ ∑È§À„U ∑§Ë øÊÒ«∏Ë •ÁSÕ „ÒU–
§ ‚¥ÅÿÊ - 2
(c) „UÊÕ ∑§Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ°
(i) rÊÍ◊⁄U‚ - 2
(ii) ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ¥ - •ÀŸÊ - 4
(⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ ¿UÊ≈UË fl •ÀŸÊ ’«∏Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU)
(iii) ∑§ÊÚ¬‹¸ - 16
(iv) ◊≈U∑§Ê¬¸‹ - 10
(v) •¥ªÈ‹ÊÁSÕ - 28
(d) ¬Ò⁄U ∑§Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ° —-
(i) »§Ë◊⁄U (¡¥ÉÊÊ ◊¥) - 2
(ii) Á≈UÁ’ÿÊ - Á»§’È‹ - 4
(iii) ¬≈U‹Ê - 2
(iv) ≈UÊ‚¸‹ - 14
(v) ◊¥≈UÊ≈UÊ‚¸‹ - 10
(vi) •¥ªÈ‹ÊÁSÕ - 28
‚¥ÁäÊÿÊ° (Joints)
§ ‚¥ÁäÊ fl„U SÕ‹ „ÒU ¡„UÊ° ŒÊ ÿÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ •ÁSÕÿÊ° ÿÊ •ÁSÕ ∞fl¥ ©U¬ÊÁSÕÿÊ° •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ¡È«∏Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ‚¥ÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UË ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ÷ÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ ªÁÃ ‚¥÷fl „UÊ ¬ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ‚¥ÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ •äÿÿŸ ∑§Ê •ÊÕ˝Ê¸‹ÊÚ¡Ë (Arthrology) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
‚¥ÁäÊ
1 ÁSÕ⁄U ÿÊ •ø‹ ‚¥ÁäÊ (Immovable Joints)
§ ßUŸ◊¥ ªÁÃ ‚¥÷fl Ÿ„UË¥ „Ò
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ° ŒÎ…∏UÃÊ¬Ífl¸∑§ ¡È«∏Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Êß¸U SÕÊŸ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ∑§⁄UÊÁ≈U ∑§Ë •ÁSÕÿÊ°
2. •Ê¥Á‡Ê∑§ ø‹ ‚¥ÁäÊ (Slightly Mavoble)
§ ßU‚◊¥ ‚Á◊ÁÃ ªÁÃ ‚¥÷fl „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ‚¥äÊÊŸ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ªŒ¸Ÿ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ∑§‡ÊM§∑§Ê ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ∑§‹Êß¸U ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ≈UπŸ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ
3. ø‹ ‚¥ÁäÊ (Synovial Joint)
§ ßUŸ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ¬Ífl¸∑§ ªÁÃ ‚¥÷fl „ÒU
©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ —- ∑¥§ÉÊ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ¡¥ÉÊÊ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ∑§Ê„UŸË ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ, ÉÊÈ≈UŸ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁäÊ •ÊÁŒ
¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° (Muscles)
§ ¬‡ÊË ‚¥∑È§øŸ‡ÊË‹ ™§ûÊ∑§ „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞° ‹ê’Ë ¬Ã‹Ë „ÒU, ßU‚Á‹∞ ßUã„U ¬‡ÊË Ã¥ÃÈ (Myofibrils) ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ¬‡ÊËÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚¥∑È§øŸ‡ÊË‹ÃÊ ∞fl¥ ©UûÊ¡Ÿ‡ÊË‹ÃÊ ∑§Ê ªÈáÊ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÿ ªÁÃ ∞fl¥ ø‹Ÿ ◊¥ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ‚¥¬ÍáÊ¸ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÷Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ‹ª÷ª 40% ÷Êª ’ŸÊÃË „ÒU–
¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U (Types of Muscles)
§ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∞fl¥ ∑§ÊÁÿ¸∑§Ë ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÃËŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ◊¥ ’Ê¥≈UÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
(i) ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° (Skeletal Muscles)
§ ÿ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ÷ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÕÊ ø‹Ÿ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ ∑§á«U⁄UÊ•Ê¥ (Tendons) mUÊ⁄UÊ •ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚¥‹ªA ⁄U„UÃË „Ò¥U– ßUã„¥U ⁄‘UÁπÃ ÿÊ ∞Áë¿U∑§ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ°° ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ∞Áë¿U∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ ◊¥ ÃÁãòÊ∑§Ëÿ ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ∞° ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃË „ÒU, ßU‚Á‹∞ ‚¥∑È§øŸ ¡Ëfl ∑§Ë ßUë¿UÊŸÈ‚Ê⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿlÁ¬ ÃËfl˝ ‚¥∑È§øŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– Á∑§ãÃÈ ÿ ¡ÀŒË „UË Õ∑§ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ÁäÊ∑§Ê¥‡Ê ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(ii) OUUŒÿ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° (Cardic Muscles)
§ ∑§fl‹ OUŒÿ ◊¥ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ÿ ⁄‘UÁπÃ ∞fl¥ •ŸÒÁë¿U∑§ (Striated and Involuntary) ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° „ÒU ÃÕÊ ÿ SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ‚ ÁŸÿÁãòÊÃ ⁄U„UÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ßUŸ◊¥ SflÃ— ©UûÊ¡Ÿ‡ÊË‹ÃÊ (self Excitability) ∑§Ê ªÈáÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ Õ∑§ÃË ÷Ë Ÿ„UË¥ „Ò¥U–
§ ÿ OUŒÿ ∑§ S¬¥ŒŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(iii) Áø∑§ŸË ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° (Smooth Musles)
§ •Ê¥Ã⁄UÊ¥ªÊ ¡Ò‚ •Ê„UÊ⁄UŸÊ‹, M§ÁäÊ⁄U flÊÁ„UŸË •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ë Á÷ÁûÊÿÊ¥ ◊ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ •⁄‘UÁπÃ (Unstriated) ∞fl¥ •ŸÒÁë¿U∑§ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° „UÊÃË „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ‚ ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ∞° ¬˝Ê# ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
§ ßUŸ∑§Ê ‚¥∑È§øŸ äÊË◊Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– Á¡‚‚ ßUŸ◊¥ Õ∑§ÊŸ ÷Ë Œ⁄UË ‚ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •¥ªÊ ∑§ •fl∑§Ê‡Ê (lumen) ◊¥ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§ ‚¥øÊ‹Ÿ (Conduction) ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê „UÊÃË „ÒU–
∑¥§∑§Ê‹¬‡ÊË ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ (Structure of Skeletat Muscle)
§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹¬‡ÊË •Ÿ∑§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ÿÊ ¬‡ÊË Ã¥ÃÈ•Ê¥ ‚ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ •ãŒ⁄U 10 ‚ 100 ¬‡ÊË Ã¥ÃÈ ∞∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ∑§ ‚◊ÊãÃ⁄U √ÿflÁSÕÃ „UÊ ∑§⁄U ¬Í‹ ÿÊ ‚◊Í„U (Bundles) ’ŸÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ∞‚ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‚◊Í„U ∑§Ê ¬ÍÁ‹∑§Ê (Fasciculus) ∑§„UÃ¥ „ÒU–
§ ¬ÍÁ‹∑§Ê ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSâÊÃ Ã¥ÃÈ ¬‡ÊË •ãÃ— ¬Á‡Ê∑§Ê (Endomysium) ŸÊ◊∑§ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ™§ûÊ∑§ ‚ ÁÉÊ⁄‘U ⁄U„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ¬ÍÁ‹∑§Ê ∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Ë ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ™§ûÊ∑§ ∑§Ê •Êfl⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ •Êfl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U¬Á‡Ê∑§Ê (Perimysium) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥–
§ •Ÿ∑§ ¬ÍÁ‹∑§Ê∞° Á◊‹∑§⁄U ŒÎ…∏U ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ™§ûÊ∑§ ∑§ ‚„U•Êfl⁄UáÊ ‚ ÁÉÊ⁄UË ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU ¡Ê¥ •ÁäÊ¬Á‡Ê∑§Ê (Epimysium) ÿÊ ‚¥¬Û (Fascia) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ
„ÒU–
§ ‚¥¬Û ¬‡ÊË ‚ ¬‡ÊË ∑§Ê àfløÊ ‚ ’Ê¥äÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° ∑§ÊÒ‹¡Ÿ ‚ ÁŸÁêÊ¸Ã ∑§á«U⁄UÊ•Ê¥ (Tendons) mUÊ⁄UÊ •ÁSÕ ‚ ‚‹¥ÇŸ ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË Ã¥ÃÈ ‹ê’Ë fl ’‹ŸÊ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§Ê √ÿÊ‚ 10 ‚ 100 Ã∑§ „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡∑§Ê ’„ÈU∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ∑§ÊÁ‡∑§Ê ∑§Ë å‹Êí◊Ê Á¤ÊÑË ∑§Ê ‚Ê∑§Ê¸‹◊Ê (Sarcolemma) ∞fl¥ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊË Œ˝√ÿ (Sarcoplasm) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË Ã¥ÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚Ê∑§Ê¸◊Ëÿ⁄U (Sarcomere) ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ‚Ê∑§Ê¸◊Ëÿ⁄U ¬‡ÊË ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊà◊∑ ßU∑§Êß¸U „ÒU–
§ ¬‡ÊË ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ◊¥ ‹ÒÁÄ≈U∑§ •ê‹ fl ‚¥øÿ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚‚¥ ¬‡ÊË ◊¥ ŒŒ¸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
•ÁSÕÿÊ¥ ∑§ ⁄UÊª (Disorders of Bones)
1. ‚¥ÁäÊ ‡ÊÊäÊ (Anthritis)
§ ßU‚ ¡Ê«UÊ ◊¥ ŒŒ¸ ÿÊ ªÁ∆UÿÊ ’Êÿ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ‚¥ÁäÊ‡ÊÊäÊ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
(a) ⁄U„ÍU◊≈UÊÚßU«U ‚¥ÁäÊ ‡ÊÊäÊ —- ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ ‚¥äÊË ∑§Ë Á¤ÊÑË ◊¥ ‚Í¡Ÿ •Ê ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
(b) •ÊÁS≈UÿÊ •ÊÕ˝Ê¸ßUÁ≈U‚ —-
§ ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ ‚¥ÁäÊ ˇÊÁÃª˝„UÃ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃ— flÎhUÊflSÕÊ ◊¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ⁄UÊª „ÒU–
(c) ªÁ∆UÿÊ (Gouty Anthritis) —-
§ ÿ„U ⁄UÊª ‚¥ÁäÊ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ∑§ ◊ÊŸÊ ‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ ‹fláÊÊ ∑§ ¡◊Êfl ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
2. •ÁSÕÁ¿UŒ˝ÃÊ (Osteoporosis)
§ ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ •ÁSÕ ∑§Ê Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ ∑§◊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ •ÁSÕ ◊¥ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ÷Êª ∞fl¥ πÁŸ¡ (Ca) ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ◊Ê◊Í‹Ë øÊ≈U ‚ •ÁS≈U ≈ÍU≈U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ - Ca fl Áfl≈UÊÁ◊ã‚ C fl D ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „UÊŸÊ „ÒU–
3. Á⁄U∑§≈˜U‚ —-
§ ÿ„U Ca, P fl Áfl≈UÊÁ◊Ÿ -«UË ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ „UÁaUÿÊ° ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
4. ¬Òª≈U˜‚ ⁄UÊª —-
§ ßU‚◊¥ „UÁaUÿÊ° ¬Ã‹Ë ∞fl¥ ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
5. ¬‡ÊË «UÊÿS≈˛UÊÚ»§Ë —-
§ ßU‚ ⁄UÊª ◊ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° ∑§◊ ©U◊˝ ◊¥ ˇÊÁÃ ª˝SÃ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– (12 fl·¸ ∑§Ë •ÊÿÈ ◊¥)
6. Á◊ÁSÕÁŸÿÊ ªÁfl‚ —-
7. Á≈U≈UŸË —-
◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ

(Narves System in Man)
◊ÊŸfl ◊¥ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ÃãòÊ ∑§Ê ÃËŸ ÷ÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ ’Ê≈UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
1. ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (CNS) :-
(i) ◊ÁSÃc∑§ (ii) ◊M§⁄UîÊÈ
2. ¬Á⁄UäÊËÿ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (PNS) :-
(i) ∑§¬Ê‹ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (ii) ◊M§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞°
3. SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (ANS) :-
(i) •ŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ
(ii) ¬⁄UÊŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ
1. ◊ÁSÃc∑§ (Brain)
◊ÁSÃc∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ë ™§Ã∑§ ‚ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã Á¤ÊÁÑÿÊ¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁÉÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU Á¡ã„¥U ◊ÁSÃc∑§Êfl⁄UáÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
(i) ŒÎ…UÃÊÁŸ∑§Ê (Duramater)
§ ÿ„U ∑§Ê‹¡Ÿ Ã¥ÃÈ „UÊÃ „ÒU ÃÕÊ •ŸÒ∑§ ßUŸ◊¥ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ¬ÊòÊ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
(ii) ¡Ê‹ÃÊÁŸ∑§ (Arachnoid) :-
§ ÿ„U «UÿÍ⁄UÊ◊≈U⁄U ÃÕÊ ¬ÊÿÁ◊≈U⁄U ¬⁄UÃÊ ∑§ ◊äÿ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU–
(iii) ◊ÎŒÈÃÊÁŸ∑§Ê (Piamater):-
§ ÿ„U ◊M§⁄UîÊÍ ÃÕÊ ◊«ÈU‹Ê •ÊÚé‹Ê¥ª≈UÊ ∑§ ‚◊Ë¬ ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ßUã„U ⁄UQ§ ¡Ê‹∑§ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥–
¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ ◊M§Œ˝fl (Cerebrospinal Fluid) :-
§ ∞∑§ SflSÕ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ◊¥ ¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ ◊M§ Œ˝fl ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ‹ª÷ª 150ml ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
∑§Êÿ¸ —- ◊M§⁄UîÊÈ ∑§Ë ’Ês •ÊÉÊÊ¥ÃÊ ‚ ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò¥U–
•ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ, ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ«UÊÚßU•ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U ∑§ •ÊŒÊŸ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
◊ÁSÃc∑§ ÁŸÀÿ (Ventricles of the Brain)
§ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ◊¥ πÊπ‹Ë ÃÕÊ •ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ªÈ„UÊ ∑§Ê ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ÁŸ‹ÿ ∑§„UÃ¥ „Ò¥U–
◊ÁSÃc∑§ ÁŸ‹ÿ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U —-
§ ŒÊÿÊ° ∞fl¥ ’Ê°ÿÊ ¬ÊE¸ ÁŸ‹ÿ (Right & Left hateral Ventricles)
§ ÃÎÃËÿ ÁŸ‹ÿ (Third Ventricle)
§ øÃÈÕ¸ ÁŸ‹ÿ (Fourth Ventricle)
◊ÊŸfl ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§ ÁflÁ÷óÊ ÷Êª, ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∞fl¥ ∑§Êÿ¸

(Structure and Functions of Variqus Parts of Human Brain)
1. •ª˝ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ —-
(i) ¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ —-
§ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ÷Êª ∑§ÊÚ¬‚¸ ∑Ò§‹Ê‚◊ ‚ ¡È«∏U „UÊÃ „ÒU–
(a) •ª˝ ‹Ê≈U ¬Ê‹Ë (Frountal hobe)
§ ÿ„U •Êª ∑§Ë •Ê⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ ’Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‚¬ÛÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU
(b) Á÷ÁûÊ ÿÊ ¬Ò⁄UÊßU≈U‹ ¬ÊÁ‹
§ ÿ„U »˝§Êã≈U‹ ¬Ê‹Ë ∑§ ¬Ë¿U „UÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ÿ„U ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ ÁflŒ⁄UÿÊ ⁄UÊ‹ã«UÊ ∑§Ê ÁflŒ⁄U ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
(c) ‡Ê¥π ÿÊ ≈Uê¬Ê⁄U‹ ¬ÊÁ‹ (Temporal hode):-
§ ÿ„U ¬Ò⁄UÊßU≈U‹ ¬Ê‹Ë ∑§ ŸËø „UÊÃË „ÒÒU–
(d) •ŸÈ∑§¬Ê‹ ÿÊ •ÊÚÄ‚ËÁ¬≈U‹ ¬ÊÁ‹ (Occipital hode):-
§ ÿ„U ¬ÊÁ‹ ¿UÊ≈UË ∞fl¥ ‚’‚ ¬Ë¿U „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§Ë ªÈ„UÊ ¬Ê‡fl¸ ÁŸ‹ÿ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ (Functiors of Cerebrum)
1. ‚¥flŒŸ ∑§Êÿ¸
2. ¬˝⁄U∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸
(ii) •ª˝ ◊ÁSÃc∑§¬‡ø ÿÊ «UÊßU∞Ÿ‚»§‹ÊÚŸ (Dlencepualon)

§ ßU‚◊¥ ¬Êß¸U ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ªÈ„UÊ «UÊÿÊ‚Ë‹ (Diocoel) ÿÊ ÃÎÃËÿ ÁŸ‹ÿ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „Ò–
§ ßU‚∑§ ÃËŸ ÷Êª „UÊÃ „ÒU–
(a) •ÁäÊøÒÃ∑§ ÿÊ ∞¬ËÕÒ‹◊‚ (Epithalamus)
§ ßU‚◊¥ äÊÍ‚⁄U Œ˝√ÿ ‚ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã âÊÒ‹Á◊∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ (Thalamicnueleus) „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(b) øÃ∑§ ÿÊ ÕÒ‹◊‚ —-
§ Õ‹◊‚ ¬Í⁄‘U «UÊßU∞Ÿ‚»§‹ÊÚŸ ∑§Ê 80% ÷Êª „ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ¬˝‚Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U S¬‡Ê¸, ŒÎÁCU, SflÊŒ, ∑§ê¬Ÿ, ¬Ë«∏Ê •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
(c) •äÊpÃ∑§ ÿÊ „UÊßU¬ÕÒ‹◊‚ (Hypothalamus):-
§ ßU‚∑§Ê øÊ⁄U ÷ÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ ’Ê¥≈UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–,
1. øÈøÈ∑§Êÿ ∑§Êÿ ÿÊ êÊÒÁ◊‹⁄UË’ÊÚ«UË ÷Êª
2. ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ ÷Êª
3. •ÁäÊŒÎ∑§ ÷Êª
4. ¬Ífl¸Œ∑§ ÷Êª
„UÊßU¬ÊÕÒ‹◊‚ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ (Funtions of Hypothalamus)

§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ fl •ãÿ SòÊÊflË Ã¥òÊ ◊¥ ‚ê’¥äÊ SâÊÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÃÊ¬ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ
§ ¬ËÿÍ· ª˝ÁãÕ ∑§Ë SòÊÊfláÊ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ
◊äÿ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ (Mid Brain or Mesencephalon)
§ ÿ„U ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§Ê •¬ˇÊÊ∑Î§Ã ¿UÊ≈UÊ ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U– ßU‚ ßU≈U⁄U ÿÊ Á‚ÁÀflÿ‚ ∑§Ë ∞Ä‚Ë«UÄ≈U ∑§„UÃ¥ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚∑§ ŒÊ ÷Êª „ÒU–
(•) ∑Í˝§⁄UÊ ‚Á⁄U’˝ÊßU ÿÊ ¬˝◊ÁSÃc∑§ flÎÃ∑§–
(’) Á¬á«U øÃÈÁCU ÿÊ ∑§ÊÚ⁄U¬Ê⁄UÊ ÄflÊ«˛UË¡Á◊ŸÊ–
◊äÿ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ (Funtions of Brain)
§ ¬˝÷ÊflË ¬‡ÊËÿ ªÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚◊ãflÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
§ ŒÎCUË ‚ê’¥äÊË ∑§Êÿ¸
§ üÊfláÊ ‚ê’ÁãäÊ ∑§Êÿ¸
(iii) ¬p ◊ÁSÃc∑§ (Hind Brain or Rhombence phalen) :-
ßU‚∑§ ÃËŸ ¬˝◊Èπ ÷ÊªÊ¥ „UÊÃ „ÒU
(•) •ŸÈ◊ÁSàÊc∑§ —-
§ ÿ„U •àÿÁäÊ∑§ ‚¥flÁ‹Ã (Folded) „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ ÷Êª ‡flÃ Œ˝√ÿ ‚ ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ÃËŸ •ŸÈ◊ÁSÃc∑§Ëÿ flÎ¥ÃÊ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ SÃê÷ ∑§ ÷ÊªÊ ◊äÿ ◊ÁSÃc∑§, ¬Ê¥‚ ÃÕÊ ◊È«U‹Ê ‚ ¡È«∏Ê ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU–
•ŸÈ◊ÁSàÊc∑§ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ —-
§ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝÷ÊflË ‚◊ãflÿ SÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UŸÊ
§ ø‹Ÿ, Á»§⁄UŸ, ŒÊÒ«UŸ¥ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ‚Èª◊ ’ŸÊŸÊ–
§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ê ‚¥ÃÈ‹Ÿ ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄πŸÊ –
(’) ¬Êã‚ ’⁄UÊ‹Êß¸U (Pons Varolli)
§ ÿ„U øfl¸áÊ Á∑˝§ÿÊ, ‹Ê⁄U, SòÊfláÊ, ŸòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ‡ÊË‹ÃÊ ◊¥ ÁŸÿ¥òÊ∑§ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò–
§ ÿ„U ◊«ÍU‹Ê •ÊÚé‹Ê¥ª≈UÊ ∑§ ∆UË∑§ ™§¬⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(‚) ◊«ÈU‹Ê •ÊÚé‹Ê¥ª≈UÊ —-
§ ßU‚ øÃÈÕ¸ ÁŸ‹ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
§ ◊«ÈU‹Ê ∑§Ë Á÷ÁûÊ ∑§Ê ‚Ã„UË ÷Êª ‡flÃ Œ˝√ÿ ‚ ÃÕÊ ÷ËÃ⁄UË ÷Êª äÊÍ‚⁄U Œ˝√ÿ ‚ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
◊«ÈU‹Ê ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ —-
§ ‡fl‚Ÿ •Ê„UÊ⁄UŸÊ‹ ∑§ ∑˝§◊Ê∑¥È§øŸ, OUŒÿ S¬ãŒ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ
§ ¿UË¥∑§Ÿ fl πÊ‚Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝∑§ „Ò¥U–
◊M§⁄UîÊÈ (Spinal Cord)

SâÊÊŸ —- ∑§‡ÊM§∑§ Œá«U ∑§Ë Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ŸÊ‹ ◊¥ ÁSÕÃ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
‚¥⁄UøŸÊ —- ÿ„U ‹ê’ πÊπ‹Ë ÃÕÊ ’‹ŸÊ∑§Ê⁄U „UÊÃË „ÒU–
ŸÊ≈U —- ßU‚∑§Ê •ª˝ ÷Êª ‚¥ªÃ ÷ÊªÊ¥ ¬⁄U »Í§‹∑§⁄U ’„ÈU ©Uà»È§ÑŸ ÃÕÊ ∑§Á≈U ©Uà»È§ÀÀÊŸ ’ŸÊÃÊ „ÒU–
ßU‚∑§Ê •ÁãÃ◊ ÷Êª ∑§ß¸U Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞•Ê¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á◊‹∑§⁄U ∑§ÊÚ«UÊ ∞ÁÄflŸÊ ’ŸÊÃÊ „ÒU–
∑§Êÿ¸ —- ¬˝ÁÃflÃË¸ Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU–
‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ÷ÊªÊ¥ ∞fl¥ ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ◊¥ ‚◊ãflÿ ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄UπŸÊ–
◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ∑§¬Ê‹ ÃÁãòÊ∑§Ê∞°
1. äÊ˝ÊáÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Olvafutory Narves)
2. ŒÎ∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Optic Nerves)
3. •ÁˇÊøÊ‹∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Oculomotor Nerves)
4. ø∑˝§∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Trochlear Nerves)
5. ≈˛UÊßU¡Á◊Ÿ‹ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Trigeminal Neaves)
6. •¬øÊ‹∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (ABducens Neaves)
7. •ÊŸŸË Ã¥òÊË∑§Ê∞°
8. üÊfláÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Audirory Nerves)
9. Á¡√„UÊ - ª˝‚ŸË Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Glosso - Pharyngeal Neaver)
10. flª‚ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Vagus Nerves)
11. ‚È·È◊AËÿ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Spinal Accessory Nerves)
12. Á¡√„UÊ •äÊËflÃË¸ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° (Hypoglossal Nerves)
◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ◊M§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞ (Spinal Nerves in man)
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ 31 ¡Ê«∏Ê ◊M§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
1. ª˝ËflÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° 2. flˇÊËÿ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° 3. ∑§Á≈U Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞°
4. ÁòÊ∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° 5. ¬Èë¿UËÿ Ã¥òÊË∑§Ê∞°
SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (Autonomic Nervous System ANS)
§ ÿ„U •ãÃ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
1. •ŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (Sympathetic Nervous System)
§ ÿ„U ◊M§⁄UîÊÈ ∑§ flˇÊ ÃÕÊ ∑§Ë≈U ¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑§ äÊÍ‚⁄U Œ˝√ÿ ‚ ÁŸ∑§‹ÃË „ÒU,
§ ÿ„U ‡flÃ ⁄¥Uª ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ¿Ê≈UË-¿UÊ≈UË ªÈÁë¿UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ‹ê’Ë ∑§ÃÊ⁄U „ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ •ŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë ªÈÁë¿UÿÊ ∑§ 22 ¡Ê«∏ „UÊÃ „Ò¥–
2. ¬⁄UÊŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ (Parasympathetic Nervous System) :-
§ ßU‚ ∑§¬Ê‹ ÁòÊ∑§ •ÕÊ¸Ã ∑˝§ÁŸÿÊ¥ - ‚¥∑È§‹ ’Á„¸Uªÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
SflÊÿûÊ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ (Functions of Autonomic Nervous System)
§ ¬˝ÊáÊË ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚÷Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ
§ •¥Ã⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿãòÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
§ •ŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥òÊ ∑˝§ÊäÊ fl ÷ÿ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ „UÊÃ „ÒU– ¡’Á∑§ ¬⁄UÊŸÈ∑§ê¬Ë Ã¥òÊ ‚¥ÃÈCUË ‚Èπ ¬˝‚ÛÊÃÊ ◊¥ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ ⁄U„UÃ „ÒU–
¬˝ÁÃflÃ¸ ∞fl¥ ¬˝ÁÃflÃË¸ Á∑˝§ÿÊ (Reflexes and Reflex Action)
§ ¬˝ÁÃflÃ¸ Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UË √ÿÁQ§ ’Ês fl •ÊÁãÃÁ⁄U∑§ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ „UÊŸ flÊ‹ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ Ã¡Ë ‚ •ŸÈÁ∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
¡Ò‚ —- 1. ∆Uá«U ‹ªŸ ¬⁄U ∑¥§¬∑¥§¬Ë
2. Ã¡ ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê ∑§ ‚Ê◊Ÿ •Ê°π ∑§Ê ’¥Œ „UÊŸÊ
¬˝ÁÃflÃË¸ ∑§ M§¬ (Types of Reflexes)
1. •ŸÈ’¥ÁäÊÃ ¬˝ÁÃflÃ¸ —-
§ ÿ„U ∞∑§ ¬Ë…UË ‚ ŒÍ‚⁄UË ¬Ë…UË ◊¥ ‚¥øÁ⁄UÃ „UÊŸ flÊ‹ ¡ã◊¡ÊÃ ¬˝ÁÃflÃ¸ „Ò¥U–
2. ¬˝ÁÃ’¥ÁäÊÃ ¬˝ÁÃflÃ¸ —-
§ ∞‚Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ∞° ¡Ê ¬˝ÊáÊË •ŸÈ÷fl mUÊ⁄UÊ ©U¬ÊÁ¡¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ¡Ò‚ —- ‚ÊßU∑§‹ ø‹ÊŸÊ
Á∑˝§ÿÊÁflÁäÊ —-
Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê •ÕflÊ ãÿÍ⁄UÊÚŸ (Nerve Cell or Neuron)
§ ◊ÊŸfl ◊¥ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ãÿÍ⁄UÊÚã‚ mUÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÿ„U ÷Í˝áÊËÿ ’Êsø◊¸ ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–,
§ ÿ„U Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ÁŸ◊A ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ•Ê¥ ‚ Á◊‹∑§⁄U ’ŸË „UÊÃË „ÒU—-
1. ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ (Cyton or Soma)
2. ŒÈ˝◊fläÊ¸ (Dendrons)
3. Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§ÊˇÊ (Axon)
1. ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Êÿ (Cyton or some)
§ ÿ„U ãÿÍ⁄UÊÚŸ ∑§Ê ªÊ‹ •âÊflÊ •á«UÊ∑§Ê⁄U ÷Êª „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ ÁŸS‚‹ ∑§áÊ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚◊¥ •ÊflªÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ „UÃÈ •Ÿ∑§ ◊„UËŸ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ÃãÃÈ ¬Ê∞ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
2. Œ˝È◊fläÊ¸ (Dendrons) :-
§ U ãÿÍ⁄UÊÚŸ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ‚ ÁŸ∑§‹Ÿ flÊ‹ ‚Íˇÿ ’„ÈU‡ÊÊπË ¬˝flÁäÊ •¬Ÿ ‚◊Ë¬flÃË¸ ãÿÍ⁄UÊÚŸ ∑§ ∞Ä‚ÊÚŸ ÃãÃÈ ‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑§Ê⁄UË ‚ê’¥äÊ
SÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
3. Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§ÊˇÊ —-
§ ÿ„U ’‹ŸÊ∑§Ê⁄U •Ê∑Î§ÁÃ ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ßU‚∑§ ¿UÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÉÊÈá«UË ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ⁄UøŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U —-
§ ‚¥flŒË Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê —- ÿ„U ‚¥flŒË Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ •ÊflªÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ÁãŒ˝ÿ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê •¥ªÊ Ã∑§ ‹ ¡ÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ øÊ‹∑§ / ¬˝⁄U∑§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥òÊ - ßUŸ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ©UgË¬Ÿ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ •ŸÈÁ∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝∑§≈U Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê •Êflª ∞fl¥ ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ (Nerve Impulse and Its Propagotion)
§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ©UûÊ¡Ÿ „UË Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê •Êflª ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ã¥ÃÈ ∑§Ê ©UgËÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ©UgË¬Ÿ ‡ÊÁQ§ ∑§Ê Œ„U‹Ë¡ ©UgË¬Ÿ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ Ã¥ÁòÊ∑§Ëÿ •Êflª ∑§Ê ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ 45 ◊Ë≈U⁄U / ‚Ò∑§á«U ‚ „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ∞∑§ ãÿÍ⁄UÊŸ ‚ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ãÿÍ⁄UÊŸ ¬⁄U •ÊflªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥ø⁄UáÊ Á‚Ÿå≈UË∑§ ’≈UŸ ¬⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
q q q
©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ Ã¥òÊ
(Excreatory System)
¬Á⁄Uøÿ —-
§ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ ©U¬Ê¬øÿ (Metabolism) ∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ ™§¡Ê¸ ∞fl¥ ∑È§¿U „UÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄∑§ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ (Harmful Substanes) ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ßUŸ
„ÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄∑§ ¬ŒÊâÊÊ¸ ∑§Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄ ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ŸÊ ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÷Êíÿ ¬ŒÊâÊÊ¸ ◊¥ ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬˝ÊÁ≈Uã‚ ∑§ ©U¬Ê¬øÿ (¬ÊøŸ) ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ, ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ fl •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ßUŸ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ flÎP§ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „UÊÃË „Ò–
§ ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ èÊÊª ‹Ÿ flÊ‹ •¥ª ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ •¥ª (Excretory Organ) ∑§„U‹ÊÃ „ÒU–
•∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ —-
¡ãÃÈ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ •¥ª

∞∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ë ¡ãÃ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§ Á¤ÊÑË
S¬¥¡ fl ‚Ë‹ã≈˛U≈UÊ •ÁäÊø◊¸
å‹ÒÁ≈U„UÁÀ◊ãÕË¡ íflÊ‹Ê ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥
∞ŸÁ‹«U flÎP§ (ŸÁ»˝§Á«UÿÊ)
∑§Ë≈U ◊Ò‹Ë¬Ë¡Ë ŸÁ‹∑§Ê∞¥
◊ÊÚ‹S∑§ ∞∑§ ¡Ê«∏Ë fl∏P§
ßU∑§Êß¸ŸÊ«¸U◊ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ •¥ª •ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÃ
∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ —-
¡ãÃÈ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ •¥ª

SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË àfløÊ
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË »§»§«¥∏
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË ÿ∑Î§Ã
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË •Ê„UÊ⁄UŸÊ‹
◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ° Ä‹Ê◊
¬ˇÊË ‹fláÊ ª˝¥ÁÕÿÊ°
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË å‹Ë„UÊ
•ÁäÊ∑§Ê¥‡Ê »§‡ÊM§∑§Ë ¡ãÃÈ flÎP§
SÃŸäÊÊ⁄UË - ◊ŸÈcÿ (◊ÊŸfl)

àfløÊ —- ßU‚∑§ mÊ⁄UÊ ¡‹, ‹fláÊ fl CO2 ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU
»§»§«U —- ∑È§¿U ¡‹ (÷Ê¬ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥) fl CO2 ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ
ÿ∑Î§Ã —- Á¬Ã fláÊ¸∑§Ê (Bile pigments) ∑§Ê ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ÃÊ „ÒU–
•Ê„UÊ⁄UŸÊ‹ —- •¬ÁøÃ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ
Ä‹Ê◊ —- ‹fláÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ
‹fláÊ ª˝¥ÁÕÿÊ° —- ‹fláÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ
flÎP§ —- ¡‹, ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ ÿÈQ§ •¬Á‡ÊDU ¬ŒÊÕ¸ fl ‹fláÊ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ◊ÍòÊ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ–
©Uà‚¡Ë¸ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U

1. ÿÍÁ⁄U•Ê≈UÁ‹∑§ (Urotelic) :-
§ ∞‚ ¡ãÃÈ ¡Ê •¬Á‡ÊCU ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU, ÿÍÁ⁄•Ê≈Á‹∑§ ∑§„U‹ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ 100ml ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ 2 ª˝Ê◊ Ã∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§◊ ¬ÊŸË ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU, ßU‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ SÕ‹Ëÿ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ◊ÈÅÿ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ ¬ŒÊâÊ¸ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ
„UÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ 1 gm ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ê ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ 50ml ¡‹ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
¡Ò‚ ó ∑¥§øÈ•Ê, ¬ÊßU‹Ê, ◊¥…∏U∑§, π⁄UªÊ‡Ê fl ◊ŸÈcÿ •ÊÁŒ–
2. ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ —-
§ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÿ∑Î§Ã ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê •ÊÚÁŸ¸ÕËŸ ø∑˝§ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ÍòÊ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ 2% Ã∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ 100ml ◊ÍòÊ ◊¥ 2 ª˝Ê◊ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∞‚ ¡ãÃÈ ¡Ê ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU– •◊ÊŸÊÁ≈UÁ‹∑§ ∑§„U‹ÊÃ „Ò¥–
§ •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ ¡‹ ◊¥ ÉÊÈ‹Ÿ‡ÊË‹ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¡‹Ëÿ ¡ãÃÈ •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ „UË •¬Á‡ÊCU ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
3. ÿÍ⁄UË∑§Ê≈UÁ‹∑§ (Urico telic)
§ ∞‚ ¡ãÃÈ ¡Ê ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ∑§Ê ©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU, ÿÍ⁄UË∑§Ê≈UÁ‹∑§ ∑§„U‹ÊÃ „ÒU–
§ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ¡‹ ◊¥ •ÉÊÈ‹Ÿ‡ÊË‹ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ¬˝ÁÃ 100ml ◊¥ 26mg „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ ¡ãÃÈ ¡‹ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë flÊ‹ SÕÊŸÊ¥ ¬⁄U ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
¡Ò‚ ó ∑§Ë≈U, ‚Ê°¬, Á¿U¬∑§‹Ë, ¬ˇÊË, ◊M§flÊ‚Ë SÃŸË ¡Ò‚ ™°§≈U •ÊÁŒ–
©Uà‚¡Ë¸ Ã¥òÊ
§ ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ (⁄UË«∏ ∑§Ë „aUË flÊ‹ ¡Ëfl) ◊¥ ◊ÈÅÿ ©Uà‚¡Ë¸ •¥ª ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ¡Ê«U∏Ë flÎP§ (Kedeny) ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ flÎP§ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÷Í˝áÊ ∑§Ë ◊Ë¡Ê«U◊¸ (Mesoderm) ¬⁄UÃ ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ flÎP§ ª„U⁄‘U ‹Ê‹ ⁄¥Uª ∑§ ÃÕÊ ‚◊ ∑§ ’Ë¡ ∑§ ¡Ò‚ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
flÎP§ ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄U◊Ê¬
‹ê’Êß¸U 11 – 13cm
øÊÒ«UÊß¸U 5 – 7.5cm
◊Ê≈UÊß¸U 3.5cm.
§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ flÎP§ ∑§Ê ÷Ê⁄U ‹ª÷ª 150 ª˝Ê◊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–

flÎP§Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∞fl¥ ßUŸ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ —-
flÎP§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¬˝ÊáÊË
¬˝ÊŸ»˝§Ê‚ ◊…∏U∑§ ∑§ ‹ÊflÊ¸ ◊¥
◊Ë¡ÊŸ»˝§Ê‚ ◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ fl ◊¥…∏U∑§
◊≈UÊŸ»˝§Ê‚ ◊ŸÈcÿ, ¬ˇÊË, ‚Ê°¬
§ ¬˝ÊŸ»˝§Ê‚ ‚’‚ ¬È⁄UÊŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ „ÒU–

§ ◊Ê≈UÊŸ»˝§Ê‚ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ flÎP§ „Ò¥U–
Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ (Nephrons)
§ Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ flÎP§ ∑§Ë ‚’‚ ¿UÊ≈UË ßU∑§Êß¸U „UÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ flÎP§ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 10–12 ‹Êπ Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ◊¥ „UË ◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ◊¥ ÃËŸ ¬˝◊Èπ ÷Êª „UÊÃ „ÒU-
(a) ◊À¬ËÁÉÊÿŸ ∑§Êÿ (b) ª˝ËflÊ (c) ŸÁ‹∑§Ëÿ ÷Êª
(a) ◊À¬ËÁÉÊÿŸ ∑§Êÿ —-
§ ÿ„U Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄¥UÁ÷∑§ ÷Êª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡Ê åÿÊ‹ŸÈ◊Ê „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ ’Ê◊Ÿ ‚ê¬È≈U ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ßU‚Ë ‚⁄¥øŸÊ ¬⁄U M§ÁäÊ⁄U ¿UŸÃÊ „ÒU–
(b) ª˝ËflÊ —- ’Ê◊Ÿ ‚ê¬È≈U ∑§ ¬Ë¿U ∑§Ë ‚¥∑§⁄UË ŸÁ‹∑§Ê
(c) ŸÁ‹∑§Ëÿ ÷Êª —- Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ◊¥ ’Ê◊Ÿ ‚ê¬È≈U fl ª˝ËflÊ ∑§ •‹ÊflÊ ÷Êª ŸÁ‹∑§Ëÿ ÷Êª „Ò¥U–
ÁŸÁ‹∑§Ëÿ ÷Êª ÁŸ◊A ÷ÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã ⁄U„UÃÊ „Ò¥U–
(a) ‚◊Ë¬SÕ ∑È§á«UÁ‹Ã ŸÁ‹∑§Ê
(b) „Uã‹ ∑§Ê ‹Í¬
(c) ŒÍ⁄USÕ ∑È§á«UÁ‹Ã ŸÁ‹∑§Ê
(d) ‚¥ª˝„U ŸÁ‹∑§Ê
◊ÍòÊÊ‡Êÿ (Urinary Bladder)

§ ÿ„U ÕÒ‹ËŸÈ◊Ê •¥ª „ÒU ¡Ê ◊ÍòÊ ‚¥øÿ ¬ÊòÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ◊ÍòÊÊ‡Êÿ ÁÃ∑§ÊŸ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê „UÊÃÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ßU‚◊¥ •⁄‘UÁÅÊÃ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° „UÊÃË „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ÍòÊÊ‡Êÿ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 700 – 800ml ◊ÍòÊ ‚¥ÁøÃ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¥U–
◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥ÉÊ≈UŸ (Composition of Urine)
§ ⁄¥Uª - „UÀ∑§Ê ¬Ë‹Ê (ÿÍ⁄UÊ∑˝§Ê◊ ŸÊ◊∑§ fláÊ¸∑§ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ)
§ ◊ÊòÊÊ - 1–2 ‹Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ
§ ª¥äÊ - ÿÍÁ⁄UŸÊ«U ª¥äÊ (ÃËπË ∞⁄UÊ◊Á≈U∑§ ª¥äÊ)
§ P H
- ŒÈ’¸‹ •ê‹Ëÿ ({)
§ ¡‹ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ - 96%
§ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ - 2%
§ •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ‹fláÊ - 1.5% (Na,Mg,K,PO4, SO4, Cl)
§ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ‹fláÊ - 0.5%
§ Á∑˝§ÿÁ≈UÁŸŸ - 0.75%
§ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ - .05%
§ Á„U¬ÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ - .5%
§ •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ - .04%
§ ◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏UŸ ∑§Ê ◊ÍòÊ‹ÃÊ (Diuresis) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏UŸ „UÃÈ «UÊßUÿÍ⁄‘UÁ≈U∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ¡Ò‚ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ, ‚È∑˝§Ê‚, ◊ÒÁŸ≈UÊÚ‹ fl øÊÿ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê M§ÁäÊ⁄U ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ
’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
M§ÁäÊ⁄U •¬Ê„UŸ (Haemodialysis)
§ ¡’ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ flÎP§ ∆UË∑§ Ã⁄U„U ‚ ∑§Êÿ¸ Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ¬ÊÃ „ÒU ∞‚Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U– ßU‚ •flSÕÊ ∑§Ê
ÿÍ⁄‘UÁ◊ÿÊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ÿÍ⁄‘UÁ◊ÿÊ ∑§Ë •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ê M§ÁäÊ⁄U ‚ ’Ê„U⁄U ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑Î§ÁòÊ◊ ◊‡ÊËÁŸÿ flÎP§ mUÊ⁄UÊ M§ÁäÊ⁄U ∑§ ‡ÊÈÁhU∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê M§ÁäÊ⁄U
•¬Ê„UŸ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥–
©Uà‚¡¸Ÿ Ã¥òÊ ‚¥’¥äÊË ⁄UÊª
(Disorders Related to Excretion)
1. ÿÍ⁄‘UÁ◊ÿÊ (Uremia)
§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§Ë ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ◊ÊòÊÊ - 10 – 30 mg/ 100ml
2. ªÊÚ©U≈U (Gout)
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ —- § ßU‚◊¥ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ∞∑§ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ ⁄UÊª „Ò¥–
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÁŸ¡¸‹Ë∑§⁄UáÊ (Dehydration) fl ©U¬flÊ‚ (Fasting/ fl˝Ã) ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
3. flÎP§ ¬Õ⁄UË (Kidey Stones)
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- ∑Ò§ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ ∑§ »§ÊÚS»§≈U ‹fláÊ ÿÍÁ⁄U∑§ •ê‹ ∑§ Á∑˝§S≈U‹ ¬Õ⁄UË ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¡◊Ê „UÊ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU–
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ —- ßU‚‚ ⁄UÊªË ∑§Ê ŒŒ¸ ÃÕÊ ◊ÍòÊ àÿÊª ◊¥ ’ÊäÊÊ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U–
4. flÎP§‡ÊÊÕ ÿÊ ’˝ÊßU≈U ∑§Ê ⁄UÊª (Nehritis or Bright’s Disease) :-
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- S≈˛Uå≈UÊ∑§Ê∑§Êß¸U Á¡flÊáÊÈ ∑§ ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ —- Ç‹Ê◊M§‹‚ ◊ ‚Í¡Ÿ •ÊŸÊ
(i) „UË◊≈ÍUÁ⁄UÿÊ —- Á¤ÊÁÑÿÊ¥ ∑§ •àÿÁäÊ∑§ ¬⁄UÊªêÿ „UÊ ¡ÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UQ§ÊáÊÈ fl ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ∑§Ê ¿UŸ∑§⁄U ÁŸcÿ¥Œ ◊¥ •ÊŸÊ ÃÕÊ ◊ÈòÊ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ
ÁŸc∑§Ê‚Ÿ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ „UË◊¥≈ÍUÁ⁄UÿÊ (Haematuria) ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
(ii) ∞«UË◊Ê •ÕflÊ «˛UÊÚå‚Ë —- Ç‹Ê◊M§À‚ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊ ¡ÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ™§Ã∑§Ê¥ ◊¥ •ÁÃÁ⁄U∑§ Œ„U Ã⁄U‹ ∞∑§ÁòÊ∑§ „UÊŸ ∑ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ≈UÊ¥ªÊ ∑§Ê
»Í§‹ŸÊ ∞«UË◊Ê ÃÕÊ «˛UÊÚå‚Ë (Adema & Dropsy) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
5. Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‚ÍÁ⁄UÿÊ (Glycosuria) :- ◊ÍòÊ ◊¥ ‡Ê∑¸§⁄UÊ ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ ∑§Ê „UË Ç‹ÊßU∑§Ê‚ÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- ßUã‚ÈÁ‹Ÿ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ∑§Ê •À¬SòÊÊfláÊ
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ —- «UÊßÁ’Á≈U¡ ⁄UÊª
6. Á«U‚ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ —- ◊ÍòÊ àÿÊª ∑§ ŒŒ¸ ∑§Ë •flSÕÊ Á«U‚ÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „ÒU–
7. ¬Ë‹ËÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ —-
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ Ÿ»˝§ÊŸ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ¡‹ ∑§Ê ¬ÈŸ— •fl‡ÊÊ·áÊ ŸÊ „UÊŸÊ „ÒU–
8. Á‚ÁS≈UÁ≈U‚ (Cystitis):-
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- (i) ¡ËflÁáfl∑§ ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ (Becterial Infection)
(ii) ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ÿÊ ÿÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ ˇÊÁÃ ∑§ ∑§⁄UáÊ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ —- ◊ÍòÊÊ‡ÿ ◊¥ ‚Í¡Ÿ •ÊŸÊ
9. «UÊÿÁ’≈UË¡ ßUÁã‚Á¬«U‚ (Diabetes Insipidus) :-
∑§Ê⁄UáÊ —- ∞Áã≈U«UÊß¸UÿÍ⁄‘UÁ≈U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (ADH) •À¬SòÊÊfláÊ Á¡‚‚ ‚¥ª˝Ê„U∑§ ŸÊÁ‹∑§Ê ◊¥ ¡‹ ∑§Ê •fl‡ÊÊ·áÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÊªÊ–
10. •Ê‹ËªÊÿÍÁ⁄UÿÊ (Oligouria) —- ◊ÍòÊ ∑§Ê ∑§◊ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã „UÊªÊ–
•¥Ã—SòÊÊflË Ã¥òÊ
(Endocrine System)
¬Á⁄Uøÿ —-
§ vUr% L=kkoh foKku ds firk FkkWel ,fMlu gSA
§ vUr%L=kkoh xzfUFk;k¡ ufydk foghu gksrh gS rFkk vius L=kko dks lhèkss jDr ;k fyEiQ esa eqDr djrh gSA
vUr%L=kkoh xzafFk;ksa }kjk L=kkfor gkeksZu
ih;w"k xzafFk ds ,MhuksgkbiksiQkbfll Hkkx }kjk L=kkfor gkeksZu%
(û ) STH lksesVksVªksfiQd] o`f¼ gkeksZu (GH)
cPpksa esa vfrL=ko.k ls jksx & vfro`f¼ (Gigantism)
o;Ldksa esa vfrL=ko.k ls jksx & ,Øksesxsyh (Acromegaly)
(ü ) xksusMksVªksfid gkeksZu
(i) iqfVdk izsjd gkeksZu (FSH)
iq#"kksa esa 'kqØk.kqtuu o fL=k;ksa esa v.Mk.kqtuu dks izfs jr djukA
(ý ) Y;qfVukbftax gkWeksZu (LH or ICSH)
(i) fL=k;ksa esa xzkiQh;u iqfVdk ds ifjiDou] v.MksRlxZ rFkk dkiZl Y;qfV;e ds fodkl dks izsfjr djukA
(þ ) FkkWbjkWbM mÙkstd gkWeksZu (TSH)
FkkWbjkbM xzafFk dh o`f¼ o fu;eu djuk
(ÿ ) ,fMªuksdkWfVZdksVªksfid gkWeksZu (ACTH)
,fMªuy xzafFk ds dkWfVZdy Hkkx dks gkWeksZu L=ko.k gsrq izsfjr djukA
(ö ) ySDVkstsfud ;k izksySfDVl ;k eSeksVªkWfid gkWeksZu (LTH)
dk;Z& f'k'kq tUe ds ckn Lru xzafFk;ksa eas nqX/ fuekZ.k rFkk nqX/ L=kko dks iszfjr djukA
(÷ ) feySukslkbV izsjd gkWeksZu (MSH)
dk;Z &
(i) ekuo esa Ropk ij fry o pdrs cuus dks izsfjr djukA
(ii) fuEu d'ks:d tarqvksa esa esysfuu jax d.kksa dks iQSykdj Ropk ds jax dks xgjk cukukA
ih;w"k xzafFk ds U;wjksgkbiksiQkbfll Hkkx }kjk L=kkfor gkWeksZu
(û ) oslksiszflu ;k ,UVhMkbZ;wjsfVd gkWeksZu &
dk;Z& o`Dd ufydkvksa ds nwjLFk dq.Mfyr Hkkx o laxzg ufydkvksa }kjk ty ds iqu% vo'kks"k.k dks c<+kukA
jksx& deh ls Mk;fcVht bfUlfiM~lA
(ü ) vkWDlhVksflu
dk;Z& fL=k;ksa esa xHkkZoLFkk ds vfUre dky esa xHkkZ'k; dh nhokj dh vuSfPNd isf'k;ksa ds ladqpu dks izsfjr djukA
Fkk;jkbM xzafFk
fLFkfr & 'olu uyh ij Loj ;a=k ds uhps H vkd`fr dh f}ikfyr lajpukA
L=kkfor gkeksZu & FkkW;jkWfDlu] Vªkbvk;ksMksFkkbjksfuu] dSfYlVkWfuuA
jksx &
1- ckSukiu & cPpksa esa deh ls jksx
2- ?ksa?kk (Goitre) & vk;ksMhu dh deh ls
3- fefDlfMek & o;Ldksa esa Fkk;jkWfDlu dh deh ls
iSjkFkkbjkWbM xzafFk
fLFkfr & Fkk;jkbM xzafFk dh i`"B lrg ij /alhA
L=kkfor gkWeksZu & iSjkFkkWeksZu (dkWfyi dk gkWeksZu)
jksx & fVVsuh & cPpksa esa iSjkFkkWeksuZ dh deh lsA
Fkkbel xzfa Fk
fLFkfr & ân; ds Bhd uhps Vªsfd;k ds lehiA dsoy cPpksa esa ik;h tkrh gS] o;Ldksa esa vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA
L=kkfor gkeksuZ & Fkkbeksflu
dk;Z & cPpksa esa izfrj{kk ra=k dk fuekZ.k djuk
ihfu;y xzafFk (tSfod ?kM+h)

fLFkfr & vxzefLr"d ds i'pHkkx dh lrg ij FkSysel ls fudys ,d [kks[kys oàr ij fLFkrA
L=kkfor gkeksuZ & feysVksfuu
deh ls jksx & ekuo esa bldh deh ls va/s cPpksa esa ;kSoukoLFkk le; ls iwoZ vk tkrh gSA
vXuk'k;
fLFkfr & xzg.kh ds lehiA ;g vUr%L=kkoh o cfg%L=kkoh nksuksa xzfUFk;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
L=kkfor gkWeksuZ & 1- ,YiQk dksf'kdk & Xywdksxksu
2- chVk dksf'kdk & balqfyu
3- MsYVk dksf'kdk & lksesVksLVsfVu
,fMªuy xzfa Fk
fLFkfr & o`Dd ds mQijhHkkx esa Vksihuqek lajpuk ds :i esaA
L=kkfor gkWeksZu &
1 - ,sMªhusfyu & ân; /M+du dk c<+uk] vk¡[k dh iqryh dk iQSyuk] :f/j nkc c<+uk vkfn vuSfPNd fØ;k,¡ ,sMªhusfyu
gkWeksuZ ds L=kko ls gksrh gSAa
o`"k.k
fLFkfr & mnj xqgk ds ckgj o`"k.k dks"k esa fLFkr
L=kkfor gkeksZu & VsLVksLVhjksu] ,UMªksLVsjksu
dk;Z & uj esa f}rh; ySafxd y{k.kksa dk fodkl
v.Mk'k;
fLFkfr & eknk ds mnj Hkkx esa fLFkr
L=kkfor gkWeksuZ &
1- ,LVªkstu & xzkiQh;u iqfVdkvksa }kjk
dk;Z & eknk esa f}rh; ySafxd y{k.kksa dk fodkl
2- izkstsLVsjkWu & dkWiZl Y;qfV;e }kjk
dk;Z & Lruksa dk fodkl] nqX/ xzafFk;ksa dk lfØ;.k o o`f¼A
‚Ê⁄UáÊË — •¥Ã ‚˝ÊflË ª¥˝ÁÕÿÊ¥, ©UŸ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ „UÊ⁄U◊Ê¸ã‚ ÃÕÊ ∑§Êÿ¸
ª˝¥ÁÕÿÊ° (Glands) ‚˝ÊfláÊ „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ ÃÕÊ ©UŸ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸
(Hormone (s) Secreted and Their Funtion)
Á¬≈÷UÿÍ≈U⁄UË (Pituitory)ó •ª˝ ¬ ÊÁ‹ ‚ ‚ÊÃ „U Ê ◊Ê ¸ ã ‚ ‚˝ Ê ÁflÃ „U Ê  Ã  „Ò ¥ U ó (i) ÕÊßU ⁄ U Ê Ú ß U « U ¬ ˝ ⁄ U ∑ § „U Ê ◊Ê ¸ ã ‚ (Thyroid
ßU‚∑§ ÃËŸ ÷Êª „UÊÃ „Ò¥Uó Stimulating Hormone - TSH) , (i) ÕÊßU ⁄ U Ê  ≈ ˛ U Ê Á»§Ÿ ÕÊßU ⁄ U Ê Ú ÿ «U ª¥ ˝ Õ ∑§Ë Á∑˝ § ÿÊ ∑§Ê
•ª˝¬ÊÁ‹ (Anterior Lobe), ¬ ˝ Á ⁄U Ã ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ∑§⁄U Ã Ê „Ò U – (ii) ‚Ê ◊  ≈ U Ê  ≈ ˛ U Ê Ú Á »§ „U Ê ◊Ê ¸ Ÿ (Somatotrophic Hormous
◊äÿ-Á¬¥«U∑§ (Intermediate Lobe) - STH) •ÕflÊ flÎ Á hU „UÊ◊Ê ¸ ã ‚ (Growth Hormone - GH) — ÿ„U ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ë
•ÊÒ⁄U ¬‡ø ¬ÊÁ‹ (Posterior Lobe) flÎÁhU ∑§Ê ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò¥U– (iii) ∞Á«˛UŸÊ∑§ÊÁ≈¸U∑§Ê≈˛UÊÁ»§∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Adrenocorti
cotrophic - ACTH) ÿÊ ∑§ÊÚÁ≈¸U∑§Ê≈˛UÊÁ»§Ÿ — ÿ„U ∞«˛UËŸ‹ ª¥˝ÁÕ ∑§ ∑§ÊÚÁ≈¸U∑§‹ ÷Êª ‚ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ∑§ ‚˝Êfl ∑§Ê
¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∞«˛UËŸ‹ ª¥˝ÁâÊÿÊ¥ ÁflŸCU „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ßU‚∑§Ë •ÁäÊ∑§ÃÊ ‚
⁄UËŸ‹ ∑§ÊÚ≈¸UÄ‚ ∑§Ë flÎÁhU •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– (iv) »§ÊÚÁ‹Á∑§‹ ©UûÊ¡∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone, FSH) — ÿ„U ◊ÊŒÊ ◊¥ •¥«UÊ‡Êÿ ∑§ »§ÊÚÁ‹Á∑§À‚ ∑§Ë flÎÁhU ÃÕÊ •á«UÊ¥ ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ê
¬˝Êà‚ÊÁ„UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ∞fl¥ ◊ÊŒÊ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ∞S≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ (Esterogens) ∑§ ‚˝Êfl ∑§Ê ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– Ÿ⁄U ◊¥
‡ÊÈ∑˝§ÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ßUã„UË¥ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ „ÒU– (v) ÀÿÍÁ≈UŸ ¬˝⁄U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Leutinizing Hormone -
LH) •ÕflÊ •¥Ã⁄UÊ‹-∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ¬˝⁄U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone - ICSH),
ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿ„U „UÊ◊Ê¸ãâÊË∑§Ê ßUá≈U⁄UŸÊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ∞S≈˛UÊ¡ (Esterogen) ÃÕÊ ¬˝Ê¡S≈˛UÊŸ (Progesteron)
ŸÊ◊∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ ∑§ ‚˝Êfl ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– (vi) ‹ÒÄ≈UÊ¡ÁŸ∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Lactogenic Hormone)
ÿÊ ÀÿÍ≈UÊ≈˛UÊÁ¬∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Leutotrophic Hormone - LTH) •ÕflÊ ¬˝Ê‹ÒÁÄ≈UŸ (Prolacting) — ÿ„U
„UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ªÁ÷¸Ã ◊ÊŒÊ ◊¥ ŒÈÇäÊ-ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∞fl¥ ‚˝Êfl ∑§Ê ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∑§Ê¬¸‚ ÀÿÍÁ≈Uÿ◊ ‚ ¬˝Ê¡S≈˛UÊÚŸ
ŸÊ◊∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ∑§ ‚˝Êfl ∑§Ê ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë ‚ ◊ÊŒÊ ◊¥ ŒÈÇäÊ-ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ– (vii)
◊‹ÒŸÊ‚ÊßU≈U ¬˝⁄U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ (Melanophore-Stimulating Hormone-MSH) ó ßU‚∑§Ê ‚˝Êfl ◊äÿ
Á¬¥«U ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, Á∑§ãÃÈ ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ◊äÿ Á¬¥«U ∑§ •À¬Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ßU‚∑§Ê ‚˝Êfl •ª˝ Á¬≈˜UÿÍ≈U⁄UË
‚ „UË „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
◊äÿ¬ÊÁ‹ (pars Inermedia) — ◊äÿ¬ÊÁ‹ •À¬Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „UÊÃË „ÒU–
¬‡ø¬ÊÁ‹ (Posterior Lobe) — (i) fl‚Ê¬˝Á‚Ÿ (Vasopressin) •ÕflÊ ∞¥Á≈U«UÊßUÿÍ⁄‘UÁ≈U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ
(Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH) •ÕflÊ Á¬≈˛UÁ‚Ÿ (Pitressin) : ADH flÎÄ∑§Ë ∑§Ë flÊÁ„UÁŸÿÊ¥ ∞fl¥
∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¡‹ ∑§ •fl‡ÊÊ·áÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ¡‹-•fl‡ÊÊ·áÊ ∑§Ê ’…∏U∑§⁄U ◊ÍòÊ ∑§ •ÊÿÃŸ
∑§Ê ∑§◊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– (ii) •ÊÚÄ‚Ë≈UÊÁ‚Ÿ (Oxytocin) ÿÊ Á¬≈UÊÁ‚Ÿ (Pitocin) — ÿ„U ª÷Ê¸flSÕÊ ∑§ •¥ÁÃ◊
∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ª÷Ê¸‡Êÿ ∑§ ŒËflÊ⁄U ∑§Ë •ŸÒÁë¿U∑§ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥∑È§øŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ¬˝‚fl ∑§ ‚◊ÿ
ª÷Ê¸‡Êÿ ∑§ »Ò§‹Ÿ ÃÕÊ ¬˝‚fl ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃ˜ ª÷Ê¸‡Êÿ∑§ Á‚∑È§«∏Ÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
ÕÊßU⁄UÊÚßU«U (Thyroid) ÕÊßU⁄UÊÚÁÄ‚Ÿ (Thyroxine) — •ª˝ Á¬≈UÿÍ≈U⁄UË ª¥˝ÁÕ mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚˝ÊÁflÃ ÕÊßU⁄UÊÚßU«U-¬˝⁄U∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ÕÊßU⁄UÊÚßU«U ª¥˝ÁÕ ∑§
‚˝Êfl Œ⁄U ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
¬Ò⁄UÊÕÊßU⁄UÊÚßU«U (Parathyroid) ßUŸ∑§Ë ¬Ò ⁄ U Ê ÕÊÚ ⁄ U ◊ Ê Ÿ (parathormone) - ßU ‚ ∑§Ê ◊È Å ÿ ∑§Êÿ¸ ‡Ê⁄U Ë ⁄U ◊ ¥ ∑Ò § ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ fl »§ÊS»§Ê ⁄ U ‚
ª¥˝ÁÕÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ øÊ⁄U „ÒU– ∑§ ©U¬Ê¬øÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÒU–
∞«˛UËŸ‹ (Adrenal) - ¬˝àÿ∑§ flÎÄ∑§ ∞«˛ U ËŸ‹ ∑§Ê≈ ¸ U Ä‚ (Adrenal Cortex) — ŸÊ ≈ U - ∞«˛ U ËŸ‹ Á∑§⁄UáÊ ¥ ∑§ÊÚ ≈  ¸ U Ä‚ ∑§Ë
∑§ ‡ÊË·¸ ¬⁄U ≈UÊ¬Ë ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ∞«˛UËŸ‹ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞¥ ‹ª÷ª zÆ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ‚˝ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U– ßUŸ∑§Ê¥ ‚Ê◊ÍÁ„U∑§ M§¬ ‚ ∑§ÊÁ≈¸U∑§ÊÁS≈U⁄UÊÚßU«˜U‚
ª¥˝ÁÕ ‹ªË „UÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚∑§Ê ’Ê„U⁄UË ÷Êª (Corticosteroids) ∑§„UÃ „Ò – ßUŸ∑§Ê ÃËŸ ÁflÁ‡ÊCU ‚◊Í „ UÊ ¥ ◊ ¥ ’Ê¥ ≈ UÊ ªÿÊ „Ò ¥ U ó
∑§ÊÚ≈¸UÄ‚ (Cortex) ÃÕÊ ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ÷Êª (i) Ÿ⁄U Á‹¥ ª -„UÊ◊Ê ¸ Ÿ ‚ ÿÊ ∞ã«˛ U Ê ¡ Ÿ (Make Sex-Hormones) ‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃ— ÿ
◊«˜UÿÍ‹Ê (Medulla) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– (Muscular and Skeletal Development) ∑§Ë ¬‡ÊËÿ ∞fl¥ ∑¥§∑§Ê‹ËŸ fläÊ¸Ÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ
∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU–
(ii) Ç‹Í∑§Ê‚ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ (Glucocorticosteroids) - ÿ „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚, Ç‹Í∑§Ê‚, fl‚Ê ∞fl¥ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ∑§
©U¬Ê¬ø ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ⁄UπÃ „Ò¥U–
∞«˛ U ËŸ‹ ◊ « KÍ ‹ Ê (Arenal Medulla) mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚˝ Ê  Á flÃ „UÊ◊Ê ¸ Ÿ ó (i) ∞«˛ U Ë‹ Á ‹Ÿ ÿÊ
∞Á¬Ÿ » ˝ § ËŸ (Adrenaline or Epinephrine) ÿ„U Ê ¥ „U Ê ◊Ê ¸ Ÿ •ŸÈ ∑ §ê¬Ë Ã¥ Á òÊ∑§Ê-Ã¥ ò Ê ‚
ÁŸÿ¥ Á òÊÃ „UÊ Ÿ  flÊ‹Ë Á∑˝ § ÿÊ•Ê ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò U – (ii) ŸÊÚ ⁄ U-∞«˛ U ËŸ Á ‹Ÿ ÿÊ
ŸÊÚ ⁄ U∞Á¬Ÿ » ˝ § ÊÒ Ÿ (Noradrenaline or Norepinephrine) ßU‚∑§Ê ¬˝ ÷ Êfl „UÊ◊Ê ¸ Ÿ
(Glucagon Hormones) ‚˝ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U–
•ÇãÿÊ‡Êÿ (Pancreas)ó•ÇãÿÊ‡Êÿ β-∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ ‚˝ÊflË ß¥U‚ÈÁ‹Ÿ „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ (Insulin Hormones) — ∞«˛UËŸ‹ ª¥˝âÊ ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ∞∑§ ¬ÊøŸ
ª¥˝ÁÕ „ÒU– ¡Ê Ç‹Í∑§Ê∑§ÊÚÁ≈¸U ∑§ÊßU«U „UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚ (Glucocorticoid Hormones) ∑§ ‚„UÿÊª ‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U
•ÇŸÿÊ‡Êÿ ∑§Ê •¥Ã ‚˝ÊflË ÷Êª ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã ◊¥ Ç‹Í∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ©U¬øÿ (Anabolism) ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊ ŒÃ „ÒU–
∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥U– ßU‚◊¥ ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë
∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ „UÊÃ Ë „ÒU¥– (i) α-∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ ÃÕÊ
(ii) β-∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê∞¥ ß¥U‚ÈÁ‹Ÿ ’ŸÊÃË „Ò¥U–
flÎ·áÊ (Testes) Ÿ⁄U Á‹¥ª-„UÊ◊Ê¸ã‚, ≈US≈UÊS≈U⁄ÚUŸ (Testosterone) — ÿ„U Ÿ⁄U ∑§ ÁmUÃËÿ∑§ ÿÊ ªÊÒáÊ ‹Ò¥Áª∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞
©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË „ÒU– ßU‚Ë „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‹«∏∑§Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬ÈM§· ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ∞¥ ¬˝∑§≈U „UÊÃË „ÒU–
•á«UÊ‡Êÿ (Ovaries) •á«UÊ‡ÊÿÊ¥ ‚ ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ „UÊ◊Ê¸Ÿ‚ ÁŸ∑§‹Ã „ÒU– ÿ S≈U⁄UÊÚßU«˜U‚ (Steroid) „Ò¥U-∞S≈˛U Ê¡Ÿ (Oestrogen)
ÃÕÊ ¬˝Ê¡S≈U⁄UÊŸ (Progesterone) ó ◊ÊŒÊ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ ¡ŸÊ¥ªÊ¥ ÃÕÊ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ‹Ò¥Áª∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§
¬˝⁄U∑§, ª÷¸äÊÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ Œ‡ÊÊ•Ê¥ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝⁄U∑§–
q q q
9. ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∞fl¥ ¬Ê·áÊ

(Food & Nutration)
HkksT; inkFkZ
1. dkcksZgkbMªsV 2. izksVhu 3. olk
4. foVkehu 5. [kfut yo.k 6. ty
§ dkcksZgkbMªsV] olk rFkk izksVhu mtkZ iznku djrs gSaA
§ foVkehu] [kfut rRo] ty ;s mtkZ iznku ugh djrs gSaA ;s 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk;s j[krs gSaA
1. dkcksZgkbMªsV
§ dkcksZgkbMªsV ehBh 'kdZjk,sa gksrh gSaA
§ 'kdZjk,a rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa& (a) eksuks lSdsjkbM (b) MkbZ lSdsjkbM (c) ikWyh lSdsjkbM
§ dkcksZgkbMªsV dk lajpuk lq=k (–C H2O–)n gSA
§ izQDVkst iQyks ls izkIr gksus okyh 'kdZjk gSaA
§ dkcksZgkbMªsV dh ;g fo'ks"krk gksrh gSa fd ;s rqjUr mtkZ iznku djrs gSaA
§ 1 xzke dkcksZgkbMªsV ls 4 fdyks dSyksjh mtkZ izkIr gksrh gSaA
dkcksZgkbMªsV ds izdkj%&
(A) HkkSfrd xq.k/eksZ ds vk/kj ij dkcksZgkbMªsV dks fuEu nks oxkZs esa ckV¡k x;k gSa&
§ 'kdZjk,as (Sugars)-
'kdZjk,as Lokn esa feV~Bh] ty esa foys;] rFkk fØLVyh; Bksl gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& Xyqdkst] izQDVksl] lqØksl] ySDVksl] ekYVksl vkfnA
§ v'kdZjk,sa (Non-sugers)-
v'kdZjk,as Loknghu] ty esa vfoys; vFkok dksykbMh foy;u cukus okyh rFkk vfØLVyh; Bksl gksrh gSaA
mnkgj.k& LVkpZ] lsY;qyksl] xykbdkstu vkfnA
(B) jklk;fud lajpuk o ty vi?kVu ds vk/kj ij%&
(i) eksukslSdsjkbM~l (Monosaccharides)
(ii) vkfyxkslSdsjkbM~l (Oligo saccharides)
(iii) ikWfylSdsjkbM~l (Poly saccharides)
(i) eksukslSdsjkbM~l (Mono saccharides)-
mnkgj.k& Xyqdkst (C6H12O6), ÚDVksl (C6H12O6) o xSysDVkst
(ii) vkfyxkslSdsjkbM~l (Oligo saccharides)-
mnkgj.k& ekYVkst] lqØkst] ysDVkst (C12H22O11)
(iii) ikSfylSdsjkbM~l (Poly Saccharides)-
mnkgj.k& LVkpZ] lsyqyksl] Xykbdkstu
I. LVkpZ:-
§ bldk lw=k (C H O ) gksrk gSaA
6 10 5 n
§ ;g euq"; ds fy, vkgkj dk eq[; L=kksr gSaA

§ nky] tM+] dan rFkk dqN lfCt;ksa es LVkpZ izpqj ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gSaA
II. lsyy
q ksl:-
§ bldk lw=k (C6 H10O5 )n gksrk gSaA
§ ;g fof'k"V :i ls dsoy ikS/ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSaA
§ ;g ouLifr txr esa izpjq ek=kk esa miyC/ dkcZfud inkFkZ gSAa
§ ruq H2 SO4 ds lkFk xeZ djus ij D- Xyqdkst nsrk gSaA
§ (C 6 H 1 0 O 5 )n + n H 2 O → n C 6 H 1 2 O 6
III. Xykbdkstu:-
§ bldh lajpuk ,esyksisfDVu ds leku gksrh gSaA
§ bls izk.kh LVkpZ Hkh dgrs gSaA
§ ;g ;d`r ekalisf'k;ksa rFkk efLr"d esa mifLFkr gksrh gSaA
§ ;g ;hLV ,oa dod esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSaA
2. izksVhu (Protein):&
§ tho txr esa ik;s tkus okys lokZf/d tSo v.kq izksVhu gSaA
§ izksVhu ds eq[; L=kksr] nw/] iu hj] nkysa] ewaxiQyh] eNyh rFkk ekal vkfn gSaA
§ ;g 'kjhj ds izR;sd Hkkx esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA tho/kfj;ksa ds cky] Ropk] uk[kwu] gheksXyksfcu] ekalisf'k;k¡] ,Utkbe] gkeksuZ ]
vkfn izksVhu ls cus gksrs gSaA
§ izksVhu thou dk ewyHkwr lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed vk/kj cukrs gSaA
§ izksVhu 'kjhj esa o`f¼ djrk gSa] ,oa 'kkjhfjd vuqj{k.k ds fy, vfrvko';d gSaA
§ izksVhu 'kCn dh mRifÙk xzhd ¶izksVks;ksl¸ ls gqbZ gSaA ftldk vFkZ izkFkfed vFkok vfregRoiw.kZ gksrk gSaA
§ tUrq dksf'kdk fHkfÙk izksVhu ,sehuks vEyks ds cgqyd gSa] ftudk v.kqHkkj 10,000 ls vfèkd gksrk gSAa
§ izksVhu dk oxhZdj.k:-
(i) js'ksnkj izksVhu%&
mnkgj.k& fdjsVhu (cky o Åu esa)] ek;ksflu (ekal o isf'k;ksa eas) vkfnA
(ii) xksyhdkdkj izksVhu%&
mnkgj.k& bUlqfyu] ,sYC;qehu] gheksXyksfcu vkfnA
izksVhuksa dk ijh{k.k (Tests for Proteins):- izksVhu ijh{k.k ds izdkj fuEu gSa&
(i) ckb;qjVs ijh{k.k
(ii) tSUFkksikz fs Vd ijh{k.k
(iii) fuugkbfMªu ijh{k.k
§ izksVhu 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k (Body building) dk dk;Z djrk gSAa
§ gekjs 'kjhj esa ik;s tkus okys ¶cky o uk[kqu¸ 'kq¼ izkVs hu gSAa
§ ;s Hkkstu ds :i esa dke esa ugh fy;s tk ldrs gS D;ksafd ;s v?kqyu'khy gksrs gSA
§ ,d xzke izksVhu ls 4.3 fdyks dSyksjh mtkZ izkIr gksrh gSaA
§ izksVhu dh deh ls gksus okys jksx vHkko jksx dgykrs gSaA
(i) Dokf'k;ksdjZ
(ii) esjlEl nksuks gh izksVhu dh deh ls gksus okys vHkko jksx gSaA
3. olk (Fat):&
§ fpdukbZ;qDr inkFkkZs esa olk gksrh gSaA
§ 1 xzke olk ls 9 fdyksdSykjh ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gSaA
§ olk ds }kjk loZf/d ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gSaA
§ olk dk teko Ropk ds uhps ik;s tkus okys ¶,fMikst¸ mrdks esa gksrk gSaA
§ ÅtkZ izkIr djus dk Øe fuEu gksrk gSa& 1. dkcksZgkbMªsV 2. olk 3. izksVhu
§ ÅtkZ dh ek=kk dk Øe& 1. olk (9.3) 2. izksVhu (4.3) 3. dkcksZgkbMªsV (4)
§ i'kqvksa dh xnZu ds uhps ikbZ tkus okyh eksVh Ropk ¶cycj¸ dgykrh gSaA
4. foVkehu (Vitamin):&
§ foVkehu 'kCn iQad us fn;kA
§ foVkehu 'kjhj dks ÅtkZ iznku ugha djrs gSA
§ ;s dsoy 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
foVkehu ?kqyu'khyrk ds vk/kj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%&
olk foys; foVkfeu
Vitamin A Vitamin D
Vitamin E Vitamin K
ty foy; foVkfeu
Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2
Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
Vitamin H
olk foys; foVkfeu

foVkehu A %& jklk;fud uke& jsfVukWy
deh dk jksx& jrkSa/h (fu'kka/rk)] thjksIFksfyfe;k
L=kksr& xktj
§ xktj dk oSKkfud uke ¶MkWDl dSjksVk¸ gSaA
§ VekVj dk yky jax ykbdksihu uked o.kZd ds dkj.k gksrk gSAa
foVkehu D %& jklk;fud uke&dSYlhiQsjkWy
deh dk jksx&fjdsV~l] vksfLV;ksiksjksfll] vkfLV;kseysf'k;kA
L=kksr&lw;Z dk izdk'kA
§ 'kjhj essa cuus okyk ,dek=k foVkehu & foVkehu D
§ foVkehu D ,d gkeksZu gSA
§ Ultra Violet Rays (ijkcSx a uh fdj.ks)a tks uqdlkunk;d gSa] ysfdu Ropk vo'kksf"kr dj blls foVkehu D dk fuekZ.k
djrh gSA
§ fjdsVl jksx esa gfM~M;k¡ detksj gks tkrh gSA
§ foVkehu D dk la'ys"k.k Ropk (skin) esa gksrk gSA
foVkehu E :& jklk;fud uke &VksdksiQsjkWy
deh dk jksx& tuu {kerk esa deh
L=kksr& vadfq jr vuktA
foVkehu K :& jklk;fud uke&usÝFkksDohuksu@iQkbyksDohuksu
deh dk jksx& jDr dk FkDdk ugh curk gSA
L=kksr& VekVj
§ ^^fgisfju** uked inkFkZ jDr dks teus ugh nsrk gS] blfy, ;g izfrLdand inkFkZ dgykrk gSA
ty foys; foVkfeu%&
foVkehu B1 :& jklk;fud uke &Fkk;ehu
deh dk jksx& csjh&csjh(ân; dk vkdkj c<+ tkrk gSA)
foVkehu B2 :& jklk;fud uke &jkbcksÝysfou
deh dk jksx& fdyksfll (Ropk o gksBksa dk iQVuk)
foVkehu B3 :& jklk;fud uke &fu;kflu
deh dk jksx& ckyksa dk liQsn gksukA
foVkehu B5 :& jklk;fud uke &isaVksfFkfud vEy
deh dk jksx & 3Mh
§ Mk;fj;k (loose motion)
§ fMesalu&;knkLr detksj
§ MesZVkbfVl Ropk & Ropk dk [kjkc gksukA
foVkehu B6 :& jklk;fud uke &ikbjhMkWfDlu
deh dk jksx& ^^,fufe;k** (jDr esa RBC dh deh gksuk)
foVkehu B9 :& jklk;fud uke &iQkWfyd vEy
deh dk jksx& vylj gksuk] Nkys gksukA
foVkehu B12 :& jklk;fud uke &lkbuksdskckyksehu
deh dk jksx& ,fufe;k
L=kksr& iQy o gjh lfCt;k¡A
uksV%& foVkehu B12 esa ^^dksckYV** /krq ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ ;g RBC dk ifjiDou djrk gSA
§ dksckYV (Co) dSalj tU; gksrh gSA
§ ^^pkWdysV** esa dksckYV /krq ikbZ tkrh gSA
foVkfeu C :& jklk;fud uke &,LdkWfcZd vEy
deh dk jksx&LdohZ (elwM+ksa ls jDr fudyrk gSA)
L=kksr& vkaoyk] uhacw ekSleh] larjk] gjh fepZ] ÅVuh dk nw/
gjh fepZ esa ^^dSIlhlhu** uked inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gS] bl inkFkZ ds dkj.k gh gjhfepZ rh[kh gksrh gSA
foVkfeu H :& jklk;fud uke &ck;ksfVu
5. [kfut rRo (Minerals)%&
1. Fe& vk;ju@ yksgk@iQsjl
deh ls jksx& ,fufe;k
iQsjl jDr esa ik;k tkrk gSAa
L=kksr&lso] cSaxu] ikyd
2. Ca& dSfYl;e
gfM~M;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSaA
deh ls gfM~Mk;k¡ detksj gks tkrh gSaA
L=kksr&puk
3. P&iQkLiQksjl
nkarks esa Ca ds lkFk ik;k tkrk gSaA
6. ty H2O
lkoZf=kd foyk;d gSaA
ÅtkZ ugh nsrk ysfdu 'kjhj esa gksus okyh tSfod fØ;kvksa esa egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSaA
q q q
10. ◊ÊŸfl ⁄UÊª

(Human Dieases)
jksxdkjd
(Pathogen)
§ ,sls lw{e inkFkZ tks ekuo 'kjhj esa jksx mRiUu dj nsrs gS]a ¶jksxdkjd¸ dgykrs gSAa
'kjhj esa ckgj ls izo's k djus okys jksxdkjd ,.Vhtu dgykrs gS]a tcfd 'kjhj ,.Vhtuksa dks u"V djus ds fy, ,.VhckWMh dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSAa
jksxdkjdksa ds izdkj
thok.kq (Bacteria)%&
§ thok.kq dh [kkst 1883 esa gkWy.S M ds oSKkfud ,.Vksuh okWu Y;qosugkWd us dhA
§ thok.kq uke ,jucxZ us fn;kA
§ yqbZ ik'pj us ¶jksxksa ds teZ er¸ ls ;g crk;k dh jksx thok.kqvksa ds dkj.k iQSyrs gSaA
§ thok.kqvksa ds vè;;u dks cSDVhfj;ksykWth dgrs gSaA
§ ,.Vksuh okWu Y;qosugkWd dks cSDVhfj;ksykWth dk tud dgk tkrk gSaA
§ bZ- dksykbZ uked thok.kq ekuo dh vka=k esa ijthoh ds :i esa jgrk gSaA
§ bZ- dksykbZ thok.kq bUlqfyu mRiknu esa lgk;d gSaA
thok.kqvksa ds izdkj&
thok.kq vkd`fr ds vk/kj ij fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gS&
§ xksykdkj (Spherical)%& bl izdkj ds thok.kq xksykdkj ;k v.Mkdkj gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& ekbØksdksdkbZ (ekbØksdksdl)
fMIyksdksdkbZ (fMIyksdksdl fueksfuvkbZ)
LVªsIVksdksdkbZ (LVªsIVksdksdl ySfDVl)
lfiZyko`Qfrd (Likbfjye)
§ 'kykdkor (Bacillus or Rod Shaped)%& ;s thok.kq NM+ ;k M.Mkuqek gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k& csflyl ,UFkzkfll
§ lfiZykd`frd (Spirilli)%& ;s lfiZykdkj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k& Likbfjye :izse
§ dkSekdkj (Comma shaped)%& ;s dkSek (]) dh rjg ds thok.kq gksrs gSaAmnkgj.k& fofcz;ksa (Vibrio)
fo"kk.kq (Virus)
§ ;s vfr lw{e inkFkZ gksrs gS]a ftUgsa uXu (Nacked) vka[kks ls ugh ns[kk tk ldrk gSAa bUgsa ns[kus ds fy, bysDVªkuW lw{en'khZ
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA
§ fo"kk.kq esa ltho o fuftZo nksuksa ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA
§ fo"kk.kqvksa dk vè;;u okbZjksykWth (Virology) dgykrk gSA
§ fo"kk.kqvksa dh vkd`fr lw=kuqek] xksy] ?kukdkj gksrh gSAa
§ fo"kk.kq dh [kkst ¶bokuksoLdh¸ us dhA
§ fo"kk.kq fuf"Ø; d.kksa ds :i esa gksrs gSa] ftUgsa fofjvkWu (Virion) dgrs gSAa
§ fo"kk.kq esa Mh,u, ,oa vkj,u, ik;k tkrk gSAa
dod (Fungi)
§ dod Hkh ekuo esa jksx mRiUu djrs gSaA
§ dodksa ds vè;;u dks ekbdksykWth (Mycology) ;k ekblsVkssykWth dgrs gSaA
§ euq"; es nkn (Ringworm) jksx VªkbdksiQkbVe ,oa ekbØksLiksje uked dodksa }kjk gksrk gSaA
§ ,LiftZyl ukbxj dod euq"; ds iQsiQM+ks esa ,LiftZyksll jksx iQSykrs gSaA
jksx
(Disease)
fo"kk.kq tfur jksx%&

§ Trick : joh pkpk NksVh ekrk o vk;k us gsIih ,M~l Msa ij lkjl cMZ dk fpdu [kk;k ftlls mudks iksfy;ks] tqdke]
eEil o [kljk vkfn jksx gks x;sA
Trick vFkZ Trick vFkZ
joh jscht pkpk pspd
NksVh ekrk NksVh ekrk vk;k vkbZ Ýyw
(Chicken Pox)
gsIih gsisVkbfVl ,M~l ,M~l
Msa Msxa w lkjl lkjl
CMZ Ýyw o vkbZ
cMZ Ýyw ,oa Lokbu fpdu fpduxqfu;k
Ýyw
iksfy;ks iksfy;ks tqdke tqdke
eEil eEil (xylqvk) [kljk [kljk
thok.kq tfur jksx%&
§ Trick : PTB o HTS PAN [kkdj DKGT ds lkFk vk;kA
Trick vFkZ Trick vFkZ

P Iysx TB Vh-ch-
H gStk T VkbiQkbM
S fliQfyl P iVqfZ ll
A vfrlkj N U;weksfu;k
D fMIFkhfj;k K dq"B
G xksuksfj;k T fVVusl
vU; jksx
1. jksx& vehfc,fll
jksx dkjd& ,.V vehck fgLVksfyfVdk
y{k.k& vkar esa Nkys
Vhdk@mipkj& ,esfVu uked jlk;u
2. jksx& eysfj;k
jksx dkjd& IykTeksfM;e
y{k.k& rst cq[kkj
Vhdk@mipkj& dquSu nok
3. jksx& ,Ldsfj,sfll
jksx dkjd& ,sLdsfjl yqEczhdkWbfMl
y{k.k& rst isV nnZ
Vhdk@mipkj& ,YcsUMktksy
4. jksx& iQkbysfj,sfll
jksx dkjd& iQkbysfj;k czSUdksiQVkbZ
okgd& D;wysDl ePNj
y{k.k& 'kjhj ds vax eksVs gks tkrs gS] blfy, bls gkFkhik¡o ;k iQhyik¡o jksx Hkh dgrs gSA
Vhdk@mipkj& LoPN ikuh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
ySafxd Li'kZ ds jksx
1. xksuksfj;k& tuu ekxksZ esa lwtu
2. fliQfyl& tuukaxks ls eokn~ vkrh gSA
3. tuukaxks dh gfiZl
4. Vªkbdkseksfu,sfll& tuukaxks ls liQsn nzo fudyrk gSA
jDr lapkfjr jksx
1. ,M~l& HIV okbjl (fjVªksokbjl)] Test- ELISA
2. fgiSVkbfVl& ;d`r izHkkfor gksrk gS o ;d`r esa O2 dh deh gks tkrh gSA
dod tfur jksx%&

§ nkn] [kkt] [kqtyhA
izksVkstksvk tfur jksx%&
eysfj;k
§ vkS"kf/ & dquSu (fludksuk o`{k dh Nky ls izkIr)
§ okgd & eknk ,ukfiQfyt
§ ykokZ & IykTeksfM;e
Note : Msaxw dk okgd ,fMt ,ftIVkbZ ePNj gSA
¡ËflÊáÊÈ ¡ÁŸÃ ⁄UÊª
jksx jksx dkjd y{k.k Vhdk o mipkj Vhds dk le;

ikuh mckydj ihuk
gStk fofcz;ks dkWysjh mYVh@nLr dHkh Hkh
pkfg,
DPT dk Vhdk 1 1
tUe ds ckn 1 ] 2 o
D = fMfÝFkfj;k 2 2
fMfIFkfj;k dksfuZcsDVhfj;e fMÝFkhjkbZ lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ
P = iVqZfll 1
3 ekg dh mez essa
T = fVVusl 2
DPT dk Vhdk
&pksV yxus ij Anti tUe ds ckn 10 o"kZ dh
fVVusl DyksLVªhfM;e fVVsfu i{kk?kkr
Titoxide Serum mez esa
(ATS) dk btsaD'ku
B.C.G. dk Vhdk
ekbØkscSDVhfj;e tUe ds ckn ,d ekg dh
risfnd@{k;@Vhch Toj o [kkalh (cSflyl dSysfefV
V~;wcjdqyksfll mez rd
Xywjhu)
T.A.B. dk Vhdk
Vk;iQkbM@eksrh>jk lkYeksusyk VkbiQh rst cq[kkj (101º F) (Vk;iQkbM tUe ds 2 o"kZ ckn
iSjkVkbiQkbM , o ch)
jksxh dh LoPNrk
izHkkoh LFkku ij
j[kuh pkfg, o jksxh
dq"B@dks<+@ySizslh ekbØkscSDVhfj;e ysizh Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dk lkeku dks dke esa
ugha gksrkA
ugha ysuk pkfg,A
Iysx ik'pqjsyk isfLV"k rst cq[kkj

1 1 1
1 ,2 ,3 ekg dh
dkyh [kkalh@dqdqj [kkalh cksMhZVsyk iV~Z;wfll d"V nk;h [kkalh D.P.T. dk Vhdk 2 2 2
mez esa
ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊËÿ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ∞¥
•ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ( ⁄UÊª) •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ∑§Ê SflM§¬
v. «UÊ©UŸ Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ (Down Syndrome ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ wv ∑§Ë ÃËŸ ¬˝ÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ– flÎÁhU Œ⁄U ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë ÃÕÊ
or Mongoloid Sydrome) ø„U⁄‘U ∑§ ¬˝ÊM§Á¬∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U
◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ
w. ≈UŸ¸⁄U Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ (Turner Syndrome) ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ∑§fl‹ ∞∑§ „UË X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ– Á∆UªŸÊ¬Ÿ ÃÕÊ ’ãäÿÃÊ–
x. Ä‹ÊßUŸ»§À≈U⁄U Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ ¬ÈL§·Ê¥ ◊¥ ∞∑§ X ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ∑§ flÎÁhU SflM§¬ XXY ’ãäÿÃÊ ∞fl¥ •‚Ê◊Êãÿ
(Klinfelter Syndrome) ÁSÕÁÃ „UÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ
∑È§¿U •ãÿ •ÊŸÈfl¥Á‡Ê∑§ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ∞¥ (Some Other Genetic Disorders)

•ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ( ⁄UÊª) •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ∑§Ê SflM§¬
v. „UË◊Ê»§ËÁ‹ÿÊ ¬ÈL§·Ê¥ ◊¥ X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ¬⁄U ©U¬ÁSÕÃ ¡ËŸ ⁄UQ§ S∑¥§ŒŸ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊŸ  ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÁŸ⁄¥UÃ⁄U ’„UÊfl–
(Haemophilia or Bleeder's Disease) (⁄UÄÃ S∑¥§ŒŸ „UÃÈ ©UûÊ⁄UŒÊÿË) ◊¥ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ–
ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ x-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ßU‚ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞
flÊ„U∑§ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ŒÊŸÊ¥ X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U
©U¬ÁSÕÃ •¬˝÷ÊflË ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ◊ÎàÿÈ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
w. ‹Ê‹ fl „U⁄UÊ fláÊÊ¸ãäÊÃÊ •¬˝èÊÊflË Á‹¥ª-‚„U‹ÊŸ ⁄UÊª, Á¡‚◊¥ X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ fláÊÊ¸ãäÊ √ÿÁQ§ ‹Ê‹, „U⁄‘U ∑§÷Ë-∑§÷Ë ŸË‹ ⁄¥Uª ◊¥ ÷Œ
RedandGreenCoour •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ¬ÈL§·Ê¥ ◊¥ X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ¬⁄U Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ¬ÊÃ „Ò¥U, ßU‚ «UÊÀ≈UÊÁŸÿ◊ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
(Blindness or Colour Blindness) ÃÕÊ ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ XX ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ
∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ ⁄UÊª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿÁŒ ∞∑§
X-ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ¬⁄U •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ „ÒU ÃÊ fl ⁄UÊª flÊ„U∑§ „UÊ¥ª–
x. ⁄¥Uª„UËŸÃÊ (Albinish) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ vv ∞fl¥ vz ¬⁄U •¬˝÷ÊflË ¡ËŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ– •ÊßUÁ⁄U‚, ’Ê‹ ÃÕÊ àfløÊ ◊¥ fláÊ¸∑§ ◊¥ ‹ÊÁŸ◊ ∑§Ë
•ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÁÃ–
y. ¬Ò≈UÊ Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ (Patau's Syndrome) ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ vx ◊¥ ÃËŸ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ (Trisomy) ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ– ÷¥Á¡Ã „UÊ¥∆U (Harelip) ÃÕÊ Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã ÃÊ‹È (Cleft
Palate) ∑§Ê ’Ÿ ¡ÊŸÊ–
z. ßUÁ⁄UÕ˝Êé‹ÊS≈UÊÁ‚‚ »§Ë≈UÁ‹‚ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ-v ∑§Ë ‹ÉÊÈ ÷È¡Ê ¬⁄U ¬Ê‚-¬Ê‚ ©U¬ÁSÕÃ Ÿfl¡ÊÃ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ◊¥ ◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ∑§ Rh ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
(Erythroblstosis Faetalis) ÃËŸ ¡ËŸÊ¥ ◊¥ •ÁŸÿÁ◊ÃÃÊ– ◊¥ •Ê◊¥¡Sÿ ∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ Á‡Ê‡ÊÈ ∑§Ë ◊ÎàÿÈ–
{. ∞«Ufl«¸U Á‚ã«˛UÊ◊ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ-v} ◊¥ ÃËŸ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊÊ¥ (Trisomy) ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ– ◊ÊŸÁ‚∑§ ÃÕÊ ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ •‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃÊ∞¥ ¡Ò‚óŸËø
(Edword's Syndrome) ÃÕÊ •Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ∑§áÊ¸, ÷¥Á¡Ã „UÊ¥∆U ÃÕÊ ÃÊ‹È, ©UûÊ‹
Ã‹fl, Á¤ÊÀ‹Ë ÿÈÄÃ ªŒ¸Ÿ ÃÕÊ ©¥UªÁ‹ÿÊ¥ •ÊÁŒ–
q q q
vv. ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊËÿ ∞fl¥ ¬ÊÁ⁄UÁSÕÁÃ∑§Ë ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∞fl¥ ßUŸ∑§ πÃ⁄‘U

(Environmental and Ecological Changes and its Empacts)
ifjp;%&
§ ikfjfLFkfrdh 'kCn xzhd 'kCn gSA
§ H. jhVj us lcls igys îkfjfLFkfrdh* (Ecology) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA
§ H. jhVj dks gh ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
Note : jkenso feJk dks Hkkjrh; ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh dh 'kk[kk,sa
(i) LoikfjfLFkfrdh % bl 'kk[kk esa ,d gh tkfr ds lnL;ksa dk i;kZoj.k ds lkFk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls & if'peh jktLFkku esa [kstM+h
(ii) thokse ikfjfLFkfrdh % fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k dh leku tyok;q esa jgus okys thoksa ds lewg dks ^thokse* dgrs gSA
tSls & Vq.Mªk ?kkl LFky vkfnA
(iii) ekuo ikfjfLFkfrdh % bl 'kk[kk esa tSoe.My ij ekuo ds fØ;k dykiksa ds dkj.k tks izHkko iM+rs gSA mudk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh dk Hkfo";
§ Vkbyj (1936) ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh lHkh lthoksa dk buds okrkoj.k ds lkFk gksus okys laca/ksa dk foKku gSA
§ la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gS fd ikfjfLFkfrdh] izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls d`f"k] oU; tho laj{k.k] eRL; foKku] {ks=kh;
izca/]i'kq foKku] HkwxHkZ foKku] leqnz foKku] tu LokLF;] varfj{k vuqla/ku ,oa fofdj.k foKku ds lkFk lacaf/r gSA
ok;qe.My (Atmosphere)
§ i`Foh dh lrg ls Åij yxHkx 100 fdyksehVj rd dk {ks=k ok;qe.My dgykrk gSA
§ ok;qe.My esa i`Foh lrg ls 17 fdyksehVj rd dh nwjh dk {ks=k ftles thou laHko gS rFkk ftlesa O2, N2, CO2, tyok"i
o He vkfn xSls ikbZ tkrh gS {kksHke.My (Trophosphere) dgykrk gSA
ok;q dk laxBu (Composition of Air)

§ ukbVªkstu (N2) – 78.1%
§ vkWDlhtu (O2) – 20.29%
§ dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM (CO2) – 0.03%
§ tyok"i – 0.4%
§ vfØ; xSls – 0.95%
LFkye.My (Lithosphere) :
§ ;g i`Foh dh lrg dk og Hkkx gS ftl ij fofHkUu igkM+] eSnku] taxy o jsfxLrku vkfn fo|eku gSA bl e.My esa ok;q]
ty o Hkwfe dh lrg ij fuEu vkB rÙo izpwj ek=kk esa ik;s tkrs gS&
1. vkWDlhtu = 49.5%
2. flfydkWu = 25.8%
3. ,syqfefu;e = 7.5%
4. vk;ju = 4.7%
5. dSfYl;e = 3.4%
6. lksfM;e = 2.6%
7. ikSVsf'k;e = 2.4%
8. eSXuhf'k;e = 1.9%
§ tye.My (Hydrosphere) :- i`Foh lrg ij yxHkx 70% Hkkx ij ty mifLFkr gSA bl e.My esa vusd yo.k mifLFkr
gS ftudh izfr'krrk fuEu izdkj gS&
NaCl (lksfM;e DyksjkbM) = 77.75%
MgCl2 (eSXuhf'k;e lYiQsV) = 10.89%
MgSO4 (eSXuhf'k;e lYiQsV) = 4.75%
CaSO4 (dSfY'k;e lYiQsV) = 3.60%
K2SO4 (ikSVsf'k;e lYiQsV) = 2.45%
CaCO3 (dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV) = 0.34%
MgBr2 (eSfXuf'k;e czksekbM) = 0.21%
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh lajpuk (Structure of Ecology)

§ bZ- ih- vksMe ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds fuekZ.k esa N% izdkj ds ?kVd egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSA
?kVd
tSfod ?kVd vtSfod ?kVd

(1) mRiknd (Producer) (1) tyok;oh; dkjd
(2) miHkksDrk (Consumer) tSls& o"kkZ] vknzZrk] ok;q vkfnA
(3) vi?kVd (Decomposer) (2) dkcZfud dkjd
tSls& dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu] olk] ;wfj;k] áwel vkfnA
(3) vdkcZfud dkjd
tSls& [kfut rRo
(i) mRiknd (Producer)

§ lHkh gjs ikni tks izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k ds nksgjku viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gS mRiknd dgykrs
gS A
§ izd`fr esa lokZf/d la[;k esa mRiknd gh ik;s tkrs gSA
§ izks- bZ-ts- dksjeksUMh us mRikndksa dks dUoVZj ;k VªkaLM~;wlj uke fn;kA
§ mRikndksa dk gjk jax gfjryod ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
(ii) miHkksDrk (Consumer)
§ lHkh tho&tUrq tks vius Hkkstu ds fy, mRikndks (gjs ikniksa) o vU; thoksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSA miHkksDrk dgykrs gSA
§ miHkksDrk Js.kh esa 'kkdkgkjh] ekalkgkjh o lokZgkjh tUrqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
§ miHkksDrkvksa dh Jsf.k;k¡
r`rh;
miHkksDrk
f}rh; miHkksDrk
izkjfEHkd miHkksDrk
§ izkFkfed miHkksDrk vius Hkkstu dh izkfIr gjs ikS/ksa ls djrs gSA
§ izk-mi- eq[;r% 'kkdkgkjh gksrs gSA (izk-mi- ¾ izkFkfed miHkksDrk)
tSls& xk;] HkSal] cdjh] fgj.k vkfn (LFky ra=k ds izk-mi-)
eksyLdk o izksVkstksvk oxZ (tyh; ra=k ds izk-mi-)
§ f}rh;d miHkksDrk vius Hkkstu dh izkfIr ds fy, 'kkdkgkjh miHkksDrk (izkFkfed miHkksDrk) ij fuHkZj jgrs gSA
tSls& dkSvk] dqÙkk] fcYyh] liZ] ykseM+h vkfnA
§ f}rh;d miHkksDrk lokZgkjh (lkdkgkjh $ ekalkgkjh) gksrs gSA
§ r`rh; miHkksDrk vius Hkkstu ds fy, f}rh; o izkjfEHkd ij fuHkZj jgrs gSA
§ r`rh; miHkksDrk rks vU; thoksa dk Hk{k.k dj ysrs gSA ijUrq budk dksbZ Hk{k.k ugha dj ikrk gSA
§ r`rh; miHkksDrk dks 'kh"kZ miHkksDrk (Top Consumer) Hkh dgrs gSA
tSls& 'ksj] phrk] ck?k] ckt] i{kh o fx¼ vkfnA
(iii) vi?kVd (Decomposer)
§ ;s egRoiw.kZ tSfod ?kVd gksrs gS ;s e`r tho tUrqvksa dk vi?kVu dj nsrs gSA
§ okrkoj.k esa gksus okys tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ Hkh vi?kVdksa dh lgk;rk ls gh gksrs gSA
tSls& thok.kq] dod vkfnA
[kk| Jà[kyk (Food Chain)
§ mRikndksa dks izkFkfed miHkksDrk o izkFkfed dks f}rh;d miHkksDrk rFkk f}rh;d dks r`rh;d miHkksDrk ÅtkZ izkfIr ds
fy, Hkkstu ds :i esa xzg.k djrs gSA bl izdkj ,d Ja`[kyk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftls [kk| Ja`[kyk dgrs gSA
(1) ?kkl → fVM~Mk → esa<+d → lk¡i → eksj (pkj.k [kk| Ja`[kyk)
(2) dspq, → esa<+d → liZ → i{kh (vijn [kk| Ja`[kyk)
(3) lw;Z → ?kkl → fgj.k → 'ksj → twa (ijthoh [kk| Ja`[kyk)
[kk| tky (Food web)

§ vusd [kk| Ja`[kyk,sa feydj [kk| tky dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
§ [kk| tky ftruk tfVy gksxk ifjra=k mruk gh LFkkbZ gksxkA
ckt (r`rh;d miHkksDrk)
lk¡i (f}rh;d miHkksDrk)
(izkFkfed miHkksDrk) es<+d fVM~Mk
mRiknd
[kk| tky
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa ÅtkZ izokg (Energy Flow in Ecosystem)
§ ikfjra=k esa ÅtkZ ,d iks"kd Lrj (Trophic Level) ls nwljs iks"kd Lrj esa igqp
¡ rh gSA
ÅtkZ ds nks izeq[k L=kksr %

§ lw;Z ÅtkZ (fofdj.k ÅtkZ) % Lo;aiks"kh ikniksa ds fy, ÅtkZ dk eq[; L=kksr lw;Z gSA
§ vdkcZfud L=kksr % fofHkUu jlk;u la'ys"kh thok.kq vdkcZfud inkFkksZ ls ÅtkZ izkIr djrs gSA
§ ikS/s i`Foh ij igq¡pus okyh dqy ÅtkZ ds dsoy 1% Hkkx dks gh izdk'k la'ys"k.k }kjk [kk| ÅtkZ (jklk;fud ÅtkZ)
esa cnyrs gSA
ÅtkZ ÅtkZ ÅtkZ
ikni izkFkfed f}rh;d r`rh;

ÅtkZ (mRiknd) miHkksDrk miHkksDrk miHkksDrk
§ ,d iks"kd Lrj ls nwljs iks"kd Lrj rd dsoy 10% ÅtkZ gh igqp
¡ rh gSAa 'ks"k 90% ÅtkZ m"ek ds :i esa okrkoj.k esa
foy; gks tkrh gSA
§ vxys iks"kd Lrj rd 10% ÅtkZ gh igq¡prh gSA bls ikfjfLFkfrd n'kka'k dk fu;e (Rule of ecological tenth) ;k
LykscksMfd;k dk 1968 dk 10% dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSA
§ 10% ÅtkZ izkfIr dk fu;e fy.Mseku us fn;kA
ikni izkjfEHkd f}rh;d r`rh;

Sun (mRiknd) miHkksDrk miHkksDrk miHkksDrk
(1000 dSyksjh) (100 dSyksjh) (10 dSyksjh) (1 dSyksjh)
§ Å"ek xfrdh dk izFke fu;e % Å"ek dks u rks mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh Å"ek dks u"V fd;k tk ldrk
gS dsoy ,d izdkj dh Å"ek dks nwljs izdkj dh Å"ek esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
§ bZ-ih- vksMe us ÅtkZ izokg dk lokZf=kd ekWMy izLrqr fd;kA
ÅtkZ ds fijkfeM (Energy Pyramid)

§ ÅtkZ tc ,d Lrj ls nwljs Lrj rd igq¡prh gS rks mldh ek=kk mÙkjksrj de gksrh tkrh gS ftlls ÅtkZ dk fijkfeM
lnSo lh/k gh curk gSA
1 kcal r`rh; miHkksDrk

10 kcal f}rh;d miHkksDrk
100 kcal izkFkfed miHkksDrk
1000 kcal miHkksDrk
ÅtkZ dk Lrwi
ikfjfLFkfrdh n{krk (Ecological Efficeance) % thoksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yh xbZ ÅtkZ dks buds }kjk vyx&vyx dk;ksZ
esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ÅtkZ dks fofHkUu dk;ksZ esa mi;ksx djus dh {kerk dks gh ikfjfLFkfrdh n{krk dgrs gSA
tk;UV ikaMk dh ÅtkZ laxzg.k {kerk (20%) Lru/kfj;ksa eas lcls de gksrh gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh Lrwi (Ecological Pyramid) % ikfjfLFkfrdh Lrwi dh ladYiuk loZiFz ke pkYlZ ,YVu us 1927 esa nhA
(i) ?kkl LFky ifjra=k o rkykc ifjra=k % buds Lrwi lnSo lh/s gh gksrs gSA D;ksfa d bu ifjra=kksa esa mRikndksa dh la[;k
lokZf/d gksrh gSA
C3 ckt C3 fo'kky
eNfy;k¡
C2 liZ C2
C1 [kjxks'k] pwgs C1 NksVh eNfy;k¡
P ?kkl (mRiknd) P Iyod&mRiknd
?kkl LFky esa tSo la[;k dk fijkfeM rkykc esa tSo la[;k dk fijkfeM
vijn % ikS/s ds e`r Hkkx o tarv
q ksa ds vo'ks"k vijn dgykrs gSA
(a) lrgh vijn % ifÙk;k¡] Nky] iq"i] e`r izkf.k;ksa ds vo'ks"k o budk ey&ew=k vkfn lrgh vijn gSA
(b) vkarfjd vijn % ikS/s dh e`r tM+s o buesa ik;s tkus okys lw{e thok.kq vkfn vkarfjd vijn gSA
Note : vijn ds vi?kVu ls áwel dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS áwel ,d gjs jax dk iks"kd rRoksa ls iwfjr inkFkZ gksrk gSA
§ vijn esa dkbfVu o fyfXuu dh ek=kk vf/d gksus ij inkFkksZ ds vi?kVu dh nj de gks tkrh gSA
tSo &Hkw jklk;fud pØ (Bio-Chemical Cycle)

§ ifjra=k esa lEiUu gksus okyk ,slk pØ ftlesa tho&tUrq] Hkwfe] vkSj jklk;fud inkFkZ Hkkx ysrs gS] tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ
dgykrk gSA
§ tho] tUrqvksa ds e`r gks tkus ds ckn buds 'kjhj esa mifLFkr rRo iqu% e`nk esa igqp
¡ tkrs gSA rRoksa ds bl pØhdj.k dks
[kfut & izokg dgrs gSA
thok.kq
e`r vi?kVu
tho tUrq fo?kVu
e`nk [kfut&rRo ;qDr
ukbVªkstu pØ
§ ok;q e.My esa 78 – 79% ukbVªkstu ikbZ tkrh gSA
§ ukbVªkstu dk ,d ek=k L=kksr ok;q e.My gSA
thok.kq }kjk vi?kVu foukbVªhdj.k
tarqvksa }kjk xzg.k e`r ok;qe.My esa N 78% 2
N 2 xzg.k NO 3
ikni ds :i eas
ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k
§ ok;qeaMy dh Lora=k ukbVªkstu dk vU; rRoksa ds lkFk feydj ukbVªkstu ds ;kSfxd tSls NO2 (ukbVªkbV) o NO3
(ukbVªsV) esa cnyuk ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k ;k ukbVªkstu ;k ;kSfxdhdj.k dgykrk gSA
Note : ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k ok;oh; thok.kq tSls& ,stsVkscsdVj vok;oh; thok.kq tSls& DyksLVªhfM;e o lgthoh
thok.kq tSls& jkbtksfc;e vkfn ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
rF; (Fact)
(1) Rhizobium ySX;wfeusfl (eVj dqy) ds ikniksa dh tM+ksa esa mifLFkr xk¡Bksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA
(2) uhyh&gfj 'kSoky tSls& ukWLVkWd o ,sukfcuk ds }kjk Hkh ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) cknyksa dh fctyh dM+dus ls Hkh ok;qe.My esa ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k gksrk gSA
veksfudj.k (Amonization) % veksfu;k dk fuekZ.k djus okys thok.kqvks }kjk vehuks vEyks@ ;wfjd vEyksa@
;wfj;k@ vkfn dks veksfu;k esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA mijksDr fØ;k dks veksuhdj.k dgrs gSA
ukbVªhdj.k (Nitrification) %& veksfu;k dk ukbVsªV esa cnyuk gh ukbVªhdj.k dgykrk gSA
thok.kq
NH3 NO3
(veksfu;k) (ukbVªsV)
§ ukbVªhdj.k djus okys thok.kq ukbVªhdkjh thok.kq dgykrs gSA
foukbVªhdj.k (Denitrification)
L;wMkseksukl
2NO3 N2 + 3O2
§ e`nk esa mifLFkr ukbVªVs dks L;wMkseksukl (thok.kq) }kjk ukbVªkt
s u xSl esa cny fn;k tkrk gS bl fØ;k dks gh
foukbVªhdj.k dgrs gSA
Note : eNfy;ksa dk Hk{k.k djus okys i{kh;ksa dh chV (fo"Bk) esa vR;f/d ek=kk esa iQkWLiQksjl (P) rRo ik;k
tkrk gSA bl fo"Bk dks Xokuks dgrs gSA bl fo"Bk dk mi;ksx [kkn ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% bls Xokuks
[kkn Hkh dgrs gSA
i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k
1. ok;q iznw"k.k o ekuo LokLF; (Airpolution and Human Health) %
O2 (21%), N2 (78%), vfØ; xSls (01%), CO2 (.03%)
ok;q ds ?kVdksa dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu gksuk gh ok;w iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA
ok;q iznw"k.k ds L=kksr (Source of Air pollution)

§ ok;q iznw"k.k ds rhu L=kksr gSa&
(1) vpy ngu L=kksr (Stationary comustion source):- ;fn bZ/ a u dks fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij tyk;k tkrk gS]a rks mls
vpy ngu dgrs gSAa
§ thok'e bZa/u eq[;r% dks;yk rFkk isVªksfy;e gSaA
§ thok'e bZ/a uksa ds ngu ls vkWDlkbM curs gSAa cuus okys ize[q k vkWDlkbM fuEu gS&a SO2 (lYiQj Mkb vkWDlkbM+)]
SO3 (lYiQj Vªkb vkWDlkbM)] No (ukbVªl vkWDlkbM)] NO2 (ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM+)] CO (dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM+)
bR;kfnA
§ SO2 ] SO3 ] o NO vkWDlkbM+ okrkoj.k ds lkFk fØ;k djds xU/d dk rstkc (Sulphuric acid) rFkk ukbfVªd
vEy ( Nitric acid) dk fuek.kZ djrss gSAa ;s vEy o"kkZ ty ds lkFk i`Foh ij vk tkrs gS]a ftls vEy o"kkZ (Acid
Rain) dgrs gSAa
(2) pyk;eku ngu L=kksr (Mobile combustion sources):& tc ngu L=kksr pyk;eku ;k xfreku gksrs gSAa tSl&
s dkj]
LdwVj] cl] gokbZ tgkt vkfnA
§ pyk;eku ngu L=kksr ds eq[; ?kVd fuEu gSa& CO (dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM+)] NO (ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM+)] rFkk
gkbMªksdkcZu bR;kfnA
§ isVªksfy;e inkFkksZ ds tyus ls ySM+ (Pb) ds df.k; iznw"kd curs gSaA ;s iznw"kd fuEu gSa& VsVªkbFkkby ySM+
[Pb(C2H3)4] VSVªkfeFkkby [Pb(CH3)4 ]
§ tc okguks ls NO rFkk gkbMªkds kcZu fudyrs gSa rks ;s inkFkZ lw;Z ds izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa fØ;k djds iSjkWfDly
,flVkby ukbVªsV (PAN) dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
§ PAN eq[;r% ikS/ks dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSaA
§ NO2, O3 o PAN dks lfEefyr :i ls izdk'k jklk;fud Leksx(photochemical smog) dgrs gSaA
(3) vkS/ksfxd L=kksr (Industrial sources):& m|ksxkssa ls fudyh CO (dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM)] SO2 (lYiQj Mkb
vkWDlkbM+)] ,oa df.k; inkFkZ vkfn ok;q iznw"k.k ds vkS|ksfxd L=kksr gSaA
Hkksiky dh xSl =kklnh

§ 3 fnlEcj 1984 dks Hkksiky esa ,d moZjd cukus okyh dEiuh ;wfu;u dkckZbM+ esa MIC (feFkkby vkblks lk;ukbM+)
xSl ds dkj.k yxHkx 2000 yksxksa dh e`R;q gks xbZ FkhA
§ bl MIC xSl ds dkj.k gh ok;q iznw"k.k gqvk ftlds cqjs izHkko iM+sA
SPM (Suspended particle matter):- ;g ,d ok;q iznw"kd gSaA SPM dh lcls vf/d ek=kk fnYyh o dksydkrk
esa gSAa
§ NO2 dh lcls vf/d ek=kk vgenkckn esa gSaA
ok;q iznw"k.k dk euq"; ij izHkko&

§ gheksXyksfcu ds vkWDlhtu ifjogu esa ck/k gksukA
§ dSalj dh laHkkouk,saA
§ vk¡[k] ukd] dku o xyk izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
§ 'olu ra=k lEca/h jksxA tSls& vLFkek] iQsiQM+ks dk dSalj o czksadkbfVl ('olu uyh esa laØe.k) vkfnA
rF;&
§ ykbdsu (dod$'kSoky) dks i;kZoj.k izn"w k.k dk lwpd ekuk tkrk gSa D;ksfd ok;q izn"w k.k ds dkj.k gjs jax dk
ykbdsu ihyk iM+ tkrk gSaA
§ vkxjk dk rkt egy ogk¡ ds dkj[kkuksa ls fudyh SO2 (lYiQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM+) xSl ds dkj.k ihyk iM+rk tk
jgk gSAa
§ ok;q izn"w k.k ds dkj.k gh ¶gfjr xzg izHkko¸ gksrk gSAa
§ gfjr xzg izHkko ds fy, CO2 xSl ftEesnkj gSaA
ok;q iznw"k.k dk fu;a=k.k (Contral of Air Pollution)

§ cSVjh pkfyr okguksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
§ xSlksa dk LØfcax (xSlksa dks vU; xSlksa ds lkFk feykdj gkfudkjd izHkko de djuk) djds Hkh ok;q izn"w k.k dk fu;a=k.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
BOD (Biological oxygen demand):& tSfod vkWDlhtu ekax (ty es mifLFkr dkcZfud inkFkksZ dk fo?kVu djus
ds fy, thok.kqvksa }kjk pkgh xbZ CO2 dh ek=k gh BOD dgykrh gSaA)
2. ty izn"w k.k o ekuo LokLF; (Water Pollution and Human Health) % ty ds ?kVdks (H2O, [kfut inkFkZ] tSfod ?kVd)
dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu gksus ls ty izn"w k.k gksrk gSA
§ jksx & gStk] VkbiQk;M] mYVh] vkU=k'kks/] isV nnZ] Ropk lacaf/ jksx] Ýyksjksfll vkfnA
§ 'kq¼ty dh PH = 7 gksrh gSA
§ BOD – tSfod vkWDlhtu fMek.M
§ moZjd] bLikr] phuh] diM+k] isUV~l] fjiQkbujh vkfn ds dkj[kkuks ls mRikfnr vif'k"V ,oa vkfo"kkyq inkFkZ tc ty ,oa
ufn;ksa esa NksM+ fn;s tkrs gSa] rks ty iznw"k.k gksrk gSaA
§ tkgtksa o iuMqfCc;ksa }kjk ty esa rsy dh /kjk,sa NksMus ls Hkh ty iznw"k.k gksrk gSaA
ty esa ikjs (Hg) ds dkj.k Hkh iznw"k.k gksrk gSa] ftlls euq"; esa cgjkiu] va/kiu o ikxyiu vkfn gks tkrs gSaA
ty iznw"k.k ds jksx
§ feukekVk jksx& ikuh esa ikjs (Hg) dh vf/drk ds dkj.kA
§ lhlktu& bls IyfEcTe Hkh dgrs gSaA
§ bVkbZ&bVkbZ & ikuh eas dsMfe;e (cd) dh vf/drk ds dkj.kA
§ Cyw csch flUMªkse& ikuh esa ukbVªsV dh vf/drk lsA
§ Ýyqvksjksfll& ikuh esa ÝyksjkbM+ dh vf/drk lsA
§ CySd iQqV jksx& ikuh esa vklsZfud (As) dh vf/drk ds dkj.kA
3. èofu iznw"k.k o ekuo LokLF; (Sound Poluation and Human Health) % vokaNuh; èofu dk c<+k gqvk Lrj gh
èofu iznw"k.k gSA
rhozrk dk ek=kk & Mslhcy (db)
§ ekuo d.kZ & 20 – 20,000 HZ vkofrZ dh èofu dks lqu ldrs gSA
§ 80 db ls vf/d rhozrk dh èofu iznw"k.k esa vkrh gSA
§ gokbZ tgktksa ,oa tsV foekuksa ls fudyh gqbZ èouh dk eku 160 Mslhcy ls vf/d gksrk gSaA
§ pexknM ijkJO; èofu rjaxs NksMrk gSaA (vYVªklksfud lkm.M)
vJO; èofu%& ,slh èofu rjaxs tks euq"; ds }kjk ugha lquh tk ldrh] vJO; èofu dgykrh gSaA
§ èofu dk ckj&ckj ijkofrZr gksdj lqukbZ nsuk izfrèofu (ECO SOUND) dgykrk gSaA
§ dqÙks esa vJO; èofu rjaxksa dks lquus dh {kerk ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ lk¡i esa d.kZ ugh gksrs ysfdu og dEiu ds }kjk èofu dks eglwl djrk gSaA
§ èofu ok;q eas .1 lSd.M le; esa 33.2 ehVj dh nwjh r; djrh gSaA
rF; (Facts)
§ 90 db ,oa 4000 HZ dh èofu Jo.kh; FkdkoV dk dkj.k gksrh gSA
§ 95 db ,oa 4000 ls 6000 HZ vko`fr èofu vLFkkbZ cgjsiu dk dkj.k gSA
§ 100 db dh rhozrk dh èofu d.kZ vaxksa dks LFkkbZ cgjsiu dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
§ 160 db ls vf/d ,oa 6000 Hz ls vf/d vko`fr dh èofu ls dku dk inkZ (Tempenic Membren) iQV tkrk gSA
tks LFkkbZ cgjsiu dk dkj.k gSA
§ jksx& ân; xfr c<+uk] ch-ih- c<+uk] ljnnZ
q q q
12. tSo&fofo/rk
(Bio-diversity)
¡ËflŸ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ/Origin of Life
§ •Ê¡ ‚ ‹ª÷ª 400 ∑§⁄UÊ«∏ fl·¸ ¬„U‹ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¡ËflŸ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ „ÈU•Ê, ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ∑Ò§‚ „ÈU•Ê ßU‚ ¬⁄U ∑§ß¸U Á‚hUÊãÃ „Ò¥U– Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚ ◊ÈÅÿ
ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥Uó
1. S¬Ê⁄U Á‚hUÊŸÃ Cosmozoic theory ÿÊ ¬ÒŸS¬Á◊¸ÿÊ (‚fl¸’Ë¡ÊáÊÈ)
Á‚hUÊãÃ ó Á⁄Uø≈U⁄U (Richter) fl ∑È§¿U ª˝Ë∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ ∑§ •Ÿ‚Ê⁄U ’˝rÊÊá«U ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ª˝„UÊ¥ ‚ S¬Ê⁄U (Spores) ŸÊ◊∑§ ∑§ÊÚÁS◊∑§ ∑§áÊ
(Cosmic dust) •Êÿ •ÊÒ⁄U ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ¡ËflŸ ∑§ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¬˝ÁÃM§¬ ’ŸÊÿ– •Ÿ∑§ πªÊ‹ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ ßU‚ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§Ê •Ê¡ ÷Ë ◊ÊŸÃ „Ò¥U–
2. SflÃ— ¡ŸŸ Á‚hUÊãÃ (Spontaneous theory) : ßU‚∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ∑È§¿U ∑§¬«∏, ⁄UÊ≈UË ∑§ ≈ÈU∑§«∏ ‚ øÍ„U ¡Ò‚ ¡ÊŸfl⁄U SflÃ— ©Uà¬ÛÊ
„UÊ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U– ◊Ë∆UÊ ÿÊ Ã⁄U‹ πÊŒ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ «UÊ‹Ÿ ‚ ◊ÁÄπÿÊ° SflÃ— ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ¬⁄UãÃÈ ÿ„U ‚ê÷fl Ÿ„UË¥ „Ò–
‹Èß¸U ¬Ê‡ø⁄U (Louis Pasture) : Ÿ SflÃ— ¡ŸŸ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§Ê ª‹Ã ‚ÊÁ’Ã ∑§⁄UÃ „Èÿ “¡ËflÊÃ ¡ËflÊUà¬ÁûÊ” •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ¬flÍ¸ ◊¥ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã
¡Ëfl ‚ „UË Ÿÿ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ ¬˝ÁÃ¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ •¬Ÿ ¬˝ÿÊª mUÊ⁄UÊ ÷Ë Á‚hU Á∑§ÿÊ–
§ ßU‚Ÿ ŒÊ ç‹ÊS∑§ Á‹ÿ Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ◊ÎÃ ÿËS≈U ⁄UπÊ, ∞∑§ ç‹ÊS∑§ ∑§Ê πÈ‹Ê „UË ⁄U„UŸ ÁŒÿÊ– ¡’Á∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ç‹ÊS∑§ ∑§Ë ªŒ¸Ÿ ∑§Ê ª◊¸
∑§⁄U ‘S’ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ÁŒÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ ¡ËflÊáÊÈ ⁄UÁ„UÃ ∑§⁄U∑§ •Êª ‚ ’ãŒ ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ©U‚◊¥ •¬Ÿ ¬˝ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ∑§Ë Á¡‚ ç‹ÊS∑§ ∑§Ê
πÈ‹Ê ¿UÊ«∏Ê ÕÊ ©U‚◊¥ ⁄Uπ ◊ÎÃ ÿËS≈U ◊¥ Ÿÿ ¡Ëfl ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U, ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ©U‚ ¡ËflÊáÊÈ ⁄UÁ„UÃ Ÿ„UË¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ– ¡’Á∑§
ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ç‹ÊS∑§ ◊¥ ¡ËflŸ ©Uà¬ÛÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
3. •Ê¬Á⁄UŸ-„UÊ‹«UŸ Á‚hUÊãÃ (Oparin and Haldane theory) :
§ ßU‚ M§¬ ‚ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ ∞.•Êß.•Ê¬Á⁄UŸ (A.I. Oparin) fl ß¥UÇ‹Òá«U ∑§ flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ ¡.’Ë.∞‚. „UÊÚ‹«UŸ (J.B.S. Haldane) Ÿ
¬˝ÁÃ¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ–
§ ßUŸ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ∑È§¿U ⁄U‚ÊÿŸÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ÿ ‚ „ÈU•Ê „UÒ– ¡Ò‚ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ fl •Ê⁄U.∞Ÿ.∞. (RNA)
§ ßU‚∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ◊„UÊ‚Êª⁄U ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê, ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ ¬ÎâflË ∑§Ê ÃÊ¬ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÕÊ, flÊÿÈ◊á«U‹ ◊¥ CH4, NH3 ¡Ò‚Ë
ªÒ‚ ∑§◊ fl íflÊ‹Ê◊ÈπË •ÁäÊ∑§ Õ–
§ ßU‚∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ⁄U‚ÊÿŸÊ¥ ∑§ ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ÿ ‚ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ÿÊÒÁª∑§Ê ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „ÈU•Ê–
§ øÍ°Á∑§ ßU‚ ‚◊ÿ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ •ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U ÕË ÃÊ ‚ê÷flÃ— ¡Ëfl ÷Ë •flÊÿÁflÿ (anaerobic) Õ–
4. Á◊‹⁄U ∑§Ê Á‚hUÊãÃ (Millar’s theory) :
§ ßU‚ ∞‚.∞‹.◊Ë‹⁄U (S.L. Millar) Ÿ 1953 ◊¥ •¬Ÿ ¬˝ÿÊª mUÊ⁄UÊ Á‚hU Á∑§ÿÊ ßU‚ ¬˝ÿÊª ◊¥ ©U‚Ÿ ◊ËÕŸ, •◊ÊÁŸÿÊ fl
„UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ç‹ÊS∑§ ◊¥ ⁄UπÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚◊¥ ©U‚Ÿ ©’‹Ã „ÈUÿ ¬ÊŸË ‚ ÷Ê¬ ¬˝flÊÁ„UÃ ∑§Ë ‚ÊÕ „UË 800°C ¬⁄U ŒÊ ≈¥UªS≈UŸ ∑§
ßU‹Ä≈U˛Ê«U ‚ S¬ÊÁ∑Z§ª (ÁfllÈÃ Á«USøÊ¡) ∑§⁄UÊÿÊ– ÿ„UÊ° ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊ«U ∑§Ê ™§¡Ê¸ ‚˝ÊÃ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ◊¥ Á‹ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ¡’ ßU‚ ¬˝ÿÊª
∑§ 18 ÁŒŸ ’ÊŒ ç‹ÊS∑§ ∑§ Œ˝fl (Fluid) ∑§Ê Áfl‡‹·áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÃÊ ©U‚◊ Ç‹Êß¸U‚ËŸ (Glycine), ∞‹ŸÊß¸U Ÿ (Alanine) fl
∞S¬ÊÁ≈¸U∑§ •ê‹ (Aspartic acid) ¡Ò‚ ‚⁄U‹ •◊ËŸÊ¥ •ê‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ ¬ÊÿË ªÿË– ßU‚∑§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ »§ÊÁ◊¸∑§ •ê‹,
∞Á‚Á≈U∑§ •ê‹, •ÊÚÄ‚Á‹∑§ •ê‹ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ •ê‹ ÷Ë ¬Êÿ ªÿ, ‚ÊâÊ „UË ‡Ê∑¸§⁄UÊ∞°, ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ ˇÊÊ⁄U fl fláÊ¸∑§ ÷Ë ’Ÿ–
§ ßU‚ ¬˝ÿÊª ‚ ÿ„U ◊ÊŸÊ ªÿÊ Á∑§ ∞‚Ë „UË •Á÷Á∑˝§ÿÊ ’˝rÊÊá«U ◊¥ ∑§„UË¥ ŸÊ ∑§„UË¥ „ÈUß¸U Á¡‚‚ •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ‚ ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ÿÊÒÁª∑§Ê¥
∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „ÈU•Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ‚ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ „ÈU•Ê– ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Õ◊ •∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ëÿ M§¬ •Ê¡ ‚ ‹ª÷ª 300
∑§⁄UÊ«∏ ( 3 •⁄U’) fl·¸ ¬Ífl¸ ’ŸÊ ÕÊ– ‚¥÷flÃ— ÿ RNA, ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Ê‹Ë‚∑§⁄UÊßU«U •ÊÁŒ flÎ„UŒ˜ •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ¡Ò‚ ⁄U„¥U „UÊª– ÿ flÎhU
•áÊÈ ‚◊ÊŸ •áÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚ˇÊ◊ ⁄U„U „UÊ¥ª– ¬˝Õ◊ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ ∑§ 200 ∑§⁄UÊ«∏
fl·¸ ’ÊŒ „ÈU•Ê– ¬⁄UãÃÈ Á∑§‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∞∑§ ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ‚ ÁflÁfläÊ ¡Á≈U‹ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÈU•Ê ßU‚ „U◊ ßU‚ •äÿÊÿ ◊¥ •Êª ¬…∏¥Uª–
¡ËflŸ-SflM§¬ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚-∞∑§ Á‚hUÊãÃ (Evolution of life forms-A Theory)

§ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑Ò§‚ „ÈU•Ê ÿ„U ∞∑§ ÁflflÊŒ ∑§Ê Áfl·ÿ „ÒU ßU‚ ‚ãŒ÷¸ ◊¥ ∑§ß¸U ◊Ã ¬˝øÁ‹Ã „ÒU– Á¡‚◊¥ ‚ ∑È§¿U ÁŸêŸ „ÒUó
1. ¬˝Õ◊ Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ Á¡ÃŸË ¡ÊÁÃÿÊ° „Ò¥U– ÿ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ‚ „UË ‚ÎÁ¡Ã „ÈUß¸U ÕË–
2. ÁmUÃËÿ Á‚hUÊãÃ ÷Ë ÿ„UË ∑§„UÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ¡Òfl-ÁflÁfläÊÃÊ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ÷Ë ÕË •ÊÒ⁄U •Êª ÷Ë ⁄U„UªË–
3. ÃË‚⁄‘U Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¬ÎâflË ∑§fl‹ 4000 fl·¸ ¬È⁄UÊŸË „ÒU–
4. øÊÒÕ ŒÊÒ⁄U ◊¥ 19flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ øÊÀ‚¸ «UÊÁfl¸Ÿ Ÿ ∞ø.∞◊.∞‚. Á’ª‹ ŸÊ◊ ∑§ ¡„UÊ¡ ¬⁄U Áfl‡fl ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ‚ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ÁŸêŸ
¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ ÁŸ∑§Ê‹–
§ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ¡ËflŸ ∑§⁄UÊ«∏Ê fl·¸ ¬„U‹ ⁄U„UŸ flÊ‹ ¡ËflÊ¥ ‚ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ ⁄UπÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ äÊË⁄‘U-äÊË⁄‘U fl ∑˝§Á◊∑§ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU–
§ ßU‚ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝ÊøËŸ ¡Ëfl ‚◊Ê# „UÊ ªÿ •ÊÒ⁄U •Ÿ∑§ Ÿÿ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ „ÈUß¸U „ÒU–
§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡Ëfl ◊¥ ÁflÁèÊÛÊÃ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ÿÁŒ ÿ„U ÁflÁ÷ÛÊÃÊ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ∑Í§‹ „UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÊ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ flÎÁhU „UÊÃË „ÒU–
ßU‚ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê «UÊÁfl¸Ÿ Ÿ ¬˝Ê∑Î§ÁÃ∑§ fl⁄UáÊ (Natural selection) ∑§„UÊ–
§ Á¡Ÿ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§Ë ‚ãÃÊŸÊà¬ÁûÊ Œ⁄U ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U fl •ÁäÊ∑§ ¡ŸŸ ∑§⁄U •¬ŸË
‚¥ÅÿÊ ’…∏UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ∆UË∑§ ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁŸc∑§·¸ ∞À»˝§«U flÊÚ‹‚ Ÿ ◊‹ÊÿÊ ∑§ •ÊÁ∑¸§¬‹ÊªÊ ¬˝ÊáÊË ¬⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈUÿ ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ Õ– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ÿ„U
Á‚hU „UÊ øÈ∑§Ê „ÒU Á∑§ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ßUÁÃ„UÊ‚ ∑§⁄UÊ«∏Ê¥-•⁄U’Ê¥ fl·¸ ¬È⁄UÊŸÊ „ÒU–
¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence of Evolution)

§ ¬ÎâflË ∑§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃ˜ ©U‚ ¬⁄U ∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ fl •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ‚ ¡Ëfl fl ÁŸ¡Ë¸fl ¡ªÃ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ „È•Ê Á¡‚ ∑˝§◊‡Ê—
¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ fl •∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ©UŒ˜÷fl fl ©UŸ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ê „UË ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ÿ„U ∞∑§ äÊË◊Ë ¬⁄UãÃÈ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U ø‹Ÿ flÊ‹Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ „ÒU–
¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ‚ „UË flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ ßU‚ •Ê⁄U •Ê∑§Á·¸Ã „ÈU•Ê Á∑§ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ∑Ò§‚ „ÈU•Ê, ©UŸ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U „ÈU•Ê, ÄÿÊ
‚èÊË ¡Ëfl ∞∑§ ‚ÊÕ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „ÈUÿ? ßUŸ ¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ Ÿ „UË ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ (evolution) ŸÊ◊∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ∑§Ê ¡ã◊ ÁŒÿÊ–
§ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ÿ„U ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê øÈ∑§Ê „ÒU Á∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¡Ëfl ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ŒÍ⁄‘U ¡Ëfl ◊¥ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊÃÊ•Ê¥ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU–
ßU‚ Á‚hU ÿÊ ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬˝SÃÈÃ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ „Ò¥ó
1. ÃÈ‹ŸÊà◊∑§ •Ê∑§ÊÁ⁄U∑§Ë fl ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ⁄UøŸÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
2. ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
3. ¡Òfl-⁄U‚ÊÿŸ fl ∑§ÊÁÿ¸∑§Ë ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
4. •ŸÈ„U⁄UáÊ fl ⁄UˇÊÊà◊∑§ ‚ŒÎ‡ÿÃÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
5. øÿŸ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
6. •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
7. ‚¥ÿÊ¡∑§ ∑§Á«∏ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
8. ÃÈ‹ŸÊà◊∑§ ÷˝ÊÁáÊ∑§Ë ‚ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
9. ¬Ífl¸¡ÃÊ ‚ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
10. ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ‚ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
11. flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
12. •ÊŸflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§Ë ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
1. ÃÈ‹ŸÊà◊∑§ •Ê∑§ÊÁ⁄U∑§Ë fl ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ⁄UøŸÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence from Comparative Morphology & Anotomy)
¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ∞° ¬˝Êÿ— ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÊÃË „ÒU–
I. ‚◊¡ÊÃ •¥ª (Homologous Organs) : ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë fl ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ∞° ¡Ê ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ fl ©UŒ˜÷fl ◊¥ ‚◊ÊŸ
„UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÕÊ ©UŸ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ‚◊¡ÊÃ •¥ª (homologous organ) ∑§„U‹ÊÃ „Ò¥U– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ (i) ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ „UÊâÊ, ÉÊÊ«∏
∑§Ë •ª‹Ë ≈UÊ¥ª, ø◊ªÊŒ«∏ ∑§ ¬¥π fl ‚Ë‹ fl √„U‹ ∑§ Áç‹¬⁄U ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ fl ©UŒ˜÷fl ‚◊ÊŸ „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßUŸ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „Ò¥U–
§ ßŸ ‚÷Ë •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ◊Í‹ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ◊¥ sÍ◊⁄U‚, ⁄‘UÁ«Uÿ‚, •ÀŸÊ, ∑§Ê¬¸À‚, ◊≈UÊ∑§Ê¬¸À‚ fl •¥ªÈ‹ÊÁSÕÿÊ° ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ßUŸ∑§
©UŒ˜÷fl ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ßUŸ •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ Á÷ÛÊ-Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥– ßUã„¥U ‚◊¡ÊÃ •¥ª ∑§„UÃ „ÒU–
§ ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ∑§ ◊ÈπÊ¥ªÊ¥ ◊¥ ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ M§¬ ‚ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU Á∑§ ‚÷Ë ◊¥ ∞∑§ ‹Ò’˝◊, ∞∑§ ‹Á’ÿ◊, ∞∑§ ¡Ê«∏Ë ◊ÒÁÄ‚‹Ê fl ∞∑§ ¡Ê«∏Ë
◊Áá«U’‹ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ Á»§⁄U ÷Ë ÿ •‹ª-•‹ª ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ◊¥ •‹ª-•‹ª ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥– ¡Ò‚- ∑§ÊÚ∑§⁄UÊø ◊¥ ø’ÊŸÊ,
◊ë¿U⁄U ◊¥ øÍ·ŸÊ, ◊ÄπË ◊¥ S¬Ê¥Á¡¥ª ÃÕÊ ÁÃÃ‹Ë ◊¥ ‚ÊßU»§Ÿ (Siphoning) ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥–
§ ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ∑§ NŒÿ fl ◊ÁSÃc∑§ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚–
§ ¬ÊÒäÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ’ÊªŸflÁ‹ÿÊ ∑§ ∑§Ê°≈UÊ¥ fl ∑È§∑§⁄UÁ’≈UÊ ∑§ ¬˝ÃÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ èÊË ©UŒ˜÷fl fl ◊Í‹ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ◊¥ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
§ ©U¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ßU‚ ’ÊŒ ∑§Ë ¬ÈÁCU ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥ Á∑§ ßUŸ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ „UË ¬Ífl¸¡ ‚ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ê
•¬‚Ê⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ (Divergent evolution) ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ Á÷ÛÊ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊Í‹ M§¬ ‚ ‚◊ÊŸ ⁄UøŸÊ∞° Á÷ÛÊ M§¬ äÊÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃË „Ò¥U, ÿ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ∞° ‚◊¡ÊÃËÿ ÃÕÊ ÿ„U ÉÊ≈UŸÊ
‚◊¡ÊÃÃÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃË „Ò¥U–
II. ‚◊flÎÁûÊ ÿÊ ÃÈÀÿM§¬Ë •¥ª (Analogous Organs) : ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ©U¬ÁSâÊÃ fl •¥ª Á¡Ÿ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊ∞° (∑§Êÿ¸) ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃË „Ò¥U,
¬⁄UãÃÈ ©UŸ∑§Ê ©UŒ˜ª◊ fl •ÊãÃÁ⁄U∑§ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ◊¥ •ãÃ⁄U „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßUã„¥U ‚◊flÎÁûÊ •¥ª (Analogous organs) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊó
(i) ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ∑§ ¬¥π, ¬ÁˇÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬¥π fl ø◊ªÊŒ«∏ ∑§ ¬¥π ó ‚èÊË ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ ‚◊ÊŸ „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ ◊Í‹ ⁄UøŸÊ fl ©UŒ˜ª◊ Á÷ÛÊ „Ò¥ ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§
∑§Ë≈U ∑§ ¬¥π ∑§ÊßUÁ≈UŸ ∑§ ’Ÿ „UÊÃ „Ò¥ ¡’Á∑§ ¬ÁˇÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬¥π •ª˝¬ÊŒ ∑§ M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ ‚ ’ŸÃ „Ò°U ÃÕÊ ø◊ªÊŒ«∏ ∑§ ¬¥π •ª˝¬ÊŒ
∑§Ë øÊ⁄U •¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ÃÕÊ äÊ«∏ ∑§ ◊äÿ ∑§Ë àfløÊ ∑§ »Ò§‹Ÿ ‚ ’ŸÃ „Ò¥U–
(ii) ◊äÊÈ◊ÄπË fl Á’ë¿ÈU ∑§ «¥U∑§ ó ŒÊŸÊ¥ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ ‚◊ÊŸ „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ ◊äÊÈ◊ÄπË ∑§Ê «¥U∑§ ©U‚∑§ •á«U ÁŸˇÊ¬∑§ ŸÊ‹ ∑§Ê M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ
„ÒU ¡’Á∑§ Á’ë¿ÈU ∑§Ê «¥U∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ •ÁãÃ◊ πá«U ∑§Ê M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ „ÒU–
(iii) ◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬¥π fl √„U‹ ∑§ Áç‹¬⁄U ó ßU‚◊¥ ◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬¥πÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á»§Ÿ-Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ àfløÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ •Ê‹Áê’Ã (supported) „ÒU
¡’Á∑§ √„U‹ ∑§ Áç‹¬⁄U •ª˝ ¬ÊŒ ∑§Ê M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ „ÒU–
(iv) ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ≈˛UÁ∑§ÿÊ fl ∑§‡ÊL§∑§Ê¥ ∑§ »§»§«∏¥ó ŒÊŸÊ¥ ‡fl‚Ÿ •¥ª „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ≈˛UÁ∑§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ©UŒ˜÷fl ÷˝ÍáÊ ∑§ ∞Ä≈UÊ«U◊¸ ‚
„UÊÃÊ „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ ∑§‡ÊL§∑§Ê¥ ∑§ »§»§«∏ ∞á«UÊ«U◊¸ ‚ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
ÿ ‚èÊË ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ßU‚ ’ÊÃ ∑§Ë ¬ÈÁc≈U ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥ Á∑§ ßUŸ ‚’∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚◊ÊŸ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ËÁ‹ÿ ÿ ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ
¬˝◊ÊáÊ „ÒU–
(v) (a) •ÊÚÄ≈UÊ¬‚ fl SÃŸäÊÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ∑§ ŸòÊ
(b) ¬¥ÁÇflŸ fl «UÊÚÁÀ»§Ÿ ◊¿UÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬ˇÊ
(c) ‡Ê∑§⁄U∑§ãŒ ÃÕÊ •Ê‹Í ∑§ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ◊Í‹ fl ÃŸ ∑§Ë M§¬ÊãÃ⁄UáÊ
§ ÃÈÀÿM§¬ÃÊ ÿÊ ‚◊flÎÁûÊ •¥ª Ã’ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ¡’ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ M§¬ ‚ Á÷ÛÊ ¡ÊÁÃ ‚◊Í„U ∞∑§ „UË •ÊflÊ‚ ◊¥ ⁄U„UÃ „Ò¥ •ÊÒ⁄U
©Uã„¥U ©U‚ •ÊflÊ‚ ◊¥ ⁄U„UŸ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ∞∑§ ¡Ò‚ ‹ˇÊáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ê ©Uã„¥U ©U‚ •ÊflÊ‚ ◊¥ •ŸÈ∑Í§Á‹Ã „UÊŸ ◊¥
‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ‚◊ÊŸ •ÊflÊ‚ ◊¥ •‹ª-•‹ª ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚◊ÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ •Á÷‚Ê⁄UË ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ (Convergent
evolution) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßUŸ •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ Á÷ÛÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
2. ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence of Palaentology) : •fl‚ÊŒË ø≈˜U≈UÊŸÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Í¬¬¸≈UË ∑§ ∑˝§ÊÚ‚ ‚Ä‡ÊŸ ◊¥ ∞∑§ Ã‹¿U≈U ¬⁄U
ŒÍ‚⁄‘U Ã‹¿U≈U ∑§Ë ¬⁄UÃ¥ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò¥U– Ã‹¿U≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á÷ÛÊ ¬⁄UÃÊ¥ ◊¥ Á÷ÛÊ ¡Ëfl M§¬ ¡ËflÊ‡◊Ê¥ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ªÿ ¡Ê ©U‚ ∑§Ê‹ ∑§ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê
¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁäÊàfl ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥ Á¡‚ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ Á∑§ ßUŸ Ã‹¿U≈UË ÿÊ •fl‚ÊŒË ¬⁄UÃÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „ÈU•Ê–
§ ¡’ ◊ÎÃ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ⁄‘UÃ ◊¥ Œ’ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U ÃÊ ÿ ∑§Ê‹ÊãÃ⁄U ◊¥ ø≈˜U≈UÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U– ◊ÎÃ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ø≈˜U≈UÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ’Œ‹ŸÊ
•‡◊Ë÷flŸ (Palaentology) ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ßUŸ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ Áøã„U ‡Ê· ⁄U„U ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßUã„¥U „UË ¡ËflÊ‡◊ (Fossil) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ßUŸ∑§
•äÿÿŸ ∑§Ê ¡ËflÊ‡◊-ÁflôÊÊŸ (Palaentology) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
§ ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ’„ÈUÃ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥– ¡Ò‚ •ÊÁ∑¸§ÿÊå≈UÁ⁄UÄ‚, «UÊÿŸÊ‚Ê⁄U, •ÊÁŒ◊ÊŸfl, •ÊÁŒ ∑§
¡ËflÊ‡◊ ¡Òfló Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝’‹ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ „ÒU–
¡ËflÊ‡◊Ê¥ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ ÁŸêŸ Ãâÿ ¬˝∑§≈U ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒUó
1. ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ©UŸ ¬˝ÊÁáÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ •fl‡Ê· „ÒU ¡Ê ¬˝ÊøËŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ Õ–
2. ßU‚‚ flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ∑˝§◊’hUÃÊ ∑§Ê ôÊÊŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
3. ÿ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¬˝ÊáÊË ‚◊Í„UÊ¥ ∑§ ©UŒ˜÷fl, SfláÊ¸∑§Ê‹, •øÊŸ∑§ Áfl‹È# „UÊŸ, •ÊÁŒ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ŒÃ „Ò¥U–
4. ∑È§¿U ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ÿÊ¡∑§ ∑§Á«∏ÿÊ° ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
5. ¡ËflÊ‡◊Ê¥ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ¬˝ÊøËŸ ¡ËflÊ¥ ‚ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§Ã „ÒU–
§ ¡ËflÊ‡◊Ê¥ ∑§Ë •ÊÿÈ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ-14, ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ 238 ∑§Ë ’øË „ÈUß¸U ◊ÊòÊÊ ‚ ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ÉÊÊ«∏ ∑§ ©UŒ˜Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ‚÷Ë ¡ËflÊ‡◊ ¬ÍáÊ¸ M§¬ ‚ ôÊÊÃ „ÈUÿ „Ò¥U ßU‚‚ ¬ÃÊ ø‹ÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ÉÊÊ«∏Ê ‚’‚ ¬„U‹ π⁄U„UÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ
ÕÊ ßU‚∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ÁŸêŸ ∑˝§◊ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒUó
(i) ßUÿÊÁ„Uå¬‚ó ÿ„ ßU•ÊÁ‚Ÿ ÿÈª ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „ÈU•Ê, ßU‚∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U π⁄U„UÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ÕÊ ßU‚◊¥ 44 ŒÊ°Ã fl •ª˝¬ÊŒ ◊¥
4, ÃÕÊ ¬‡ø ¬ÊŒ ◊¥ ÃËŸ •¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ° ÕË–
(ii) Á◊¡ÊÁ„Uå¬‚ó ÿ„U •ÊÁ‹ªÊÁ‚Ÿ ÿÈª ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „ÈU•Ê, ÿ„U ÷«∏ ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U ÕÊ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ¬ÊŒÊ¥ ◊¥ 3–3 •¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ° ÕË
¬⁄UãÃÈ ’Ëø ∑§Ë •¥ªÈ‹Ë ‹ê’Ë ÕË–
(iii) ◊Á⁄UÁøå‚ ó ÿ„U ◊ÊÿÊÁ‚Ÿ ÿÈª ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „ÈU•Ê– ÿ„U ≈˜U≈U≈ÍU ∑§ ’⁄UÊ’⁄U ÕÊ ßU‚◊¥ ÷Ë ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¬ÊŒ ◊¥ ÃËŸ-ÃËŸ
•¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ° ÕË ÃÕÊ ’Ëø ∑§Ë •¥ªÈ‹Ë •ÁäÊ∑§ ’«∏Ë fl πÈ⁄UŒÊ⁄U (hoofed) ÕË •ÊÒ⁄U ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§ ‚ê¬∑¸§ ◊¥ ⁄U„UÃË ÕË ‡Ê· ŒÊ
•¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ° ¿UÊ≈UË ÕË, ◊Ê‹⁄U ŒãÃ ‹ê’ Õ–
(iv) å‹ËÿÊÁ„Uå¬‚ ó ÿ„U ≈≈˜U≈ÍU ‚ ÕÊ«∏Ê ’«∏Ê ÕÊ ßU‚◊¥ ÃË‚⁄UË •¥ªÈ‹Ë ’«∏Ë ÕË ÃÕÊ ‡Ê· ŒÊ àfløÊ ◊¥ ⁄U„UÃË ÕË ÿ Ã¡ ŒÊÒ«∏
‚∑§ÃÊ ÕÊ–
(v) ßUÄfl‚ (•ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ÉÊÊ«∏Ê)ó ÿ„U ‹ª÷ª 1.5 ◊Ë≈U⁄U ™°§øÊ ÕÊ ßU‚∑§Ê ∑§Œ ™§°øÊ ÕÊ ◊Ê‹⁄U ŒãÃ ‹ê’ Õ, ¬ÊŒ ‹ê’
ÃÕÊ Á‚»¸§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë (ÃË‚⁄UË) •¥ªÈ‹Ë ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÈU•Ê ‡Ê· •¥ªÈÁ‹ÿÊ° ‹È# „UÊ ªß¸U ÕË–
3. ¡Òfl-⁄U‚ÊÿŸ fl ∑§ÊÁÿ¸∑§Ë ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidences of Bio-Chemistry & Physiology)
(i) ¡Òfl-⁄U‚ÊÿŸ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬˝ÊÿÊÁª∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ¡Ò‚ ‚÷Ë ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§ÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ∑§ ¡Ëfl-Œ˝√ÿ ◊¥
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ, „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ, •ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ fl ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ¡Ê ∑§Ê’Ê¸„UÊßU«˛U≈U, ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ fl fl‚Ê ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
(ii) ‚÷Ë ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ∞ã¡ÊßU◊ ∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ fl ∑§Êÿ¸ ‹ª÷ª ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃ „ÒU–
(iii) ‚÷Ë ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ „UÊ⁄U◊Êã‚ ‹ª÷ª ‚◊ÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U– ¡Ò‚ ÿÁŒ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ÕÊÿ⁄UÊÁÄ‚Ÿ „UÊ⁄U◊ÊŸ ∑§Ê ßUã¡Ä‡ÊŸ ◊…∏U∑§ ∑§ ÕÊÿ⁄UÊßU«U
ª˝ÁãÕ ⁄UÁ„UÃ ≈U«U¬Ê‹ ‹ÊflÊ¸ ◊¥ ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡Êÿ ÃÊ fl„U flÿS∑§ ◊¥ ∑§ÊÿÊãÃÁ⁄UÃ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(iv) ‚èÊË ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ªÈáÊ‚ÍòÊ ãÿÍÁÄ‹∑§ •ê‹ fl ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ∑§ ’Ÿ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ DNA ãÿÍÁÄ‹•Ê≈UÊßU«UÊ ∑§Ê ’ŸÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(v) ÃÈ‹ŸÊà◊∑§ ‚Ë⁄U◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ (Comparative serology) ó ßU‚◊¥ ∞á≈UË¡Ÿ-∞á≈UË’ÊÚ«UË¡ Ã∑§ŸË∑§ (Antigen - antibody) ∑§Ê
©U¬ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ÿÁŒ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê π⁄U„UÊ ◊¥ «UÊ‹Ê ¡Êÿ ÃÊ ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ê ⁄UQ§ ∞ã≈UË¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ
π⁄U„UÊ ∑§ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ßU‚∑§ Áfl¬⁄UËÃ ∞ã≈UË’ÊÚ«UË (¬˝ÁÃ⁄UˇÊË) ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U fl ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ÕP§Ê ’Ÿ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ π⁄U„UÊ ∑§ ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê S∑¥§ÁŒÃ ∑§⁄U ‚Ë⁄U◊ ¬˝Ê# ∑§⁄U ‹Ã „Ò¥U– ßU‚ ∞á≈UËsÍ◊Ÿ ‚Ë⁄U◊ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ÿ„U ∞ã≈UËsÍ◊Ÿ ‚Ë◊⁄U Á¡‚ ⁄UQ§ ∑§
‚ÊÕ •ÁäÊ∑§ •flˇÊ¬áÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU fl„UË ÁŸ∑§≈UÃ◊ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‚÷Ë ∑§‡ÊM§Á∑§ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ „UË◊ÊÇ‹ÊÁ’Ÿ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ⁄‘U‡Ê≈¸U (Reschert) fl ’˝Ê©UŸ (brown) Ÿ ßU‚∑§ „UË◊Á≈UŸ Á∑˝§S≈U‹ ¬˝Ê#
Á∑§ÿ– ßU‚∑§Ë ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸ∑§≈UÃÊ ÷Ë ¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ŒÃÊ „ÒU–
(vi) ‚èÊË ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê≈UËŸ-‚¥‡‹·áÊ ∑§Ë Á∑˝§ÿÊÁflÁäÊ ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃË „ÒU–
(vii) ¡ËŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ¡ËflÊ¥ ◊¥ •Á÷√ÿÁQ§, ßUŸ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ∞∑§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ¬Ífl¸¡ „UÊŸ ∑§Ê ‚¥∑§Ã ŒÃÊ „ÒU–
4. •ŸÈ„U⁄UáÊ fl ⁄UˇÊÊà◊∑§ ‚ŒÎ‡ÿÃÊ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence from Protective resemblance)
•ŸÈ„U⁄UáÊó ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê fl„U ªÈáÊ Á¡‚◊¥ fl •¬Ÿ •ÊflÊ‚ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ÁŒπÊß¸U Œ •ŸÈ„U⁄UáÊ ∑§„U‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU– •¬Ÿ ‡ÊòÊÈ•Ê¥ ‚ •¬ŸË ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃ
„Ò– ¡Ò‚ó¬˝Áÿ¥ª ◊Áã≈U‚-¬áÊ¸ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ⁄¥Uª–
¿U«∏ ∑§Ë≈U (stick insect) — ‚ÍπË ≈U„UŸË ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ–
•ÊÒlÊÁª∑§ •ÁÃ∑Î§cáÊÃÊó ß¥UÇ‹Ò¥«U ◊¥ •ÊÒlÊÁª∑§ ∑˝§ÊÁãÃ (1850) ‚ ¬„U‹ ‡Ê„U⁄UË ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬«∏Ê¥ ¬⁄U ‡flÃ ¬¥πÊ¥ ¡Ò‚ ‡Ê‹÷Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ª„U⁄‘U
⁄¥Uª flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷Ê¥ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÕË– •ÊÒlÊÁª∑§ ∑˝§ÊÁãÃ ∑§ ’ÊŒ (1920) ª„U⁄‘U ⁄¥Uª flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ’…∏U ªß¸U ÃÕÊ ‡flÃ ¬¥π flÊ‹
‡Ê‹÷Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ∑§◊ „UÊ ªß¸U– •ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë∑§⁄UáÊ ‚ ¬„U‹ ¬«∏Ê¥ ∑§ ÃŸÊ¥ ¬⁄U ‡flÃ ‹ÊßU∑§Ÿ ©UªÊ ∑§⁄UÃË ÕË– ßU‚ ‡flÃ ¬ÎDU÷ÍÁ◊ ◊¥ ‡flÃ ⁄¥Uª
∑§ ¬¥πÊ¥ flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷ •¬Ÿ ‡ÊòÊÈ•Ê¥ ‚ •¬Ÿ •Ê¬∑§Ê¥ Á¿U¬Ê ‹Ã Õ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ’ø ¡ÊÃ Õ Á¡‚∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ©UŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ÷Ë íÿÊŒÊ ÕË ¡’Á∑§
ª„U⁄‘U ⁄¥Uª ∑§ ¬¥πÊ¥ flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷ ∞‚Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ¬ÊÃ Õ– •ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ©UlÊªÊ¥ ‚ ÁŸ∑§‹ äÊÈ°∞ (¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ) ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‹ÊßU∑§Ÿ πà◊
„UÊ ªß¸U ÃÕÊ ÃŸ ∑§Ê‹ ¬«∏ ªÿ– ßU‚ ¬ÎDU÷ÍÁ◊ ◊¥ ‡flÃ ¬¥π flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷ •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ ‡ÊòÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŒπ ¡ÊÃ Õ ÃÕÊ ª„U⁄‘U ÿÊ ∑§Ê‹ ⁄¥Uª ∑§ ¬¥π
flÊ‹ ‡Ê‹÷ •¬Ÿ •¬Ê∑§Ê¥ ‡ÊòÊÈ•Ê¥ ‚ ’øÊ ‹Ã Õ Á¡‚‚ ∑§Ë ßUŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ flÎÁhU „ÈUß¸U– ßU‚ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ‚ ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ ¬˝Ê∑Î§ÁÃ∑§ fl⁄UáÊ
Á‚hUÊãÃ ∑§Ê •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ ‚◊¤ÊÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–
ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ÿ ‚÷Ë ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ÿ„U Ãâÿ ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U Á∑§ ∑§Êß¸U ÷Ë ¡Ëfl ¡ÊÁÃ Sflÿ¥ ‚ËäÊ „UË ©Uà¬ÛÊ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÈUß¸U, ßUŸ ‚’∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ •ãÿ ¬Ífl¸flÃË¸
¡ÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ‚ ¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ mUÊ⁄UÊ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ßU‚ËÁ‹ÿ ßUŸ◊¥ ¬˝àÿˇÊ ÿÊ ¬⁄UÊˇÊ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ∞° ÁŒπÊß¸U ŒÃË „ÒU, ¡Òfl-Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ∞∑§ ¬˝àÿˇÊ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ
¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
5. øÿŸ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence of selection) :
§ ◊ŸÈcÿ Ÿ •Ÿ∑§ ¬ÊŒ¬Ê¥ fl ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÉÊ⁄‘U‹Í∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄U∑§ ∑§ß¸U ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ¬ÊŒ¬ Á∑§S◊Ê¥ fl ¡ãÃÈ ŸS‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∑§Êÿ¸
¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê∑Î§ÁÃ∑§ fl⁄UáÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ äÊË◊Ë ªÁÃ ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
§ ‡ÊÊ∑§ŸÊ‡Ê∑§Ê¥ fl ∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡Ê∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª ‚ ‡ÊÊ∑§Ê¥ fl ∑§Ë≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊ∑§ Á∑§S◊Ê¥ ÃÕÊ ¬˝ÁÃ¡ÒÁfl∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª ‚ ‚Íˇ◊¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊË
¬˝÷ŒÊ¥ ∑§Ê øÿUŸ „UÊ ªÿÊ–
6. •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evidence from vestigeal Organ) : ¬˝ÊÁáÊÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ •ŸÈ¬ÿÊªË •¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ê •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ª
(vestigeal organ) ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ÿ„U ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ÿ •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ª ßUŸ∑§ ¬Ífl¸¡Ê¥ ◊¥ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ •flSÕÊ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U– •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ªÊ¥
∑§Ê ¡Òfl Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ ◊„Uàfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ „U◊¥ Á◊‹Ã „Ò¥U ¡Ò‚ó
1. ◊ŸÈcÿ ó ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 180 •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ª ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U– Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚ ◊ÈÅÿ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥U–
(a) ∑Î§Á◊M§¬Ë ¬Á⁄U‡ÊÁcÊ∑§Ê (Vermiform appendix) ó ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ÿ„U •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ª „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ ‡ÊÊ∑§Ê„UÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ßU‚◊¥
‚ÒÀÿÍ‹Ê¡ ∑§Ê ¬ÊøŸ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(b) ÁŸ◊·∑§ ¬≈U‹ (Nictitating membrance) ó ÿ„U ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ŸòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ÷ËÃ⁄Ë Á∑§ŸÊ⁄‘ ¬⁄U ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ßU‚ å‹Ë∑§Ê
‚◊Ë‹ÈŸÁ⁄U‚ (Plica Semiluvaris) ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥– ÿ„U ◊ŸÈcÿÊ¥ ◊¥ •ŸÈ¬ÿÊªË „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ◊¥…∏U∑§, ¬ˇÊË fl π⁄U„UÊ ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊªË fl
‚Á∑˝§ÿ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§ÊÚÁŸ¸ÿÊ ∑§Ê ‚Ê»§ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–
(c) •Ä‹ ŒÊ…∏U (Wisdom teeth) ó ÿ„U ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ÃÎÃËÿ ◊Ê‹⁄U ŒÊ°Ã „ÒU ¡Ê ¬˝ÊßU◊≈˜U‚ ◊¥ Á∑˝§ÿÊ‡ÊË‹ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–
(d) ∑§áÊ¸ ¬À‹fl ∑§Ë ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° (Muscles of ear Pinna) ó ◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§ ’Ês ∑§áÊ¸ Á¬ÛÊÊ ◊¥ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ ÿ„U
∑§áÊ¸ ∑§Ê ªÁÃ‡ÊË‹ Ÿ„UË¥ ’ŸÊ ¬ÊÃË „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ ªÊÿ, ÷Ò‚, ∑È§ûÊ •ÊÁŒ ◊¥ ÿ ¬Á‡ÊÿÊ° ‚Á∑˝§ÿ „UÊÃË „ÒU¥–
(e) ¬Èë¿U ∑§‡ÊM§∑§Ê∞° (Tail vartebrae) ó ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ ¬Í°¿U Ÿ„UË¥ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ 4 ¬Èë¿U ∑§‡ÊM§∑§Ê∞° ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– Á¡ã„¥U
‚Ê◊ÍÁ„U∑§ M§¬ ‚ ∑§ÊÚ∑§Á‚Ä‚ (Coccyx) ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U–
(f) àfløÊ ¬⁄U ’Ê‹ (Hairs of Skin) ó ◊ŸÈcÿ ◊¥ Áfl⁄U‹ ⁄UÊ◊ •fl‡Ê·Ë •¥ª „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ •ãÿ SÃŸäÊÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿ ÃÊ¬ ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ ∑§Ê
∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
2. •¡ª⁄U ‚Á⁄U‚Î¬ flª¸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÊáÊË „ÒU Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ¬ÊŒ (≈UÊ¥ª) Ÿ„UË¥ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßU‚◊¥ •ª˝ fl ¬‡ø ¬ÊŒ ∑§Ë ◊π‹Ê∞° ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU,
¡Ê ÿ„U Á‚hU ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU Á∑§ ßU‚∑§ ¬Ífl¸¡Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬Ò⁄U ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ Õ–
3. Á∑§flË (kiwi), ∑Ò§‚Êfl⁄UË (cosswary), ß¸◊Í (emu) fl ‡ÊÈÃÈ⁄U◊Èª¸ (ostrich) ∞‚ ¬ˇÊË „Ò¥U Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ¬¥π „Ò¥U ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßUŸ◊¥ ©U«∏Ÿ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ
Ÿ„UË¥ ¬ÊÿË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU–
7. ‚¥ÿÊ¡∑§ ∑§Á«∏ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ (Evicence of connetive links)
(i) flÊßU⁄U‚ ó ÿ„U ‚¡Ëfl fl ÁŸ¡Ë¸fl ¡ªÃ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë ‚¥ÿÊ¡∑§ ∑§«∏Ë „ÒU–
(ii) ÿÈÁÇ‹ŸÊ ó ÿ„U ¬ÊŒ¬ fl ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë ÿÊ¡∑§ ∑§«∏Ë „ÒU ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ßU‚◊¥ ¬ÊŒ¬Ê¥ ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ¬áÊ¸„UÁ⁄UÃ ¬ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßU‚∑§Ë
•ŸÈ¬ÁSÕÁÃ ◊¥ ÿ ¡ãÃÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU–
(v) •ÊÁ∑¸§•Êå≈UÁ⁄UÄ‚ ó ßU‚ ⁄‘UÁå≈UÁ‹ÿÊ fl ¬ˇÊËÿÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ë ∑§«∏Ë ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∞∑§ ¡ËflÊ‡◊ „ÒU ÿ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ Ÿ„UË¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ
„Ò¥U ßUŸ◊¥ ŒÊ°Ã ÿÈQ§ ¡’«∏, ¬˝àÿ∑§ •¥ªÈ‹Ë ◊¥ Ÿπ⁄U, ¬Èë¿U ∑§‡ÊL§∑§Ê ‚Á„UÃ ¬Í°¿U ‚Á⁄U‚Î¬ flª¸ ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ „Ò¥ ¡’Á∑§ ¬¥πÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ,
¬«∏Ê¥ ¬⁄U ’Ò∆UŸ ∑§ Á‹ÿ •¥ªÍ∆U ∑§Ë ©U¬ÁSÕÁÃ ÃÕÊ »§∑È¸§‹Ê •ÁSÕ ∑§Ê ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ ¬ˇÊË flª¸ ∑§ ‹ˇÊáÊ „ÒU–
13. tSo izkS|ksfxdh ,oa vkuqokaf'kdh vfHk;kaf=kdh

(Bio-Technology & Genetic Engineering)
lkekU; ifjp;%&
§ foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlds vUrxZr thoksa ;k muls izkIr inkFkksZ dk mi;ksx djds euq"; tkfr ds fy, ykHknk;d oLrqvksa
dk mRiknu djuk gh tSo izkS|ksfxdh dgykrh gSA
§ tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ % ¶tSfod izfØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx dj mu inkFkksZ dk mRiknu djuk ftudk mi;ksx vkS"kf/
;ksa ds :i esa rFkk m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA¸
Biotechnology = Biology (thofoKku) + Technology (rduhdh)
§ tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk bfrgkl (History of Biotechnology) : tSo izkS|ksfxdh yxHkx 2500 BC iqjkuh izfØ;k gSA ysfdu vkt
bldk bruk fodkl gks pqdk gS dh euq"; dh dbZ leL;kvksa dk lekèkku cgqr vYi&vof/ esa gh fd;k tkuk laHko gSA
lu~ izeq[k [kkst
1677 ^,-oh-Y;wougkWd* us lw{en'khZ (microscope) dh [kkst dhA
1890 ,YdksgkWy (Alcohol) dk eksVj esa bZa/u ds :i esa igyh ckj mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
1897 ¶,MqjkM+ cqduj¸ us dksf'kdk jfgr fd.ou ds }kjk 'kdZjk ls Alcohol dk fuekZ.k gksuk crk;kA
1928 vySDtsaMj Ýysfeax }kjk isfuflfyu dh [kkst dh xbZ
1944 isfuflfyu dk o`gr~ Lrj ij mRiknu
1970 ¶jsfLVªD'ku ,UMksU;wdfy,t¸ ,atkbe dh [kkst
1997 foYeqV ,oa lkfFk;ksa us MkWyh uked HksM+ dk Dyksu cuk;kA
2001 pkoy dk izFke thukse ekufp=k.k iwjk gqvkA
2004 ekuo thukse izkstsDV (Human Genome project) yxHkx iwjk gqvkA
tSo izkS|ksfxdh laLFkk,sa (Instituation of Biotechnology):-
1. HkkHkk ijek.kq vuqla/ku dsUnz (BARC, Bhaba Atomic Research Center)– eqEcbZ (VªkEcs)
2. dsUnzh; vkS"k/ vuqla/ku laLFkku (CDRI, Central Drug Research Institute)– y[kuÅ
3. jk"Vªh; Msjh vuqla/ku laLFkku (NDRI, National Dairy Research Institute)– djuky (gfj;k.kk)
4. yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh lsaVj iQkWj ,Mokal fjlpZ bu ck;ksVsDuksykWth (Lal Bahadur Shastri Center for Advance
Research in Biotechnology)– ubZ fnYyh
5. bf.M;u ,xzhdYpj fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV (IARI)– ubZ fnYyh
6. Regional Research Laboratory (RRL)– gSnjkckn
7. Hkkjrh; i'kqfoKku vuqla/ku laLFkku (IVRI, Indian Veterinary Research Institute)– vkbtr uxj (mÙkj izns'k)
8. dksf'kdk ,oa v.kq tSfodh dsUnz (CCMB, Center for cell and molecular Biology)– gSnjkckn
9. Hkkjrh; m|kfudh vuqla/ku laLFkku (IIHR, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research)– cSaxyksj
10. Osmania University– gSnjkckn
11. jk"Vªh; izfrj{kk laLFkk (NII, National Institute of Immunology)– ubZ fnYyh
12. jk"Vªh; okuLifrd vuqla/ku laLFkku (NBRI, National, Botanical Research Institute)– y[kuÅ
13. {ks=kh; vuqla/ku iz;ksx'kkyk (RRL, Regional Research Laboratory)– tEew
14. Hkkjrh; ikni thu laink C;wjks (NBPGR, National, Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources)– ubZ fnYyh
15. dsUnzh; [kk| ,oa rduhdh vuqla/ku laLFkku (CFTRI, Central Food and Technology Research Institute)– eSljw
16. izfrj{kk vuqla/ku ,oa izf'k{k.k dsUnz (ICMR, Immunological Research and Training)– fnYyh
17. NBRC, National Brain Research Center– euslj (gfj;k.kk)
18. IBSD, Institute of Bio-resources & Sustainable Development– bEiQky (ef.kiqj)
19. NIPGR, National Institute of Plant Genome Research– ubZ fnYyh
20. CDFD, Center for DNA Finger-Puinting and Diagnostic– gSnjkckn
21. RGCB, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology– fr:ouUFkiqje~
22. NCCS, National Center for cell Sciences– iq.ks (egkjk"Vª)
Note : tSo izkS|ksfxdh foHkkx us lu~ 1986 ls 2011 rd (25 o"kZ) dks flYoj tqcyh (Silver Jubilee) euk;k!
tSo izkS|ksfxdh dh ;qfDr;k¡ (Devices of Biotechnology):-

1. ck;kslsUlj (Biosensor) : izkd`frd ck;kslUs lj ,d izdkj ds ?kzk.k laons h (Smell Sensor) ,oa Lokn xzkgh (Taste Receptor)
gksrs gSA
§ Biosensor rduhdh dk fuekZ.k 1960 ls 'kq: gqvkA
§ czk;kslsUlj tSfod inkFkksZ dk feJ.k gS tks jklk;fud ,oa ?kzk.k laons ukvksa dks fo|qr ladrs ksa (Electric Signal's) esa cny
nsrk gSA
§ Use of Biosensor–
(i) lsuk esa raf=kdh; xSlksa (Nural Gases) rFkk vU; fo"kkDr inkFkksZ dk irk yxkus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) vkS"k/h; fo'ys"k.k (Medicinal Analysis) m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2. ck;ksfpIl (Biochips) : budk fuekZ.k fofHkUu tSfod inkFkksZ ds }kjk gksrk gS] ck;ksfpIl dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj dh flfydkWu
(Si) fpIl ds LFkku ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA
§ ck;ksfpIl dk fuekZ.k izksVhu ds <+k¡ps esa fLFkr v¼Zpkyd v.kqvksa ds }kjk gksrk gSA
§ ck;ksfpIl ds vk/kj ij ,slk laHkkfor gS fd Hkfo"; esa buds mi;ksx ls tSo& vkf.od dEI;wVj dk izpyu gks tk;sxkA
3. ck;ksfiQYe (Biofilm) : vusd lw{etSfod dksf'kdkvksa ,oa vdkcZfud ?kVdksa dh vR;fèkd ek=kk tks fdlh vk/kj ls
n`<+rkiwoZd vklaftr jgrh gS] ck;ksfiQYe dgykrh gSA
§ Use of Biofilm :
(i) vif'k"V ty ds mipkj esa
(ii) ikuh dh xq.kork esa vpkud vk;s ifjorZuksa esAa
Hkkjr esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh (Biotechnology in India):-

Hkkjr esa tSo izk|S ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vuql/a ku dk;Z foxr dbZ o"kksZ ls pyk vk jgk gS ijUrq 1975 ds vkl&ikl bl {ks=k ij
fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA
§ tSo izkS|ksfxdh dh ¶vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh¸ 'kk[kk dk ekuo dY;k.k esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku jgk] bu ykHkksa dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us lu~ 1982 esa ,d jk"Vªh; tSo izk| S ksfxdh cksMZ (National Biotechnology Board– NBTB)
dh LFkkiuk dhA
§ la;Dq r jk"Vª la?k (UNO) us ,d varjkZ"Vªh; vkuqofa 'kd bathfu;jh ,oa ck;ksVDs uksykWth dsUnz (International Centre for
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology– ICGEB) dh LFkkiuk dhA
§ ICGEB dh ,d baLVhV~;wV fVª,LVs] bVyh esa rFkk nwljh ubZ fnYyh esa gSA
§ ICGEB ds ubZ fnYyh fLFkr dsUnz dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1987 esa gqbZ FkhA
rF; (Fact)
§ tuunzO; (Germplasm) dk laj{k.k nzo ukbVªkt s u esa –196º C rkieku ij fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEu rki ifjj{k.k
(Cryopreservation) dgrs gSA
§ ¶L;wMkseksukl I;wfVMk¸ uked thok.kq ds }kjk [kfut rsyksa dk fo?kVu fd;k tkrk gSA bl thok.kq dks ^lqijcx* dgrs
gSA
vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh dh miyfC/;k¡%&
1. d`f=ke balwfyu fuekZ.k
§ loZizFke lu~ 1982 esa d`f=ke balwfyu dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
§ ;g cktkj esa ^áwewfyu (Humulin)* ds uke ls fcdrh gSA
§ bldk mRiknu ^bZfyf'p;e dksykbZ* (E. Coli) uked thok.kq ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
§ loZizFke bldk fuekZ.k vesfjdk dh ^,yh fyyh* (Eli Lilly) uked dEiuh ds }kjk lu~ 1983 esa fd;k x;kA
Note :
§ E. Coli dh Dyksfuax ds }kjk gh ckSusiu ds bykt esa dke vkus okys ¶áweu xzksFk gkWekZsu¸ (Human Growth
Hormon = HGH) dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk laHko gks ldk gSaA
§ cksokbu lkSesVksVªksfiQu (BST) gkWeksuZ xk; ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
2. lqij vkWDlkbM fMlE;wVst
§ ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dk ,Utkbe gS tks fd vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh ds }kjk gh cuk;k tkrk gSA
§ bl ,Utkbe dk mi;ksx ^vkWfLV;ksvFkZjkbfVl* (Osteoarthritis) ,oa ân; ds jksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Note :
§ Osteoarthritis jksx esa gfM~;k¡ detksj gks tkrh gSA
§ fg:fMu (Hirudin) dk mi;ksx jDr dk FkDdk teus ds jksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3. thoksa ds Dyksu cukus esa
§ MkWyh HksM ,d vkuqokaf'kd :ikarfjr tho gS&
§ izFke vkuqokaf'kd :ikarfjr (Genetical Modifight) canj ,UMh (Andi) FkkA ftldks vesfjdk esa lu~ 2001 esa iSnk fd;k
x;kA
4. DNA Nk;kfp=k@ DNA fiQaxj fizafVax (DNA Finger Prints) :
§ fdlh O;fDr ;k foHksn (Strain) ds DNA dk RFLP iSVuZ cukuk gh DNA vaxqfyeqnz.k@ DNA Finger Printing
dgykrk gSA
§ DNA Finger Printing dh [kkst ^,Sysd tSiQjh* (Alec Jeffery) us lu~ 1984 esa dh FkhA
§ Hkkjr esa DNA fiQaxj fizafVax rduhd dk izkjEHk lu~ 1988 ls gqvkA
§ Hkkjr esa DNA fiQaxj fizfa Vax dk Js; gSnjkckn fLFkr dksf'kdh; rFkk vkf.od tho foKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds MkW- ykyflag
,oa muds lkfFk;ksa dks tkrk gSA
DNA fiQaxj fizafVax dk mi;ksx

(1) vijk/ iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa vijkf/;ksa dh igpku djus esa
(2) tho foKku ds vk/kj ij lgh tudksa dk fu/kZj.k djus esa
(3) tho foKku ds Øfed fodkl eas iqu% ys[ku gsrq iztkrh; lewgksa dh igpku djus esaA
5. ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk (Human genome Project = HGP)
§ thu baftfu;fjax ds vk/kj ij ekuo tkfr esa vkuqokaf'kd lq/kj ds mís'; ls 'kq: dh xbZ ifj;kstuk dks gh HGP (ekuo
thukse ifj;kstuk) dgrs gSA
§ bl ifj;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; ekuo ds lHkh 23 tksMh+ xq.klw=kksa dk ekufp=k.k dj ds] bu xq.klw=kksa ij fLFkr thuksa dh
lgh fLFkfr] Øe o dk;ksZ dk irk yxkuk gSA
§ vesfjdh ljdkj us ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk (HGP) ds uke ls 1988 esa ,d egRokdka{kh ,oa fo'kky 'kks/ ifj;kstuk izkjEHk
dh] budk y{; 2013 rd ekuo thukse dh laiw.kZ lajpuk dk irk yxkuk Fkk] tks dh izkIr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
§ cgqjk"Vªh; ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk ds vè;{k MkW- Úkalhlh dkWfyUl gSA
Bio-Technology (tSo izkS|ksfxdh) ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh%&
1. okgd (Vectors) : ,sls DNA v.kq tks fdlh mi;qDr ijiks"kh (host) dksf'kdk esa Lora=k :i ls viuh la[;k esa o`f¼ dj ldrs
gS] rFkk ftuds lkFk okafNr DNA [k.M dks tksM+k tk ldrk gS] ,sls DNA v.kq Vector (okgd) dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k % IykfTeM ,oa fo"kk.kq (Virus)
Note :
§ pBR322 (IykfTeM] ckWfyoj o jksMjht iz;ksx la[;k 322) Hkh ,d okgd gSA ftldk vkdkj 1.5 kb ls 1500 kb
rd gks ldrk gSA
§ dqN thok.kqHkksth okgd tSls λ (ysEMk) ,oa M13 iQktksa dk Hkh okgd ds :i esa mi;ksx djrs gSA
2. thu ykbczsjh (Gene Library) : bls thu cSad] DNA ykbczsjh ;k DNA laxzg Hkh dgrs gSA
§ tc DNA [k.Mks dh cgqr lkjh copy's cuk yh tkrh gS rks bls gh thu ykbczsjh dgrs gSA
§ Copyed ;k Dyksfur DNA [k.M ftuesa lEiw.kZ thukse dk lekos'k gksrk gS thukse ykbczsjh dgykrh gSA
3. iqu;ksZxt DNA/Recombinat DNA (r-DNA) :
§ tc okafNr DNA [k.Mks dks Lygase (ykbxst) ,atkbe dh lgk;rk ls tksM+dj u;k DNA [k.M cuk;k tkrk gSA rks
bls gh iqu;ksZxt DNA (r-DNA) dgrs gSA
§ iqu;ksZxt DNA dks dkbesfjd (Chimeric) DNA Hkh dgrs gSA
rF; (Facts)
1. DNA – Deoxy Ribose Nuclic acid
ukbVªkstuh {kkjd& ,fMfuu (A), Fkk;ehu (T), Xokfuu (G), lkbVksflu (C)
2. RNA – Ribose Nuclic acid
ukbVªkstuh {kkjd ,fMfuu (A), ;wjsfly (U), Xokfuu (G), lkbVksflu (C)
4. ck;ksbUiQkWesZfVDl (Bioinformatics) : tho foKku ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds feyus ls ck;ksbUiQkWefZs VDl ;kuh tSolwpuk foKku
dk tUe gqvk gS tks dh cgqvk;keh fo"k; gS ck;ksbUiQkWefZs VDl dks vfLrRo esa vk;s dsoy ,d n'kd gqvk gSA blds vUrxZr
tSo lwpukvksa dk vtZu] Hk.Mkj.k] lalk/u] fo'ys"k.k o O;k[;ku vkfn vkrs gSA
vkuqokaf'kd lwpukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ds lkWÝVos;j rS;kj fd;s x;s gSA
§ /ku (Golden Rice) dk thukse bUVjusV ij tkjh gks pqdk gSA
rF; (Facts) :
§ Bioinformatics 'kCn lu~ 1970 esa Paulien Hogeweg (is;wfyu gksxhosx) us fn;kA
§ ck;ksbUiQkWesZfVDl] izksVhu ds 3-D ekWMy lajpuk ij vk/kfjr gSA
§ DNA dk cM+k [k.M Junk DNA dgykrk gSA
GMO (Genetically Modified Organisum) : tc thoksa esa dksbZ okafNr thu ;k DNA [k.M izos'k djok dj muesa
dksbZ u;k xq.k mRiuu fd;k tkrk gS rks ,sls tho GMO (vkuqokaf'kd :ikarfjr tho) dgykrs gSA
§ bUgsa ijkthuh tho Hkh dgrs gSA rFkk izos'k djok;s x;s thu dks ikjthu (Transgen) dgrs gSA
tSoizkS|ksfxdh % lkekU; tkudkjh
tSo&rdfudh
§ thu%& thu uke tkWgkUlu us fn;k] thu vkuqokaf'kdrk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA
thu dh bdkbZ;k¡%&
1. flLVªkWu& dk;Z dh bdkbZA
2. E;wVkWu& mRifjorZu dh bdkbZA
3. jsdkWu& iqu%la;kstu dh bdkbZA
§ DNA ykbxst ,Utkbe%& (ftl uke ds vkxs ¶,st¸'kCn tqMk+ gksxk ] og ,Utkbe gksxkA)
§ ;g ,d ,slk ,Utkbe gS] tks Mh-,u-,- [k.Mks dks tksMu+ s dk dk;Z djrk gSAa
§ DNA gSfydst ,Utkbe%& ;g ,slk ,Utkbe gksrk gS]a tks DNA ds dq.My (Coil) dks [kksyus dk dk;ZZ djrk gSA
§ okVlu o fozQd us DNA dk ¶f}&dq.Mfyr¸ ekWMy izLrqr fd;kA
§ iqu% la;ksth DNA (Recombinate DNA)%& Mh-,u-,- ds okafNr [k.Mksa dks tksM-dj cuk;k x;k u;k DNA [k.M
gh iqu%la;ksth DNA dgykrk gSA
uksV%& iqu% la;ksth DNA cukus dh izfozQ;k iqu% la;ksth rduhsd dgykrh gSA cuk;s x;s iqu% la;ksth Mh- ,u- ,- dk
mi;ksx ekuo ds ykHk ds fy, djuk iqu% la;ksth rduhdh dgykrh gSA
§ IyktfeM (Plasmid)%& thok.kqvks esa xq.klw=kh; Mh,u, ds vykok mifLFkr orqZy Mh,u, gh IyktfeM dgykrk gSaA
uksV%&
(i) PBR ,d IyktfeM okgd gSaA
(ii) thok.kqvksa eas dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ikbZ tkrh gSa] blfy, bls ikni txr esa j[kk tkrk gSaA
(iii) ikni ,oa tUrq dksf'kdk esa eq[; vUrj dksf'kdk fHkfÙk dk gSaA
§ ikni dksf'kdk& ikni dksf'kdk eas fHkfÙk ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ tUrq dksf'kdk& tUrq dksf'kdk eas dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ugh ikbZ tkrh gSaA
§ jsLVªhD'ku ,.Mksa U;qfDy,t ,Utkbe (RENE)%& bls vkf.od dSaph@pkdw Hkh dgrs gSaA
RENE ,d ,slk ,Utkbe gksrk gS tks DNA dks ,d fuf'pr LFkku ls dkVus dk dk;Z djrk gSaA
§ drksZÙkd (Ex-plant)%& ikS/s ls vyx fd;k x;k Hkkx ftldk iz;ksx'kkyk esa iks"kd ekè;e esa lao¼Zu djok;k tkrk
gSa] drksÙZ kd dgykrk gSaA
§ thok.kqHkksth (Bacterio phase)%& ;g ,d ,slk fo"kk.kq gksrk gS]a tks thok.kqvksa dks laØfer dj nsrk gS ;k u"V dj
nsrk gSAa
thok.kqHkksth dh mifLFkr ds dkj.k gh xaxk unh dk ikuh nwf"kr ugh gksrk gSaA
§ ,UVhtu (Antigen) og ;kSfxd tks ,UVhckWMh fuekZ.k dks izfjr djrk gS] ,UVhtu dgykrk gSA
§ dSyl (Callus)- (d) ?kko ;qDr LFkku ij cuk ?kko mrdA ([k) ikni lao¼Zu es]a vO;ofLFkr V~;ew j tSlh lajpuk
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls dSyl dgrs gSA
§ Mh-,u-,- (DNA)- dsUnzd esa mifLFkr vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ tks ih<+h nj ih<+h y{k.kksa ds lapj.k ds fu;a=k.k ds lkFk
dksf'kdk dh leLr fØ;kvksa dk fu;a=k.k djrk gS] Mh-,u-,- dgykrk gSA
§ iqu%la;ksth Mh-,u-,- izkS|ksfxdh (Recombinant DNA techonology)- blesa os d`f=ke fof/;ka lfEefyr gaS]
ftuds }kjk iqu%la;ksth Mh-,u-,- dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA Mh-,u-,- v.kq ;k blds [k.M+ks dks dkVuk] ,Utkbeksa }kjk
iqu%la;ksth r; djuk ,oa vU; thoksa ds Mh-,u-,- ds lkFk lay;u djuk vkfn fØ;k,as vkrh gSA
§ vkuqoakf'kdh vfHk;kfU=kdh (Genetic engineering)- vkuqokaf'kd gsj iQsj (Genetic manipulation) ds }kjk fdlh
tho dh oa'k&ijEijk (hereditary) esa mi;ksxh ifjorZu djukA
§ okgd (Vector)- os lajpuk,sa tks Mh,u, dks ,d tho ls nwljs tho esa LFkkukarfjr djrh gSA
§ Dyksfuax (Cloning)- og izfØ;k ftlds ekè;e ls lEiw.kZ Mh-,u-,- dh ;k fdlh thu dh dbZ izfr;k¡ cukbZ tk ldrh
gS] Dyksfuax dgykrh gSA
§ bUVjiQsjksu (Interferon)- tc okbjl] ÅÙkdksa ij vkØe.k djrs gS rks] ÅÙkd ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh izkVs hu mRiUu djrs
gS tks izfrfo"kk.kqd dkjd (Antiviral agent) gS] bls gh bUVjiQsjksu dgrs gSA
§ fuiQ thu (Nif gene)- ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k djus okys thuA
§ yky tSoizkS|ksfxdh (Red Biotechnology)- bl tSoizkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fpfdRldh; {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
§ gfjr tSoizkS|ksfxdh (Green Biotechnology)- bl tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx d`f"k {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
14. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ÁflôÊÊŸ

(Agriculture in Rajasthan)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ÁflôÊÊŸ (Agriculture Science)
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Á∑§◊Ë. ‚ ‹ª÷ª •ÊœÊ ˇÊòÊ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑‘§ ©¬ÿÙª ◊¥ •ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿlÁ¬ •ãÿ ⁄UÊíÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ ÿ„Ê° ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ë •ÊŒ‡Ê¸ Œ‡ÊÊ∞° ©¬‹éœ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò¥– Á∑§ãÃÈ
¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ ∞fl ÁflÁflœÃÊ ÿÈQ§ ÷ıªÙÁ‹∑§ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃÿÙ¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ê ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „È•Ê •ı⁄U •Ÿ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ •ª˝áÊË „Ù
ª∞ „Ò¥– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ∑§ÎÎÁ· ÿ„Ê° ∑§Ë ¡‹flÊÿÈ mÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë ß‚ ÁflÁflœÃÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl ÷ÍÁ◊ ©¬ÿÙª, ∑§ÎÁ· ©¬¡Ù¥ ∑‘§ SflM§¬
∞fl¥ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ¬⁄U ¬˝àÿˇÊ ¬«∏ÃÊ „Ò– ∑§È¿ •ãÿ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ÷Ë „Ò ¡Ù ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ù ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò
∑§ÎÁ· ∑§ô ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§

v. ÷ıÁÃ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ó ß‚◊¥ ÷Í-÷Êª, ÷Í-•Ê∑§ÎÁÃ, ¡‹flÊÿÈ fl Á◊^Ë ∑§Ù ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò–
w. ‚¥SÕÊªÃ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ó ÷Í-SflÊÁ◊àfl, ÷Í-∑§ÊSÃ∑§Ê⁄UË, ¡ÙÃ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§Ê⁄U •ÊÁŒ flÙ ‚¥SÕÊªÃ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ „Ò ¡Ù ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ù ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò–
x. •ÊœÊ⁄U ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ó Á‚¥øÊß¸, ÁfllÈÃ, ÿÊÃÊÿÊÃ, ’Ê¡Ê⁄U ‚Êπ, ’Ë◊Ê ÷á«Ê⁄UáÊ fl •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑§Ù ß‚◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò–
y. Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ó •àÿÊÁœ∑§ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ flÊ‹ ’Ë¡, ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ πÊŒ, ∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡ÊË fl ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§ÊÿÊZ ◊¥ ‹ª ©¬∑§⁄UáÊ ß‚◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „Ò–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÷ÍÁ◊ ©U¬ÿÊª (Land Utilisation in Rajasthan)
∑˝§. ‚¥. ÷ÍÁ◊ ©U¬ÿÊª üÊáÊË ˇÊòÊ»§‹ „U¡Ê⁄U „ÒUÄ≈Uÿ⁄U ◊¥ ∑È§‹ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ
1. flŸ 2727 7.96
2. •∑Î§Á· ∑§ÊÿÊZ ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÈQ§ ÷ÍÁ◊ 1847 5.39
3. ’¥¡⁄U ∞fl¥ •∑Î§Á·∑Î§Ã ˇÊòÊ 2418 7.06
4. SÕÊß¸U øÊ⁄UÊªÊ„U ÷ÍÁ◊ 1703 4.97
5. flÎˇÊ ∞fl¥ ©U¬flŸÊ¥ ∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã 16 0.05
6. ∑Î§Á· ÿÊÇÿ ’¥¡⁄U èÊÍÁ◊ 4573 13.34
7. øÊ‹Í ¬⁄UÃË ∑§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ •ãÿ ¬⁄UÃË 2167 6.32
8. øÊ‹Í ¬⁄UÃË 1724 5.03
9. ‡ÊÈhU ’ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ˇÊòÊ 17095 49.88
10. ∞∑§ ‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ ’Ê⁄U ’ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ˇÊòÊ 5113 29.90
11. ∑È§‹ ∑Î§Á·∑Î§Ã ˇÊòÊ 22208 64.8
∑§ÎÁ· ©¬¡ô¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ ∞fl¥ ©à¬ÊŒŸ

⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ ∑§ÎÁ· ©¬¡Ù¥ ∑§Ù ÁŸêŸ üÊÁáÊÿÙ¥ ◊¥ Áfl÷Q§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò-
v. πÊlÊãŸ »§‚‹¥–
w. ÁÃ‹„Ÿ fl Œ‹„ŸË »§‚‹¥–
x. √ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ »§‚‹¥–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ »§‚‹¥
πÊlÊãŸ »§‚‹¥ó
ª„Í°-ª„Í° ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§Ê ¬Ê°øflÊ ⁄UÊíÿ „Ò ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë ∑§È‹ ∑§ÎÁ·ªÃ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑‘§ ~.z' ÷Êª ¬⁄U ’ÙÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥
ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, •‹fl⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ŸÊªı⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, ≈UÙ¥∑§, ’Í°ŒË, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ÁøûÊı«ª…∏ ¬˝◊Èπ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥ „Ò–
flÒ‚ ª„Í° ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ‚÷Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ∑§ÀÿÊáÊ ‚ÙŸÊ, ‚ÙŸÊÁ‹∑§Ê, øê’‹ {z, ∑§ÙÁ„ŸÍ⁄U, •ÊÁŒ ª„Í° ∑§Ë ©ãŸÃ ‡Ê¥∑§⁄U Á∑§S◊¥ „Ò–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ª„Í° ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ©à¬ÊŒŸ w|y~ Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ „Ò¥–
’Ê¡⁄UÊ-’Ê¡⁄UÊ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ πÊlÊãŸ »§‚‹ „Ò– ÿ„ »§‚‹ ⁄UÃË‹Ë ÷ÍÁ◊, •À¬ fl·Ê¸ ©ëø ÃÊ¬ ¬⁄U •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ ¬ÒŒÊ „Ù ‚∑§ÃË
„Ò •Ã— ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ •Áœ∑§Ê‡Ê¥Ã— Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒUó
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚¥¬ÍáÊ¸ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ê wÆ-wz— ’Ê¡⁄U ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ’Ê«◊⁄U, ¡Ê‹Ù⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, øÍM§,
‚Ë∑§⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ ¡ÿ¬È⁄U fl ¬Ê‹Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥ „Ò¥–
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ’Ê¡⁄U ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ©à¬ÊŒŸ }xÆ Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ „Ò–
◊Ä∑§Êó ◊Ä∑§Ê π⁄UË’ ∑§Ë »§‚‹ „Ò ¡Ù ŒÁˇÊáÊ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ πÊlÊãŸ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬˝◊ÈπÃÊ ‚ ¬˝ÿÈQ§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ zÆ-}Æ
‚◊Ë fl vw°–xz° ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§Ê ‹ª÷ª v/} ÷Êª ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ÁøÃı«ª…∏, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«Ê, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U, ’Í°ŒË, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë,
¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ⁄UÊ¡‚◊¥Œ ∞fl¥ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹ ¬˝◊Èπ ◊Ä∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ „Ò–
§ ◊Ä∑§Ê ∑§Ë ©ãŸÃ Á∑§S◊Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ •Áπ‹ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚◊ÁãflÃ ◊Ä∑§Ê ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ ÃÕÊ ∑§ÎÁ· •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ’Ê¥‚flÊ«Ê ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ
¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ©ãŸÃ Á∑§S◊Ù¥ ◊¥ ŒÙ ‚¥∑§È‹ Á∑§S◊¥-◊Ê„Ë ∑§¥øŸ ∞fl¥ ◊Ê„Ë œfl‹ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò–
¡ıó ¡ı ∞∑§ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë »§‚‹ „ÒU– ß‚ „ÃÈ vzÆ-wwÆ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ fl zÆ-}Æ ‚◊Ë fl·Ê¸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, •¡◊⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, Œı‚Ê, •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ¬˝◊Èπ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥ „Ò– ß‚∑‘§
•‹ÊflÊ ¬Ê‹Ë, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ’Í°ŒË, ∑§Ù≈UÊ ◊¥ ÷Ë ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ©à¬ÊŒŸ wv{x Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ „Ò–
øÊfl‹ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á‚øÊ¥ß¸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „ÙŸ ‹ªÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ’Ê°‚flÊ«Ê, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ’Í°ŒË ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ë Ÿß¸ “◊ô„Ë ‚Èªãœ⁄UÊ” ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò ¡Ù ’Ê‚◊ÃË øÊfl‹ ∑‘§ ‚◊ÊŸ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ©à¬ÊŒŸ ‹ª÷ª vz|{ Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ „Ò–
Œ‹„ŸË »§‚‹ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ŒÊ‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ◊„àfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „Ò– ÿ„Ê° π⁄UË» ∞fl¥ ⁄U’Ë ∑§Ë »§‚‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ŒÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– π⁄UË»
◊¥ ◊Íª°, ©«∏Œ, ◊Ù∆, øÊfl‹, •⁄U„⁄U •ÊÁŒ Œ‹„ŸË »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
v. ⁄U’Ë ∑§Ë »§‚‹ ó ⁄U’Ë ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ »§‚‹ øŸÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ⁄U’Ë ∑§Ë Œ‹„Ÿ »§‚‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ~Æ— ÷Êª øŸ ∑§Ê „Ò– øŸ „ÃÈ ÁŸêŸ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ fl zÆ-}Æ ‚◊Ë. fl·Ê¸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „Ò– •‹fl⁄U,
’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ’¥ÍŒË, Œı‚Ê, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, ‚flÊß¸◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U fl ≈UÙ¥∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ øŸÊ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§
Á¡‹¥ „Ò–
w. π⁄UË» ∑§Ë »§‚‹ ó π⁄UË» ∑§Ë ŒÊ‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ◊Í¥ª, ◊Ù∆, ©«∏Œ, ∞fl¥ •⁄U„⁄U ¬˝◊ÈπÃÊ ‚ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§∞ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥–
§ ◊Í¥ª, ©«∏Œ, ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, •¡◊⁄U, ‚flÊß¸◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¤ÊÈŸÍ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝◊ÈπÃÊ ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ ◊Ù∆ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, øÍM§, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ¬˝◊ÈπÃÊ ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ •⁄U„⁄U ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÁflªÃ ∑§È¿ fl·Z ‚ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ „ÙŸ ‹ªÊ „Ò– ’Ê¥‚flÊ«∏Ê, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ÁøûÊı«ª…∏, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U fl œı‹¬È⁄U ¬˝◊Èπ
•⁄U„⁄U ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ë πÃË ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, •‹fl⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U fl ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
fl·¸ wÆvÆ-vv ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ Œ‹„ŸË »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ‚flÙ¸ëø ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ ⁄U„Ê „Ò ÃÕÊ ß‚∑‘§ Á‹∞ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ù ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ë •ı⁄U ‚ ∞∑§ ∑§⁄UÙ«∏
M§¬ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò–
ÁÃ‹„Ÿ »§‚‹
ÁÃ‹„Ÿ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÁÃ‹„ŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚⁄U‚Ù¥, ◊Í°ª»§‹Ë, ÁÃ‹, •‹‚Ë, ‚ÙÿÊ’ËŸ ∞fl¥ •⁄U¥«Ë ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
v. ‚⁄U‚Ê¥ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ÁÃ‹„ŸË »§‚‹ „Ò– ÿ„ wÆÆ-wzÆ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ fl |z-vÆÆ ‚◊Ë fl·Ê¸ flÊ‹ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ¬ÒŒÊ „ÙÃË „Ò– ŒÙ◊≈U fl
’‹Èß¸ Á◊≈U≈UË ß‚ „ÃÈ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „Ò– •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ’Í¥ŒË, œı‹¬È⁄U, Œı‚Ê, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U,
∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, ≈UÙ∑§ fl ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ ¬˝◊Èπ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ „Ò–
w. ◊Í¥ª»§‹Ë ó ÿ„ ¬˝◊Èπ ÁÃ‹„ŸË »§‚‹ „Ò– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ß‚∑‘§ Ã‹ ∑§Ë π¬Ã ∑§Ê»§Ë ’«∏Ë „Ò– ÿ„ ©cáÊ ∑§Á≈U’ãœËÿ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∑§Ë »§‚‹
„Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ◊Í¥ª»§‹Ë ∑§Ë πÃË π⁄UË» »§‚‹ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ zÆ-vwz ‚◊Ë fl·Ê¸ flÊ‹ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ Á‹∞ wzÆ-xÆÆ
ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ÁøÃı«ª…, œı‹¬È⁄U, ≈UÙ¥∑§, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë
fl ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
x. •‹‚Ë ó ß‚∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ‚ËÁ◊Ã ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Í¥ŒË, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ« ¬˝◊Èπ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥ „Ò–
y. •⁄U¥«Ë ó ß‚∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ‚ËÁ◊Ã ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò ¬⁄UãÃÈ œË⁄U-œË⁄U ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ’…∏ ⁄U„Ê „Ò– fl·¸ wÆÆÆ-Æv ◊¥ •⁄U¥«Ë ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ
{{ „¡Ê⁄U ≈UŸ ÕÊ ¡Ù wÆÆ|-Æ} Ã∑§ v}{ ‹Êπ ≈UŸ „Ù ªÿÊ– ‚ÊÕ „Ë ß‚∑§Ê ˇÊòÊ»§‹ ÷Ë ’…∏ ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U,
¬Ê‹Ë, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë ◊¥ •⁄U¥«Ë ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
z. ‚ÙÿÊ’ËŸ ó ÿ„ ÁÃ‹„Ÿ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ Œ‹„ŸË »§‚‹ ÷Ë „Ò– ÿ„ ¬˝Ù≈UËŸ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ SòÊÙÃ „Ò •Ã— ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U ’…∏ ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
v~}Æ ◊¥ ¡„Ê° ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ◊ÊòÊ Æ.y} ‹Êπ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ¬⁄U „ÙŸ ‹ªË ‚ÊÕ „Ë ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ wz „¡Ê⁄U ≈UŸ ‚ ’…∏∑§⁄U y.wv ‹Êπ ≈UŸ „Ù
ªÿÊ– ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Í¥ŒË, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, •¡◊⁄U, Œı‚Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ¬˝◊Èπ ‚ÙÿÊ’ËŸ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥ „Ò–
√ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ »§‚‹ (Commercial Crops)
ªãŸÊ (Sugar Cane) ó ÿ„ ©UcáÊ ∑§Á≈U’ãœËÿ »§‚‹ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ©¬ÿÙª øËŸË, ªÈ«∏, πÊ¥« ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ „ÙÃÊ „Ò ∞fl¥ ß‚∑‘§ •¬Á‡ÊC ‚
‡Ê⁄UÊ’ ’ŸÊß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ªãŸ ∑‘§ •¬Á‡ÊC ∑§Ù ß¸œŸ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥, ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ù Áπ‹ÊŸ ÃÕÊ ∑§Êª¡ ’ŸÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ ªãŸ „ÃÈ vz-wz ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ fl vwz-vzÆ ‚◊Ë. fl·Ê¸ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò– ‚ÊÕ „Ë ∑§Ê¥¬Ëÿ ◊ÎŒÊ ß‚ „ÃÈ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „ÙÃË „Ò– Áø∑§ŸË, ŒÙ◊≈U fl
∑§Ê‹Ë Á◊≈U≈UË ◊¥ ÷Ë ªãŸÊ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ’Í¥ŒË, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«Ê, ÁøÃı«ª…∏, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, œı‹¬È⁄U, ⁄UÊ¡‚¥◊Œ, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ≈UÙ¥∑§ ∞fl¥ ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U ◊ÈÅÿ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ Á¡‹¥
„Ò–
∑§¬Ê‚ (Cotton) ó ÿ„ ◊ÈÅÿ √ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ »§‚‹ „Ò– ’ÙÃ ‚◊ÿ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ wÆ-wz°C fl ¬∑§Ã ‚◊ÿ xÆ-xz°C ‚ÊÕ „Ë ~Æ ÁŒŸ ¬Ê‹Ê
⁄UÁ„Ã „ÙŸ øÊÁ„∞– ß‚ „ÃÈ zÆ-vÆÆ ‚◊Ë fl·Ê¸ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U fl „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏ ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§¬Ê‚ ©à¬ÊŒ Á¡‹ „Ò fl ßŸ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Ÿ⁄U◊Ê Á∑§S◊ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
Ã¥’Ê∑Í§ (Tabacco) ó ÿ„ ∞∑§ ™§cáÊ ∑§Á≈U’¥œËÿ ¬ÊŒ¬ „Ò Á¡‚ „ÃÈ v{-yÆ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ „ÙŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò fl zÆ-vÆÆ ‚◊Ë. fl·Ê¸ ß‚ „ÃÈ
•Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, •‹fl⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, Œı‚Ê, øÍM§, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U ◊¥ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
§ ©¬⁄UÙQ§ ∑‘§ •‹ÊflÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ÇflÊ⁄U, ÃÊ⁄UÊ ◊Ë⁄UÊ, œÁŸÿÊ, ß¸‚’ªÙ‹, ¡Ë⁄UÊ, Á◊ø¸ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ’Ê¡⁄UÊ, ÃÊ⁄UÊ ◊Ë⁄UÊ, ‚⁄U‚Ù¥, œÁŸÿÊ, ÇflÊ⁄U, ¡ı ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ¬˝Õ◊ SÕÊŸ ⁄UπÃÊ „Ò–
∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ∞° ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ∑§ÎÁ· flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ÊŸ∑§ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ‚ ª˝Á‚Ã „Ò– ß‚Ë ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •ãÿ ⁄UÊíÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ê
Áfl∑§Ê‚-ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÷Ë ∑§◊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê° ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ‚◊SÿÊ∞° ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥ -
v. ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ •Ê¬ŒÊ∞° ÿÊ ¬˝∑§Ù¬ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝Ê∑Î§ÁÃ∑§ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ‚ ª˝Á‚Ã „Ò Á¡‚∑§Ê ∑§ÎÁ· ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ ¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏ÃÊ „Ò– ÿ ÁŸêŸ
Á‹ÁπÃ „Ò-
(v) ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ (w) ¬fl¸ÃËÿ ˇÊòÊ
(x) ãÿÍŸ fl·Ê¸ (x) •∑§Ê‹
(y) ◊ÎŒÊ ∑§≈UÊfl (z) ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ¡‹ SòÊÙÃÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë
(|) ‚◊ ∞fl¥ ‹fláÊÃÊ
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ê •Êœ ‚ íÿÊŒÊ ˇÊòÊ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ∞fl¥ •h¸◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ „Ò¥– ß‚ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÃ ∑‘§ ≈UË‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U „Ò ÃÕÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ‡ÊÈc∑§ „Ò¥– •Ã—
∑§ÎÁ· ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ „Ò– ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U •⁄UÊfl‹Ë ¬fl¸Ã-oÎ¥π‹Ê ∑§Ê ˇÊòÊ Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ⁄UÊ¡‚◊¥Œ, •¡◊⁄U, •‹fl⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ∑‘§ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ •‚◊Ã‹
¬fl¸ÃËÿ œ⁄UÊÃ‹ ∑§ÎÁ· ◊¥ ’Êœ∑§ „Ò–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¡‹flÊÿÈ ÷Ë ∑§ÎÁ· ∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ „Ò– ÿ„Ê° fl·Ê¸ ãÿÍŸÃ◊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ê {Æ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ˇÊòÊ wz ‚◊Ë. ‚ ∑§◊ fl·Ê¸ flÊ‹Ê ÃÙ „Ò „Ë •Á¬ÃÈ
ß‚ fl·Ê¸ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ÷Ë ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ‡ÊË‹ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ „◊‡ÊÊ •∑§Ê‹ ∑§Ë ø¬≈U ◊¥ ⁄U„ÃÊ „Ò ¡Ù Á∑§ ∑§ÎÁ· ◊¥ •àÿÁœ∑§ ’Êœ∑§ „Ò– „⁄U ŒÍ‚⁄U-ÃË‚⁄U fl·¸ ÿÊ
∑§÷Ë-∑§÷Ë ‹ªÊÃÊ⁄U ∑§ß¸ fl·Ù¸ Ã∑§ ¬«Ÿ flÊ‹ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U •∑§Ê‹ ‚ (¡Ò‚ v~~} ‚ wÆÆw Ã∑§) ÿ„Ê° ∑§Ë ∑§ÎÁ· ¬⁄U •àÿÁœ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ ¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏ÃÊ
„Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ∑§È¿ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ◊ÎŒÊ •¬⁄UŒŸ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ „Ò, Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U øê’‹ ∑‘§ ’„Êfl ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, œı‹¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊
¡„Ê° „¡Ê⁄UÙ¥ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ÷ÍÁ◊ ◊ÎŒÊ ∑§≈UÊfl ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§ÎÁ· •ÿÙÇÿ „Ù ªß¸ „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ¡‹ SòÊÙ¥ÃÙ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „Ò– øê’‹ ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ‡Ê· ŸÁŒÿÊ° ◊ı‚◊Ë „Ò– ¤ÊË‹Ù¥ ∞fl¥ ÃÊ‹Ê’Ù¥ ◊¥ ¡‹ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ fl·Ê¸ ¬⁄U
ÁŸ÷¸⁄U ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò– ÷Í-¡‹ ª„⁄UÊ „Ò •ı⁄U ÁŒŸÊ¥ÁŒŸ •ı⁄U •Áœ∑§ ª„⁄UÊ „ÙÃÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ß¥ÁŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ°œË Ÿ„⁄U ˇÊòÊ ∑‘§ ∑§È¿ ÷ÊªÙ¥ ◊¥ “‚◊” (Waterlogging) ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ ⁄UÊflÃ‚⁄U, ∑§Ê‹Ë’¥ªÊ, ‹ÍŸ∑§⁄UáÊ‚⁄U •ÊÁŒ ◊¥ ª¥÷Ë⁄U
„Ù øÈ∑§Ë „Ò– ßŸ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë „¡Ê⁄UÙ¥ „ÒÄU≈Uÿ⁄U ∑§ÎÁ· ÿÙÇÿ ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚◊ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •ÿÙÇÿ „Ù ªß¸ „Ò– ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Á‚Áø¥Ã ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ê ˇÊÊ⁄UËÿ/
‹fláÊËÿ „Ù ¡ÊŸÊ ∞∑§ ‚◊SÿÊ, Á¡‚‚ ∑§ÎÁ· ÷ÍÁ◊ ’∑§Ê⁄U „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò–
w$ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ∑§ÎÁ· ‚¥’¥œË ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ©Ñπ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò-
(v) ∑§Î·∑§ ÁŸœ¸ŸÃÊ–
(w) Á¬¿«∏Ë ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÁflÁœ–
(x) Á‚¥øÊß¸ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë–
(y) ¬Á⁄Ufl„Ÿ ‚ÈÁflœÊ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë–
(z) ©fl¸⁄U∑§ ∞fl¥ ©ãŸÃ ’Ë¡ ÃÕÊ ∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡Ê∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§ ◊ÍÀÿ–
({) ∑§ÎÁ· ◊¥ ∑§◊ ¬Í°¡Ë ÁŸfl‡Ê–
(|) ∑§ÎÁ· •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ©lÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë–
(}) ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ ◊¥ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄UÃ ∑§ÎÁ· ŸËÁÃ ∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ Ã⁄UË∑‘§ ‚ ‹ÊªÍ Ÿ „ÙŸÊ–
(~) ÷á«Ê⁄UáÊ, ª˝Á«¥ª ÃÕÊ Áfl¬áÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬ÍáÊ¸ ‚ÈÁflœÊ ∑‘§ •÷Êfl ◊¥ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ©ÁøÃ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ Ÿ „ÙŸÊ–
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ∑§Á∆ŸÊß¸ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‚ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ◊¥Œ ªÁÃ ‚ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ÿ„Ê° ∑‘§ •Áœ∑§Ê¥‡Ê Á∑§‚ÊŸ ◊äÿ◊ üÊáÊË ∑‘§ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ©Ÿ∑§Ë
•ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ÁSÕÁÃ ∆Ë∑§ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò– •Áœ∑§Ê¥‡Ê •Ê¡ ÷Ë ´§áÊ ∑‘§ ’Ù¤Ê ‚ Œ’ „È∞ „Ò¥– ’Ò¥∑§Ù Ÿ ¡„Ê° Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ´§áÊ ‚ÈÁflœÊ∞° ŒË „Ò, fl„Ë »§‚‹ ∑§Ê
©ÁøÃ ◊ÍÀÿ Ÿ„Ë¥ Á◊‹Ÿ •ÕflÊ π⁄UÊ’ „Ù ¡ÊŸ ¬⁄U fl ´§áÊ ∑‘§ ’Ù¤Ê ∑‘§ ŸËø Œ’ ¡ÊÃ „Ò– Á‚¥øÊß¸ ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë „ÙŸÊ •ı⁄U ¡„Ê° ‚ÈÁflœÊ „Ò fl„Ê°
¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ¬ÊŸË Ÿ„Ë¥ Á◊‹Ÿ ‚ ∑§ÎÁ· ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë •Ê ⁄U„Ë „Ò–
©ãŸÃ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª ‚ËÁ◊Ã „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ©lÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „ÙŸ ‚ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑§ÎÁ· ©¬¡Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ Ÿ„Ë¥ „ÙÃÊ
„Ò– ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl¬áÊŸ ∑§Ê ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „È•Ê „Ò Á∑§ãÃÈ •Ê¡ ÷Ë ß‚∑§Ê ‹Ê÷ ‚÷Ë Á∑§‚ÊŸ Ÿ„Ë¥ ©∆Ê ¬Ê ⁄U„ „Ò¥–
x. ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ∞fl¥ ¬˝‡ÊÊ‚ÁŸ∑§ ∑§Á∆ŸÊßÿÊ° ó ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ∞fl¥ ¬˝‡ÊÊ‚ÁŸ∑§ ∑§Á∆ŸÊßÿÊ° ÷Ë ’Êœ∑§ „Ò-
(v)Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ’«∏ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ ¿Ù≈U πÃ
(w) ŒÙ·¬ÍáÊ¸ ÷Í-SflÊÁ◊àfl ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë Á¡‚‚ πÁÃ„⁄U ∞fl¥ ÷ÍÁ◊„ËŸ ◊¡ŒÍ⁄U •Áœ∑§ „Ò ¡Ù ∑§Î·∑§ „Ò, fl πÃË Ÿ„Ë¥ ∑§⁄UÃ ÃÕÊ ¡Ù flÊSÃfl ◊¥ ©Ÿ∑‘§
¬Ê‚ ÷ÍÁ◊ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò–
(x)‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ∑§È⁄UËÁÃÿÙ¥ ¬⁄U •ŸÈà¬ÊŒ∑§ √ÿÿ ∑§Ë •Áœ∑§ÃÊ–
(y)∑§ÎÁ· ŸËÁÃÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ©ÁøÃ Á∑˝§ÿÊãflÿŸ ∑§Ê •÷Êfl–
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ flÁáÊ¸Ã ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§, •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ∞fl¥ ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ∑§Á∆ŸÊß¸ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ ’ÊœÊ∞° •ÊÃË ⁄U„ÃË „Ò– ß‚ ‚¥’¥œ ◊¥
‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ Á∑§∞ ª∞ „Ò¥U–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∞fl¥ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞°-
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÁflªÃ Œ‡Ê∑§Ù¥ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ Á∑§∞ ª∞ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ß‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ÿÕÊ‡ÊÁQ§ ‚øC „Ò ÃÕÊ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊ
¬˝SÃÊÁflÃ •Ÿ∑§ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞° ÷Ë ∑§Êÿ¸⁄UÃ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ Á∑§∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∞fl¥ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞° ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã „Ò-
v. ’Ê⁄UÊŸË πÃË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ó ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ∑§◊ Á‚¥øÊß¸ flÊ‹Ë »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ∞fl¥ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ø‹ ⁄U„ „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ Á‹∞
’Ê⁄UÊŸË ∑§ÎÁ· ¬⁄U ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∑§ÎÁ· ¬hÁÃ ∑§Ê ¬˝øÊ⁄U-¬˝‚Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ÃÕÊ ∑§◊ Á‚¥øÊß¸ flÊ‹Ë
»§‚‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ø‹Ÿ ß‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ¬˝◊Èπ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ „Ò– ∑§È•Ù¥, ÃÊ‹Ê’Ù¥ ∞fl¥ ∞ŸË∑§≈U ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ÃÕÊ fl·Ê¸ ∑‘§ ¡‹ ∑§Ê ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑§⁄U ©‚∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ã◊
©¬ÿÙª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
w. Ÿ∑§ŒË »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ó ß¥ÁŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ°œË Ÿ„⁄U ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ Ÿ∑§ŒË »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ¬⁄U ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò, ß‚‚ ¬ÿ¡‹ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ
∑§Ê ÷Ë ‚◊ÊœÊŸ „È•Ê „Ò– ß‚ ∑§Êÿ¸-ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑§Ù ◊M§ª¥ªÊ ÷Ë ∑§„Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ŸªŒË »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ‚ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù •Áœ∑§ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃÊ
„Ò Á¡‚‚ fl ©ãŸÃ ∑§ÎÁ· Ã∑§ŸË∑§ •¬ŸÊŸ ◊¥ ‚ˇÊ◊ „ÙÃ „Ò–
x. ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã •Ÿ∑§ flÒœÊÁŸ∑§ ©¬Êÿ Á∑§∞ ª∞ „Ò ¡Ò‚ -
§ ∑§Ê‡Ã∑§Ê⁄U ‚ÈœÊ⁄U •äÿÊŒ‡Ê - v~y~
§ ©¬¡ ‹ªÊŸ ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊- v~zv
§ ∑§ÎÁ·ªÃ ‹ªÊŸ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ •ÁœÁŸÿ◊ - v~zw
§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ê‡Ã∑§Ê⁄UË (‚¥‡ÊÙœŸ) •ÁœÁŸÿ◊-v~{Æ
§ ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ŸËÁÃ ◊¥ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥-
§ ◊äÿSÕÃÊ ©ã◊Í‹Ÿ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
§ ∑§Ê‡Ã∑§Ê⁄UË ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
§ ¡◊Ë¥ŒÊ⁄UË ¬˝ÕÊ ∑§Ê ‚◊Ê¬Ÿ
§ ¡ÊªËŒÊ⁄UË ¬˝ÕÊ ∑§Ê ‚◊Ê¬Ÿ
§ ∑§ÎÁ· ÷ÍÁ◊ ¡ÙÃ ¬⁄U ¡◊ËŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ‚Ë◊Ê ∑§Ê ÁŸœÊ¸⁄UáÊ
§ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë ø∑§’ãŒË
§ ¡◊ËŸ ∑‘§ ŒSÃÊfl¡Ù¥ ∑§Ê ⁄Uπ-⁄UπÊfl ∞fl¥ ©ã„¥ •lÃŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ◊Ù¥ ‚ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ •Ê◊ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ‹Ê÷ ¬˝ÊåÃ „È•Ê „Ò–
y. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ Œ‹„Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ (National Pulses Development Project) ó ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë |z ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ
∞fl¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë wz ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÷ÊªËŒÊ⁄UË ‚ Œ‹„Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ ’Ë¡, ©fl¸⁄U∑§ •ÊÁŒ ’Ê°≈U ª∞– ‚ÊÕ „Ë ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ Œ„‹„Ÿ
©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÃÈ Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê øÿŸ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊó
∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊó
øŸÊ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, øÍM§, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, •‹fl⁄U, ÁøÃı«ª…∏, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U fl ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê–
◊Í¥ª øÍM§, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ∞fl¥ ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U–
©«∏Œ ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«, ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, øÍM§
⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊó
øŸÊ •¡◊⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ’¥ÍŒË, ≈UÙ¥∑§, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«∏Ê, •ı⁄U «Í¥ª⁄U¬È⁄U
◊Í¥ª •¡◊⁄U, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U
©«∏Œ ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«Ê ÃÕÊ «Í¥ª⁄U¬È⁄U
◊Ù∆ ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, øÍM§, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ¤Ê¥È¥¤ÊÈŸÍ
z. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ ÁÃ‹„Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬Á⁄Uÿô¡ŸÊ (National Oilseeds Development Project) ó ÁÃ‹„Ÿ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ flÎÁh „ÃÈ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥
ÁÃ‹„Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ wy Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ mÊ⁄UÊ •ı⁄U ŒÙ Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊ øÿŸ ∑§⁄U ÁÃ‹„Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚
∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù Á◊ÁŸÁ∑§≈U, ©¬∑§⁄UáÊ, ¬ıœ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ÃÕÊ ⁄U‚ÊÿŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U •ŸÈŒÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥
‚ÙÿÊ’ËŸ, ◊¥Íª»§‹Ë ∞fl¥ ‚⁄U‚Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ’…∏ÊŸ ¬⁄U ¡Ù⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
{. Áfl‡Ê· πÊlÊãŸ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ó ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë •Ù⁄U ‚ v~}}-}~ ◊¥ ∞∑§ Áfl‡Ê· πÊlÊãŸ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ‹ÊªÍ ∑§Ë ªß¸– ß‚∑‘§
•¥Ãª¸Ã ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ øıŒ„ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ª„Í°, øŸÊ, ◊Ä∑§Ê ∑§Ë »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ◊¥ fl·¸ v~~Æ-~v ◊¥ ’Ê¡⁄UÊ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚∑‘§
•¥Ãª¸Ã ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ©ãŸÃ ’Ë¡, ¬ıœ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ, ŒflÊßÿÊ°, •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ∑§ÎÁ· ©¬∑§⁄UáÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò ÃÕÊ ©ã„¥ •ŸÈŒÊŸ ÷Ë ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ
„Ò–
|. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ˇÊòÊ •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ‚¥SÕÊ (Central Arid Zone Research Institute - CAZRI) ó “∑§Ê¡⁄UË” ‚¥SÕÊ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ
¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ v~z{ ◊¥ ∑§Ë ªß¸– ß‚∑‘§ ©ŒŒ‡ÿ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥ -
(v) ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬«-¬ıœ, øÊ⁄UÊªÊ„, ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë Ÿ◊Ë •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ
(w) ¡‹ ©¬ÿÙª ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ
(x) ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ •äÿÿŸ
(y) ¡‹ ¬˝’¥œŸ
(z) ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ
ß‚ ‚¥SÕÊ Ÿ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ „ÙŸ flÊ‹Ë •Ÿ∑§ Á∑§S◊Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò¥– ‚ÊÕ „Ë ≈UË‹Ê SÕ⁄UË∑§⁄UáÊ, ¡‹ ¬˝’¥œŸ, ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥
∑§Ê ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U, flŸÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ, ÷Í-‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ •ÊÁŒ ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ŸflËŸ Á‚h „Èß¸ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò, ¡Ù •àÿÁœ∑§ ©¬ÿÙªË „Ò–
}. ∑§ÎÁ· ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ •ãÿ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ó ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∞fl¥ ©à¬ÊŒŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë flÎÁh „ÃÈ •Ÿ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹Ê∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò ÃÕÊ •Ÿ∑§
ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ mÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‹Ê÷ÊÁãflÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∞fl¥ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞° ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã „Ò-
(v) »§‚‹ ’Ë◊Ê ÿÙ¡ŸÊ (Crop Insurance Scheme)
(w) ¬‡ÊÈ ’Ë◊Ê (Animal Insurance)
(x) ∑§ÎÁ· ÿ¥òÊË∑§⁄UáÊ (Mechanisation of Agriculture)
(y) ∑§◊ÊŸ ˇÊòÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ (Command Area Development)
(z) ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl¬áÊŸ (Agriculture Marketing)
({) ∑§ÎÁ· ‚Êπ (Agricltural Credit)
(|) ∑§ÎÁ· •ÊŒÊŸÙ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª (Agricultural Inputs) ó
(∑§) ©fl¸⁄U∑§ ¬˝ÿÙª (π) ⁄U‚ÊÿŸ ¬˝ÿÙª, (ª) ©ãŸÃ ’Ë¡ (ÉÊ) ©ãŸÃ Ã∑§ŸË∑§
©¬ÿÈ¸∑§Ã ‚÷Ë ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©g‡ÿ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U, ©à¬ÊŒ ◊¥ flÎÁhU, ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù •¬Ÿ ©à¬ÊŒ ∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄UÊŸÊ ÃÕÊ »§‚‹ ∑§Ë
„ÊÁŸ „ÙŸ ¬⁄U ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ∞fl¥ ∑§ÎÁ· ´§áÊ ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UÊŸÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§ÎÁ· Áfl¬áÊŸ ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ¬˝ªÁÃ ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ vv} ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§ÎÁ·
©¬¡ ◊¥Á«ÿÊ ∞fl¥ wÆvy ‚’ ÿÊ«¸ „Ò– ∑§ÎÁ· ◊¥Á«ÿÙ¥ ◊¥ ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù Á’øıÁ‹ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ‡ÊÙ·áÊ ‚ ◊ÈQ§ ⁄UπÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ßŸ∑‘§ mÊ⁄UÊ ÁŸÿÙÁ¡Ã ◊¥Á«ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§
Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ‚ê¬∑§¸ ‚«∏∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ, Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‚„ÊÿÃÊ, ÷á«Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ •ÊÁŒ ÷Ë ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ∑§Ù≈UÊ ∑§Ë
⁄UÊ◊ª¥¡ ◊á«Ë ◊¥ S¬Êß‚ ¬Ê∑§¸ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë SflË∑§ÎÁÃ ŒË „Ò–
∑§ÎÁ· ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∞fl¥ ©à¬ÊŒŸ flÎÁm „ÃÈ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊ‚-
v. ∑§ÎÁ· ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ’…∏ÊŸ ∑‘§ Á¡‹flÊ⁄U •Á÷ÿÊŸ ó ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ‚⁄U‚Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U Á¡‹¥ ◊¥ ≈UÊ⁄Uª≈U wÆ+ ÃÕÊ ŸÊªı⁄U ◊¥ •ÊÚ¬⁄U‡ÊŸ
vzÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ •Á÷ÿÊŸ ÃÕÊ ¡ı ∑§Ë ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ∞fl¥ ‚Ë∑§⁄U ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê· •Á÷ÿÊŸ ø‹Êÿ ª∞ „Ò– ß‚Ë ∑˝§◊ ◊¥ ¬˝◊ÊÁáÊÃ ’Ë¡Ù¥
∑‘§ ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ’ŸÊß¸ ªß¸ „Ò– fl·¸ wÆÆz-Æ{ ◊¥ |.{Æ ‹Êπ ÁÄfl¥≈U‹ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ Á¡‚ wÆÆ{-Æ| ◊¥ vÆ.vx
‹Êπ ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–
w. ∑§ÎÁ· ˇÊòÊËÿ •ÊœÊ⁄U÷ÍÃ …Ê°ø ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ó ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑§ÎÁ· ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∑‘§ •ŸÈM§¬ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ‚¥‚ÊœŸ ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UÊŸ
∑§Ë √ÿÊ¬∑§ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò– ŒÙ ’Ë¡ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞° •‹fl⁄U •ı⁄U ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥, ∞∑§ ©fl¸⁄U∑§ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U
◊¥, ∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡Ê∑§ ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U ∑§Ù≈UÊ ◊¥ •ı⁄U ’Ê⁄U„ Ÿß¸ Á◊^Ë ¬⁄UËˇÊáÊ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞° πÙ‹Ë ªß¸ „Ò– ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∞fl¥
flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏ ◊¥ ÃÕÊ ∑§ÎÁ· •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ üÊËª¥ªÊŸª⁄U ◊¥ SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò–
x. •◊ÍÀÿ ŸË⁄U ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ó ß‚∑‘§ mÊ⁄UÊ ’Í°Œ-’Í°Œ ÃÕÊ »§√flÊ⁄UÊ Á‚¥øÊß¸ ∑§Ù ¬˝Ùà‚Ê„Ÿ ŒŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ◊Êß∑˝§Ê ß⁄UË¸ª‡ÊŸ Á◊‡ÊŸ ¬˝Ê⁄U¥÷ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ
ÃÕÊ ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù zÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ •ŸÈŒÊŸ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ „Ò–
y. ¡ÒÁfl∑§ πÃË ó ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ù ¬˝Ùà‚Ê„Ÿ ŒŸ „ÃÈ é‹ÊÚ∑§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ∑§ê¬ÙS≈U πÊŒ ∞fl¥ fl◊Ë¸∑§Àø⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸‡ÊÊ‹Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÙ¡Ÿ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ
‚Áé¡ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∞fl¥ ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ©¬¡ ∑‘§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Êÿ¸ Á∑§ÿ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò–
z. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ »§‚‹ ’Ë◊Ê ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ó ß‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã fl·¸ wÆÆy-Æ{ ◊¥ π⁄UË» ∑§Ë vy »§‚‹¥ ÃÕÊ wÆÆz-Æ{ ◊¥ ⁄U’Ë ∑§Ë ÇÿÊ⁄U„
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}. ∑§ÎÁ· •ÊŒÊŸ (Input) √ÿflSÕÊ mÊ⁄UÊ ©fl¸⁄U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ
~. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¡‹ ˇÊòÊ ¬ÈŸ— ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ mÊ⁄UÊ ∑§ÎÁ· ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ◊¥ ¡‹ ∑‘§ ‚◊ÈÁøÃ ©¬ÿÙª ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ŒŸÊ–
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vw. ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ’ÊÿÙ «Ë¡‹ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ∑§ëøÊ ◊Ê‹ ◊¥ ⁄UÃŸ¡ÙÃ ∑§Ë »§‚‹ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ √ÿÊ¬∑§ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ∑§Ë „Ò Á¡‚◊¥ ¬˝Êßfl≈U ∑§ê¬ÁŸÿÙ¥
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∞fl¥ Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ÁŸ⁄UÊ∑§⁄UáÊ „ÃÈ •Ÿ∑§ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞° „Ò– Áfl¬⁄UËÃ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ©¬⁄UÊãÃ ÷Ë ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ê
Áfl∑§Ê‚ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
[kknsa (Manures) :
§ [ksr esa jgus okys i'kqvksa dk ey ew=k rFkk rFkk d`f"k vo'ks"k ds feydj lM+us ls cuus okyh [ksr dh [kkn izkphu dky
ls gh iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh jgh gSA bl [kkn esa 0.5% ukbVªkstu] 0.2% iQkWLiQksjl rFkk 0.5% iksVfs 'k;e mifLFkr jgrk gSA
§ [kknksa esa izkd`fr inkFkZ tSls i'kq if{k;ksa dk eyew=k] lM+s xys ?kkl iQwl vkfn lfEefyr gksrs gSA [kknks esa izk;% de ek=kk
esa 16 izdkj ds iks"kd rRo ik;s tkrs gSA
[kknksa ds mnkgj.k%&
1. dEiksLV
2. xkscj dh [kkns (Fym = Farm Yard Manure)
3. [kfy;k¡
4. gjh[kkn (Green Manure) etc.
mijksDr [kknksa esa dkcZu dh ek=kk vf/d gksrh gSA blfy, bUgsa dkcZfud ;k thoka'k [kkns dgrs gSA
tSfod [kkn (Bio-Manure) :
lw{e tho tc ikS/ksa ds fy, [kkn inkFkksZ dh Hkk¡rh mi;ksxh gks rks ,slh [kkn tSfod [kkn dgykrh gSA dqN lw{e tho tSls
jkbtksfc;e (Rhizobium) uked thok.kq ikSèkksa dh tM+ks dh xk¡Bksa esa jgrs gq, lgthou O;frr djrs gSA ;s thok.kq ikS/ksa dks
ukbVªkstu miyC/ djokrk gSA rFkk cnys esa ikS/sa bUgsa jgus ds fy, vkokl ,oa Hkkstu miyC/ djkrs gSA
§ dqN thok.kq tSls DyksLVªhfM;e o ,tsVkscDS Vj Lora=k jgrs gq, N2 dk fLFkjhdj.k djrs gSA rFkk ikS/ksa ds fy, tSfod [kkn
dk dk;Z djrs gSA
§ uhyh gjh 'kSoky Hkh N2 – Fixaction djrk gSA vr% bls Hkh tSfod [kkn dh Hkk¡fr dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
dod ewy (Mycorhiza) :
§ dqN ikS/ks dh tM+s dodksa ds lkFk lgthou djrh gSA bl izdkj dh tM+s dod ewy dgykrh gSA dod ikS/ks
dks Hkwfe ls iks"kd rRo miyC/ djokrs gSA
oehZ dEiksLV (Wormy Compost):-
§ dsapq,s dh [kkn dks oehZ dEiksLV dgrs gSA
§ ;g [kkn Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gSA
§ oehZ dEiksLV cukuk vktdy y?kq m|ksx cu pqdk gSA
§ dsp, q ¡ ls fufeZr [kkn oehZ&dEiksLV ;k oehZdYpj dgykrh gSA bl [kkn ls Hkwfe esa N (ukbVªkstu)] P (iQksLiQksjl)] K
(ikSVsf'k;e)] Ca (dSfYl;e)] Mg (eSXuhf'k;e) rÙoksa dh ek=kk c<+rh gSA ftlls iQlyksa dh mit esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
oehZ dEiksLV dk laxBu%&
§ ukbVªkstu (N2), iQkWLiQksjl (P), iksVsf'k;e (K), ftad (Zn), dkWij (Cu), dSfY'k;e (Ca), eSfXuf'k;e (Mg), lYiQj (S),
dksckYV (CO) o cksjksu (B) vkfnA
iQly pØ.k (Crop Rotation) :
§ iQlyks dks vny cny dk cksuk gh iQly pØ dgykrk gSA
§ ,slk djus ls e`nk dh moZjrk cuh jgrh gSA D;ksafd ,d gh Hkwfe [k.M esa ckj&ckj ,d gh iQly ckSus ls ml Hkw&[k.M esa
iks"kd rRoksa dh deh o vusd dhV o lw{e ijthfo;ksa dk tekoM+k gks tkrk gSA ftlls iQlyksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA
§ iQly iz.kkyh vuql/a ku ifj;kstuk (ICAR) ds vUrxZr ^/ku&/ku*] ^/ku&xsg*aw ] ^cktjk@Tokj @eDdk@xags *aw iQly if¼fr;ksa esa
?kVrh e`nk moZjrk ,oa fLFkj vFkok fxjrh mRikndrk dks fVdkÅ@ lexfr'khy (Sustainable) cukus gsrq [kjhiQ iQlyksa essa 25
ls 50 izfr'kr ukbVªkt s u] xkscj dh [kkn dke esa yh tkrh gSA jch dh iQly esa 75 izfr'kRk (N, P, K ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQksjl]
iksVsf'k;e) nsdj vf/d Åit yh tk ldrh gSaA
§ fefJr 'kL;u (mixed cropping):& bls ^feyoka iQly* i¼fr Hkh dgrs gS] tSls vjgj$Tokj] ljlksa $vkyw vkfnA blesa
nksuks iQlyksa ds cht cqokbZ ls iwoZ feykdj cks;s tkrs gSA drkjks dk dksbZ [kkl ozQe ugh j[krs gS vFkkZr~ cxSj fdlh fuf'pr
drkj O;oLFkkiu ds ,d gh [ksr esa ,d lkFk nks ;k nks ls vf/d iQlyksa dks mxkuk fefJr 'kL;u i¼fr dgykrk gSA
blds fuEu izdkj gS&
§ fefJr iQlysa (Mixed crops):& ,d ekSle esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d iQlyksa dks feykdj mxkukA tSls xsg¡w $pukA fefJr
iQlyksa dks cksus ls iwoZ gh chtksa dks vkil esa feykdj cksrs gSA
§ lgpj iQlysa (Companion crops):& bl fof/ esa cqokbZ ls iwoZ iQlyksa ds cht vkil esa feykrs ugha cfYd
vyx&vyx drkjksa esa cksrs gSA
§ j{kd iQlysa (Gurd crops):& blesa eq[; iQly dh j{kkFkZ gsrq xkS.k iQly dh [ksrh ds pkjksa vksj drkjs yxk nsrs gS
tSl&s xUus ds pkjks vksj vjgj ;k <Spk cks nsukA
§ lgk;d iQlysa (Augmenting crops):& eq[; iQly dh mit c<+kus gsrq vU; xkS.k iQly Hkh lkFk esa feyk nsrs
gS tSls&cjlke ds lkFk ljlksaA
iQlyksa ds oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj%&
(A) iQlyksa dks Írqvksa@ekSle ds vuqlkj%& izk;% rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA
(1) [kjhiQ iQlys (Kharif Crops):& ,slh iQlykas dks o"kkZ ls iwoZ vFkok o"kkZ 'kq: gksus ij (eè; twu ls twykbZ
rd) cksrs gSAa vkSj dVkbZ izk;% vDVwEcj esa djrs gSAa ,slh iQlyksa dks cksrs le; vf/d rki ,oa vknzrZ k rFkk idrs
le; 'kq"d okrkoj.k pkfg,A tSl&s èkku] Tokj] cktjk] eDdk] eqx¡ iQyh] vjgj] ewx¡ ] mM+n] dikl] lks;kchu] [kkj]
lubZ] twV vkfnA bu iQlykaas esa /ku] ewx¡ iQyh] Tokj] eDdk] cktjk cM+s iSekus ij iSnk dh tkrh gSAa ;s iQlys C 4
ikS/s esa vkrh gSAa
(2) jch iQlys (Rabi Crops):& ,slh iQlyksa dks tkMs+a dh iQly Hkh dgrs gSAa ftudh cqokbZ gsrq de rkieku ,ao
vknzZrk] idrs le; 'kq"d ,oa xeZ okrkoj.k pkfg,A tSl&s xsg]w¡ tkS] puk] eVj] ljlka]s cjlhe] elwj] vylh] vkyw]
rEckdw] pqdUnj vkfnA cqokbZ izk;% vDVwEcj fnlEcj rd rFkk dVkbZ iQjojh&vizSy rd dh tkrh gSaA ;s iQlys
C 3 oxZ esa vkrh gSAa
(3) calr@tk;n iQlys (Zaid Crops:& ftUgsa xzh"e dkyhu iQlysa (Summer Reason Crops) Hkh dgrs gSAa cqokbZ
izk;% jch iQlyksa dh dVkbZ ds ckn djrs gSa rFkk dVkbZ [kjhiQ iQlyksa dh cqokbZ ls iwoZ dn~now xhZ; (Cucurbits)
iQlysa vjgj] ewxa ] mM+n] yksfc;k] lwjteq[kh] fepZ] VekVj] xUuk vkfn cksrs gSAa vkSj dVkbZ vkerkSj ij (vjgj o
xUuk dks NksM+dj) twu rd dj yh tkrh gSaA
(B) ikS/ksa ds thoupØ ds vk/kj ij oxhZdj.k%& bl vk/kj ij iQlyksa dks fuEu rhu oxkZsa esa ckaVk x;k gSa&
(1) ,do"khZ; ikS/s (Annual plants):& ftudk thou cht ls cht (Seed to seed) gks] vFkkZr thoupØ ,d o"kZ
easa iwjk djus okys ikS/sA tSls& xsg¡w] puk] eVj] ljlksa vkfnA
(2) f}o"khZ; ikS/sa (Biennial plants):& ftu ikS/ksa esa ,d o"kZ esa okuLifrd o`f¼ gks] vkSj nwljs o"kZ iQwy] iQy]
cht cusA tSls& pwdUnj] I;kt] xkSch] ewyh] xktj vkfnA
(3) cgqo"khZ; ikS/s (Perennials plants):& ,sls ikS/as ftuesa dbZ o"kZ rd c<+uk] iQy] iQwy] cht iSnk djuk y{k.k
gksA tSl&s xUuk] yglqu] usfi;j ?kkl vkfnA
(C) vkfFkZd n`f"V ls oxhZdj.k%&
§ /kU; iQlysa (Cereal crops):& vUu okyh iQlysaA tSls& /ku] xsg¡w] eDdk] Tokj] cktjk vkfnA
§ frygusa (Oil seeds):& rsy okyh iQlys tSls&ewaxiQyh] lwjtew[kh] ljlksa oxhZ;] fry] dqlqe] vj.Mh] ukjh;y
vkfnA buesa rsy(olk) dh vf/d ek=kk gksrh gSaA
§ nygusa (Pulses):& puk] eVj] elwj] mM+n] ewax] vjgj] lks;kchu vkfnA buesa izksVhu feyrh gSaA
§ pkjsa okyh iQlysa (Fodder crops):& i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjk iznku djrh gSAa tSl&s cjlhe] yglqu] Xokj] usfi;j]
Tokj] eDdk] cktjk vkfnA
§ 'kdZjk iQlysa (Sugar crops):& phuh] xqM+ iznku djus okyh iQlysaA xUuk] pqdUnj vkfnA
§ js'kas okyh iQlysa (Fibre crops):& dikl] twV] iVlUu] ÝysDl(vylh) vkfnA
§ lCth okyh iQlysa (Vegetable crops):& cSaxu]fHk.Mh] VekVj] lse] djSyk] isBk] dn~nw] I;kt] xkSch vkfnA
§ vkS"kf/;s iQlysa (Medicinal crops):& vnjd] ikSnhuk] eSFkh] rqylh] jhBk] liQsn eqlyh] viQhe eq'dnkuk
(d'rqjh fHk.Mh)] dkSap vkfnA
§ elkys (Spices and condiments):- okyh iQlys&a thjk] /fu;k] vtokbu] lkSia Q] I;kt] byk;ph] ykSxa ] fepZ]
yglqu vkfnA
§ tM+ okyah iQlysa (Root crops):& vkyw] ewyh] xktj] pqdUnj] 'kdjdUn vkfnA
§ mn~nhid iQlysa (Stimulant crops):& pk;] rEckdw] dkWiQh vkfnA
§ iQy okyh iQlysa (Fruit crops):& [kjcqtk]rjcqt] [khjk] ddM+h vkfnA
§ lqxU/ ikS/ksa (Aromatic plants):– dh iQlys&yseuxzkl] ikekjkstk] flVªsusyk vkfnA
(D) fo'ks"k mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k%&
§ uxnh (cash) iQlys & vkyw] xUuk] dikl] rEckdw] fepZ vkfnA
§ 'kh?kz vrajorhZ iQlys (catch crops)& ewax] mM+n vkfnA
§ dhV vkd"kZd (Trap) iQlys& fHk.Mh (dikl ds pkjks vksj)A
§ lwpd iQly (Indicator crops)& tks rRoksa o ikuh dh deh crk;s+A TkSlas &lwjtew[khA
§ gjh [kkn (Green manure) dh iQlys & lubZ] <Spk] Xokj] cjlhe ewax vkfnA
(E) okuLifrd oxhZdj.k& ikS/ks ds ifjokj@dqy (family) ds vk/kj ij dbZ Hkkxksa esa iQlyks dsk foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
§ ?kkl dqy (xzsfeuh)& /ku xsgwa] cktjk] eDdk] xUuk vkfnA
§ ljlksa oxhZ; (ØqlhZ iQsjh)& ljlksa] xksHkh] ewyh vkfnA
§ eVj dwy (ysX;qfeuslh)& puk] ewax] mM+n] vjgj] elwj vkfnA
§ vkyw dwy(lksysuslh)& vkyw] rEckdw] cSaxu] ehpZ vkfnA
§ dikl dwy (ekyoslh)& dikl] iVlu vkfn o blh izdkj vU; dwy Hkh gksrs gSaA
(F) izdk'k vof/ ds vuqlkj oxhZdj.k%&
§ vYi&izdk'k{ksih ikS/sa (Short day plants):& de vof/ dk izdk'k pkgus okyh iQlysa (vFkkZr NksVk fnu
pkgus okyh iQlysa)] tSls& Tokj] cktjk] eDdk] ewax] rEckdw vkfn] izk;% [kjhiQ iQlysaA
§ nh?kZ izdk'k{ksih ikS/sa (Long day plants):& vf/d vof/ dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk] tSl&s dikl] lwjteq[kh]
VekVj] /ku dh dqN fdLesa izk;% tk;n dh iQlysaA
ikni jksx ,oa fu;a=k.k (Plant disease and Control):-
iQly chekfj;ka (Crop diseases)& fofHkUu iQlyks esa vyx&vyx chekfj;ka yxrh gS tSls&
§ /ku& Vqaxzks] >qylk (CykLV)] cUV] yhiQ LeV]Hkwjh fpÙkh rFkk xyu vkfnA
§ xsagw& djuky cUV]ikmMjh feYM;w] bZvj dksfdy Hkwjh@dkyh@ihyh@xs#bZ] dUMqvk vkfnA
§ tkS& ruk xsa#bZ] eksY;k] LdsYM] yhiQjLV] dUMqvk vkfnA
§ eDdk&daM (Smut)] Mkmuh] feYM;w vkfnA
§ cktjk&vxZV] xs#bZ] dUM]xzhu ]bZvj
§ Tokj&jLV] dUM]yhiQ LikWV] yhiQ OykbV ,oa xzsy eksyA
§ puk&mdBk] >qylkA
§ eVj& mdBk] xs#bZ] ikmMjh] feYM;w] yhiQ LikWV vkfnA
§ vjgj &ekStsd] mdBk yhiQ LikWVA
§ ewax@mMn& ihyk ekStsd] yhiQLikWVA
§ jkbZ&ljlksa & liQsn xs#bZ] Mkmuh feYM;w] MSfEaix vkWyA
§ ewaxIkQyh& jLV] fVDdk} tM lMu vkfnA
§ xUuk& mdBk] jSM jksV]ekStsd] ,oa daM vkfnA
ikniksa esa fo"kk.kqvksa ls gksus okys jksx%&
(i) rEckdw dk ekstsd jksx
(ii) ewxa iQyh dk jkstVs jksx
(iii) xUus dk ekstd s jksx
ikniksa esa thok.kqvksa ls gksus okys jksx%&
(i) vkyw] [khjk o cSaxu dh Eykuh (Wilts/eqj>kuk) jksx
(ii) lso] uk'kirh] pkoy vkfn esa vaxekjh (Blights) jksx
ikniksa esa dodks ls gksus okys jksx%&
(i) /ku dk fdV~V (Rust) jksx
(ii) tkS o xsgw¡ dk fdV~V jksx& iDlhfu;k dod dh tkfr;ksa ls gksrk gSA
(iii) /kU;daM jksx (Cereal Smuts)
(iv) vkyw dh iNsrh vaxekjh (Late Blight of Potato)
(v) xUus dk yky foyxu (Red rot of Sugar can)
iQly dhV (Crop perts):& iQlyksa esa dhV dkiQh uqdlku djrss gS tSls&
§ /ku&ruk Nsnd] irh yisVd] gjk iQqndk] xa/h] fgLlk vkfnA
§ xsgwa & nhed] dVqvkA
§ eDdk&rukNsnd] iÙkh yisVdA
§ vjgj&yhiQ jkWyj] iQyh NsndA
§ mMn@ewax&gs;jh dSVj fiyjA
§ jkbZ&ljlkas& ekagw] vkjk eD[kh] gs;jh dSVj fiyjA
§ ewaxiQyh&OgkbV xz"k] nhedA
§ lks;kchu&liQsn eD[kh iQyh NsndA
dqN gkfudkjd dhV fuEu ds izdkj gSa&
dhV iQly tUrq oSKkfud uke {kfrxzLr fgLlk
xa/h /ku ysIVksdksfjlk oSjhdksbfZ ul fuEiQ ckfy;ksa esa nkus dk jl pwlrs gSa
nhed xsg¡w vksM.s VksVjeht vksol s l tM+kas dks dkV nsrh gSAa
LVSe cksjj (ruk Nsnd) Tokj dkbuksyl ifr;ksa dks dSVjfiYyj dkVdj rusa esa
uqdlku djukA
iQyh Nsnd puk] eVj ghfy;ksFkl vkehZtjS k iQfy;ksa esa ?kwldj uqdlku djukA
VkWi cksjj xUuk VªkbZiksjft;k fuoSyk ifÙk;ksa dks dkVrk gqvk eksFk rus ds
mijh fgLls dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
xzhu ,oa jSM+ cx dkWiQh lSlfs V;k dkWiQh;k rus ds fgLlks dks dkVuk
Vh ywij pk; cqtjq k lizl
s fs j;k dSVfiYyj }kjk ifÙk;ksa dks dkVuk
dhV fu;U=k.k dh fof/;k¡%& dhV fu;a=k.k dh ikap fof/;ka gSa&
§ HkkSfrd fof/&vukt dks /wi esa lq[kkdj] izdk'k iziap (Light trap) ds dhVksa dks idM+uk vkfnA
§ ;kfU=kd fof/& tky }kjk dhVksa] v.Mksa dks idM+uk] nkFk dks ekjukA
§ tSo fu;U=k.k(Biological)& fe=k dhV ls 'k=kq dhV dks ikS/ksa ij NksM+dj ekjukA
§ d`f"k fØ;kvksa }kjk ifjorZu djds cqokbZ dh frfFk;ksa dks cnydj] feyok iQly }kjk vkfnA
§ jklk;fud fu;a=k.k& dhVuk'kh jlk;uks dk iz;ksx djdsA
dhVuk'kh (Insecticide) dk oxhZdj.k%& dhVukf'k;ksa dks eq[;r% pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSa&
§ O;kogkfjdrk ds vuqlkj&
(i) vkek'kf;d fo"k (ii) lEidZ@Li'kZ fo"k (iii) /qeu fo"k
§ dhVksa ij fØ;k ds vk/kj ij&
(i) HkkSfrd fo"k (rkjdksy] jsr] xzhl)
(ii) thonzO; fo"k (ikjk] rkack ds feJ.k)
(iii) 'olu fo"k(bFksyhu MkbczksekbM] vY;qfefu;e iQkLiQkbM+)
(iv) uoZ fo"k & fudksVhu
(v) lkekU; fo"k& ,fYMªu
§ jklk;fud izd`fr ds vk/kj ij&
(i) vdkcZfud jlk;u (ySM+ vklhZusV)
(ii) dkcZfud jlk;u jlk;u la'ysf"kr fo"k& (DDT, BHC, ,fYMªu] gSIVkDyksj] (lHkh Dyksfju ds ;kSfxd)
(iii) dkcZfud iQkLiQsV& eSykfFk;ku] isjkfeFkku
(iv) dkcksZusV ;kSfxd& lsfou] dkcksZÝ;qjksu
(v) Fkk;ks lkbusV& FksukbV
(vi) MkbZ ukbVªksfiQuksy ;kSfxd& DNOC, DNOCP
(vii) /qez fo"k& HCN, EDB, EDCT
§ fo"kkdrrk ds vk/kj ij&
(i) vR;f/d tgjhys (ii) vf/d tgjhys
(iii) eè;e tgjhys (iv) de tgjhys
dhVuk'kdksa ds fofHkUu :i&
(i) lq[ks :i esa& pw.kZ] /wy] nksunkj pw.kZ (ii) nzo (Liquid) ds :i esAa
(iii) ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy /qy (iv) /qez fo"k (Fomigants)
(v) fo"kSyk Hkkstu (Poison Baits) (vi) dSIl;qy vU;& jax] iSUV esa feykdjA
15. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë

(Horticulture in Rajasthan)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë »§‚‹Ù¥, »§‹ ‚é¡Ë, ◊‚Ê‹, »Í§‹, •ı·œËÿ ¬ıœÙ¥ •ÊÁŒ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ë Áfl¬È‹ ‚ê÷ÊflŸÊ∞° „Ò– ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë üÊ◊ ª„Ÿ
„ÙŸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ •fl‚⁄U ‚È‹÷ ∑§⁄UÊÃË „Ò, ’ÁÀ∑§ ◊ÊŸfl „ÃÈ ‚È⁄UˇÊÊà◊∑§ ÷Ù¡Ÿ ∞fl¥ Áfl≈UÊÁ◊Ÿ ÃÕÊ πÁŸ¡
‹fláÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë •Ê¬ÍÁÃ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò– •Ã— »§‹ ‚é¡Ë, ◊‚Ê‹Ê, »Í§‹ fl •ı·œËÿ ¬ıœÙ¥ •ÊÁŒ »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ, ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∞fl¥ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ◊¥ ‚ÈÁŸÿÙÁ¡Ã …¥ª
‚ flÎÁh ∑‘§ ©g‡ÿ ‚ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ fl·¸ v~}~-~Æ ◊¥ ¬ÎÕ∑§ ‚ ©lÊŸ ÁŸŒ‡ÊÊ‹ÿ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë ªÿË– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ wv Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë Áfl∑§Ê‚
∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§U◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ’Ë¡Ëÿ ◊‚Ê‹Ê¥ ÃÕÊ œÁŸÿÊ, ¡Ë⁄UÊ ÃÕÊ ◊ÕË ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ¬˝Õ◊ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ Œ‡Ê ∑‘§
œÁŸÿ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ê 50%, ¡Ë⁄‘U ∑§Ê 60%, ◊ÕË ∑§Ê 47% fl ‚ÊÒ¥»§ ∑§Ê 16% ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ⁄UÊíÿ Ÿ ◊‚Ê‹Ê¥ ∑§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ∑Î§Á·Ã ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU
‚ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝Õ◊ fl ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U „ÒU–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ »§‹
÷ÊÒªÊÁ‹∑§ ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ
∑˝§. ‚¥. »§‹ ¡‹flÊÿÈÁflÿ Œ‡ÊÊ∞¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ
v. •Ê◊ ©UcáÊ fl ©U¬ÊcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ, ©UûÊ⁄U¬˝Œ‡Ê, Á’„UÊ⁄U, ÁøûÊÊÒ«∏ª…∏U, ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U,
(Mangifera ŒÊ◊≈U fl ŒÊ◊≈U ’‹Èß¸U Á◊≈U˜≈UË ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U, ◊äÿ¬˝Œ‡Ê, «Í¥Uª⁄U¬È⁄U, ’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê,
indica) »Í§‹ •ÊÃ ‚◊ÿ fl·Ê¸ „UÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄U∑§– ¿UûÊË‚ª…∏U, ¬¥. ’¥ªÊ‹,
•ÊãäÊ˝¬˝Œ‡Ê–
w. ¬¬ËÃÊ ©UcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ, ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË, ªÈ¡⁄UÊÃ, Á’„UÊ⁄U, •‚◊, ’Í¥ŒË, •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U
(Carica ¬Ê‹Ê ßU‚∑§ Á‹∞ „UÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊äÿ¬˝Œ‡Ê, ◊Èê’ß¸U,
Papaya) ¤ÊÊ⁄Uπá«U–
x. ∑§‹Ê ©UcáÊ ¬˝Œ‡ÊËÿ ª◊¸ fl Ã⁄U ¡‹flÊÿÈ, ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÈU, ¬¥. ’¥ªÊ‹, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«∏Ê, ÁøûÊÊÒ«∏ª…∏U,
(Musa fl·Ê¸ 175-200 ‚◊Ë ª„U⁄UË ©U¬¡Ê™§ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U, ∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§, ∑§Ê≈UÊ, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥
Paradisiaca) ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË •Ê¥äÊ˝¬Œ˝ ‡ Ê
y. •◊M§Œ ©UcáÊ ¬˝Œ‡ÊËÿ, ª◊Ë¸, ‚„UŸ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ ‚flÊß¸U ◊ÊäÊÊ¬È⁄U, ∑§Ê≈UÊ
110°f ’‹Èß¸U ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË ©UûÊ⁄U¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑§ ¬˝Á‚hU
z. •¥ª⁄Í U ©U¬ÊcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ, ª◊¸ ∞fl¥ ‚ÍπË ∑§‡◊Ë⁄U, ¬¥¡Ê’, ◊Èê’ß¸U, üÊËª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ‚flÊß¸U ◊ÊäÊÊ¬È⁄U
(Vitis ª◊Ë¸ ∑§Ê ◊ÊÒ‚◊, ∆Uá«UÊ fl fl·Ê¸ øÒãŸß¸U, „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ, ◊Ò‚Í⁄U
vinifera) ÿÈQ§ ◊ÊÒ‚◊, „UÀ∑§Ë ¡ËflÊ¥‡Ê ÿÈQ§ fl ©UûÊ⁄U¬˝Œ‡Ê
’‹Èß¸U ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË–
{. ‹ËøË ©U¬ÊcáÊ ‹flÊÿÈ ¬Ê‹Ê fl ª◊¸ „UflÊ ªÈM§ŒÊ‚¬È⁄UÊ, ‚„UÊ⁄UŸ¬È⁄U,
(Nephelium ⁄UÁ„UÃ ◊ÊÒ‚◊, ª„U⁄UË •ë¿UË ¡‹ Œ„U⁄UÊŒÍŸ, øê¬Ê⁄UŸ,
Litchi) ÁŸ∑§Ê‚Ë flÊ‹Ë ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË Œ⁄U÷¥ªÊ, ÷Êª‹¬È⁄U–
¡Ê ¡ËflÊ¥‡Ê ÿÈQ§ „UÊ–
|. ŸÊ‡Ê¬ÊÃË ‚◊‡ÊËÃÊcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∑§Ê ¬ÊŒ¬ „ÒU, ©UûÊ⁄U¬˝Œ‡Ê, Á’„UÊ⁄U, ∑§Ê≈UÊ, ’Í¥ŒË, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏
(Pyrus ¬⁄UãÃÈ ©U¬ÊcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ◊¥ ÷Ë ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U, ∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§,
communis) ¬ÒŒÊ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– •ÊãäÊ˝¬Œ˝ ‡ Ê
}. •ŸÊ⁄U ©U¬ÊcáÊ ¡‹flÊÿÈ fl •ë¿UË ¡‹ ©UûÊ⁄U¬˝Œ‡Ê, Á’„UÊ⁄U, „UŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U
(Pumica ÁŸ∑§Ê‚Ë flÊ‹Ë ÷Ê⁄UË ŒÊ◊≈U Á◊ÛË ◊äÿ¬˝Œ‡Ê, ¤ÊÊ⁄Uπá«U,
granatum fl ˇÊÊ⁄UËÿ ◊ÎŒÊ ©U¬ÿÈQ§ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¿UûÊË‚ª…∏U
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ •ãÿ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ »§‹ó

v. ◊ı‚◊Ë, ◊ÊÀ≈UÊ, ∑§ËŸÍ ó üÊË ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U–
w. ‚¥Ã⁄UÊ ó ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ∑§Ù≈UÊ–
x. ŸË¥’Í ó ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë–
y. •Ê°fl‹Ê ó •¡◊⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U–
z. ’⁄U ó ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, üÊËª¥ªÊŸª⁄U–
{. ‚ËÃÊ»§‹ ó ⁄UÊ¡‚◊¥Œ–
|. ‡Ê„ÃÍÃ ó ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê
}. øË∑§Í ó Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë–
~. π⁄U’Í¡Ê ó ¬Ê‹Ë, ≈UÙ¥∑§–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ »§‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ‚Áé¡ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿÊ¬∑§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò „Ò– ‚Áé¡ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ’…∏ÊŸ „ÃÈ ∑§Ù≈UÊ ¡ÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ‡ÊÊ∑§
¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥øÊ‹Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò–
•ãÿ ∑§È¿ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ’ÊªflÊŸË ©à¬ÊŒó
v. ªÈ‹Ê’ ó ¬Èc∑§⁄U, „ÀŒËÉÊÊ≈UË–
w. ◊„¥ŒË ó ‚Ù¡Ã–
x. åÿÊ¡ ó ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, •‹fl⁄U–
y. ¬Ÿ ◊ÒÕË ó ŸÊªı⁄U–
z. ≈U◊Ê≈U⁄U ó ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U–
{. Ãê’Ê∑§Í ó ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, •‹fl⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ¥–
|. ß¸‚’ªô‹ ó ŸÊªı⁄U, ’Ê«◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U–
}. ¡Ë⁄UÊ ó ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ’Ê«◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U–
~. ‹Ê‹ Á◊ø¸ ó ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U–
vÆ. œÁŸÿÊ ó ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ’Ê⁄UÊ°, ∑§Ù≈UÊ fl ’Í¥ŒË–
vv. ◊ÒÕË (ŒÊŸÊ) ó ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ŸÊªı⁄U–
’ÊªflÊŸË ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ ¬˝◊Èπ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË ¬˝ÿÊ‚-
v. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ π¡Í⁄U ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊŸ „ÃÈ ‚¥ÿÈQ§ •⁄U’ •◊Ë⁄UÊÃ ‚ Á≈U‡ÿÍ ∑§Àø⁄U Ã∑§ŸË∑§ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ◊ÊÚ«‹ »§Ê◊¸ ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U fl
’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ◊¥ Áfl∑§ÊÁ‚Ã Á∑§∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò– Á≈‡ÿÍ ∑§Àø⁄U „ÃÈ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ •ÃÈ‹ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ π¡Í⁄U Á‹Á◊≈U« (ARDPL) ŸÊ◊ ‚
¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ SÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò–
w. ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ wy Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
x. ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ŸËŒ⁄U‹Òá« ‚ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ‚„ÿÙª ¬˝ÊÁåÃ „ÃÈ •ãÃ⁄UÊ¸C˛Ëÿ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë ŸflÊøÊ⁄U ∞fl¥ ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë „Ò–
y. ’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê fl ∑§Èê÷‹ª…∏ ◊¥ ‹ËøË ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊflÊ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
z. ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ »§Ã„¬È⁄U (‚Ë∑§⁄U) fl …∏« (¡ÿ¬È⁄U) ◊¥ ß¡⁄UÊß‹ ∑§Ë Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ◊ŒŒ ‚ ¡Ù¡Ù’Ê »§Ê◊¸ SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿ ªÿ „Ò¥U–
{. ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ©ëø Á∑§S◊Ù¥ ∑‘§ ’Ë¡Ù¥ ∑§Ë ©¬‹éœÃÊ ‚ÈÁŸÁcøÃ ∑§⁄UŸ „ÃÈ w} ◊Êø¸ v~|} ◊¥ SÕÊ¬ŸÊ S≈U≈U ‚Ë«˜‚ ∑§Ê¬Ù¸⁄U·Ÿ Á‹. ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ
¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ∑§Ë ªß¸–
|. ∑§È¿ ¬˝◊Èπ •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝-
§ ’⁄U •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ó ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U (v~|})
§ ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ∑§ÎÁ· •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ŒÈªÊ¸¬È⁄UÊ (¡ÿ¬È⁄U)–
§ ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ∑§ÎÁ· »§Ê◊¸-‚Í⁄UÃª…∏ (ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U)- M§‚ ∑‘§ ‚„ÊÿÙª ‚ SÕÊÁ¬Ã–
§ ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ∑§ÎÁ· »§Ê◊¸ ¡ÒÃ‚⁄U (ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U )- ∑§ŸÊ«∏Ê ‚„ÊÿÙª ‚ SÕÊÁ¬Ã–
}. ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ŸÊªı⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ¡Ë⁄UÊ fl ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Í°ŒË, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…∏, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏Ê fl ’Ê⁄UÊ° Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ œÁŸÿÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ∑§ÎÁ·
ÁŸÿÊ¸Ã ¡ÙŸ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò–
~. ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, üÊËª¥ªÊŸª⁄U ◊¥ ÇflÊ⁄U ∑‘§ ÁŸÿÊ¸Ã ¡ÙŸ SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§∞ ªÿ „Ò–
vÆ. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ •ı·œËÿ ¬ÊŒ¬ Á◊‡ÊŸ ó ÿ„ ∞∑§ ‡ÊÃ-¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ¬˝flÁÃ¸Ã ÿÙ¡ŸÊ „Ò ¡Ù wÆÆ~-vÆ ◊¥ ‡ÊÈM§ „Èß¸ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ©g‡ÿ
Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¬Ê⁄Uê¬Á⁄U∑§ »§‚‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ „Ë ŒÈ‹¸÷ fl •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ ‹Ê÷∑§Ê⁄UË •ı·œËÿ ¬ÊŒ¬Ù¥ ∑§Ë πÃË „ÃÈ ¬˝Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UŸÊ fl ßŸ ¬ıœÙ¥
∑§Ù ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
vv. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ ’ê’Í Á◊‡ÊŸ ó ⁄UÊíÿ Ÿ ’Ê°‚ ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊflÊ ŒŸ „ÃÈ fl·¸ wÆÆ{-Æ| ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ~ Á¡‹Ù-’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê, ’Ê°⁄UÊ, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U,
¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏Ê, ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë, ‚flÊß¸◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, fl ©Œÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ÿ„ Á◊‡ÊŸ ‡ÊÈM§ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ªÈáÊflûÊÊ ÿÈQ§ ¬ıœÊ ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ‚Ê◊ª˝Ë
∑§Ë ©¬‹éœÃÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬ıœ‡ÊÊ‹Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚, ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ’Ê¥‚ ∑§Ë πÃË ∑§Ë ŸflËŸÃ◊ Ã∑§ŸË∑§, »§‚‹ ¬˝’¥œŸ ∞fl¥ Áfl¬áÊŸ •ÊÁŒ
¬⁄U ¬˝Á·ˇÊáÊ ∑§⁄UÊ∞ ¡ÊÃ „Ò Á¡‚‚ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ Sfl⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ∑‘§ •fl‚⁄U ©¬‹éœ „Ù ‚∑‘§¥–
vw. ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ ’ÊªflÊŸË Á◊‡ÊŸ ó ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊ ©lÊÁŸ∑§Ë »§‚‹Ù¥ ÃÕÊ »§‚‹Ù¥ ∞fl¥ »§‹Ù¥, ◊‚Ê‹Ê, »Í§‹ fl •ı·œËÿ ¬ÊŒ¬Ù¥ ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ∞fl¥
©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊflÊ ŒŸ „ÃÈ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ fl ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë }z — vz ∑§Ë ÷ÊªËŒÊ⁄UË ‚ wÆÆz-Æ{ ◊¥ vx Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÿ„ Á◊‡ÊŸ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥
wy Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ø‹ ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
vx. ß¡⁄UÊß‹ ∑§Ë ∑§ê¬ŸË ß¥U«ÙÁ‹fl Á‹Á◊≈U« fl ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ‚ ‚◊¤ÊıÃ ∑‘§ Ã„Ã˜ ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ∑‘§ Á……Ù‹ ªÊ°fl ◊¥ ¡ÒÃÈŸ ∑§Ë ∑§ÎÁ· „ÃÈ ∑§ÎÁ·
»§Ê◊¸ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò–
vy. ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ »§‹-‚Áé¡ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ÷á«Ê⁄UáÊ „ÃÈ ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄, •‹fl⁄U, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U fl ‚È◊⁄U¬È⁄U ◊¥ ∑§ÙÀ« S≈UÙ⁄U¡ „Ê©‚ ∑‘§ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ∑§Ê
∑§Êÿ¸ ¬˝ªÁÃ ¬⁄U „Ò–
vz. ⁄UÊíÿ mÊ⁄UÊ »§‹-‚Áé¡ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÊ¸Ã ’…∏ÊŸ „ÃÈ ◊È„ÊŸÊ (¡ÿ¬È⁄U) øı◊Í fl ‚Ù„‹Ê (≈UÙ¥∑§) ◊¥ ¬Ò∑§ „Ê©‚ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
q q q
16. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ flŸ

(Forestry in Rajasthan)
¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ¬˝ŒûÊ ©¬„Ê⁄UÙ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ flŸS¬ÁÃ ∞∑§ ◊„àfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ©¬„Ê⁄U „Ò ¡Ù ¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑‘§ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ù ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄UÃ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„
∞∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ÷ıªÙÁ‹∑§ Ãàfl „Ò, Á¡‚∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl ∞∑§ •ı⁄U •ãÿ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ÃàflÙ¥ ¡Ò‚ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ◊ÎŒÊ •ÊÁŒ ¬⁄U ¬˝àÿˇÊ M§¬ ‚ „ÙÃÊ „Ò ÃÙ ŒÍ‚⁄UË •ı⁄U ÿ„
◊ÊŸflËÿ Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò–
ÿ„ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ‚¥‚ÊœŸ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „Ò Á∑§ ÿ„Ê° ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑‘§ •ãÿ ⁄UÊíÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë
ÁflSÃÊ⁄U •¬ˇÊÊ∑§ÎÃ ∑§◊ „Ò– ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ flŸ ŸËÁÃ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U xx.xx ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÷Í-÷Êª ¬⁄U flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê „ÙŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò– Á∑§ãÃÈ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ◊ÊòÊ ~.zz
¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÷Êª ¬⁄U flŸ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª xw|Æv flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. ˇÊòÊ ¬⁄U flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U „Ò–
ˇÊòÊ»§‹ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U flŸô¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ
ˇÊòÊ»§‹ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U flŸô¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ ∑§◊ ˇÊòÊ»§‹ flÊ‹ Á¡‹
v. ©Œÿ¬È⁄U - yyyv.{~ flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. v. øÈM§ - |v.ww flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë.

w. ’Ê⁄UÊ° - wwx~.{v flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. w. „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏U - wx~.y{ flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë.
x. ÁøûÊı«∏ª… - v}wÆ.v~ flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. x. ŸÊªı⁄U - wyÆ.x~ flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë.
y. ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë -v}Æw.Æ{flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. y. ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U - wyx.Æx flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë.
z. Œı‚Ê - w}w.{x flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë.
∑§È‹ ˇÊòÊ»§‹ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U flŸô¥ ∑§Ê Áflfl⁄UáÊ
•Áœ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ flÊ‹ Á¡‹ ∑§◊ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ flÊ‹ Á¡‹
v. ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë - x}.z~% v. øÈM§ - Æ.yw%

w. ©Œÿ¬È⁄U - x{.{{% w. ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U - v.zv%
x. ’Ê⁄UÊ¥ - xw.Æ|% x. ŸÊªı⁄U - v.x{%
y. Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë - xv.}~%
flŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ó

v. ¡‹flÊÿÈ
w. ©UìÊÊflø
x. ◊ÊŸflËÿ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§
flŸô¥ ∑‘§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U (Types of Forest)ó
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∞fl¥ ©ëøÊflø ∑§Ë ˇÊòÊËÿ Á÷ãŸÃÊ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ flŸS¬ÁÃ ◊¥ ÷Ë Á÷ãŸÃÊ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ¬˝‡ÊÊ‚ÁŸ∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ
∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§Ê ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã ÃËŸ üÊÁáÊÿÙ¥ ◊¥ Áfl÷Q§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò¥Uó
v. •Ê⁄UÁˇÊÃ flŸ (Reserved Forest) ó ßŸ flŸÙ¥ ¬ÍáÊ¸ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ßŸ◊¥ ‹∑§«∏Ë ∑§Ê≈UŸÊ, ¬‡ÊÈøÊ⁄UáÊ •ÊÁŒ ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’ãœ „ÙÃÊ
„Ò– fl·¸ wÆÆ~ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ vwwvx.|z flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. ˇÊòÊ ¬⁄U •Ê⁄UÁˇÊÃ flŸ Õ, ¡Ù ∑§È‹ flŸ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê x{.zy ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ Õ–
w. ‚È⁄UÁˇÊÃ flŸ (Protected Forest) ó ßŸ◊¥ ‹∑§«∏Ë ∑§Ê≈UŸ, ¬‡ÊÈøÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ‚ËÁ◊Ã M§¬ ‚ ŒË ¡ÊÃË „Ò ÃÕÊ ßŸ∑§Ù ‚¥⁄UÁˇÊÃ ⁄UπŸ
∑§Ê ÷Ë ¬˝ÿàŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ˇÊòÊ v||vw.~y flª¸ Á∑§.◊Ë. „Ò ¡Ù ∑§È‹ flŸ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê zv.vv Õ–
x. •flªË¸∑§ÎÃ flŸ (Unclassified Forests) ó •flªË¸∑§ÎÃ flŸ-ßŸ◊ ‡Ê· flŸ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „ÙÃ „Ò, Á¡Ÿ ¬⁄U ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ∑§Ùß¸ ÁŸÿ¥òÊáÊ Ÿ„Ë¥
„ÙÃÊ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U w||y.z| flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. ˇÊòÊ ¬⁄U „Ò, ¡Ù ∑§È‹ flŸ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê vÆ.xz ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÕÊ–
÷ıªÙÁ‹∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑§Ë ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ∞fl¥ ©Ÿ◊¥ ©¬‹éœ flŸS¬ÁÃ ‚◊Í„Ù¥ ∑‘§ •ÊœÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ÃËŸ flÎ„Œ˜ üÊÁáÊÿÙ¥ ◊¥ ÁŸêŸ
¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Áfl÷Q§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò-
v. ©cáÊ-∑§Á≈U’¥œËÿ ∑§°≈UË‹ flŸ ((Tropical thorn Forest) ó ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸ ¬Á‡ø◊ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •m¸ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ „Ò–
ßã„¥ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑‘§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ¡ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ßŸ◊¥ ∑§Ê°≈UŒÊ⁄U flÎˇÊ ∞fl¥ ¤ÊÊÁ«ÿÊ° ¬˝◊Èπ „ÙÃË „Ò¥– ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U,
ŸÊªı⁄U, øÍM§, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U •ÊÁŒ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚◊¥ ⁄UÃË‹ ◊ÒŒÊŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ¤ÊÊÁ«∏ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ
⁄U„ÃË „Ò, ¡’Á∑§ •h¸-‡ÊÈc∑§ ÷ÊªÙ¥ ◊¥ π¡«∏Ê, ⁄UÙÁ„«Ê, ’⁄U, ’¥’Í‹, ∑Ò§⁄U •ÊÁŒ ∑‘§ flÎˇÊ Á◊‹Ã „Ò¥– ßŸ◊¥ π¡«∏Ê ∞∑§ ’„È-©¬ÿÙªË flÎˇÊ „Ò, Á¡‚
⁄UÊíÿ flÎˇÊ ∑§Ê Œ¡Ê¸ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò–
w. ©cáÊ-∑§Á≈U’¥œËÿ ¬Ã¤Ê«∏ flÊ‹ flŸ (Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest) ó ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸ •⁄UÊfl‹Ë ¬fl¸Ã üÊáÊË ©ûÊ⁄UË •ı⁄U ¬ÍflË¸
…Ê‹Ù¥ ¬⁄U Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, œı‹¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¿Ù≈U-¿Ù≈U ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ »Ò§‹ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸ Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, •¡◊⁄U, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…∏U
Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ „Ò¥– ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ Á◊ÁüÊÃ flŸ ŒÁˇÊáÊË-¬ÍflË¸ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Ê⁄UÊ°, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ’Í°ŒË, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U ÃÕÊ «°Íª⁄U¬È⁄U, ’Ê°‚flÊ«Ê,
ÁøûÊı«∏ª… Á¡‹Ù ◊¥ ÷Ë ÁflSÃÎÃ „Ò¥–
x. ©¬-©cáÊ ¬fl¸ÃËÿ flŸ (Sub-tropical Hilly Forest) ó ßUŸ flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ÁflÁflœ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ ©¬ÿÙªË flÎˇÊ ¡Ò‚ œÙ∑§«∏Ê, ªÍ‹⁄U, •Ê◊, ’⁄UªŒ,
¬‹Ê·, ’Ê°‚, •Ê°fl‹Ê, •Ù∑§, ÕÙ⁄U, ∑Ò§⁄U, Ã¥ŒÍ, ‚◊‹ •ÊÁŒ Á◊‹Ã „Ò¥– ßŸ flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚ŒÊ’„Ê⁄U ∞fl¥ •h¸ ‚ŒÊ’„Ê⁄U flŸS¬ÁÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
©¬ÿÈQ§ flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ M§¬ ‚ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑‘§ ¬˝◊Èπ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U „Ò¥- ‡ÊÈc∑§ ‚ÊªflÊŸ flŸ, ‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬Ã¤Ê« flŸ, Á◊ÁüÊÃ
¬Ã¤Ê«∏ flŸ, ‚Ê‹⁄U flŸ, …Ê∑§ •ÕflÊ ¬‹Ê‡Ê flŸ, ◊M§SÕ‹Ë flŸS¬ÁÃ ∞fl¥ ©¬-©cáÊ ‚ŒÊ’„Ê⁄U flŸ– ß‚∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ Á‚¥ÁøÃ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ˇÊòÊËÿ
•Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁC ‚ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
flŸô¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„ûfl ó flŸ ∞∑§ •Ù⁄U ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ‚ÈãŒ⁄UÃÊ ◊¥ •Á÷flÎÁh ¬⁄U ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑‘§Ê ‡ÊÈh ⁄UπÃ „Ò¥, ¡‹flÊÿÈ ∑§Ù ‚◊ ’ŸÊÃ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ
ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ∑§Ù •Áœ∑§ ∞fl¥ ∑§◊ „ÙŸ ‚ ⁄UÙ∑§Ã „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ •ÊŒ˝¸ÃÊ ◊¥ flÎÁh ∑§⁄U fl·Ê¸ ◊¥ ‚„Êÿ∑§ „ÙÃ „Ò¥, fl„Ë¥ ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ù⁄U flŸÙ¥ ‚ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ©¬¡¥
¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò¥– flŸ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „ÙÃ „Ò¥– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ‚ ‹ª÷ª yz „¡Ê⁄U √ÿÁQ§ ¬˝àÿˇÊ ∞fl¥ •¬˝àÿˇÊ M§¬ ‚ ⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄UÃ
„Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ù ‹ª÷ª Œ‚ ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬∞ ∑§Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ •Êÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„àfl ©Ÿ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙŸ flÊ‹Ë ÁflÁflœ ©¬¡Ù¥
∞fl¥ ©Ÿ∑‘§ ◊„ûfl ‚ ‹ªÊÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ‚ ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã ◊ÈÅÿ ©¬¡¥ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò¥-
v. ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ‹∑§«∏Ë ó ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ‚ÊªflÊŸ, œÙ∑§«∏Ê, ‚Ê‹⁄U, ‡ÊË‡Ê◊, ’’Í‹ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ë ‹∑§«Ë ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª »§ŸË¸ø⁄U ’ŸÊŸ ∞fl¥ •ãÿ ©¬ÿÙª ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ
„Ò– ⁄UÊ¡ÿ ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ‹ª÷ª vw ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ‚ÊªflÊŸ ÃÕÊ { ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ‚Ê‹⁄U ∑‘§ flÎˇÊ „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ‚ ‹ª÷ª w} ‹Êπ »È§≈U ‹∑§«∏Ë ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË
©¬ÿÙª ◊¥ ‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ‡ÊË‡Ê◊ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÃÕÊ ‚ÊªflÊŸ ’Ê°‚flÊ«Ê, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ ‚ Á◊‹ÃÊ „Ò–
ß‚∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ SÕÊŸËÿ M§¬ ‚ •ãÿ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‹∑§Á«∏ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ©¬ÿÙª ‚ËÁ◊Ã M§¬ ‚ ß◊Ê⁄UÃË ∑§Ê◊ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– flÊSÃfl ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê
ÿ„ ©¬ÿÙª ¡„Ê° •Êÿ ∑§Ê ‚ÊœŸ „Ò¥, fl„Ë¥ ß‚∑‘§ ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ò–
w. ß¸œŸ „ÃÈ ‹∑§«∏Ë •ı⁄U ∑§Ùÿ‹Ê ó flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª SÕÊŸËÿ ¡ŸÃÊ ßZUœŸ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ‚ŒÒfl ‚ ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò •ı⁄U •Ê¡ ÷Ë ¡‹ÊŸ ∑§Ë ‹∑§«∏Ë flŸÙ¥
‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊äÿ◊, ª⁄UË’ ∞fl¥ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄UÙ¥ ∑‘§ ¬Ê‚ ß¸œŸ ∑§Ê flÒ∑§ÁÀ¬∑§ SòÊÙÃ Ÿ„Ë „ÊŸÊ „Ò– ¡‹ÊŸ ∑§Ë
‹∑§«∏Ë ◊¥ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ©¬ÿÙª œÙ∑§«Ê ∑§Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò, ß‚‚ ∑§Ùÿ‹Ê ÷Ë ’ŸÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ∑Ò§⁄U, ∑§Ë∑§⁄U, ’’Í‹, »§ÙŸÊ, π¡«∏Ê •ÊÁŒ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑‘§
•ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ¡„Ê° Á¡‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ‹∑§«∏Ë ©¬‹éœ „Ò, ©Ÿ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª SÕÊŸËÿ ‹Ùª ß¸œŸ „ÃÈ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò– ß‚◊¥ Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ‚ÍπË ‹∑§«Ë •Á¬ÃÈ
•Ÿ∑§ ’Ê⁄U „⁄U flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∑§Ê≈U ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò, ¡Ù flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ „ÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
x. ÃŒÍ ¬ûÊÊ ó ß‚∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ’Ë«∏Ë ’ŸÊŸ „ÃÈ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– Ã¥ŒÍ ∑‘§ flÎˇÊ ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ∑§Ù≈UÊ ≈UÙ¥∑§, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ¬Ê‹Ë •ÊÁŒ „Ò¥– ß‚‚ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ
⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ©¬‹éœ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
y. ’Ê°‚ ó ß‚∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ≈UÙ∑§⁄UË, øÊ⁄U¬Êß¸, ¤ÊÙ¬«Ë, ∑§Êª¡ ∞fl¥ »§ŸË¸ø⁄U ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…∏, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë ÃÕÊ
÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ’Ê°‚ ©¬‹éœ „Ò–
z. ªÙ¥Œ, ∑§àÕÊ ∞fl¥ ‹Êπ ó flŸÙ¥ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ ©¬¡Ù¥ ◊¥ ªÙ¥Œ, ∑§àÕÊ ∞fl¥ ‹Êπ ¬˝◊Èπ „Ò¥– ªÙ¥Œ •Ÿ∑§ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ¡Ò‚ π¡«∏Ê, ’’Í‹, …Ê∑§, ŸË◊, ¬Ë¬‹
•ÊÁŒ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– „Ê‹ „Ë ◊¥ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ∑‘§ ◊M§ •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ Ÿ ∞‚ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ¬„øÊŸ ∑§Ë „Ò, Á¡‚‚ •Áœ∑§ ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ªÙ¥Œ ¬˝ÊåÃ
Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ‚ ªÙ¥Œ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿÊ¸Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ∑§àÕ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…∏ , ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ’Í°ŒË, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U ¡ÿ¬È⁄U
Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ ‹ª÷ª xzÆ ≈UŸ ∑§àÕ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ‹Êπ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ •Áœ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò–
{. ÉÊÊ‚, π‚, ◊„È•Ê ó ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ÉÊÊ‚ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ‚ ©UªÃË „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ¬‡ÊÈ-øÊ⁄U fl •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ⁄US‚Ë, ¤ÊÊ«Í •ÊÁŒ
’ŸÊŸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê◊ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– π‚ ÷Ë ∞∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ÉÊ‚ „Ò, ¡Ù ‚ÈªÁãœÃ „ÙÃË „Ò, ß‚∑§Ê Ã‹ ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò ÃÕÊ ≈UÊÁ≈UÿÊ° ’ŸÊß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò,
¡Ù ∑§◊⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∆á«Ê ⁄UπŸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê◊ •ÊÃË „Ò– ÿ„ ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U ≈UÙ¥∑§ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ „ÙÃË „Ò– ◊„È•Ê, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U,
’Ê°‚flÊ«Ê, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ÁøûÊı«∏ª… •ı⁄U ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏ Á¡‹Ù ◊¥ ¬˝øÈ⁄UÃÊ ‚ Á¡‹ÃÊ „Ò– ß‚ flÎˇÊ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ »§‹ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª Ã¡ •ı⁄U ‡Ê⁄UÊ’ ’ŸÊŸ ◊¥
Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ŒÁˇÊáÊË ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ •ÊÁŒflÊ‚Ë ÷Ë ß‚∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª •Áœ∑§ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò–
|. •ı·œËÿ ¬ıœ ó flŸÙ¥ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ •ı·œËÿ ¬ıœ „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ ©¬ÿÙª •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ßŸ∑§Ê ‚ËÁ◊Ã ©¬ÿÙª „Ù ⁄U„Ê
„Ò– ’Ù≈UŸË∑§‹ ‚fl¸ •ÊÚ» ßÁá«ÿÊ ∑‘§ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ∑‘§ ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ wÆÆ ‚ •Áœ∑§ ¬ıœÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊÿÊ „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê •ı·œËÿ ©¬ÿÙª
‚ê÷fl „Ò–
flŸÙ¥ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ •ãÿ ¬ŒÊÕÊ¸ ◊¥ •Ê°fl‹Ê, ∑Ò§⁄U, ‡Ê„Œ, ◊Ù◊, ’Ò⁄U, Ã¥ŒÍ ÃÕÊ •Ÿ∑§ ∑§ãŒ◊Í‹ „Ò¥– flÊSÃfl ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ’„È◊ÈπË „Ò– •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ
„Ò ßŸ∑‘§ ‚◊ÈÁøÃ ∞fl¥ ÁŸÿÙÁ¡Ã ©¬ÿÙª ∑§Ë– ÿÁŒ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ M§¬ ‚ ‚ ©¬ÿÙª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ÷Ë Ÿ„Ë¥ „ÙªÊ •ı⁄U fl ◊ÊŸfl
∑‘§Ê ÁflÁflœ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ŒÃ ⁄U„¥ª– flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ŸÒ‚Áª¸∑§ ‚ıãŒÿ¸ ¬ÿ¸≈UŸ ©lÙª Œ‡ÊË-¬ÿ¸≈U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù •Ê∑§Á·¸Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã •÷ÿÊ⁄Uáÿ ßŸ∑‘§
©ŒÊ„⁄UáÊ „Ò– flÊSÃ ◊¥ flŸ ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ‚¥‚ÊœŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ◊ÍÀÿflÊŸ ‚¥‚ÊœŸ „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„àfl „Ò–
flŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥flœ¸Ÿ (Forest Conservation and Development)ó
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚ËÁ◊Ã ©¬‹éœÃÊ ∞fl¥ ©‚∑‘§ ÃËfl˝ªÁÃ ‚ „Ù ⁄U„ ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã M§¬ ‚ •Ÿ∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê
¡ã◊ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò -
v. ¬ÊÁ⁄UÁSÕÁÃ∑§Ë •‚ãÃÈ‹Ÿ ©à¬ãŸ „ÙŸÊ–
w. flÊÿÈ◊á«‹ ◊¥ Ÿ◊Ë œÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë–
x. ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ◊¥ flÎÁh –
y. fl·Ê¸ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë–
z. ◊ÎŒÊ •¬⁄UŒŸ ◊¥ flÎÁh–
{. ’Ê«∏ ¬˝∑§Ù¬ ◊¥ flÎÁh–
|. ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë ©fl¸⁄UÃÊ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë–
}. flãÿ ¡Ëfl-¡ãÃÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ¬˝¡ÊÁÃÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ŸC „ÙŸÊ–
~. ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ◊¥ flÎÁh–
vÆ. flŸÙ¥ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§Ê ©¬‹éœ Ÿ „ÙŸÊ •ÊÁŒ–
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ÃâÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù ŒÎÁCªÃ ⁄UπÃ „È∞ flŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞fl¥ ‚¥flœ¸Ÿ •Ê¡ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÕÁ◊∑§ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „Ò– flŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ „ÃÈ ∑§ÁÃ¬ÿ ©U¬Êÿ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ
„Ò¥-
v. ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ∞fl¥ ©ÁøÃ ÁflÁœ ‚ ∑§≈UÊß¸, Á¡‚‚ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ÷Ë Ÿ „Ù •ı⁄U ‹∑§«Ë •ÊÁŒ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ÷Ë ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃ ⁄U„– ß‚∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§
¬Á⁄U¬Äfl flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§≈UÊß¸, flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ∑§≈UÊß¸, ∞∑§ Áfl‡Ê· ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ∑§≈UÊß¸ ∑‘§ ¬‡øÊÃ˜ ¬ÈŸ— flÎÁh „ÃÈ ¿Ù«∏ŸÊ, ∑§≈UÊß¸ ∞fl¥ ŸflËŸ
flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ •ÊŸÈ¬ÊÁÃ∑§ SflM§¬ •ÊÁŒ ©¬Êÿ ß‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ‹Ê÷∑§Ê⁄UË „Ù¥ª–
w. flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê •Êª ‚ ’øÊfl–
x. ∑§ÎÁ· ∞fl¥ •ÊflÊ‚Ù¥ „ÃÈ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§–
y. ’Ê°œÙ¥ ‚ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ¡‹ ◊ÇŸ „ÙŸ ‚ ’øÊfl–
z. flŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ ‚◊ÈÁøÃ ©¬Êÿ–
{. flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÿ¸≈UŸ SÕ‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚–
|. ¬ÈŸ— flŸ ‹ªÊŸÊ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ–
}. flŸ ŸËÁÃ ∞fl¥ ∑§ÊŸÍŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù ‹ÊªÍ ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∞fl¥ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑§Ë ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ‚øÃ „Ò– ÃÕÊ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U ¬˝ÿÊ‚⁄UÃ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ ◊¥ flŸÙ¥
∑‘§ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞fl¥ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬⁄U ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ äÿÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ‚¥ÁˇÊåÃ Áflfl⁄UáÊ ÁŸêŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U „Ò¥ó
ÿô¡ŸÊ•ô¥ ◊¥ flŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞fl¥ flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ó
fl·¸ v~zx-zy ◊¥ ¬˝Õ◊ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ‚ „Ë flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ äÿÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ flŸ •ŸÈ‚ãœÊŸ, flŸ
‚ê’ãœË Á‡ÊˇÊÊ, flŸ ‚Ë◊Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸœÊ¸⁄UáÊ, ’ãŒÙ’SÃ ∑§Êÿ¸, ø⁄UÊªÊ„Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚Ë◊Ê’ãŒË ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ‚«∏∑§Ù¥ ∑‘§ ŒÙŸÙ¥ •Ù⁄U flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊,
¬ıœ‡ÊÊ‹Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞– flŸ Áfl„Ê⁄UÙ¥ ◊¥ •‹fl⁄U ◊¥ ‚Á⁄US∑§Ê, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ÉÊŸÊ, ∑§Ù≈UÊ ◊¥ Œ⁄UÊ¸, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ¡ÿ‚◊¥Œ, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U ◊¥
⁄UáÊÕê÷ı⁄U •ÊÁŒ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã Á∑§∞ ÃÕÊ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë–
ÁmÃËÿ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿô¡ŸÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ flŸ ŸËÁÃ ∑§Ë ÉÊÙ·áÊÊ ∑§Ë, Á¡‚∑‘§ ¬˝◊Èπ Á’ãŒÈ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥-
v. flŸ ©¬¡Ù¥ ‚ SÕÊŸËÿ ◊Ê¥ª ∑§Ë ¬ÍÁÃ¸–
w. flŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ©lÙªÙ¥ ∑‘§Ê ∑§ëøÊ ◊Ê‹ ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UÊŸÊ–
x. ◊ÎŒÊ •¬⁄UŒŸ ⁄UÙ∑§ŸÊ–
y. flŸ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ flÎÁh ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
z. flŸ ‹ªÊ∑§⁄U ‚Ë◊ÊãÃ ÷ÍÁ◊ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ∑§⁄UŸÊ–
{. ø⁄UÊªÊ„Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚–
ß‚∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ◊M§SÕ‹ ∑‘§Ê ⁄UÙ∑§Ÿ ∞fl¥ øê’‹-’ŸÊ‚ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§≈UÊfl ∑§Ù ⁄UÙ∑§Ÿ „ÃÈ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÷Ë äÿÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚ ∑§Ê‹
◊¥ ‹ª÷ª yzxÆ flª¸ Á∑§◊Ë. ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
ÃÎÃËÿ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿô¡ŸÊ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ Á∑§∞ ∑§ÊÿÊZ ∑§Ù ªÁÃ ŒŸ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ‚ÉÊŸ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ù¥ ¬⁄U ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– •Ÿ∑§
¬ıœ‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞° Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ∑§Ë ªß¸ •ı⁄U ‹ª÷ª wy ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬∞ flŸ ‚ê’ãœÃ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U πø¸ Á∑§∞ ª∞– øÃÈÕ¸ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ Ÿÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥
flŸ ‹ªÊŸ, ¬È⁄UÊŸ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§⁄UŸ, ¬ıœ‡ÊÊ‹Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÃÕÊ flŸ∑§Á◊¸ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ¬⁄U Áfl‡Ê· äÿÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ¬Ê°øflË¥ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ
ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ vy|Æ ‹Êπ M§¬∞ ∑§Ê ¬˝flœÊŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– Á¡‚∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë, Ÿ„⁄UÙ¥ ∞fl¥ ‚«∑§Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á∑§ŸÊ⁄U
flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ, •Áfl∑§Á‚Ã flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ù Áfl∑§Á‚Ã ∑§⁄UŸÊ, ’¥¡⁄U ÷ÍÁ◊ ¬⁄U flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∞fl¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ „ÃÈ flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ù¥ ¬⁄U ¡Ù⁄U ÁŒÿÊ
ªÿÊ–
¿∆Ë ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿô¡ŸÊ ◊¥ ¬fl¸ÃËÿ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ, ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃDÊŸÙ¥ ◊¥ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬UáÊ ÃÕÊ flŸ •ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸÙ¥ ¬⁄U Áfl‡Ê· ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ ÃÕÊ
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬ıœ‡ÊÊ‹Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ {ÆÆ Ã∑§ ¬„È°ø ªß¸– ‚ÊÃflË¥ ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ù¥ ∑§Ù ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ◊„àfl ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚◊¥
‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë •ı⁄U ∑§ÎÁ· flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ¡Ò‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ¬⁄U Áfl‡Ê· ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ, Á¡Ÿ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∞fl¥ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ©ûÊ⁄UŒÊÁÿàfl
ª˝Ê◊flÊÁ‚ÿÙ¥ ∞fl¥ ∑§Î·∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ŒŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÊflœÊŸ „Ò, Á¡‚∑‘§ ’Œ‹ ©ã„¥ ©Ÿ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙŸ flÊ‹ ‹Ê÷ ∑§Ù ŒŸ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ „Ò– ªÒ⁄U ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ‚¥SÕÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ù
÷Ë flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ◊¥ ÷ÊªËŒÊ⁄U ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚Ë ∑˝§◊ ◊¥ •Ê∆flË ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ øÃŸÊ ¡ÊªÎÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑‘§ •Ÿ∑§ ©¬Êÿ Á∑§ÿ
ªÿ–
‚ÉÊŸ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ, •⁄UÊfl‹Ë ∑§Ù ∑§⁄UÊ ’ŸÊŸÊ, ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê· ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flÎˇÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê ‹ªÊŸÊ, øÊ⁄UÊªÊ„Ù¥ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚, flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ
‚¥SÕÊ•Ù¥ •ı⁄U √ÿÁQ§•Ù¥ ∑‘§Ê ¬˝Ùà‚ÊÁ„Ã ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¡Ò‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹Ê∞ ª∞ ÃÕÊ flŸÙ¥ ∑‘§ ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ∑§Ù ⁄UÙ∑§Ÿ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ∑§Œ◊ ©∆Ê∞ ª∞–
flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ flŸ Áfl÷Êª ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ Áfl÷Êª, ∑§◊Êá« ˇÊòÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚, ◊M§SÕ‹ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊, ‚ÍπÊ ‚ê÷ÁflÃ
ˇÊòÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊, ¡flÊ„⁄U ⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ÿÙ¡ŸÊ •ÊÁŒ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ÷Ë flŸÊ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ßÁãŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ°œË Ÿ„⁄U ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥
¡Ê¬ÊŸË ‚„ÿÙª ‚ ∞∑§ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ ‚¥øÊÁ‹Ã ∑§Ë ¡Ê ⁄U„Ë „Ò– ∞∑§ •ãÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã •⁄UÊfl‹Ë ¬fl¸Ã üÊÁáÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù „Á⁄UÃ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê
∑§Êÿ¸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò, Á∑§ãÃÈ ßŸ∑‘§ flÊSÃÁfl∑§ ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ Ÿ„Ë¥ •Ê ⁄U„ „Ò, ÄUÿÙ¥Á∑§ SflÊÕË¸ ÃàflÙ¥ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ flŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§≈UÊß¸ ÃËfl˝ÃÊ ‚ „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò •ı⁄U
flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ flÊSÃÁfl∑§ Ÿ„Ë „Ù ⁄U„Ê – ß‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ‚◊ÈÁøÃ ¬˝ÿàŸ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò¥ Ã÷Ë ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ flŸÙ¥ ∞fl¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ⁄UˇÊÊ ‚ê÷fl „ÙªË– ŸflË¥
¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊Ù¥ ¬⁄U {|z ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬ÿ πø¸ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ– ß‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ª˝Ê◊ËáÊ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ∑‘§ v|ÆÆ flŸ
‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ‚Á◊ÁÃÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ª∆Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò– Œ‚flË¥ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ ÷Ë flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬⁄U ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ äÿÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– fl·¸ wÆÆ{-Æ| ◊¥ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∞fl¥ •ãÿ
¡ËflÙ¥ „ÃÈ ~vw ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬ÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝flœÊŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÃÕÊ }{y ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬ÿ πø¸ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ–
‚Ê¤ÊÊ flŸ ¬˝’ãœ ‚ÈŒÎ…∏UË∑§⁄UáÊ „ÃÈ vÆwy ŸflËŸ ª˝Êêÿ flŸ ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ¬˝’ãœ ‚Á◊ÁÃÿÊ° ÃÕÊ |vz Sflÿ¥ ‚„ÊÿÃÊ ‚◊Í„ ªÁ∆Ã–
§ ⁄UÊC˛Ëÿ flŸË∑§⁄UáÊ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ww flŸ Áfl∑§Ê‚ •Á÷∑§⁄UáÊÙ¥ ¬Ê‹Ë, œı‹¬È⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¤ÊÈ¥ŸÍ, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, üÊËª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U,
¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, •¡◊⁄U, ≈UÙ¥∑§, ÁøûÊı«∏ª…, øÍM§, ¿ûÊË‚ª…∏, ⁄UÊ¡‚◊ãŒ, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U,U Œı‚Ê ∞fl¥ •‹fl⁄U ∑§Ê ª∆Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
§ Áfl÷Êª ∑‘§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ŸÊ„⁄Uª…∏ ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ©lÊŸ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ¬ÿ¸≈UŸ ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊflÊ ŒŸ „ÃÈ ’ÊªËŒÙ⁄UÊ ˇÊòÊ ∞fl¥ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U ∑§Ù ß∑§Ù-≈UÍÿÁ⁄Uí◊ ‚Êß≈U ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ “„Á⁄UÃ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ” ŸÊ◊ ‚ ‚ÉÊŸ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ∞fl¥ ¡ÒŸ ÁflÁflœÃÊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ
‚Ù‚Êÿ≈UË mÊ⁄UÊ “¡Êÿ∑§Ê” (¡Ê¬ÊŸ ßã≈U⁄UŸ‡ÊŸ‹ ∑§Ù •Ê¬⁄U‡ÊŸ ∞¡ã‚Ë) ∑‘§ ‚„ÊÿÙª ‚ flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ flãÿ ¡Ëfl ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∞fl¥ ¡Òfl ÁflÁflœÃÊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑‘§
∑§ÊÿÊZ ∑§Ê ‚Ê¤ÊÊ flŸ ¬˝’ãœŸ ∑§⁄UÊÿÊ ¡ÊÿªÊ–
17. ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ
(Animal Husbandry)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃÿÙ¥ ¡„Ê° ∞∑§ •ı⁄U ∑§ÎÁ· ∑‘§ Á‹∞ •¬ˇÊÊ∑§ÎÃ ¬˝ÁÃ∑§Í‹ ⁄U„Ë „Ò fl„Ë ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ •ŸÈ∑§Í‹ „Ò– ‚¥¬ÍáÊ¸
¬Á‡ø◊Ë ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ◊ÈÅÿ ©l◊ ⁄U„Ê „Ò •ı⁄U •Ê¡ ÷Ë •Ê¡ËÁfl∑§Ê ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ‚ÊœŸ „Ò– •ãÿ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ∑§ÎÁ· ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ
Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê¥⁄UÁ÷∑§ SflM§¬ ÁŸflÊ¸„∑§ •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ Sflÿ¥ ∑‘§ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ∑‘§ ¬Ê‹Ÿ „ÃÈ ⁄U„Ê „Ò •ı⁄U ÿ„ SflM§¬ •Ê¡ ÷Ë •Áœ∑§Ê¥‡ÊÃ— √ÿÊåÃ
„Ò, Á∑§ãÃÈ ÁflªÃ Œ‡Ê∑§Ù¥ ◊¥ ß‚∑§Ê √ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ SflM§¬ ©÷⁄U ∑§⁄U •ÊÿÊ „Ò •ı⁄U flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ê √ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ SflM§¬ ◊„ûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „Ù ªÿÊ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê
¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ò- ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ¡Ò‚ ŒÍœ, ◊Ê°‚, ™§Ÿ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ë ◊Ê°ª ÁŒŸ-¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ •Áœ∑§ „ÙÃË ¡Ê ⁄U„Ë „Ò– Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ŒÈÇœ ¬ŒÊÕÙ¸ ∑§Ë ◊Ê°ª
◊¥ flÎÁm ‚ «ÿ⁄UË ©lÙª ◊¥ ¬˝ªÁÃ „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ◊„àfl „Ò ÄUÿÙ¥Á∑§-
v. ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ •Ê¡ËÁfl∑§Ê ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ‚ÊœŸ „Ò–
w. ÿ„ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ªıáÊ ©l◊ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÷Ë Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
x. ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§ÊÿÙ¸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª „ÙÃÊ „Ò, Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ¿Ù≈U Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ßŸ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ©¬ÿÙª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
y. «ÿ⁄UË ©lÙª ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ‚ ŒÍœ ŒŸ flÊ‹ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬Ê‹Ÿ •Áœ∑§ „ÙŸ ‹ªÊ „Ò, ÄUÿÙÁ∑§ ÿ„ •Êÿ ∑§Ê ©ûÊ◊ ‚ÊœŸ „Ò–
z. ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë ¡‹flÊÿÈ ÷«∏ ∞fl¥ ’∑§⁄UË ¬Ê‹Ÿ „ÃÈ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „ÙŸ ‚ ÿ„Ê° ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ •Áœ∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ßŸ∑‘§ ◊Ê°‚ ÃÕÊ ™§Ÿ mÊ⁄UÊ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ •Êÿ
„ÙÃË „Ò–
{. ÷Ê⁄U flÊ„∑§ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ø‹Ÿ „Ò, Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ™§°≈U ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª „ÙÃÊ „Ò, ¡Ù ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ©¬ÿÙªË
„Ò–
|. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ‚ ø◊«∏Ê fl πÊ‹ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ ¬⁄U ø◊¸ ©lÙª Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ¡ÍÃ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ê ©l◊ Áfl∑§Á‚Ã „È•Ê „Ò–
}. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ mÊ⁄UÊ ‡ÊÈh ÉÊ⁄U‹ •ÊÿÈ ∑§Ê vz ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ ŒÍœ ∑§Ê vÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ©à¬ÊŒŸ
∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò, ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ™§Ÿ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ yÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ÃÕÊ ◊Ê°‚ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª xÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ∑§Ê ÿÙªŒÊŸ „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈœŸ flÎÁh ∞fl¥ ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ (Growth and Distribution of Live Stock)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁC ‚ ‚◊Îm „Ò, ÿ„Ê° Œ‡Ê ∑‘§ ∑§È‹ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑§Ê ‹ª÷ª vv.z ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ flÎÁh ∑§Ê SflM§¬
ÁŸêŸ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ S¬C „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê - v (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ◊¥ flÎÁh)
fl·¸ ∑È§‹ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ (‹ÊπÊ¥ ◊¥) flÎÁhU ∑§◊Ë (‹ÊπÊ¥ ◊¥)
1951 255.21 ––––
1961 335.09 79.88
1972 388.78 107.72
1982 496.50 –87.41
1988 409.45 75.44
1992 484.45 75.44
1197 546.74 62.99
2003 491.36 –55.38
2007 (¬˝ÊÁfl¡Ÿ‹) 279.00 88.64
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ S¬C „Ò Á∑§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑§Ë ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ flÎÁh „Èß¸– ∑‘§fl‹ v~}w-}} ∑‘§ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ÃÕÊ wÆÆx ◊¥ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— }|.yv ‹Êπ
∞fl¥ zz.x} ‹Êπ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë „Èß¸– ß‚ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ◊¥ ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã „ÒU-
ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê -w (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ•ô¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ)
¬‡ÊÈäÊŸ (‹ÊπÊ¥ ◊¥) (‹ÊπÊ¥ ◊¥) ¬Á⁄UUflÃ¸Ÿ %
ªÊfl¥‡Ê 108.54 121.20 (21.43%) 11.17
÷Ò¥‚ 104.14 110.92 (19.58%) 10.83
÷«∏ 100.54 111.90 (19.75%) 12.23
’∑§⁄UË 168.09 215.03 (37.95%) 30.18
ÉÊÊ«∏U 0.253 0.256 (0.04%) 0.55
ªäÊ-πëø⁄U 1.45 1.03 (0.18%) –26.0
™°§≈U 4.98 4.22 (0.74%) –13.51
‚Í•⁄U 3.38 2.09 (0.36%) 35.05
∑È§‹ ¬‡ÊÈäÊŸ 491.36 566.63 +15.32
◊ÈÁª¸ÿÊ° 61.34 49.93 –19.36
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ v~~w-~| ∑‘§ ◊äÿ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë vw.|| ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ flÎÁh „Èß¸U ÕË, Á∑§ãÃÈ v~~|-wÆÆx ∑‘§ ◊äÿ vÆ.vÆ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „Èß¸–
ÿ„ ∑§◊Ë ªıfl¥‡Ê, ÷«∏, ’∑§⁄UË, πëø⁄U, ªœ, ÃÕÊ ™°§≈UÙ¥ ◊¥ •¥Á∑§Ã „Èß¸–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁflÃ⁄UáÊ •‚◊ÊŸ „Ò– ÿlÁ¬ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ‚÷Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ „Ò ‹Á∑§Ÿ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ¬Á‡ø◊Ë ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥
•Áœ∑§ „Ò– ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, øÍM§, •¡◊⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ◊¥ wÆ ‹Êπ ‚ •Áœ∑§ ¬‡ÊÈ „Ò–
•‹fl⁄U, ÁøÃı«ª…∏, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ⁄UÊ¡‚¥◊Œ, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ≈UÙ¥∑§ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ vÆ ‚ wÆ ‹Êπ Ã∑§ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∞fl¥ ŸS‹ (Types and Breed of Live Stock) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ªÊÿ, ’Ò‹, ÷Ò¥‚, ÷«∏, ’∑§⁄UË,
™§°≈U, ÉÊÙ«∏, πëø⁄U, ªœ ÃÕÊ ‚Í•⁄U ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã Á∑§∞ ¡ÊÃ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ßŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ, ŸS‹, ˇÊòÊ •ÊÁŒ ∑§Ê ‚¥ÁˇÊåÃ Áflfl⁄UáÊ ÿ„Ê° ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ∑§Ë
‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§Ù ‚◊¤ÊŸ „ÃÈ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò-
v. ªıfl¥‡Ê (Cattle) ó ªıfl¥‡Ê •ÕÊ¸Ã˜ ªÊÿ-’Ò‹ ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê· ◊„àfl „Ò ÄUÿÙÁ∑§ ÿ ŒÍœ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§ÊÿÊZ ∞fl¥ ÷Ê⁄U fl„Ÿ „ÃÈ ÷Ë
¬˝ÿÈQ§ „ÙÃ „Ò– ‚Ÿ˜ wÆÆx ◊¥ ßŸ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ vÆ}.zy ‹Êπ ÕË fl wÆÆ| ∑§Ë ¡ŸªáÊŸÊ ◊¥ ÿ„ vwv.wÆ ‹Êπ „Ù ªß¸– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ‚÷Ë Á¡‹Ù¥
◊¥ ªıfl¥‡Ê „Ò– ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, ÁøÃı«ª…∏, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ªıfl¥‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ŸS‹ „Ò¥-
(v) ŸÊªı⁄UË ó ŸÊªı⁄UË fl¥‡Ê ∑§Ë ©à¬ÁÃ ∑§Ê ˇÊòÊ ŸÊªı⁄U Á¡‹ ∑§Ê “‚Ù„Ê‹∑§” ª˝Ê◊ „Ò– ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ªÊÿ¥ ∑§◊ ŒÍœ ŒÃË „Ò ‹Á∑§Ÿ ’Ò‹ øÈSÃ¸
∞fl¥ »È§ÃË¸‹ „ÙŸ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ „‹ ◊¥ ø‹Ÿ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ÷Ë ¬˝Á‚h „Ò– ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ªÊÿ¥ ∞fl¥ ’Ò‹ ŸÊªı⁄U Á¡‹¥ ◊¥ „Ë •Áœ∑§ ¬Ê∞¥ ¡ÊÃ
„Ò–
(w) Õ⁄U¬Ê⁄U∑§⁄ ó ß‚ fl¥‡Ê ∑§Ê ©à¬ÁÃ SÕÊŸ ’Ê«∏◊⁄U ∑§Ê ◊Ê‹ÊáÊË ¬˝Œ‡Ê „Ò– ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ªÊÿ¥ ŒÍœÊM§ •ı⁄U ’Ò‹ ¬Á⁄UüÊ◊Ë „ÙÃ „Ò– ÿ„
’Ê«◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ •Áœ∑§ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò–
(x) ∑§ÊÚ∑§⁄U¡ ó ÿ„ fl¥‡Ê ’Ê«◊⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë •ı⁄U ¡Ê‹ı⁄U Á¡‹¥ ∑‘§ ‚Ê¥øÙ⁄U ÃÕÊ ’ŸÊ«∏ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– Ã¡ ø‹Ÿ •ı⁄U ’Ù¤ÊÊ …∏ÙŸ ∑§Ë
ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ß‚ fl¥‡Ê ∑‘§ ªÊÿ ∞fl¥ ’Ò‹ ’„ÈÃ ¬‚ãŒ Á∑§∞ ¡ÊÃ „Ò–
(y) ◊flÊÃË ó ◊flÊÃË (∑§Ù∆Ë) ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ªÊÿ ∞fl¥ ’Ò‹ •‹fl⁄U Á¡‹ ∑‘§ ¬ÍflË¸ ÷Êª fl ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U Á¡‹ ◊¥ Á◊‹Ã „Ò– ‡ÊÊ¥Ã ∞fl¥ ‡ÊÁQ§‡ÊÊ‹Ë
Á∑§S◊ ∑§Ê ÿ„ ¬‡ÊÈ „‹ fl ’Ù¤ÊÊ πËøŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ •Áœ∑§ ©¬ÿÈQ§ ⁄U„ÃÊ „Ò–
(z) „Á⁄UÿÊáÊÊ ó ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ªÊÿ •ı⁄U ’Ò‹ ŒÍœ ∞fl¥ ÷Ê⁄U …ÙŸ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁC ‚ •ë¿ ◊ÊŸ ¡ÊÃ „Ò ÿ„ ŸS‹ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ, •‹fl⁄U,
fl ¡ÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊ ¥¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
({) ⁄UÊ∆Ë ó ÿ„ ŸS‹ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U •ı⁄U ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U ∑‘§ ©ûÊ⁄UË-¬ÍflË¸ ÷ÊªÙ¥ ◊¥ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò– ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ªÊÿ •Áœ∑§ ŒÍœ ŒŸ
flÊ‹Ë „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚ fl¥‡Ê ◊¥ ‚Ê„ËflÊ‹, ‹Ê‹, Á‚¥œË fl „Á⁄UÿÊáÊÊ ŸS‹ ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ „Ò Á∑§ãÃÈ ‚Ê„ËflÊ‹ ∑§Ê •¥‡Ê •Áœ∑§ „Ò–
ªÙfl¥‡Ê ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©g‡ÿ ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∞fl¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚„ÊÿÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ªıfl¥‡Ê ‚ÈœÊ⁄U „ÃÈ ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ∑§ß¸ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
ø‹Ê ⁄Uπ „Ò–
(v) Œ‡ÊË ªıfl¥‡Ê ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
(w) ªÙ¬Ê‹ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
(x) ∑§Ê◊œŸÈ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ
(y) ªÊÿ ∞fl¥ ÷Ò¥‚ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ–
(y) ¬‡ÊÈ ¬˝¡ŸŸ ∑§ÊÿÙ¸ ∑§Ê ¬ÈŸª¸∆Ÿ
w. ÷Ò¥‚ (Buffalloes) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ wÆÆx ◊¥ ÷Ò‚Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ vÆy.vy ‹Êπ ÕË ¡Ù wÆÆ| ◊¥ ’…∏∑§⁄U vvÆ.~w ‹Êπ „Ù ªß¸– ß‚ Œı⁄UÊŸ
÷Ò‚Ù¥ ◊¥ v~.|z ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ∑§Ë flÎÁh „Èß¸ „Ò– ÷Ò‚ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ŒÍœ „ÃÈ ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ÷Ò‚ •‹fl⁄U ◊¥ „Ò ß‚∑‘§ •‹ÊflÊ ¡Ò‚-
÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏ ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U ∞fl¥ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ÷Ë ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ¬Á‡ø◊Ë ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ÷Ò‚ •¬ˇÊÊ∑§ÎÃ ∑§◊ ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
x. ÷«∏ (Sheep) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¡‹flÊÿÈ ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ „ÃÈ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „Ò, Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ‡ÊÈc∑§ ∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ßŸ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ©¬ÿÈQ§
„ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚Ë ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ÷«∏ ∞∑§ ∞‚Ê ¬‡ÊÈ „Ò ¡Ù¥ ÁŸêŸ SÃ⁄UËÿ flŸS¬ÁÃ ¬⁄U ÷Ë ÁŸflÊ¸„ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ wÆÆx ◊¥ ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ vÆÆ.zy
‹Êπ ÕË ¡Ù wÆÆ| ◊¥ vvv.~Æ ‹Êπ „Ù ªß¸– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ÷«∏¥ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U fl ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– •ãÿ
¬˝◊Èπ ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹∑§ Á¡‹- ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, •¡◊⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, ≈UÙ¥∑§, •ı⁄U ©Œÿ¬È⁄U „Ò– ÿlÁ¬ ‡Ê·
Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ‚ËÁ◊Ã M§¬ ‚ ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬˝◊Èπ ÷«∏ ∑§Ë ŸS‹ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥ó
(v) øı∑§‹Ê ó ÿ„ ŸS‹ ¿Ê¬⁄U ∞fl¥ ‡ÊπÊflÊ≈UË ∑‘§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ÷Ë ¡ÊŸË ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ÿ„ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— øÍM§, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U ŸÊªı⁄U
◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ß‚‚ fl·¸÷⁄U ◊¥ •ı‚ÃŸ ¬˝ÁÃ ÷«∏ v.y ‚ w.x Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
(w) ◊ª⁄UÊ ó ß‚ ø∑§⁄UË ∞fl¥ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄UË øı∑§‹Ê ÷Ë ∑§„Ã „Ò¥– ÿ„ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U •ı⁄U øÍM§ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò– ß‚‚
¬˝ÊåÃ ™§Ÿ ∑‘§ ⁄U‡Ê ∑§Ë ‹¥’Êß¸ vÆ ‚ vw ‚◊Ë „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚ ŸS‹ ‚ ¬˝ÁÃ fl·¸ •ı‚ÃŸ v.x{ ‚ w.w| Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò– ßŸ‚
¬˝ÊåÃ ™§Ÿ ∑§Ê‹ËŸ ’ŸÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ •ë¿Ë „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ◊Á⁄UŸÙ ÷Ë ∑§„Ã „Ò–
(x) ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄UË ó ÿ„ ŸS‹ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U, ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬Êß˝¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ß‚∑§Ë ◊äÿ◊ ‚»‘§Œ ™§Ÿ ª‹ËøÊ ’ŸÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
©¬ÿÈQ§ ⁄U„ÃË „Ò–
(y) ŸÊ‹Ë ó ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ÷«∏ •Áœ∑§ ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, øÍM§ •ı⁄U ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò– ß‚∑§Ë ™§Ÿ ‚»‘§Œ, ◊Ù≈UË, ÉÊŸË ∞fl¥ ‹ê’
⁄U‡Ê flÊ‹Ë „ÙÃË „– ßŸ ÷«∏Ù¥ ‚ fl·¸ ◊¥ ™§Ÿ ∑§Ê •ı‚Ã ©à¬ÊŒŸ v.x{ ‚ w.| Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ Ã∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
(z) ¬Íª‹ ó ÿ„ ŸS‹ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U •ı⁄U ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ßŸ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ ™§Ÿ ‚»‘§Œ •ı⁄U ◊äÿ◊ Á∑§S◊ ∑§Ë „ÙÃË „Ò– ¬Íª‹ ŸS‹
∑§Ë ÷«∏Ù¥ ‚ ‚‹ ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ ÷«∏ ‚ v ‚ w Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
({) ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏Ë ó ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ÷«∏ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, ’Ê«◊⁄U, •¡◊⁄U •ı⁄U ©Œÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ Á◊‹ÃË „Ò– ßŸ ÷«∏Ù¥
∑§Ë ⁄UÙª ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÙœ∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ •Áœ∑§ „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚ ÷«∏ ‚ •ı‚ÃŸ v.z ‚ v.} Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
(|) ◊Ê‹¬È⁄UÊ ó ß‚ Œ‡ÊË ŸS‹ ÷Ë ∑§„Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ≈UÙ¥∑§, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, •¡◊⁄U ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê •ı⁄U ’Í¥ŒË Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸
¡ÊÃË „Ò– ß‚ ÷«∏ ‚ •ı‚ÃŸ Æ.yz ‚ v.x{ Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
(}) π⁄UË ó ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U •ı⁄U ¬Ê‹Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ÉÊÈ◊P§«∏ ⁄Ufl«∏Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ß‚ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ÷«∏ ∑§Ë ™§Ÿ ‚»‘§Œ •ı⁄U ◊äÿ◊ Á∑§S◊
∑‘§ ª‹ËøÙ¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ©¬ÿÈQ§ „ÙÃË „Ò– ß‚‚ •ı‚ÃŸ ∞∑§ fl·¸ ◊¥ v ‚ v.y Á∑§‹Ùª˝Ê◊ Ã∑§ ™§Ÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃË „Ò–
y. ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° (Goat) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ◊¥ ’∑§⁄UË ¬˝◊Èπ „Ò¥, ÄUÿÙ¥Á∑§ ÿ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ øÊ⁄U, ¤ÊÊÁ«∏ÿÙ¥ •ÊÁŒ ‚ ÷⁄UáÊ-¬Ù·áÊ ∑§⁄U ‹ÃË „Ò ÃÕÊ ‡ÊÈc∑§
∞fl¥ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊ ‚„¡ÃÊ ‚ ¬Ê‹Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ‹ª÷ª v}.z ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° „Ò– fl·¸ wÆÆx ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥
’∑§Á⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ v{}.Æ~ ‹Êπ ÕË ¡Ù wÆÆ| ◊¥ wvz.Æ| ‹Êπ „Ù ªß¸– ß‚ Œı⁄UÊŸ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÙ¥ ◊¥ x|.~z ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ∑§Ë flÎÁh „Èß¸– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥
‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªı⁄U ◊¥ ¬Êß¸ ¡ÊÃË „Ò– •ãÿ ¬˝◊Èπ ’∑§⁄UË ¬Ê‹Ÿ Á¡‹¥ •¡◊⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄UË, ’Í¥ŒË,
øÍM§, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ, ¬Ê‹Ë ∞fl¥ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U „Ò¥– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ‚÷Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¡◊ŸÊ¬È⁄U ∞fl¥ ’«∏flÊ⁄UË
ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° •Áœ∑§ ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò– •ãÿ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ŸS‹ ¬⁄U’Ã‚⁄U, ¤Êπ⁄UÊŸÊ, ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏Ë ∞fl¥ Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë „Ò¥–
z. ™°§≈U (Camel) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ê ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ ©¬ÿÙªË ¬‡ÊÈ ÿÁŒ ™§°≈U ∑§Ù ∑§„Ê ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ ‚àÿ „ÙªÊ– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÈc∑§ ⁄UÃË‹Ë œ⁄UÃË ¬⁄U Á’ŸÊ
¬ÊŸË ∑‘§ „¡Ê⁄UÙ¥ Á∑§◊Ë. ∑§Ë ÁŸ’Ê¸œ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê ÿ„ ¬‡ÊÈ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ fl⁄UŒÊŸ „Ò, ß‚Ë ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ß‚ ◊M§SÕ‹ ∑§Ê ¡„Ê¡ ∑§„Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
•Ê¡ ÷Ë ⁄UÃË‹ ≈UË‹Ù¥ ¬⁄U ‚flÊ⁄UË ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ß‚∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ÁŸflÊ‚Ë •Á¬ÃÈ ‚Ë◊Ê ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ Œ‹ mÊ⁄UÊ ÷Ë Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ë
÷Ê⁄U …ÙŸ ∑§Ë •Áœ∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ë ß‚∑§Ù flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ™§°≈U ªÊ«Ë ◊¥ ÷Ë ¬˝ÿÈQ§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ ’Ê‹ ∑‘§ ∑§ê’‹ ’ŸÃ „Ò ÃÕÊ πÊ‹
∑§Ê ÷Ë ©¬ÿÙª „ÙÃÊ „Ò¥– wÆÆx ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ™§°≈UÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ y.~} ‹Êπ ÕË ¡Ù wÆÆ| ◊¥ y.ww ‹Êπ „Ù ªß¸–
•ãÿ ¬‡ÊÈó
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ flÁáÊ¸Ã ¬˝◊Èπ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ •ãÿ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ◊¥ ÉÊÙ«, πëø⁄U, ªœ, ‚Í•⁄U, π⁄UªÙ‡Ê „Ò– ÁŸ—‚ãŒ„ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë
•Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ◊„àfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈœŸ ¬˝Œ‡Ê (Live Stock Regions) ó ÿlÁ¬ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ Á÷ãŸ-Á÷ãŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ ¬Ê‹ ¡ÊÃ „Ò, Á∑§ãÃÈ Á¡‚ ¬˝Œ‡Ê
◊¥ Á∑§‚Ë Áfl‡Ê· ¬‡ÊÈ •ÕflÊ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „ÙÃË „Ò ©‚∑‘§ •ÊœÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄UÃ Á∑§∞ ªÿ „Ò– ßŸ∑§Ê ‚¥ÁˇÊåÃ Áflfl⁄UáÊ ÿ„Ê°
¬˝SÃÈÃ „Ò–
v. ⁄UÊ∆Ë ˇÊòÊ ó ÿ„ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ©ûÊ⁄UË-¬Á‡ø◊Ë ÷Êª •ÕÊ¸Ã ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U •ı⁄U ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê ¬˝œÊŸÃ—
’Ê‹È∑§Ê SÃÍ¬Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U „Ò ÃÕÊ ãÿÍŸÃ◊ fl·Ê¸ •ı⁄U ©ëø ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ flŸS¬ÁÃ ÿ„Ê° Ÿªáÿ „Ò •ı⁄U ∑§°≈UË‹Ë ¤ÊÊÁ«ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë
¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê ÷«-’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ ∞fl¥ ™§°≈UÙ¥ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „Ò Á∑§ãÃÈ ÿ„Ê° ∑‘§ ¬Á⁄UŒÎ‡ÿ ◊¥ Ÿ„⁄UÙ¥ mÊ⁄UÊ Á‚¥øÊß¸ ∑‘§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U •ı⁄U ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§Ë ¬˝ªÁÃ ‚
¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ •ÊÿÊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê° Ã∑§ Á∑§ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U ∑‘§ ∑§È¿ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¿Ù«∏∑§⁄U ∑§„Ë¥ ÷Ë ⁄UÃ ∑‘§ ≈UË‹ ÁŒπÊß¸ Ÿ„Ë¥ ŒÃ „Ò– ß‚ ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ù ©ûÊ⁄UË Ÿ„⁄UË ˇÊòÊ
∑‘§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ¬È∑§Ê⁄UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚◊¥ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U •ı⁄U „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏ Á¡‹ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò– ß‚ ∞∑§ •‹ª ¬‡ÊÈ ˇÊòÊ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê°
¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ •ı⁄U •’ ªÊÿ-÷Ò¥‚ ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „Ù ªß¸ ÃÕÊ ŒÍœ ∑‘§ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ÷Ë ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ flÎÁh „Èß¸ „Ò¥–
w. ‚Ê¥øı⁄U •ÕflÊ ∑§ÊÚ∑§⁄U¡ ˇÊòÊ ó ß‚∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã Á‚⁄UÙ„Ë, ¡Ê‹ı⁄U fl ¬Ê‹Ë Á¡‹ ∑§Ë ∑§È¿ Ã„‚Ë‹¥ ÃÕÊ ’Ê«∏◊⁄U ∑§Ê ÷Êª ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò– ÿ„Ê°
ªıfl¥‡Ê, ÷«∏, ∞fl¥ ™§°≈U ¬˝œÊŸ ¬‡ÊÈ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê ©¬Ê¡¸Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚ÊœŸ „Ò– ∑§ÊÚ∑§⁄U¡ ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ÿ„ ˇÊòÊ ¬˝Á‚h „Ò¥–
’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ∞fl¥ ™§°≈U ÷Ë ÿ„Ê° ¬Ê‹ ¡Ù „Ò– ÿ„Ê ™§Ÿ, ÉÊË, ø◊«∏Ê •ı⁄U πÊ‹ ∑§Ê Áfl∑˝§ÿ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
x. ÕÊ⁄U¬Ê⁄U∑§⁄U ˇÊòÊ ó ‚◊¥ ’Ê«∏◊⁄U ∑§Ê ©ûÊ⁄UË ÷Êª, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U ÃÕÊ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U Á¡‹ ∑§Ë »§‹ıŒË •ı⁄U ‡Ê⁄Uª…∏ Ã„‚Ë‹¥ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ÿ„
ˇÊòÊ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ∞fl¥ ⁄UÃË‹Ê „Ò– ÿ„Ê° flŸS¬ÁÃ ∑§Ê •÷Êfl „Ò– ∑§◊ fl·Ê¸ •ı⁄U ©ëø ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ß‚∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ÕÊ⁄U¬Ê⁄U∑§⁄U ŸS‹
∑‘§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ∑§Ê ¬Ê‹Ÿ „ÙÃÊ „Ò, ¡Ù ŒÍœ ŒŸ flÊ‹Ë ŸS‹ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬˝Á‚h „Ò– ÿ ªÊÿ vÆ-vw Á∑§‹Ù ŒÍœ ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ ŒÃË „Ò– •Ã— ŒÍœ ∞∑§òÊ ∑§⁄U
©ã„¥ Ÿª⁄UÙ¥ Ã∑§ ÷¡Ê ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„Ê° ªÊÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ™§°≈U, ÷« ∞fl¥ ’∑§⁄UË ¬Ê‹Ÿ ÷Ë Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
y. ŸÊªı⁄U ˇÊòÊ ó ß‚◊¥ ŸÊªı⁄U Á¡‹Ê, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U Á¡‹ ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê¥‡Ê ÷Êª, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ∑§Ê ∑§Ù‹ÊÿÃ •ı⁄U ŸÙπÊ Ã„‚Ë‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê ∑§È¿ ÷Êª ÃÕÊ øÍM§ fl
¬Ê‹Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ∑§È¿ ÷Êª ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò¥– ÿ„ ∞∑§ •ãÃ¸¬˝flÊÁ„Ã ¡‹ ˇÊòÊ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ •h¸‡ÊÈc∑§ ◊M§SÕ‹Ëÿ ¬˝Œ‡Ê „Ò– ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ÿ„Ê° ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ
√ÿfl‚Êÿ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑‘§ ŸÊªı⁄UË ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ’Ò‹ Œ‡Ê ÷⁄U ◊¥ ¬˝Á‚h „Ò¥– ß‚∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«Ë ÷«, ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ°, ÉÊÙ«∏, •ı⁄U ™§°≈U ÷Ë ÿ„Ê°
¬˝œÊŸÃÊ ‚ Á◊‹Ã „Ò– ŸÊªı⁄U ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U ’Ò‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ∑˝§ÿ-Áfl∑˝§ÿ „ÃÈ ©ûÊ⁄UË ÷Êª ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê „Ò–
z. „Á⁄UÿÊáÊÊ ˇÊòÊ ó ß‚◊ „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏, øÍM§, ‚Ë∑§⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸÍ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò¥– ÿ„Ê° „Á⁄UÿÊáÊÊ ŸS‹ ∑§Ë ªÊÿÊ¥ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ •ãÿ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ◊¥
’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ¬˝◊Èπ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ’¿«∏Ù¥ ∑§Ù ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ’Ò‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ’øŸ ∑§Ê √ÿfl‚Êÿ •Áœ∑§ „Ò– ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê ÁŸflÊ¸„ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÿ„Ê° ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ
•Áœ∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò–
{. ◊flÊÃ ˇÊòÊ ó ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ •‹fl⁄U, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U •ı⁄U œı‹¬È⁄U ˇÊòÊ ◊flÊÃ ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬˝Á‚h „Ò¥– ◊flÊÃË ªÊÿ z ‚ | Á∑§‹Ù¥ ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ ŒÍœ
ŒÃË „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ÿ„Ê° ◊È⁄UÊ¸„ ÷Ò‚ ÃÕÊ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ÷Ë ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
|. ⁄UÕ ˇÊòÊ ó ÿ„ ˇÊòÊ ÷Ë ¬ÍflË¸ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ù ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ß‚ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ⁄UÕ-ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ „Ò– ÿ ∑§◊ ™§°øÊß¸ ∑‘§ ¡ÊŸfl⁄U
„Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ∑§ÎÁ· ∑§ÊÿÊZ ◊¥ ©¬ÿÙª „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ◊È⁄UÊ¸„ ÷Ò‚ ÃÕÊ •‹fl⁄UË ÷«∏ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ÷Ë ÿ„Ê° ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ ‚ ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
}. ◊Ê‹flË ˇÊòÊ ó ß‚◊ ŒÁˇÊáÊË-¬ÍflË¸ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò– ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏ , ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ’Ê⁄UÊ¥, ’¥ÍŒË, ’Ê¥‚flÊ«Ê •ı⁄U «Íª¥⁄U¬È⁄U ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ
fl·Ê¸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ øÊ⁄UÊ ©¬‹éœ „Ò– ◊Ê‹flË Á∑§S◊ ∑‘§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ŒÈœ ÿlÁ¬ ∑§◊ ŒÃ „Ò¥ Á∑§ãÃÈ ßŸ∑‘§ ’Ò‹ ◊¡’ÍÃ „ÙÃ „Ò¥ •ı⁄U πÃÙ¥
◊¥ ¬˝œÊŸÃ— ©¬ÿÙª ◊¥ •ÊÃ „Ò– ßŸ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ÷Ò‚ fl ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ° ÷Ë ¬Ê‹Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–
~. Áª⁄U ˇÊòÊ ó ß‚◊ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ⁄UÊ¡‚◊¥Œ, ÁøÃı«∏ª…∏, •¡◊⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«Ê, ≈UÙ¥∑§ ÃÕÊ ’Í°ŒË Á¡‹ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò¥– ÿ„Ê Áª⁄U ŸS‹ ∑‘§ ªıfl¥‡Ê ∑§Ê
¬Ê‹Ÿ ¬˝œÊŸÃÊ ‚ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„ ©ûÊ◊ ŒÍœ ŒŸ flÊ‹Ë ŸS‹ „Ò– ÃÕÊ ßŸ∑‘§ ’Ò‹ ÷Ë ÷Ê⁄UflÊ„Ÿ ◊¥ •ë¿ „ÙÃ „Ò– ÷Ò‚Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬Ê‹Ÿ ŒÈÇœ √ÿfl‚Êÿ
„ÃÈ •Áœ∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– •ãÿ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ◊¥ ’∑§Á⁄UÿÊ°, ™§°≈U „Ò–
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ¬‡ÊÈœŸ ˇÊÃ •ÁÃ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ „Ò– flÊSÃfl ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ Á◊ÁüÊÃ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ (Pastoral Economy) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ◊„ûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê „Ò– fl·¸ v~~~-wÆÆÆ
◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ‚∑§‹ ÉÊ⁄U‹Í ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ xw.v} ⁄U„Ê „Ò, ¡Ù flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊ÍÀÿÙ¥ ¬⁄U ‹ª÷ª zy{y ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê „Ò– ÿÁŒ •á« •ı⁄U ◊àSÿ
¬Ê‹Ÿ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã ∑§⁄U Á‹∞ ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ ÿ„ •ı⁄U •Áœ∑§ „Ù ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ©l◊ ÿÊ ©lÙª ◊„ûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „Ò Á¡‚‚ Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ù ‚ê’‹ Á◊‹ÃÊ „Ò •Á¬ÃÈ ‹ÊπÙ¥ ‹ÙªÙ¥
∑§Ê ⁄UÙ¡ªÊ⁄U ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ©l◊Ù¥ ◊¥ ŒÈÇœ √ÿfl‚Êÿ, ◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ, ™§Ÿ ©lÙª, ◊Ê°‚ ÃÕÊ ø◊«∏Ê ©lÙª ◊„àfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „Ò¥–
«ÿ⁄UË ©lôª (Dairy Industry)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ŒÈÇœ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ◊„ûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „Ò– ‚ŒÒfl ‚ „Ë ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©¬ÿÙª ŒÈÇœ „ÃÈ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ⁄U„Ê „Ò Á∑§ãÃÈ ß‚∑§Ê
√ÿÊ¬ÊÁ⁄U∑§ SflM§¬ ÁflªÃ øÊ⁄U Œ‡Ê∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ë ŒŸ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË ©lÙª ∑§Ê ¬˝Êê÷ v~|v ‚ „È•Ê– v~|Æ ◊¥ •ÊŸãŒ ‚„∑§Ê⁄UË ‚¥ÉÊ ∑§Ë ‚»§‹ÃÊ
∑‘§ ’ÊŒ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ •ÊÚ¬⁄U‡ÊŸ ç‹« - I ‡ÊÈM§ Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ù ÷Ë ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– v~|x ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl÷Êª ∑§Ë, v~|z
◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÁŸª◊ fl v~|~ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚„∑§Ê⁄UË «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ ÁŸŒ¸‡ÊŸ ◊¥ “⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚„∑§Ê⁄UË «ÿ⁄UË »‘§«⁄U‡ÊŸ” (Rajasthan
Co-operative Diary Federation - RCDF) ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∑§Ë ªß¸– ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã M§¬ ‚ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ‚„ÊÿÃÊ
¬˝ÊåÃ „Èß¸–
(v)‚„∑§Ê⁄UË ŒÈÇœ ‚Á◊ÁÃÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ª∆Ÿ–
(w)ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊŒÙ¥ „ÃÈ ¿Ù≈U, Á◊ŸË ∞fl¥ ’«∏ å‹Êá≈U SÕÊÁ¬Ã–
(x)ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ©ÁøÃ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ ÃÕÊ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ ¬ŒÊÕÙ¸ ∑‘§ Áfl¬áÊŸ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ–
(y)¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ŸS‹-‚ÈœÊ⁄U–
(z)¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ©ûÊ◊ øÊ⁄U ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ–
({)¬‡ÊÈ ¬Ê‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ´§áÊ ‚ÈÁflœÊ ©¬‹Áéœ–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ∑§Ë flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ÁSÕÁÃ ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ S¬C ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒUó
ÃÊÁ‹∑§Êóx (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊)
∑˝§. ‚¥. üÊáÊË ßU∑§Êß¸U 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08
v. «Uÿ⁄UË ‚„U∑§Ê⁄UË ‚Á◊ÁÃÿÊ° ‚¥ÅÿÊ 6461 6916 7692 7385 9507 10351
w. ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¥ÅÿÊ 463090 490277 523965 555758 638873 645104
x. ŒÈÇäÊ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ‹Êπ 13.40 14.00 1300 17.44 16.40 16.30
(a) Flush ‹Ë≈U⁄U
(b) learn ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ 13.40
y. ¬‡ÊÈ SflÊSâÿ ∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã ‚¥ÅÿÊ 4267 4903 6323 6172 6942 7417
z. •Ê¬ÊÃ∑§Ê‹ËŸ ßU∑§Êß¸UÿÊ° ‚¥ÅÿÊ 24 27 28 30 36 35
{. ¬‡ÊÈ πÊl ∑§Ê Áfl∑˝§ÿ ◊ÒÁ≈˛U∑§ ≈UŸ 141399 177027 214622 233335 210557 203863
|. ¬‡ÊÈ øÊ⁄UÊ ’Ë¡ Áfl∑˝§ÿ ÁÄ¥fl≈U‹ 3960 6250 4886 6092 6149 5097
©¬ÿÈ¸Q§ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ S¬C „Ò Á∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ‚»§‹ÃÊ¬Ífl¸∑§ ø‹ ⁄U„Ê „Ò– «ÿ⁄UË »‘§«⁄U‡ÊŸ ©¬÷ÙQ§Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ©ûÊ◊ Áfl∑§Ê‚
ŒÍœ, ÉÊË, ¬ŸË⁄U, ◊ÄUπŸ, ¿Ê¿ ∞fl¥ •ãÿ ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊŒ ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ê ’˝Êá« ŸÊ◊ ‚⁄U‚ „Ò– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ŒÍœ ‚¥∑§‹Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ vÆ «ÿ⁄UË
‚¥ÿ¥òÊÙ¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ‚¥øÊÁ‹Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ~ ‹Êπ ‹Ë≈U⁄U ∞fl¥ y.}Æ ‹Êπ ‹Ë≈U⁄U ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ „Ò– ª„Ÿ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊
⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ‚÷Ë Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò– «ÿ⁄UË »‘§«U⁄U‡ÊŸ Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ù ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UÊÃÊ „Ò •Á¬ÃÈ ÁŒÀ‹Ë ∑§Ù ÷Ë ŒÈÇœ •Ê¬ÍÁÃ¸
∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– «ÿ⁄UË »‘§«⁄U‡ÊŸ ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ •Ÿ∑§ ÁŸ¡Ë «ÿ⁄UË ∞fl¥ ŒÈÇœ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ÷Ë «ÿ⁄UË ∑§Êÿ¸ ◊¥ ‚¥‹ÇŸ „Ò¥–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊŒŸ ◊¥ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U flÎÁh „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò– ¡ÿ¬È⁄U Á¡‹Ê ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ |.xw ‹Êπ ≈UŸ ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò, ©‚∑‘§ ¬‡øÊÃ˜ ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U
z.Æw ‹Êπ ≈UŸ, •¡◊⁄U y.|x ‹Êπ ≈UŸ ÃÕÊ •‹fl⁄U y.zz ‹Êπ ≈UŸ „Ò– •ãÿ ¬˝◊Èπ ŒÈÇœ ©à¬ÊÁŒÃ Á¡‹-÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, øÈM§,
„ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏U, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U, ¤Ê¥È¤ÊÈŸÍ¥, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ŸÊªÊÒ⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, ‚flÊß¸ ◊ÊœÙ¬È⁄U, ‚Ë∑§⁄U ∞fl¥ ©Œÿ¬È⁄U „Ò¥–
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ •ÊÚ¬⁄U‡ÊŸ ç‹«-I ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ¬Ê°øflË ¬¥øfl·Ë¸ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ◊¥ ø‹ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ÿ„ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ‚„∑§Ê⁄UË «ÿ⁄UË »§«⁄U‡ÊŸ mÊ⁄UÊ
Á∑˝§ÿÊÁãflÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ßŸ ‚’∑§Ê ©g‡ÿ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ‡flÃ ∑˝§ÊÁãÃ (White Revolution) ‹ÊŸÊ „Ò¥– ß‚Ë ∑˝§◊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ◊Á„‹Ê «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚
∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ó ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, œı‹¬È⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë, •¡◊⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ’Ê°‚flÊ«∏Ê, ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ∞fl¥ ‚Ë∑§⁄U ◊¥ fl„Ê° ∑§Ë ◊Á„‹Ê ‚„Ê∑§Ê⁄UË ‚¥SÕÊ•Ù mÊ⁄UÊ ø‹ÊÿÊ
¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò¥– ÁŸ— ‚ãŒ„ «ÿ⁄UË ©lÙª ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ◊¥ ◊„ûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ÁŸ÷ÊÃÊ „Ò– ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ¬‡ÊÈ ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ‚flÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê
ÁflSÃÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò ÃÕÊ ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U, ªı-‚¥flh¸Ÿ ∞fl¥ ªı-‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò¥–
™§Ÿ ©lôª (Wool Industry) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄UÃ ™§Ÿ ©lÙª ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ „È•Ê „Ò– ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ flÁáÊ¸Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê øÈ∑§Ê „Ò Á∑§
⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ v~~| ◊¥ vyz.}y ÷«∏ ÕË ¡Ù wÆÆx ◊¥ ÉÊ≈U∑§⁄U vÆÆ.zy ‹Êπ ⁄U„Ê ªß¸– ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ’Ê«∏◊⁄U, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U, øÍM§ ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U, ¬Ê‹Ë ¡Ê‹ı⁄U, ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U,
ŸÊªı⁄U, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª…∏U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, •¡◊⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ •Áœ∑§ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ◊¥ ™§Ÿ ∑§Ë ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã ◊á«Ë „Ò–
⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∞fl¥ ™§Ÿ ©lÙª ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ¬˝ÿàŸ ∑§⁄U ⁄U„Ë „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ Á‹∞ Á∑§∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ ∑§Êÿ¸ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ „Ò¥ -
v. ÷«∏ ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U „ÃÈ ‚¥∑§⁄U ¬˝¡ŸŸ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊–
w. ⁄UÊŸÊ •ŸÈ‚ãœÊŸ ¬˝ÿÙª‡ÊÊ‹Ê–
x. ÷«∏ ¬Ê‹Ÿ ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ–
y. •ŸÈ‚ãœÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ „ÃÈ ÷«∏ ¬˝¡ŸŸ ∞fl¥ ™§Ÿ •ŸÈ‚ãœÊŸ ∑‘§ } ∑‘§ãŒ˝Ù¥ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊó
(v) ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U — ¬ª⁄UÊ fl ¬Í¥ª‹ ◊¥ ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑‘§ Á‹∞–
(w) ¬á«ı⁄U — ¡Ùœ¬È⁄UË ÷«∏Ù ∑‘§ Á‹∞
(x) ¬Ù∑§⁄UáÊ — ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄UË ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
(y) ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U — ¬Ê≈UflÊ«Ë ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
(z) ∑§Ù«∏◊ Œ‚⁄U — øÊπ‹Ê ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
({) „ŸÈ◊ÊŸª… ◊¥ ŸÊ‹Ë ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
(|) ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ◊Ê‹¬È⁄UÊ ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
(}) ÁøûÊı«∏ª…∏ ◊¥ ‚ÙŸÊŸË ÷«∏Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞
•∑§Ê‹ ⁄UÊ„Ã ∑§ÊÿÙ¸ ◊¥ ÷Ë ÷«∏ ∞fl¥ ™§Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ©¬-∑‘§ãŒ˝Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò– ™§Ÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁC ‚ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ øÊ⁄U ∑‘§ãŒ˝ -
¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ¡Ùœ¬È⁄U ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ∞fl¥ ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U ’ŸÊ∞ ª∞ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã Œ‚-Œ‚ ©¬ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ÷Ë SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§∞
ª∞ „Ò– •∑§Ê‹ ∑‘§ ‚◊ÿ ÷«∏Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸc∑˝§◊áÊ ∞∑§ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ Ãâÿ „Ò– ß‚∑§Ù ÁŸÿ¥ÁòÊÃ ∑§⁄UŸ „ÃÈ ÷Ë ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ •Ÿ∑§ ∑§Œ◊ ©∆Ê∞ „Ò¥– ⁄UÊíÿ
∑§Ê ™§Ÿ ©lÙª ∞fl¥ ß‚‚ ‚¥’¥ÁœÃ ∑§ê’‹, ∑§Ê‹ËŸ, ™§ŸË flSòÊ ©lÙª ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§È≈UË⁄U ©lÙª ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ø‹ ⁄U„ „Ò–
◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ (Poultry) ó ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ∑§Ë •ë¿Ë ¬˝ªÁÃ „Èß¸ „Ò– ◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ, •¥«Ù ∞fl¥ ◊ÈªË¸ ◊Ê¥‚ (Áø∑§Ÿ) ∑§Ë
©¬‹éœÃÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò ÃÕÊ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ ÿ„ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ‹Ê÷ŒÊÿ∑§ „Ò– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ wÆÆx ◊¥ ◊ÈÁª¸ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§È‹ ‚¥ÅÿÊ {v.~w ‹Êπ
ÕË– •¡◊⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏Ê, ª¥ªÊŸª⁄U, ¤ÊÊ‹ÊflÊ«∏, ©Œÿ¬È⁄U, ’Ê°‚flÊ«Ê, «Í°ª⁄U¬È⁄U, ¤ÊÈ¥¤ÊÈŸ¥Í ∑§Ù≈UÊ, ‚Ë∑§⁄U Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ •ãÿ Á¡‹Ù¥ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ •Áœ∑§
◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ¬ÙÀ≈˛Ë »§Ê◊¸ ∑§Ë SÕÊ¬ŸÊ ∞fl¥ ◊ÈªË¸ ¬Ê‹Ÿ „ÃÈ √ÿÁQ§ÿÙ¥ ÿÊ ‚¥SÕÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∞fl¥ ’Ò¥∑§Ù¥ ‚ ´§áÊ ÷Ë ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ ‹ª÷ª xÆ „¡Ê⁄U ≈UŸ ◊Ê¥‚ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò Á¡‚∑§Ê •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŸÃ ◊ÍÀÿ |} ∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬∞ „Ò– ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ø◊«∏ ‚ ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ vÆ
∑§⁄UÙ«∏ M§¬∞ ∑§Ë •Êÿ „ÙÃË „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ªÙ’⁄U ‚ πÊŒ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ ÿ„Ê° ∑‘§ Á∑§‚Ê ‚ŒÒfl ‚ ∑§⁄UÃ •Ê∞ „Ò¥– flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ¡’Á∑§ ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ©fl¸⁄U∑§Ù¥ ‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ŒÍÁ·Ã
„Ù ⁄U„Ê „ÒÒ •ı⁄U ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ∑§◊ „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò, ªÙ’⁄U ∑§Ë πÊŒ ∑§Ê ◊„ûfl •ı⁄U •Áœ∑§ „Ù ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ¬‡ÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑‘§ ªÙ’⁄U ‚ ªÙ’⁄U ªÒ¥‚ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ
÷Ë flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
ß‚ ‚÷Ë ∑‘§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ’Ù¤ÊÊ …∏UÊŸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª ‚Ê◊Êãÿ „Ò– ’Ò‹, ™§°≈U, ÉÊÙ«∏Ê, πëø⁄U, ÷Ò¥‚Ù ∑§Ê ÷Ê⁄UflÊ„∑§ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÙª Á∑§ÿÊ
¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ÿ„ ∞∑§ ∞‚Ê ÿÙªŒÊŸ „Ò, Á¡‚ ‚Ê◊ÊãÿÃ— Ÿ∑§Ê⁄UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò, Á∑§ãÃÈ ª˝Ê◊ËáÊÙ¥ ∑‘§ Á‹ÿ ¬Á⁄Ufl„Ÿ ∑§Ê •Ê¡ ÷Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ‚ÊœŸ ¬‡ÊÈ „Ò– flÊSÃfl
◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ÷ıªÙÁ‹∑§ ¬Á⁄Ufl‡Ê ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ê •àÿÁœ∑§ ◊„ûfl „Ò–
¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ ∞fl¥ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ó ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ‚ê¬ŒÊ ∑§Ê ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ ◊„Uûfl „Ò Á∑§ãÃÈ ÿ„Ê° ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ •Ÿ∑§ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ‚ ª˝Á‚Ã „Ò, ©Ÿ◊¥
¬˝◊Èπ ‚◊SÿÊ∞° ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã „Ò¥ -
v. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ŸS‹ ◊¥ Áª⁄UÊfl≈U–
w. ø⁄UÊªÊ⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë–
x. ‚÷Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ù ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ⁄UπŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝flÎÁûÊ–
y. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ◊¥ √ÿÊåÃ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ°–
z. ¬‡ÊÈ ©à¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑§Ë ©ÁøÃ ∑§Ë◊Ã Ÿ Á◊‹ŸÊ–
{. ◊äÿSÕÙ¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ‡ÊÙ·áÊ–
|. flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ …¥ª ‚ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑‘§ ¬˝Á·ˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê •÷Êfl–
}. ◊Ê¥‚ „ÃÈ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê •¥œÊœÈãœ flœ–
~. •∑§Ê‹ ‚ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬Ê‹ÿŸ ∞fl¥ ◊ÎàÿÈ–
vÆ. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ‚ê’ãœË ŸflËŸ ‡ÊÙœÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊÈ ¬Ê‹∑§Ù¥ Ã∑§ Ÿ„Ë¥ ¬„È°ø ¬ÊŸÊ–
vv. •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ∑§Á∆ŸÊßÿÊ°–
©¬⁄UÙQ§ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ •¬ˇÊÊ∑§ÎÃ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ù ¬ÊÿÊ „Ò¥– ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U mÊ⁄UÊ ß‚ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ©∆Ê∞ ª∞ ∑§Œ◊
ÁŸêŸÊ¥Á∑§Ã „Ò¥-
v. ‚Ÿ˜ v~z| ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ Áfl÷Êª ∑§Ù SflÃãòÊ Áfl÷Êª ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò, ¡Ù ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ‚ê’ãœË ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ÁŸ⁄UÊ∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò
•Á¬ÃÈ Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÃÈ ŸËÁÃ ÁŸœÊ¸⁄UáÊ ÷Ë ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò¥–
w. ¬‡ÊÈ ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê‹ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÁflSÃÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò¥–
x. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ©ûÊ◊ øÊ⁄U ∞fl¥ •ãÿ ¬ıÁC∑§ •Ê„Ê⁄U „ÃÈ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ∞° ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ∑§Ë ªß¸ „Ò¥–
y. ªı-‚¥flœ¸Ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ¬‡ÊÈ ‚ê¬ŒÊ ◊¥ ŸS‹ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹ÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò–
z. ª˝Ê◊ •ÊœÊ⁄U ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ∑‘§ •ãÃª¸Ã ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ù •Áœ∑§ ©à¬ÊŒ∑§ ’ŸÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò–
{. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊, ◊Á„‹Ê «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ¬‡ÊÈ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ÷«∏ ™§Ÿ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊, ªı-¬Ê‹Ÿ
∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ •ÊÁŒ mÊ⁄UÊ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ ÁflÁflœ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ø‹Ê∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò¥–
|. ’Ò¥∑§Ù mÊ⁄UÊ ¬‡ÊÈ ¬Ê‹∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ´§áÊ ‚ÈÁflœÊ–
}. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∞fl¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ©à¬ÊŒÙ¥ ∑‘§ Áfl¬áÊŸ „ÃÈ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ‚ÈÁflœÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§Ë ¡Ê ⁄U„Ë „Ò–
~. ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ãŒ˝, ¬‡ÊÈ •ŸÈ‚ãœÊŸ ∑‘§ãŒ˝ ÃÕÊ ¬‡ÊÈ ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Áfl‡Ê· ¬˝ÿàŸ ∑§⁄U ⁄U„Ë „Ò–
vÆ. ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ∑˝§ÿ-Áfl∑˝§ÿ „ÃÈ ÿlÁ¬ ⁄UÊíÿ ∑‘§ ÁflÁ÷ãŸ Á¡‹Ù¥ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹ •ÊÿÙÁ¡Ã Á∑§∞ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥– ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ê ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ Áfl÷Êª Áfl‡Ê· M§¬
◊¥ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ù¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÙ¡Ÿ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Òó
(v) ◊À‹ËŸÊÕ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê, ÁÃ‹flÊ«∏Ê - ’Ê«◊⁄U–
(w) ⁄UÊ◊Œfl ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ŸÊªı⁄U–
(x) üÊË ’‹Œfl ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ◊«∏ÃÊ Á‚≈UË–
(y) ªÙ◊ÃË ‚Êª⁄U ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ¤ÊÊ‹⁄UÊ¬Ê≈UŸ–
(z) flË⁄U Ã¡Ê¡Ë ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ¬⁄U’Ã‚⁄U–
({) üÊË ¡‚fl¥Ã ¬˝Œ‡Ê¸ŸË ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ÷⁄UÃ¬È⁄U–
(|) ¬Èc∑§⁄U ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ¬Èc∑§⁄U–
(}) øãŒ˝÷ÊªÊ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ¤ÊÊ‹⁄UÊ¬Ê≈UŸ–
(~) Á‡Êfl⁄UÊÁòÊ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ∑§⁄Uı‹Ë–
(vÆ) ÁŸê’ÙŸÊÕ ¬‡ÊÈ ◊‹Ê - ¬Ê‹Ë–
vv. ⁄UÊíÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ¬‡ÊÈ ‚ÈœÊ⁄U „ÃÈ ∑§ÎÁòÊ◊ ª÷Ê¸œÊŸ ∑§Ë √ÿÊ¬∑§ √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ë „Ò– ‚ÊÕ „Ë ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ß‹Ê¡ ∞fl¥ ⁄UÙ∑§ÕÊ◊ „ÃÈ
‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ-ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê‹ÿ SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§∞ „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ø‹ ¬‡ÊÈ-ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê‹ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ë „Ò¥–
vw. øÊ⁄UÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ªı-‚¥flm¸Ÿ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ∑§Ê◊œŸÈ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ∑§Ê◊œŸÈ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ªÙ¬Ê‹ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ªÊÿ ∞fl¥ ÷Ò¥‚ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬Á⁄UÿÙ¡ŸÊ, ¬‡ÊÈ
¬˝¡ŸŸ »§Ê◊¸, «ÿ⁄UË Áfl∑§Ê‚ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ •ÊÁŒ, •Ÿ∑§ ÿÙ¡ŸÊ•Ù¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬‡ÊÈ-¬Ê‹Ÿ, Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§Ù ¬˝Ùà‚Ê„Ÿ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò ÃÕÊ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥
∞fl¥ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹∑§Ê¥ ‚ ‚ê’ÁãœÃ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ÁŸ⁄UÊ∑§⁄UáÊ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÿàŸ Á∑§∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò¥–
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑‘§ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ∑§Ë ◊„ûÊÊ ∑§Ù ŒÎÁCªÃ ⁄UπÃ „È∞ ß‚ ŸflËŸ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ŒŸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „Ò– ÿÁŒ ¬‡ÊÈ¬Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ù flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ …¥ª
‚ ©ãŸÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ ÿ„ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ŒÎÁC ‚ •àÿÊÁœ∑§ ‹Ê÷∑§Ê⁄UË Á‚h „Ù ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò–
lkekU;&foKku lkjka'k
Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ ∑§ ◊ÊòÊ∑§
flSÃÈ∞° Œ˝√ÿ◊ÊŸ (kg)
¬˝Ê≈UÊÚŸ 10–27
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ 10–22
‹Ê‹ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞° 10–13
¬˝Ê≈UÊÚŸ 10–27
¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ 10–22
‹Ê‹ ⁄UQ§ ∑§ÁáÊ∑§Ê∞° 10–13
äÊÍ‹ ∑§áÊ 10–9
’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ∑§Ë ’Í°Œ¥ 10–6
◊ë¿U⁄U 10–5
•¥ª⁄Í U 10–3
◊ŸÈcÿ 102
ªÊÁ«∏ÿÊ° 103
’ÊßZUª |y| flÊÿÈÿÊŸ 108
øãŒ˝◊Ê 1023
¬ÎâflË 1025
‚Íÿ¸ 1030
•Ê∑§Ê‡Êª¥ªÊ 1041
’˝rÊÊ¥«U 1055
äflÁŸ
◊Êäÿ◊ äflÁŸ ∑§Ë øÊ‹ (m/s)
flÊÿÈ 331.5
¬ÊŸË 1483
„UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ 1270
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ «UÊßU•ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U 258
¡‹flÊc¬ 402
∞ÀÿÈÁ◊ÁŸÿ◊ 5000
≈¥UªS≈UŸ 4620
‚¥ª◊⁄U◊⁄U 3810
◊ÊŸfl ©UûÊ∑§ 1550
•◊ÊÁŸÿÊ 415
Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ 206
’ã¡ËŸ 202
⁄UQ§ 1570
‹∑§«∏Ë 4110
‹Ê„UÊ 5244
⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl ‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª

‚◊SÕÊÁŸ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª
‚Ë⁄UÊ«UÊÿÇŸÊÁS≈U∑§ Á∑§≈U ˇÊÿ ⁄UÊª ∑§ ‚¥∑˝§◊áÊ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ ‹ªÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞
¬˝‚¥S∑Î§Ã „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ ¡‹Ÿ, ∑§≈UŸ •ÊÒ⁄U øÊ≈U ∑§ Á‹∞
„UÊ‹ÁŸÿ◊∑§-v{{ ªÁ∆UÿÊ ∑§ ßU‹Ê¡ ∑§ Á‹∞
ÀÿÍÁÕÁŸÿ◊-v|| •ãŒM§ŸË ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊÕ⁄‘U¬Ë
‚ËÁ¡ÿ◊-vx| ’˝∑§ËÕ⁄‘U¬Ë, ∑Ò¥§‚⁄U ∑§ ßU‹Ê¡ ∑§ Á‹∞
¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ Ãûfl ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ

•ÊÚÄ‚Ë¡Ÿ (Oxygen) 49.5%
∞ÀÿÈÁ◊ÁŸÿ◊ (Aluminium) 7.5%
∑Ò§ÁÀ‚ÿ◊ (Calcium) 3.4%
¬Ê≈ÒUÁ‡Êÿ◊ (Potassium) 2.4%
„UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ (Hydrogen) 0.87%
Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ (Chlorine) 0.19%
◊Ò¥ªŸË¡ (Maganese) 0.09%
‚À»§⁄U (Sulphur) 0.06%
∑˝§ÊÁ◊ÿ◊ (Chromium) 0.033%
Á‚Á‹∑Ú§Ÿ (Silicon) 25.5%
•Êÿ⁄UŸ (Iron) 4.7%
‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ (Sodium) 2.6%
◊ÒÇŸËÁ‡Êÿ◊ (Magnesium) 1.9%
≈UÊßU≈UÁŸÿ◊ (Titanium) 0.58%
»§ÊÚS»§Ê⁄U‚ (Phosphorus) 0.12%
∑§Ê’¸Ÿ (Carbon) 0.08%
’Á⁄Uÿ◊ (Barium) 0.04%
ŸÊßU≈˛UÊ¡Ÿ (Nitrogen) 0.030%
ç‹Ê⁄UËŸ (Fluorine) 0.027%
’„ÈU‹∑§ ∞fl¥ ßZUäÊŸ

∑Ò§‹Ê⁄UË ◊ÊŸ
ßZUäÊŸ ∑§Ë •flSÕÊ ßZUäÊŸ ∑Ò§‹Ê⁄UË ◊ÊŸ (Kj/g)
∆UÊ‚ øÊ⁄U∑§Ê‹ 33
∑§Ê‹ 25-33
‹∑§«∏Ë 17
ªÊ’⁄U 7-8
Œ˝fl ∑§⁄UÊ‚ËŸ 48
ßZUäÊŸ Ã‹ 45
∞ÕŸÊ‹ 30
ªÒ‚ „UÊßU«˛UÊ¡Ÿ 150
◊ËÕŸ 55
éÿÍ≈UŸ (LPG) 55
’ÊÿÊªÒ‚ (Bio Gas) 35-40
◊ÊŸfl ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ¬ŒÊÕ¸

∑§Ê¥ø ÃÕÊ ©U‚∑§ ©U¬ÿÊª
∑§Ê¥ø ‚¥ÉÊ≈UŸ ©U¬ÿÊª
v. Áç‹ã≈U ∑§Ê¥ø ¬Ê≈ÒUÁ‡Êÿ◊ ∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U ‹«U •ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U ∑Ò§◊⁄UÊ, ŒÍ⁄U’ËŸ ∑§ ‹¥‚ fl ÁfllÈÃ ’À’
fl Á‚Á‹∑§Ê
w. ¬ÊßU⁄‘UÄ‚ ∑§Ê¥ø ‚ÊÁ«UM§◊ Á‚Á‹∑§≈U, ’Ê⁄UÊ Á‚Á‹∑§≈U ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ •ÊÁŒ–
x. ‚Ê«UÊ ∑§Ê¥ø ‚ÊÁ«Uÿ◊ ∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U, ∑Ò§ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ ≈˜UÿÍ’ ‹ÊßU≈U, ’ÊÃ‹¥, ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ
∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U, Á‚Á‹∑§Ê fl ŒÒÁŸ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊª ∑§ ’Ã¸Ÿ
y. ∑È˝§Ä‚ ∑§Ê¥ø Á‚Á⁄Uÿ◊ •ÊÚÄ‚ÊßU«U, Á‚Á‹∑§Ê äÊÍ¬-ø‡◊Ê¥ ∑§ ‹¥‚
z. ¬Ê≈UÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê¥ø ¬Ê≈ÒUÁ‡Êÿ◊ ∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U, ∑Ò§ÁÀ‡Êÿ◊ •ÁäÊ∑§ ÃÊ¬ Ã∑§ ª◊¸ Á∑§ÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ ∑§Ê¥ø ∑§
∑§Ê’Ê¸Ÿ≈U fl Á‚Á‹∑§Ê ’Ã¸Ÿ fl ¬˝ÊÿÊÁª∑§ ©U¬∑§⁄UáÊ
•ÊÒ·ÁäÊÿÊ°
∑§ß¸U ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ∑§ ßU‹Ê¡ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ÊÿÈfl¸Œ, ÿÍŸÊŸË ÃÕÊ •ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ∞‹Ê¬ÒÕ ¬hUÁÃ ◊¥ ∑§ß¸U ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ „Ò¥U, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ŒflÊßUÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë
Ã⁄U„U Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡Ò‚ó
ŒŒ¸ÁŸflÊ⁄U∑§ (Analgesic) ¡Ê ŒŒ¸ ∑§Ê ÁŸflÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U–
∞ÁS¬Á⁄UŸ (Aspirin) w-∞Á‚≈UÊÄ‚Ë ’ã¡ÊßU∑§, •ê‹, ÿ„U ŒŒ¸ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ-‚ÊÕ ’ÈπÊ⁄U ‚ ÷Ë ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU– ¡Ò‚ó
Naproxen, Ibuproyen ÃÕÊ Dicloyenas Sodium ÿÊ Potassium.
Ÿ‡ÊË‹ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ (Narcotics) ŸË¥Œ ÃÕÊ ÉÊ’⁄UÊ„U≈U ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡Ò‚ó Morphine, Codeine ÃÕÊ Heroine.
≈Ò˛UÁÄfl‹ÊßU¡⁄U (Tranquilizer) ÃŸÊfl ÃÕÊ •ãÿ ◊ÊŸÁ‚∑§ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÿ ◊ÈÅÿÃ— ŸË¥Œ ∑§Ë ªÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßUã„¥U ‚ÊßU∑§ÊÁÕÿåÿÍÁ≈U∑§
«˛Uª ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U, ¡Ò‚ó Barbituric Acid ∑§ √ÿÈà¬ãŸ-Veronal, Amytal, Nembutal, Luminal
ÃÕÊ Seconal Á¡ã„¥U Barbiturate ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U– ÿ ŸË¥Œ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U–
∑È§¿U Non-hypnotic tranquilizer „Ò¥ ¡Ê ÃŸÊfl ∑§Ê ŒÍ⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚„UÊÿ∑§ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ¡Ò‚ó equanil ∑§Ê
¬˝ÿÊª Á«U¬˝‡ÊŸ ÃÕÊ „UÊßU¬⁄U≈¥U‡ÊŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
∞¥≈UË‚Áå≈U∑§ (Antiseptic) ßU‚∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ‚Íˇ◊ ¡ËflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ŸCU ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ∑È§¿U Antiseptic ∑˝§Ë◊ ¡Ò‚- Forcing,
Soframycin ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ∑È§¿U •ÁäÊ∑§ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
•‚¥∑˝§◊áÊËÿ (Disinfectant) ßUŸ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª »§‡Ê¸ ÃÕÊ Drainage System ∑§Ê⁄‘U ‚Ê»§ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–
⁄U‚ÊÿŸ ÃÕÊ ‚ÊÒãŒÿ¸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ

⁄U‚ÊÿŸ ‚ÊÒãŒÿ¸ ©Uà¬ÊŒ
∞‚Ë≈UÊŸ Ä‹ÊŸ, Ÿ‹ Á⁄U◊Ífl⁄U
’ã¡ÁÀ«U„UÊßU«U ßUòÊ, Ä‹ÊŸ¬, „Uÿ⁄U S¬˝ flÒ‚‹ËŸ, ‡ÊÁfl¥ª ∑˝§Ë◊, ‡ÊÒê¬Í, ‚Ê’ÈŸ
’¥Á¡‹ ∞‚Ë ≈U≈U ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊, Á«U≈U¡¸ã≈U, ‚Ê’ÈŸ, •Êç≈U⁄U ‡Êfl ‹Ê‡Ê, Á«U•Ê«˛Uã≈U
’¥Á¡‹ ∞À∑§Ê„U‹ Ä‹ÊŸ, Ÿ‹ ßUŸ◊‹ Á⁄U◊Ífl⁄U, »Ò§Á’˝∑§ ‚Êç≈UŸ⁄U
∑Ò§ê»§⁄U ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊, ‡ÊÁfl¥ª ∑˝§Ë◊, Ÿ‹ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‡Ê
◊ÁÕ‹ËŸ Ä‹Ê⁄UÊßU«U ‡ÊÒê¬Í, ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊
ßUÕ‹ÊŸ ‡ÊÒê¬Í, „Uÿ⁄U S¬˝, ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊, ‡ÊÁfl¥ª ∑˝§Ë◊
¬ÒÕÀ ‚ „Uÿ⁄U S¬˝, ◊ÊÚßU‡ø⁄UÊßU¡⁄U
≈UÊ‹Íß¸UŸ Ÿ‹ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‡Ê
’ã¡ÊßU∑§ •ê‹ ∑˝§Ë◊ ÃÕÊ ‹Ê‡ÊŸ
„UÊßU«˛UÊ ÄflËŸÊŸ ◊ÊÚßU‡ø⁄UÊßUÁ¡¥ª ∑˝§Ë◊
Á‹ŸÊ‹Í‹ ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊, ’Ê⁄U ‚Ê¬, Hand Lotion
g-≈U⁄U¬ËŸ Ä‹ÊŸ, ¬⁄UçÿÍ◊, Air Freshner
g-≈U⁄U¬ËŸÊ‹ ¬⁄UçÿÍ‹ ÃÕÊ Ä‹ÊŸ
‚¥øÊÁ‹Ã ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ ™§¡Ê¸ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ

ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U v ÃÕÊ w ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U 160 MW v~{~ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ Áfl‡Ê· (Item specifies)
∑Ò§ªÊ v ÃÕÊ w
∑Ò§ªÊ x
∑Ò§ªÊ y
∑§Ê∑§⁄U¬Ê⁄U v ÃÕÊ w
∑§‹¬Ä∑§◊ v ÃÕÊ w (MAPS)
Ÿ⁄UÊÒ⁄UÊ v ÃÕÊ w ©UûÊ⁄U ¬˝Œ‡Ê 220 MW v~~v-v~~w wÆvy ◊¥ Ÿÿ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ∑§ •¥Ãª¸Ã
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ v ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ 100 MW v~|x ©Uà¬ÊŒ Áfl‡Ê· (item specifies)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ w ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ 200 MW v~}v ©Uà¬ÊŒ Áfl‡Ê· (item specifies)
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ x ÃÕÊ y ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ 220 MW v~~~-wÆÆÆ wÆvÆ ∑§ ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ ◊¥ Ÿÿ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ∑§ •¥Ãª¸Ã
⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ z ÃÕÊ { ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ 220 MW »§⁄Ufl⁄UË ∞fl¥ •¬Ò˝‹ wÆvÆ wÆÆ~ ◊¥ Ÿÿ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ∑§ •ãÃª¸Ã
ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U x ÃÕÊ y ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U 504 MW wÆÆ{, Æz
∑È§«UŸ∑È§‹◊ ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÈU 100 MW ¡È‹Êß¸U wÆvx
•ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄U
∑˝§. ‚¥. Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄U ÁSÕÁÃ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ fl·¸ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ (◊ªÊflÊÚ≈U)
v. •å‚⁄UÊ ≈˛UÊê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~z{ v
w. ‚ÊßU⁄U‚ ≈˛UÊê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~{Æ yÆ
x. ¡⁄U‹ËŸ ≈˛UÊÚê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~{v vÆÆ
y. ¬ÍÁáÊ¸◊Ê-v (¬ÍÁáÊ¸◊Ê-w) ≈˛UÊÚê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~|w (v~}Æ) -
z. ¬ÍÁáÊ¸◊Ê-x ≈˛UÊÚê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~~Æ -
{. ∑§ÊÁ◊ŸË ∑§‹¬Ä∑§◊ (ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÈU) v~~{ xÆ
|. äÊÈ̋fl ≈˛UÊê’ (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U) v~}z vÆÆ
}. »§ÊS≈U ’˝Ë«U⁄U ≈US≈U Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄U ∑§‹¬Ä∑§◊ (ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÈU) v~}z yÆ
÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ™§¡Ê¸ ‚¥SÕÊŸ
v. ÷Ê⁄UË ¡‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ŸÊ°ª‹ (¬¥¡Ê’)
w. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹Ë ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ, ⁄UÊflÃ÷Ê≈UÊ (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ)
x. ©UìÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ∑§ãŒ˝, ßUãŒÊÒ⁄U (◊äÿ ¬˝Œ‡Ê)
y. ∑§Ê∑§⁄UÊ¬Ê⁄U ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹ËÉÊ⁄U, •„U◊ŒÊ’ÊŒ (ªÈ¡⁄UÊÃ)
z. ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹ËÉÊ⁄U, ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
{. ¬ÈŸ‚Z‚ÊäÊŸ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ÃÊ⁄U¬È⁄U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
|. ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ∑§ãŒ˝, ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
}. •Êÿ‚◊á«U ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
~. ∞≈UÊÚÁ◊∑§ ∞Ÿ¡Ë¸ ∞¡È∑§‡ÊŸ ‚Ê‚Êÿ≈UË (AEES, ◊Èê’ß¸U)
vÆ. ¡∑§Ê¸ÁŸÿ◊ S¬¥¡ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ∑§‹¬Ä∑§◊
vv. ≈UÊ≈UÊ ◊Í‹÷ÍÃ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ‚¥SÕÊŸ (TIFR), ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
vw. ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞°, ŸflË ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
vx. ∑Ò§ªÊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹Ë ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ, ∑Ò§ªÊ (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§)
vy. Áfl⁄U‹ πÁŸ¡ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ◊Ò‚Í⁄U (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§)
vz. ◊ÊŸÊ¡ÊßU≈U ‚fl¸ ¬Á⁄UÿÊ¡ŸÊ ÄflË‹ÊŸ, (∑§⁄U‹)
v{. ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞°, Áªá«UË
v|. ◊„UÃÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ‚¥SÕÊŸ, ßU‹Ê„UÊ’ÊŒ (©UûÊ⁄U ¬˝Œ‡Ê)
v}. ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ Á◊‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ¡ÊŒÍªÊ«∏Ê (¤ÊÊ⁄Uπá«U)
v~. ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ ßUêÿÍŸÊ∞‚ ∑§ãŒ˝, Á«U’Í˝ª…∏U (•‚Ê◊)
wÆ. ¬Á⁄UflÃË¸ ™§¡Ê¸ ‚ÊßUÄ‹Ê≈˛UÊŸ ∑§ãŒ˝, ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ (¬Á‡ø◊ ’¥ªÊ‹)
wv. ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞°, ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ (¬Á‡ø◊ ’¥ªÊ‹)U
ww. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë ‚¥SÕÊŸ, ÷ÈflŸ‡fl⁄U (•ÊÁ«U‡ÊÊ)
wx. •ÁäÊ∑§ ™°§øÊß¸U ¬⁄U •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê ªÈ‹◊ª¸
wy. ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê, üÊËŸª⁄U
wz. ÷Ê⁄UË ¡‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, Ã‹ø⁄U (•ÊÁ«U‡ÊÊ)
w{. ˇÊòÊËÿ ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ∑§ãŒ˝, ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ (¬Á‡ø◊ ’¥ªÊ‹)
w|. ‚Ê„UÊ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ëÿ ‚¥SÕÊŸ, ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ (¬Á‡ø◊ ’¥ªÊ‹)
w}. ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ πÊŸ, Ÿ⁄U∑§Ê«U◊
w~. ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹ËÉÊ⁄U, ⁄UÊflÃ÷Ê≈UÊ (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ)
xÆ. Ÿ⁄UÊÒ⁄UÊ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á’¡‹ËÉÊ⁄U Ÿ⁄UÊÒ⁄UÊ, ’È‹ãŒ ‡Ê„U⁄U (©UûÊ⁄U ¬˝Œ‡Ê)
xv. Áfl⁄U‹ ◊ÎŒÊ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ ©UlÊª ◊á«U‹ (•ÊßUfl)
xw. ⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ •ÊÒ·äÊ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê∞°, ’¥ª‹ÈL§ (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§)
xx. ÷Í∑§ê¬◊Ê¬Ë ∑§ãŒ˝, ªÊÒ⁄UË ÁflŒŸÍ⁄U (∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§)
xy. ÷Ê⁄UË ¡‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ÕÊ‹flÒ⁄UÊ≈U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
xz. ’⁄UËÁ‹ÿ◊ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ŸflË ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
x{. ¡ÊŸÊ∑§Ë ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê, „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ
x|. ’Ê«¸U •ÊÚ»§ Á⁄U‚ø¸ ßUŸ ãÿÍÁÄ‹ÿ⁄U ‚Êß¥U‚, ◊Èê’ß¸U
x}. •¬Á‡ÊCU •flŸË∑§⁄UáÊ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
x~. ≈UÊ≈UÊ S◊Ê⁄U∑§ ∑§ãŒ˝, ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
yÆ. ÷Ê÷Ê ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ, •Ÿ‚È¥äÊÊŸ ∑§ãŒ˝, ≈˛UÊÚê’, ◊Èê’ß¸U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
yv. ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄U ßZUäÊŸ, ÃÊ⁄UÊ¬È⁄U (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
yw. ÷Ê⁄UË ¡‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, „U¡Ë⁄UÊ (ªÈ¡⁄UÊÃ)
yx. ÷Ê⁄UË ¡‹ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ, ’«∏ÊŒ⁄UÊ (ªÈ¡⁄UÊÃ)
yy. ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ¬˝ÿÊª‡ÊÊ‹Ê, ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ)
flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ∑Î§Á· ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÈQ§ ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ ¡Òfl ©Ufl¸⁄U∑§-¡Ëfl Á∑˝§ÿÊ ÁflÁäÊ ÃÕÊ »§‚‹¥
¡Ëfl ∑§Êÿ¸-ÁflÁäÊ »§‚‹¥
⁄UÊßU¡ÊÁ’ÿ◊ N2-ÁSÕ⁄UË∑§⁄UáÊ Œ‹„UŸ¥
‚ÊÿŸÊ’ÒÄ≈UËÁ⁄UÿÊ N2-ÁSÕ⁄UË∑§⁄UáÊ äÊÊŸ
∞¡ÊS¬ÊßUÁ⁄U‹◊ N2-ÁSÕ⁄UË∑§⁄UáÊ •ãŸ
◊ÊßU∑§Ê⁄UÊßU¡Ê ¬Ê·∑§ ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§Ê •ÁäÊª˝„UáÊ ∑§ÊÁŸ»§⁄U
¬ÁŸÁ‚Á‹ÿ◊ Á’‹Êß¸U »§ÊÚS»§≈U Áfl‹ÿ∑§⁄UáÊ •ãŸ, Œ‹„UŸ¥
∑§Ê’¸ÁŸ∑§ πÊŒ ◊ÎŒÊ ©Ufl¸⁄UÃÊ ‚÷Ë ¬ÊÒäÊ
∑¥§øÈ•Ê sÍ◊‚ ÁŸ◊Ê¸áÊ ‚Áé¡ÿÊ¥ ÃÕÊ ¬Èc¬Ë ¬ÊŒ¬
‚Ê◊Êãÿ ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ (20°C) ¬⁄U ∑È§¿U ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊ∑§ÃÊ

¬ŒÊÕ¸ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊ∑§ÃÊ
(•Ê◊ × ◊Ë≈U⁄U (Ωm) ◊¥)
äÊÊÃÈ∞° ∞ÀÿÈÁ◊ÁŸÿ◊ (Al) 2.63 × 108
ÃÊ¥’Ê (Cu) 1.62 × 108
≈¥UªS≈UŸ (W) 5.2 × 108
¬Ê⁄UÊ (Hg) 94 × 108
øÊ°ŒË (Ag) 1.6 × 108
Á◊üÊ äÊÊÃÈ∞° ∑§Ê°S≈U≈UŸ (Cu 60°, Ni 40°) 49 × 106
◊ÒÇŸÊßU≈U (Cu 84%, Min 12%, Ni 4%) 44 × 106
ÁŸ∑˝§Ê◊ (Ni 60%, Cr 12%) 44 × 106
Mn 2%, Fe 26% 2.63 × 108
ÁfllÈÃ ⁄UÊäÊË „UË⁄UÊ 1012 × 108
¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∞’ÊŸÊßU≈U 1015 × 108
(Insulator) ∑§Ê¥ø 1014
‡ÊÈc∑§ ∑§Êª¡ 1012
q czã.M dh mRifr ls lacaf/r ekU; er ¶fcax&cSx&fl¼kUr¸

q ty dk lokZf/d ?kuRo (U;wure vk;ru) 4°C rki ij gksrk gSA
q i`Foh lrg ij "g" (xq:Roh; Roj.k) dk eku 9.8 ehVj@lsd.M2
q i`Foh ij O;fDr dk Hkkj pUnzek ij Hkkj dk 6 xq.kk gksrk gSA
q i`Foh ij iyk;u osx dk eku 11.2 fdeh@lsd.M
q fdlh èouh dks ijkorZd lrg ls Li"V lquus ds fy, U;wure nwjh 17 ehVj gksuh pkfg,
q fdlh O;fDr dks viuk iwjk izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, niZ.k dh U;wure yEckbZ O;fDr dh yEckbZ dh vkèkh (1/2) gksuh pkfg,
q ty dk lokZf/d ?kuRo ij vk;ru fldqMr+ k gS ,oa nzO;eku fLFkj jgrk gS o DoFkukad ok;qnkc ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ok;q nkc
c<+us ij B.P c<+rk gSA de ok;qnkc ds dkj.k iz's kj dqdj esa ok;qnkc vf/d curk gSA vr% [kkuk 'kh?kz idrk gSA igkM+kas ij
[kkuk nsjh ls idrk gSA &D;ksfd ok- nkc ?kVus ls DoFkukad de gks tkrk gSA
q og rki ftl ij °C rFkk °F iSekuk cjkcj gksrk gS (-40°C ;k F)
q 0°C rki ij iQWkjsUgkbV 32°F gksrk gSA
q 'kjhj dk lkekU; rkieku 37°C ;k 98.4°C ;k 310K.
q czã.M esa U;wure laHko rkieku Ok bls ¶ije 'kwU; rkieku¸ Hkh dgrs gSA
q èouh dh lokZf/d pky &bLikr (Bksl) esa fuokZr esa ZERO
q o.kkZU/rk esa ysal dh {kerk 0 (Mk;ksIVj) ysal vizHkkoh gksrs gSA
q lhlk (Lead) isfUly esa ysM ;k lhls dh ek=kk 0%
q ijek.kq ce@ijek.kqHkV~Vh esa ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu gksrk gSA rFkk rRo ¶;wjsfu;e&235¸ dk iz;ksx gksrkA
q okguks ds cxy esa mÙky niZ.k (vilkjh niZ.k) dk iz;ksx djrs gS vU; lHkh txg vory niZ.k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
q fudV n`f"Vnks"k (ek;ksfi;k) ds fuokj.k ds fy, ¶vory ySal¸ (vilkjh) dk iz;ksx rFkk vU; n`f"Vnks"kksa esa mÙky ySal dk
iz;ksx fdj.k tkrk gSA
q tjkn`f"V izslck;ksfi;k nks"k dk fuokj.k &f}iQksdlh ySla
q n`f"V oS"kE; (vfcUnqdrk) ;k ,sfLVxesfVTe dk fuokj.k csyukdkj ySal
q us=knku ds le; us=k dk dkSulk Hkkx nku fd;k tkrk gS &dkWfuZ;k
q vk¡[k og Hkhrjh Hkkx ftl ij izfrfcEc dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS&
&jsfVuk (dSejs ds fiQYe dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z) (Vit. A dh deh esa izHkkfor vkW[k dk Hkkx)
q us=k dh jsfVuk ij izfrfcEc curk gS ¶okLrfod rFkk mYVk¸
q Li"V n`f"V dh U;wure nwjh 25 cm. (0.25 ehVj)
q ekuo us=k dh foHksnu {kerk 100 ekbØksehVj (0.1 feyhehVj)
q ekuo us=k lokZf/d laons u'khy &ihys jax ds izfr gksrk gS tcfd izdk'k ;k bUnz/uq"k ds eè; dk jax & gjk jax gksrk gSA Øe
& (cSuhvkgihukyk) (VIBGYOR)
q lokZf/d izdh.kZu] fopyu] viorZukad] vko`fr] mQtkZ vkfn ¶cSxuh jax¸ ds gksrs gS tcfd ekè;e esa ¶osx rFkk rjaxnSè;Z¸ (rjax
yEckbZ) lcls de gksrs gSA
q gekjs dku 20 gVZ~t ls 50 gtkj gV~t Z rd lqu ldrs gS tcfd 4000A°-8000A° rd dk izdk'k ns[k ldrs gSA ;g n`';
izdk'k dh rjax yEckbZ (rjaxnSè;Z) ijkl gksrh gSA
q gekjs ?kjksa esa fo|qr dh ;wfuV & okWV x ?kaVk@1000 ls fudkyrs gS 1 UNIT = 1 KWH [KWH=fdyksokWV x ?kaVk]
q lHkh ?kjsyw midj.k lekUrj Øe esa yxs gksrs gSA tcfd dsoy Ý;wtrkj] vehVj] fLop Js.khØe esa yxs gksrs gSA
q ?kjks esa vkus okyh izR;korhZ /kjk (AC) dh vko`fr &50 gVZt rFkk oksYVst & 220 oksYV gksrk gSA
q VªkUliQkWeZj & ¶vU;ksU; izsj.k ds fl¼kUr¸ ij dk;Z djrk gS ;g mPp (AC)dks fuEu Voltage AC esa cnyrk gSA AC
Alternating Current
q fo|qr cYc o V~;cw ykbV dk rUrq ^VxaLVu* /kkrq dk cuk gksrk gS D;ksfd xyukad lokZf/d 3500°C gksrk gSA fo|qr cYc rUrq
dk rki& 2000-2500°C rFkk ghVj dk rki 1000°C gksrk gSA
q fizQt esa rkieku 4° ls 8°C gksrk gSA i`Foh dk vkSlr rki 15°C
q thok.kq lokZf/d fØ;k'khy 25 ls 35°C rki ij gksrs gSA
q jDr dks jDr cSad esa 4.4 °C rki ij j[krs gSA
q e`r 'kjhj dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa rjy ukbVªkt
s u ( –196°C) dk iz;ksx rFkk blh esa d`f=ke xHkkZ/ku gsrq cSyks ds oh;Z dks lqjf{kr
j[krs gSA
q nw/ ds ik'pqjhdj.k esa 62°C rki ij 30 min. rd xeZ djrs gSA vktdy 71.1°C rki ij 10 min. rd Hkh xeZ djrs gSA
q fo|qr cYc esa vkxZu ;k ukbVªkstu xSl Hkjrs gSA tcfd Tube light eas vkxZu $ikjs dh ok"i Hkjh tkrh gSA
q 'kq"d /qykbZ (Dry cleaning) esa iz;Dq r jlk;u &csathu] isVªksy] VkWyqbZu
q ¶Bksl dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM¸ dks 'kq"d ciQZ (Dry Ice) Hkh dgrs gSA
q izeq[k gfjr x`g izHkko (xzhu gkmQl biQsDV) ;k Xykscy okfeZx (Hkwe.Myh;rkiu) xSl&dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
q dPps iQy dks idkus esa & ,fFkyhu(,Fkhu) xSl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
q Hkksiky xSl dk.M esa fo"kSyh xSl dk uke& feFkkby vkblks lk;usV (MIC (3 Dec-1984)
q d`f=ke 'olu (gkWfLiVy es] varfj{k] leqnz esa) vkWDlhtu (20%) rFkk ghfy;e (80%) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
q ok;q;ku ds Vk;jks esa & (O2 +Helium) rFkk xqCckjks es& ghfy;e (lcls gYdh fuf"Ø; xSl) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
q vEyh; o"kkZ dk izeq[k dkj.k lYiQj o ukbVªkstu MkbZ vkWDlkbM (SO2, NO2) xSlsa gksrh gSA
q L.P.G. (dqfdax xSl) dk eq[; ?kVd & C;wVsu (80%)
q C.N.G. ;k izkd`frd xSl esFksu (85%) ;k ck;ksxSl (xkscj xSl) dk eq[; ?kVd & esFksu (60%)
q ek'kZxSl (nyny), dk;ys@/ku ds [ksr @ ?kkliQql @leqnz rygVh@ isVªksfy;e dqavks ls fudyus okyh xSl& esFksu (CH4)
q fn;klykbZ fuekZ.k esa ¶yky iQkWLiQksjl¸ dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
q iVk[kksa esa yky o gjk jax Øe'k% ¶LVªkWfU'k;e o csfj;e¸ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
q ijek.kq HkV~Vh esa fua;=kd NM+s &dsMfe;e o cksjksu dh cuh gksrh gSA enad ds :i esa ¶Hkkjh ikuh ;k xsiz QkbV¸ dk iz;ksx djrs
gS rFkk 'khryd ds :i esa Hkkjh ikuh ;k nzo lksfM;e dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
q rkjks dk jax rkieku dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA lw;Z o rkjksa ij lokZf/d rRo & gkbMªkstu (lcls gYdk rRo o xSl) ik;k tkrk
gS rFkk izdk'k o mQ"ek mRltZu ukfHkdh; lay;u fØ;k }kjk gksrk gSA
q niZ.k esa izfrfcEc fn[kkbZ nsuk] oLrqvksa ds jax dk fuèkkZj.k ,oe~ xzgks dk peduk vkfn îjkorZu* ds mnkgj.k gSA
q ty esa isfUly dk eqMk+ gqvk fn[kkbZ nsuk] flDdk @ eaMyh@ iSna k@ ry@ dk mQij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsuk] izdh.kZu ds mnkgj.k
gSA
q ok;qe.My dh vuqifLFkfr esa rFkk vUrfj{k ;k=kh dks izdh.kZu ds vHkko esa vkdk'k dk jax dkyk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
q ghjs dk pedhyk fn[kkbZ nsuk] jsfxLrku dh efjfpdk (e`xr`".kk)] ikuh esa ij[kuyh dk pedhyk fn[kkbZ nsuk vkfn & iw.kZ
vkUrfjd ijkorZu ij vk/kfjr ?kVuk,¡ gSA izdkf'kd rUrqvksa ( Optical Fibres ) (flfyduvkWDlkbM ds cus gksrs s gS) esa Hkh ;gh
?kVuk gksrh gSA buesa lwpuk,¡ ystj rjaxksa ds ekè;e ls izokfgr gksrh gSA
q fizTe esa rFkk bUnz/uq"k dk cuuk o.kZ fo{ksi.k dk mÙke mnkgj.k gSA bUnz/uq"k ns[kus gsrq ihB lw;Z dh rjiQ gksuh pkfg, blesa
lcls mQij yky jax rFkk lcls uhps cSxuh jax gksrk gSA
q lkcqu ds cqycqys dk jaxhu fn[kuk] xhyh lM+d ij fxjh cwan dk jaxhu fn[kykbZ nsuk O;frdj.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
q izdk'k dh loZizFke pky jksej us Kkr dh rFkk lokZf/d pky fuokZr esa 3 x 108 eh@lS- gksrh gSA
q efgykvksa dk rkjÙo mPp gksus ls vkokt iq:"kksa ls rh{.k gksrh gS rFkk 'ksj dh vkokt vf/d izcy gksus ls yEch nwjh rd tkrh
gSA
q jsfM;ks,fDVork dh [kkst& gsujh csdqjsy us dh rFkk jsfM;e rRo d`f=ke o jsfM;ks ,fDVo dh [kkst eSMe D;wjh us dhA
(a) vYiQk d.k& ghfy;e dk ukfHkd ($) fo- {ks=k esa Í.k IysV dh vksj eqM+rs gSA
(b) chVk d.k& bysDVkªWu (&) fo- {ks=k esa /u IysV dh vksj eqM+rs gSA
(c) xkek fdj.k& fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k vfo{ksfir fudyrh gSA
q thok'eksa dh vk;qfu/kZj.k esa dkcZu &14 rRo dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
q i`Foh o iqjkuh pV~Vku ds vk;qfu/kZj.k esa ;wjsfu;e &238 dk iz;ksxA
q dSalj ds mipkj esa dksckYV&60 leLFkkfud rd iz;ksx djrs gSA
q FkkWbjkWbM dsalj dh tkap o mipkj esa vk;ksfMu &131 rRo dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
q vfLFk dSalj dh tk¡p ,oa ân; fodkjksa dk irk iQksLiQksjl&32 ls yxk;k tkrk gSA
q mQtkZ ds ijEijkxr mQtkZ L=kksr vuohfudj.kh; & isVªksy] Mhty] dsjksflu] izkd`frd xSl (C.N.G) dks;yk vkfnA
q ukfHkdh; bZa/u& vuohfudj.kh; ijUrq xSl ijEijkxr mQtkZ L=kksr gSA
q xSj ijEijkxr mQtkZ L=kksr (uohuhdj.kh;)& ck;ksekl] ck;ksxSl] ioumQtkZ] lkSjmQtkZ] tymQtkZ] Hkw&rkih; mQtkZA
q fo"kk.kqtfur jksx& ,M~l] fgisVkbVhl] eEil (xylqvk@duiQsM)] ehtYl ([kljk)] iksfy;ks] jscht (gkbMªkis Qksfc;k)] lklZ cMZ
Ýyw] LokbZ Ýyw] bUÝyw,atk] Vªsdksek] fpduikWDl (NksVh ekrk) LekyikWDl (cM+h ekrk ;k pspd)] MsUxw (gM~Mh rksM+ cq[kkj)]
fpduxqfu;k] ihrToj] tkiuh ,fUliQsykbVhl] gihZt bR;knhA
q WHO }kjk izLrkfor mipkj iz.kkyh & DOTS (MkWV~l) & T.B (V~;cw j dqyksfll) ;k {k; ;k risfnd ds mipkj ls tcfd
M.D.T. iz.kkyh ijh{k.k & dq"B (dks<+) ;k ysizkslh ls lacaf/r gSA
q ,fylk ijh{k.k& ,M~l dh tk¡p gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
q foMky ijh{k.k& VkWbiQkbM (eksrh>jk] vkU=kToj) ds fy,A
q eksUVsDl ijh{k.k & T.B ;k {k; @ risfnd ds fy,A
q ck;ksIlh ijh{k.k & dSalj dh tk¡p ds fy,
q fyax lalxZ jksx(S.T.D) & ,M~l] fgisVkbfVl&D, xksuksfj;k] flfiQfylA
q izksVhu dh deh ls jksx & esjkLel] Dokf'kvksjdksjA
q vkuqoakf'kd jksx& o.kkZU/rk (yky@gjk)] gheksfiQfy;k (FkDdk ugh curk) nksuksa esa lkekU;r% efgyk okgd o iq:"k izHkkfor
gksrs gSA
§ fldy lsy ,fufe;k (g¡fl;kdkj jDrkYirk)] FkSyslhfe;k] e/qesg] fiQukby dhVksU;wfj;kA
§ Y;wdsfe;k] jtadghurk (,fYcfuTe)] lHkh flUMªkse
q vYtkbej (Le`fryksi)] ikfdZUlujksx] lihysIlh (fexhZ)] fgLVhfj;k o ,fUliQsykbfVl] esfuUtkbVhl] gkbMªkfs liQsyl] lsjcs ez yfj;k&
lHkh esa efLr"d izHkkfor gksrk gSA
q Xyksdksek (lcydk;)] Vªsdksek] dsVsjsDV (eksfr;kfcUn)] dUtfDokbfVl&lHkh jksxksa esa ekuo dh vk¡[k izHkkfor gksrh gSA
q eysfj;k] fgisVkbVhl (B)] dkykvtkj ,oa ,M~l vkfn ¶jDrk/ku¸ (Blood Transfusion) ls iQSyrs gSA
q eysfj;k] iQkbysfj;k (gkFkhikao)] ihr Toj] MsUxq] fpadu xqfu;k vkfn jksx dk jksxksa okgd ePNj gksrk gSA
q ekuo us=k dh {kerk +60 Mk;ksIVj (ysal dh {kerk + 16 Mk;ksIVj) rFkk eksfr;kfcUn (dsVsjsDV) esa izHkkfor Hkkx & ysal
q foVkfeu dh [kkst & gkWifdUl us dh rFkk uke iQUd us fn;k foVkfeu mikip;h fu;a=kd gksrs gS] j{kkRed [kk| dgykrs gSA
buls mQtkZ ugha feyrh gS o xeZ djus ij 'kh?kz u"V gksrs gSA (loZiFz ke Vit. C [kkstk x;k)
q Vit. (A) dh deh ls & jrkSa/h rFkk us=kks dk 'kq"diu (thjksÝFksfYek;k) jksx gksrs gSaA
q Vit (C) dh deh ls & LdohZ jksx (elwM+ks ls jDrL=kko @gM~Mh;kW detksj) gksrk gS] bls ukfod jksx (Sailor disease) Hkh
dgrs gSA
q ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu &Vitamin -B -Complex and Vitamin -C
q Vit. (C) dh deh ls ?kko nsjh ls Hkjrs gS] ew=k }kjk fu"dkflr gksrk gSA izfrfnu lokZf/d ek=kk vko';d gksrh gSA 'kjhj esa lafpr
ugha gksrk gSA lokZf/d ek=kk vk¡oys esa feyrh gSA
uksV& nw/ mRikn] v.Mk] vukt vkfn esa foVkfeu -C vuqifLFkr gksrk gsSA
q Vit. (D) dh deh ls & lw[kk jksx (fjdsV~l) cPpksa esa rFkk vksfLVvkseysf'k;k & o;Ld esa gksrk gS bls ¶/wi dk foVkfeu¸
dgrs gSA D;ksfd lw;Z dh ijkcSxuh fofdj.kksa ls Ropk esa curk gSA
q Vit. (E) 'kqØk.kq @ v.Mksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d dh deh ls & uiqladrk (ckW>iu) (tuura=k izHkkfor)
q Vit. (K) dh deh ls & ¶:f/j dk vfojy¸ cgukA
q Vit. B1 dh deh ls & csjh& csjh jksx tcfd B5 (fu;kflu) dh deh ls & isysxzk (4D) uked jksx gksrk gSA
q B12 dh deh ls & jDrkYirk (,fufe;k)
q izfrfnu mQtkZ ds L=kksr o f[kykM+h [ksy ls igys rqjUr mQtkZ gsrq & lqØkst @ Xywdkst (dkcksZgkbMªsV) dk lsou djrs gSA
q olk (fyfiM~l) esa lokZf/d mQtkZ ikbZ tkrh gSA
q czMs dk fuekZ.k] ,YdksgkWy dk mRiknu] xkscj dk lM+uk (xkscj xSl) nw/ dk iQVuk vkfn fd.ou (Fermentation) ds mnkgj.k
gSA
q lokZf/d ân; /M+du] gheksXyksfcu dh ek=kk] 'olunj] gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k & f'k'kq (Neonate) esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
q :f/j nkc dk ekiu & LiQhXeks esuksehVj (120 / 80 mm gh)
q ân; xfr dk ekiu& bysDVªks dkfMZ;ks xzkiQ (E.C.G.)
q ân; esa islesdj (S.A. Node) tks /M+duks (72/min) dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
q lkekU; O;fDr esa jDr dh ek=kk 5&6 yhVj (PH= 7.4) gksrh gSA
q 'kjhj dh jDr cSad (R.B.C. dk dfczLrku)& Iyhgk (frYyh)
q R.B.C. ;k gheksXyksfcu dk dk;Z& vkWDlhtu dk ifjogu
q W.B.C. dk dk;Z & jksx izfrjks/d {kerk dk fodkl
q IysVysV~l (fcEck.kq ;k iV~Vhdk.kq) dk dk;Z & pksV yxus ij FkDdk cukuk A
q ykSg rRo (vk;ju) dh deh ls & ,fufe;k (jDrkYirk) jksxA
q vk;ksfMu (Iodine) dh deh ls ?ksa?kk@ xyx.M@ xkWbVj jksx ( Goitre)
q ih;w"k xzfUFk dks ekLVj xzfUFk Hkh dgrs gSA rFkk blls vkWDlhVksflu gkeksuZ fudyrk gS tks nqX/ dk fu"dklu] xHkZikr esa lgk;d
o izlo ihM+k dk gkeksZu dgykrk gSA izksysfDVu gkWeksZu Lruksa esa nw/ dk fuekZ.k djokrk gSA
q Å¡ps igkM+h {ks=kksa ij R.B.C (yky :f/jk.kq) c<+ tkrs gS rFkk 'okal ysus esa rdyhiQ gksrh gS D;ksfa d ok;q nkc ?kV tkrk gSA
q jDr dSalj dks Y;wdsfe;k Hkh dgrs gS ftlesa 'osr :f/jk.kq (W.B.C) dh la[;k vfu;af=kr :i esa c<+ tkrh gSA
q ,ythZ] laØe.k o ,M~l esa W.B.C dh la[;k ?kV tkrh gSA
q lkoZf=kd nkrk &O-ve (Í.kkRed)] lkoZf=kd xzkgh (vknkrk)& AB+ve (?kukRed) jDr lewg gksrs gSA
q jDr lewgks dh [kkst &yS.M LVhuj us (1900) esa dh
q fo'o esa lokZf/d B+ve ds yksx o U;wure O-ve
[ A-25% B35% AB-10% O=30%] gksrs gSA
q Rh &dkjd dh [kkst 1940 esa &yS.MLVhuj o ohuj us fjll cUnj ds jDr esa dh FkhA
fo'o esa 85% Rh+ve tcdh Hkkjr esa - 93% Rh + ve gSA
q jDr ds rjy Hkkx dks IykTek (55%) dgrs gSA
q ,Mªhusyhu gkeksZu dks& vkikrdkyhu] djks ;k ejks] yM+ks ;k mM+ks ;k "3F" ;k "4S" gkeksuZ Hkh dgrs gSA
q izkstsLVsjksu dks xHkZ/kj.k dk gkeksZu (Pregnancy Hormone) Hkh dgrs gSA
q cPps ds tUe esa lgk;d gkeksZu fjysfDlu (Relaxin)
q xHkkZoLFkk & ijh{k.k esa ew=k esa (H.C.G) gkeksZu dk Test gksrk gSA
q gkbiksFkSysel & 'kjhj ds rkieku dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
q vuqefLr"d (lsjhczsye) &'kjhj dk larqyu cuk;s j[krk gSSA
q izefLr"d (lsjscze) & esa le`fr] Kku] ok.kh] bPNk'kfDr isf'k;ksa ds fu;a=k.k ds dsUnz ik;s tkrs gSA
q eè; efLr"d esa ns[kus o lquus ds dsUnz ik;s tkrs gSA
q Brain esa mRiUu rajxks dk ekiu E.E.G. (,ufliQsyksxzke) }kjk gksrk gSA
q esM;~ yw k vkCyk¡xVs k esa vuSfPNd fØ;k,¡ (ân; /M+du] 'olu] ikpu] mRltZu] :f/j nkc) vkfn ds fu;a=k.k ds dsUnz gksrs gSA
q es:jTtq esa izfrorhZ fØ;kvksa ds fu;a=k.k laca/h ØsUnz fLFkr gksrs gSA tSls xeZ oLrq Nwus ij gkFk dk vpkud gVukA
q 'kjhj dk lcls dBksj inkFkZ & busey (Enamel) nk¡rks ij liQsn vkoj.kA
q 'kjhj ij lcls cM+k vax& Ropk(Skin)
q 'kjhj esas lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkus okyk inkFkZ & ty (60 - 65 %)
q 'kjhj dh lcls yEch vfLFk & iQhej (tka?k dh)
q 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh vfLFk & LVsiht (dku dh)
q mQijh ckgq & g~;wejl] da/k vfLFk & Ldsiqyk
q ?kqVuk vfLFk & iVsyk] dkWyj vfLFk & Dysfody
q 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzfUFk o lcls cM+k Hkhrjh vax& ;d`r (Liver)
q fiÙkjl dk fuekZ.k rFkk ;wfj;k dk fuekZ.k & ;d`r
q jDr dk 'kqf¼dj.k& xqnZs esa gksrk gSA Mk;ykbfll fØ;k xqnZs ls lacfa /r gSA ;s eq[; mRlthZ vax gksrs gS ekuo dk mRlthZ inkFkZ&
;wfj;k tcfd i{kh] dhVks o liZ dk mRlthZ inkFkZ & ;wjhd vEy
q eNfy;ks esa mRlthZ inkFkZ & veksfu;k (lcls fo"kSyk mRlthZ inkFkZ) o dsp a v
q k@es<d
+ vkfn dk mRlthZ inkFkZ Hkh veksfu;k gSA
q laxejej @ [kM+h;k pkWd @ pwus dk iRFkj (Lime stone) & dSfYl;e dkcksZusV
q iFkjh (Stone) & dSfYl;e vkWDtsysV dh curh gSA
q okf'kax lksMk& lksfM;e dkcksZusV tcfd csfdax lksMk (ikmMj) jklk;fud :i ls & lksfM;e ckbZ dkcksZusV gksrk gSA
q ftIle rFkk P.O.P (Plaster of paris) &dSfYl;e lYiQsV
q cq>k pwuk (Slaked lime)& dSfYl;e gkbMªksDlkWbM tcfd fcuk cqq>k pwuk (fDod ykbe)& dSfYl;e vkWDlkbM gksrk gSA
q vfXu'kked ;a=k es]a okguksa dh cSVfj;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk jlk;u tks jlk;uks dk lezkV dgykrk gS & lYÝ;wfjd vEy
(x/ad dk vEy)
q ekuo dh vkgkjuky esa ,flMhVh dk dkj.k &gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
q fljds (fousxj) esa & ,flfVd vEy] uhac@w ukjaxh@ ekSleh esa lkbfVªd vEy] [kV~Vs nw/ @ ngh esa & ySfDVd vEy] vaxjw @ beyh
esa & VkVZfjd vEy] yky phaVh @ e/qeD[kh esa & iQkWfeZd vEy] VekVj esa& vkWDtsfyd vEy ik;k tkrk gSA
q [kk| ijh{k.k esa lokZf/d csUtksbd vEy dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
q MkWfdax & nks vUrfj{k;kuksa dks tksM+us dh fØ;kA
q gSfdax& fdlh cSad @ laLFkk ds ikloMZ] nLrkost pqjkus dh fØ;kA
q Vsfuax & peM+s dks etcwr cukus dh fØ;kA
q dsfuax (oiuh;u) & HkksT; inkFkksZ dks fMCcks esa can dj vf/d le; rd lqjf{kr j[kukA
q xsYosuhdj.k& ykSgs dks tax ls cpkus gsrq tLrs dh ijr p<+kuk vr% xsYosuhd`r ykSgs esa tLrs (Zinc) dh ijr p<+h gksrh gSA
q oYdhuhdj.k & jcj dks etcwr cukus gsrq xa/d (lYiQj) ds lkFk fØ;kA
q feuhekVk jksx& ikjs dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q Cyw csch flUMªkse & ukbVªsV dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q bVkbZ&bVkbZ jksx& dSMfe;e dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q gheks ØksesVksfll & ykSg rRo dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q foYlu jksx&rkack (dkWij) rRo dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q CySd iQqV jksx&vklsZfud rRo dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q Ýyksjksfll jksx& ÝyksjkbM~l dh vf/drk ls gksrk gS
q U;weksdksfu;ksfll& ,sLcsLVkWl (iRFkjks dh f?klkbZ ls)
q flfydksfll& flfydu rRo dh vf/drk ls gksrk gSA
q cgqewY; jRuks dk Hkkj o lksus dh 'kq¼rk & dSjVs ( Carat) esa ukih tkrh gSA ('qk¼ lksuk& 24 dSjVs dk gksrk gS) tcfd vkHkw"k.k
lkekU;r% 22 dSjsV ls cukrs gSA ftlesa 2 Hkkx & pk¡nh ;k rk¡ck feykrs gSA
q iQksVksxzkiQh esas & (a) flYoj czksekbM (iQksVkxzkfiQd fiQYe cukus es)
(b) lksfM;e Fkk;kslYiQsV (LFkkbZdkjd @ Msoyij) bls gkbiksfoy;u Hkh dgrs gSA
q vEyxe&,d feJ/krq ftlesa ,d vo;o ikjk gksrk gSA
q ikjk dqN /krq,a tSls lksuk] pk¡nh] rkack] tLrk ds lkFk /krqbZ ?kksy cukrk gS] ftls vEyxe dgrs gSA
uksV% ykSg ds lkFk vEyxe ugha cukrk gSA vr% ikjs dks ykSg ds ik=kksa esa j[kk tkrk gSA
q ykSgk ikjs esa rSjrk gS D;ksfd ikjs dk ?kuRo ykSgs ls vf/d gksrk gSA blh rjg leqnz ds ikuh es]a ufn;ksa ds ikuh dh ctk; rSjuk
vklku gS D;ksafd leqnz ds ikuh dk ?kuRo vf/d gksrk gSA
q ihry (Brass)& (rkack$tLrk)] dk¡lk (czksUt)& rkack $ fVu] ?kaVk /krq & rkack $ fVu] Ý;wtrkj rFkk lksYMjèkkrq (Vkadk/
krq) & lhlk $ fVu] d`f=ke lksuk & rkack $ ,Y;wfefu;e (Rolled-gold)] xuesVy& rkack $ tLrk $ fVu] teZu flYoj&
tLrk $ fufdy $ rkack (Stainless Steel) cukus gsrq LVhy esa Øksfe;e] fufdy feykrs gSA
q ijkJÒ; rjaxksa ds dkj.k pexknM dk jkf=k fopj.k gksrk gSA lksukj] lksuksxkz iQh esa ;gh rjaxs èofu gksrh gSA
q X-Ray & [kkst&jkWUtu& inkFkksZ dh lajpukvksa ds vè;;u esa X- fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ;s fdj.ksa dSl a j mRiUu djrh gSA
jsfM;ksxzkiQh esa (izQsDpj] xkaB dk irk yxkuk) Hkh budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
q jsfM;ks rajxs & nwjn'kZu rFkk nwjlapkj esa bu rjaxksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& Vh- oh-] eksckbZy] jsfM;ks (Blue-tooth)
q nwj lapkj mixzg vk;ue.My esa NksM+s tkrs gS tks 36000 Km. dh mQ¡pkbZ ij LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gS budk vkorZdky& 24 ?kaVs
gksrk gSA
q vojDr fdaj.ks & ([kkst & gj'kSy us m"eh; fofdj.k esa dh)
§ xeZ oLrq ls fudyrh gSA
§ i`Foh lrg] ty] okrkoj.k] Hkwe.Myh; rkiu (Global Warming) dks xeZ djrh gSA
§ lqnqj laosnu esa dke vkrh gSA
§ jkf=k iQksVkxzkiQh esa mi;qDr gksrh gSA
§ fjeksV dUVªksy bUgh ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA
q ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa (Ultraviolet rays) & [kkst &jhVj
§ ikuh ds 'kqf¼dj.k esa dke esa vkrh gSA
§ Vit-D ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
§ vkstksu (03) }kjk vo'kksf"kr gksrh gSA
q ystj rajxsa & [kkst & fFk;ksMksj eSesu (1960)
§ ok;q;ku @ felkby ds iFk & fu/kZj.k esa
§ yEch nwfj;ksa ds ekiu esa
§ C.D/D.V.D Data Storage esa ,oa lapkyu esa
§ Bar-Code dks Read djus esa
§ eksfr;kfcUn (Cataract)] iFkjh] isV jksx] lkekU;r% vkfn ds bykt esa
§ diM+ks @ /krq ifV~V;ks dks dkVus esa
q xkek fdj.ks & [kksst &cadqjsy
§ budh pky&izdk'k dh pky ds cjkcj
§ jsfM;ks ,fDVo rRo ls fudyrh gSA
§ dSalj ds mipkj esa dke esa vkrh gSA (jsfM;ksFkSjsih)
q ghjk@xzis QkbV &rRo gS o 'kq¼ dkcZu ds cus gksrs gSA
q izd`fr esa lcls dBksj inkFkZ & DokVZ~t ;k ghjkA
q lcls ehBk inkFkZ &lsdsjhu (vkblØhe esa mi;ksx gksrk gS)
q fo|qr eksVj@ia[kk fo|qr mQtkZ dks ;kaf=kd mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q Mk;ueks (Dynamo)& ;kaf=kd mQtkZ dks fo|qr mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q lsy@cSVªjh esa jklk;fud mQtkZ&fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cnyrh gSSA
q cYc@V~;wc ykbV fo|qr mQtkZ izdk'k mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q ghVj @fo|qr izsl esa fo|qr mQtkZ & m"ek mQtkZ es cnyrh gSA
q ekbØksiQksu esa èofu mQtkZ & fo|qr mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q ykmQMLihdj esa fo|qr mQtkZ&èofu mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q mQ¡pkbZ ls iRFkj dk fxjuk fLFkfrt mQtkZ dk xfrt mQtkZ esa :ikUrj.k gSA
q fLizax dks ladqfpr djuk & ;kaf=kd mQtkZ dk xfrt mQtkZ esa ifjorZu gSA
q gkjeksfu;e @ <ksyd oknu ls ;kaf=kd mQtkZ& èouh mQtkZ esa cnyrh gSA
q lhLeksxzkiQ& HkwdEi rhozrk dk ekiu
q ØsLdksxzkiQ& ikni dh o`f¼ dk ekiu
q cSjksxzkiQ & ok;qnkc esa ifjorZuks dk ekiu (ladsrkad fxjkuk vka/h rwiQku dks ladsfrd djrk gSA)
q iksyhxzkiQ (Lic detector)& >wB idM+us dh e'khu
q gkbxzksehVj& ok;qe.Myh; vknzrk dk ekiu
q cSjksehVj&ok;q nkc dk ekiu q vYVhehVj& ok;q;ku dh m¡QpkbZ dk ekiu
q iQSnksehVj& leqnz dh xgjkbZ dk ekiu q ,fueksehVj& ok;q dh xfr dk ekiu
q vksfM;ksehVj& èofu rhozrk dk ekiu q foLdksehVj& nzoksa ds xk<+siu ';kurk) dk ekiu
q ;wMksehVj (jsuxst)& o"kkZ ekid ;a=k q lkekU; okrkZyki& 30-45 (Decible)
q lkekU;r% 60db ls mQij 'kksj izn"w k.k es 'kkfeyA q dkuks dh vf/dre lgu {kerk&65db
q T;ksfrrhozrk& dS.Msyk q dk;Z@ m"ek@ mQtkZ& twy] vxZ] dSyksjh
q nkc& ckj] Vksj] ikLdy q HkwdEirhozrk & fj,DVj
q nwjh & ikjlsd] izdk'ko"kZ (lcls cM+k& ikjlsd) q rki& fMxzh lsfYl;l] iQkWjsUgkbV] dsfYou
q ysDVksehVj& nw/ dh 'kq¼rk dk ekiu q ØksuksehVj& lgh le; ds ekiu esa iz;qDr
q ik;jksehVj& mPprki (lw;Z) dk ekiu q iQksVksehVj& izdk'k rhozrk dk ekiu
q Øk;ksehVj&fuEu rki dk ekiu q vehVj& fo|qr /kjk dk ekiu
q vksMksehVj& okguks dh xfr dk ekiu q èofu rhozrk dk ek=kd& Mslhcy (Dccible)
q iQqLiQlkgV esa èofu dk eki& 15 -20 (Decibel) ) q 'kgj dh èouh dk ekud Lrj & 50 - 55 db
q fo|qr /kjk & ,fEi;j q cy & U;wVu] Mkbu
q 'kfDr & okWV] v'o'kfDr (1 H.P = 746 okWV) q vk;ru & cSjy] xsyu] yhVj
q fof'k"V izfrjks/ & vkse x ehVj q inkFkZ dh ek=kk&eksy (1 mol = 6.022 x 1023)
q vkos'k& dwykWe q ysal{kerk& MkW;ksIVj
q cYc] xzkeksiQksu] pyfp=k&vkfo"dkjd ,MHlu q iQkmQUVsu isu& vkfo"dkjd okVj eSu
q Hkki dk batu& vkfo"dkjd tsEl okWV q vkWVkseksckby& vkfo"dkjd Mseyj
q jkMkj& vkfo"dkjd ;ax rFkk Vsyj q flykbZ e'khu& vkfo"dkjd bfy;kl
q fo|qr ia[kk& Oghyj q iuMqCch& cq'koSy
q ijek.kq ce& vkWVksgkWu@vksius ghej q ijek.kq HkV~Vh& ,ufjdksiQehZ
q ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu& vkWVksgkWu@LVªkeeSu(1939) q ijek.kq ekWMy& uhYl cksgj
q jsizQhtjsVj& gSfjlu q lsÝVh ySEi& gEizQh Msoh
q ck;lkbfdy & eSdfeyu q dksf'kdk& jkWcVZ gqd
q gkbMªkstu& dSosfUM'k q vkWDlhtu& izhLVys ('khys)
q ok;q;ku& jkbV czn'kZ q gsfydkWIVj& czsdsV
q fjokYoj&lSE;qvy dksYV q eksckby& MkW- ekfVu dwij
q dEI;wVj& pkYlZ cScst (dEI;wVj ds firkeg) q Mk;ukekbV& vYizQsM ukscsy
q nwjchu& xSfyfy;ks q VsyhiQksu& xzkge cSy
q Vsyhfotu& ts- ,y- cs;MZ q VªkWfUtLVj& MCY;w 'kksDys
q jsfM;ks& ekjdksuh q ijek.kq& MkYVu
q bysDVªkWu& FkkWelu q izksVtu& xksYMLVhu
q U;wVªkWu& pSMfod q ukfHkd& jnjiQksMZ
q dSejk & thUl q ukbVªkstu& jnjiQksMZ
q i`"Vruko ds mnkgj.k&
§ diwj dk ty lrg ij ukpuk
§ vkWyfiu @ dkxt@ePNjks dk ty dh lrg ij rSjuk
§ nzo cw¡n dk ladqfpr gksdj xksy gksuk
q ';kurk ds mnkgj.k&
§ ty ds vis{kk 'kgn @ Xyhljhu dk /hek cgko
§ cknyks dk cguk @ vkdk'k esa rSjuk
q dsf'kdkRo ds mnkgj.k&
§ fpeuh @ ykyVsu esa rsy dk mQij p<+uk
§ isM+ks esa ikuh dk ifÙk;ks rd igq¡pkuk
§ v[kckj @ rSkfy, ij fxfj cwan dk iQSyuk
§ cjlkr i'pkr [ksrks dh tqrkbZ djuk
q ok"ihdj.k ds mnkgj.k &
§ diM+ks dk lw[kuk
§ ugkus ds ckn ikuh ds ok"ihdj.k ls 'kjhj dks BaMd eglwl gksuk
§ xfeZ;ksa esa ?kM+s esa ikuh dk B.Mk gksuk
§ leqnzks ls ty dk mQij mBuk
q m"ek lapj.k dh fof/;k¡&
§ pkyu & Bksl esa (yksgs dh NM+ dk xeZ gksuk)
§ laogu& nzoks@ xSlks esa (dsryh esa pk; dk xeZ gksuk)
§ fofdj.k& xeZ ghVj ls gkFkksa rd m"ek o lw;Z ls /jrh rd m"ek blh fof/ ls vkrh gSA
q vfLFk;ks dk vè;;u & vksfLV;ks ykWth
§ tUe & 306 § o;Ld&206
§ dku & 6 § vxq¡fy;k& 14
§ psgjk& 14 § dykbZ& 8
§ flj& 29 § gkFk& 31
§ diky& 8 § ikWo& 30
§ ilfy;k¡& 12 tksM+h § d'ks:d n.M& 26
q isfyvksUVksykWth& thok'eksa dk vè;;u
q isfyuksykWth& ijkxd.kksa dk vè;;u
q thjksUVksykWth& 'kjhj ij vk;q dk izHkko dk vè;;u
q ehfVvksjksykWth& ekSle laca/h vè;;u
q LiysDuksykWth& vkUrfjd vaxks dk vè;;u
q ;wtsfuDl& vkuqaokf'kd fu;eks ds vk/kj ij ih<+h es lqèkkj
q ;wFksfuDl& vPNs okrkoj.k @ ikyu iks"k.k }kjk lq/kj
q /ku dk [kSjk jksx& ftad rRo dh deh ls gksrk gSA
q ikS/s ukbVªkstu dks& ukbVªsV (NO3) :i esa ysrs gSA
q ikS/ks dh o`f¼ gsrq vko';d rRo &N.P.K (ukbVªkstu] iQksLiQksjl] ikSVsf'k;e)
q ifÙk;ksa esa gfjekghurk& ykSg rRo dh deh ls
q izdk'k la'ys"k.k vfHkfØ;k yky izdk'k es lokZf/d o gjs izdk'k esa U;wure gksrh gSA bl izfØ;k esa ikni lw;Z ds izdk'k dh
mifLFkfr esa CO2 ysrs gS o O2 dk fu"dklu djrs gSA
q ikS/s o tUrq 'olu esa vkWDlhtu ysrs gS o CO2 dk fu"dklu djrs gSA
q rus ds :ikUrj.k & vkyw] vnjd] vjch] tehdUn] I;kt] yglwu] vkSj gYnh
q tM+ ds :ikUrj.k& xktj] ewyh] 'kdjdUn] 'kyte] pqdUnj
uksV% ;s lHkh ¶vlR; iQy¸ (False Fruits) Hkh dgykrs gSaA
q ykbdsu & 'kSoky o dod lgthou n'kkZrs gSA ;s okrkoj.k &iznw"k.k ds tSo& lalwpd gksrs gS
q tSo moZjd(Biofertilizer) esa uhygfjr 'kSoky] thok.kq o dod dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
q nyguh (ysX;we) ikS/ks dh tM+ks esa jkbtksfc;e thok.kq ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k djrk gSA
q ,tksyk dk mi;ksx /ku@ pkoy dh mit c<+kus ds fy, djrs gS
q Hkkjr }kjk fufeZr izFke felkby ¶i`Foh¸ o ;q¼ VSad & vtqZu gSA
q nkxks o Hkwy tkvksa rduhd ij vk/kfjr VSadHksnh felkby dk uke & ¶ukx¸
q lokZf/d ekjd {kerk & vfXu-III (3500 km)
q Hkkjr o :l }kjk la;Dq r :i ls fufeZr felkby & czgksl gS ftldh ekjd {kerk &290 fdeh- ok;q ls djhc 3 xquk rst gS
ftls vc ¶lqijlksfud ;q¼ felkby¸ Hkh dgrs gSA
q vU; felkbys & vkdk'k] f=k'kwy] lw;Z (fuekZ.kk/hu)
q Hkkjr dk Missile Man & MkW- vCnqy dyke
q inkFkZ dh bdkbZ & v.kq (Molecule) inkFkZ dh ik¡poh voLFkk = NEC (csd)
q d`".k fNnz fl¼kUr (Black-hole-theory) fn;k & ,l- pUnz'ks[kj
q Hkfo"; dk bZa/u] Øk;kstsfud batu esa iz;qDr bZa/u& gkbMªkstu
q lcls gYdk rRo ;k xSl@ vkokjk rRo@ ljyre rRo& gkbMªkt s u
q U;wure vkdkj okyk rRo] vkorZ lkj.kh dk izFke rRo& gkbMªkstu
q czãk.M esa loZizFke fufeZr rRo] czãk.M esa lokZf/d mifLFkr rRo& gkbMªkstu
q lokZf/d fof'k"V m"ek o lokZf/d mQ"ekeku okyk rRo& gkbMªkstu
q U;wVªkWu jfgr rRo] lw;Z@ rkjks ij lokZf/d rRo& gkbMªkstu
i`Foh ij rRo o /krq

rRo%
(a) lokZf/d & vkWDlhtu 49.9%
(b) f}rh;& flfydu&dEI;wVj fpi] (Memory Card)
/krq%
(a) lokZf/d & ,Y;wfefu;e (7.3%)
ekuo 'kjhj esa rRo o inkFkZ
rRo%
(a) izFke & vkWDlhtu
(b) f}rh;& dkcZu
inkFkZ%
(a) izFke& ty (65%)
(b) f}rh;& dkcZfud inkFkZ & izksVhu(18%)
q leqnz esa lokZf/d mifLFkr /krq& lksfM;e iz;ksx'kkyk esa (dsjksflu esa j[krs gS) rFkk f}rh; /krq& vk;ksfMu
q ok;qe.My esa lokZf/d rRo ;k xSl & ukbVªkstu (78.08%)
q f}rh; & vkWDlhtu (20.78%) CO2- 0.03%
q /krq (Matal) egRoiw.kZ /krq,sa%
q vk'kk dh /krq& ;wjsfu;e
q j.kuhfrd /krq& VkbVsfu;e
q U;wure xyukad okyh /krq& ikjk (edZjh)
q m"ek dh loksZre pkyd /krq & ikjk(Hg)
q rkiekih (FkekZehVj)@ cSjksehVj esa iz;qDr & ikjk(Hg)
q lkekU;r% nzo voLFkk okyh /krq& ikjk (Hg)
q fo|qr dh loksZre pkyd& pk¡nh] rk¡ck] ,Y;wfefu;e
q lcls gYdh /krq & yhfFk;e (Li)
q lcls Hkkjh /krq ;k rRo& vksfLe;e (OS)
q lokZf/d xyukad okyh /krq & VaxLVu(W)
q mRd`"B /krq,¡& IysfVue] lksuk] pk¡nh
q liQsn lksuk (White Gold)& IysfVue] dikl
q dkyk lksuk (Black Gold)& isVªksfy;e (nzo lksuk) viQhe dgykrh gSA
q gsjksbu (Heroin)&¶czkmQu 'kqxj¸ 'kdZjk Hkh dgykrh gSA
q ¶;yks dsd¸ inkFkZ dh lhek ikj rLdjh djrs gS ;g ¶;qjsfu;e dk vkWDlkbM¸ gksrk gSA
q v;Ld ( Cores)& os [kfut ftuls vklkuh ls èkkrq izkIr gksrh gS] v;Ld dgykrs gSA lHkh v;Ld [kfut gksrs gS] ijUrq lHkh
[kfut v;Ld ugha gksrs gS
q ykSgk (Fe) & gsesVkbV] eSXusVkbV] lhMsjkbV
q rk¡ck (Cu)& D;wizkbV] pSYdkslkbV] ,stwjkbV] eSysdkbV
q pk¡nh (Ag)& lokZf/d leLFkkfud okyh /krq& xsysuk (Pbs)
q ikjk (edZjh)& flusckj (Hgs)
q tLrk (ftad)& ftad Likj] ftad CyS.M dsykfeu
q ,Y;wehfu,e & ,sywfeuk] ckWDlkbV] Øks;ksykbV
q fVu& dSflVsjkbV (Sno2)
q eSaXuht& ikbjksyqlkbV (Mno2)
q dSfYl;e& MksyksekbV] pwus dk iRFkj (ykbe LVksu)
q lksfM;e & jkWd& lkWYV
q ikSVfs 'k;e & dkusZykbV (eSXusf'k;e Hkh izkIr gksrk gS)
q ;wjsfu;e& fip CyS.M
q Fkksfj;e & eksukstkbV (Tho2)
uksV % lksuk ( Gold) lnSo eqDr@ Lora=k voLFkk esa ik;k tkrk gSA rFkk pk¡nh ;k rk¡ck eqDr ,oe~ la;Dq r nksuksa voLFkk esa feyrh
gSA
q HkkSfrd ifjoZru
§ lkekU;r% nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa ( A € B )vFkkZr~ mRØe.kh; vfHkfØ;k
§ ekse @ ciZQ dk fi?kyuk
§ ikuh dk Hkki esa ifjorZu
§ ty esa ued @ phuh dk ?kksy
§ yksgs dh NM+ dk xeZ gksuk
§ Hkki dk ikuh esa la?kuu
q jklk;fud ifjoruZ
§ ,d gh fn'kk esa (A → B) vFkkZr~ vumRØe.kh; vfHkfØ;k
§ ydM+h @ dkxt dk tyuk
§ isVªksy @ Mhty dk ngu
§ xkscj dk lM+uk
§ nw/ dk iQVuk (ngh cuuk)
§ Hkkstu dk ikpu
q ,.MkslYiQksu] dksceZs Vs ~l] (D.D.T)] xseDs lsu (fy,Msu B.H.C )] ,fYMªu[k esyksfFk;ksu] vkfn dhVuk'kh nokbZ;k (Insecticides)
gSA
q ftad iQkWLiQkbM] okjiQsfju& ew"kd uk'kh (Radenti cides) jlk;u gSaA
q 2, 4D rFkk 2, 4, 5-T & 'kkduk'kh ([kjirokj uk'kh)
q dkWijlYiQsV] xa/d pw.kZ (cksMsZDlpw.kZ)& dod@ iQiQwan uk'kh
q fo'o esa gfjr ØkfUr ds tud & ukjeu cksjykWx
q Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr ds tud & ,e- ,l- LokfeukFku
q gfjr ØkfUr & [kk|kUu mRiknu laca/h (xsgw¡& izFke] èkku& f}rh;)
q ihyh ØkfUr& fryguks mRiknu laca/h
q uhyh ØkfUr & eRL; (Fishes) mRiknu laca/h
q 'osr ØkfUr& nqX/ mRiknu laca/h
q /wlj ØkfUr& moZjd mRiknu laca/h
q yky ØkfUr& ekWl] VekVj] laca/h
q lqugjh ØkfUr& ckxokuh (gkVhZdYpj) ÝyksRiknu
q jtr ØkfUr & v.Mk o eqxhZ mRiknu
q xqykch ØkfUr& >haxk eNyh mRiknu
q czkmQu ØkfUr&pkWdysV@ csdjh ls
q xksy ØkfUr& vkyw mRiknu ls lEcfU/r
q dkyh ØkfUr& oSdfYid mQtkZ
q dEI;wVj foKku esa Ph.D djus okys izFke Hkkjrh;& MkW- jktjsM~Mh
q dEI;wVj fodkl esa lokZf/d ;ksxnku&okWu U;weku dk gSA
q fo'o dk izFke bysDVªkWfud Digital & ,uh;d gSA
q ns'k esa ubZ dEI;wVj uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk uoEcj 1984 esa dh xbZ FkhA
q Hkkjr esa fufeZr igyk dEI;wVj & fl¼kFkZ gSA
q Hkkjr dk igyk dEI;wVj 16 vxLr 1986 dks caxykSj ds iz/ku Mkd?kj esa yxk;k x;k Fkk ijUrq ns'k dk igyk iw.kZr% dEI;wVjhd`r
Mkd?kj ubZ fnYyh dk gSA
q loZizFke vk/qfud dEI;wVj dh [kkst & 1946 bZ- esa gqbZ
q fo'o esa lokZf/d dEI;wVjks okyk ns'k & (USA) (la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk)
q Microsoft & lkWÝVos;j fodkl djus okyh ,d laLFkk gS ftlds laLFkkid ikWy ,yu rFkk fcyxsV~l gSA
q dEI;wVj lk{kjrk fnol& 2 fnlEcj dks euk;k tkrk gSA
q czãk.M dk vè;;u & dkWLeksykWth (Cosmology) [kxksy foKkfu;ksa ds vuqlkj bl iwjs czãk.M esa yxHkx 100 vjc
vkdk'kxaxk,¡ gS vr% czãk.M dh bdkbZ & xSysDlh dgykrh gS rFkk ,d vkdk'k xaxk esa yxHkx 100 vjc (10¸) rkjs gSA
q fdlh rkjs dk jax & rkieku dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
q lcls pedhyk rkjk & lk;jl (Cyrus)
q gekjh vkdk'k xaxk dk uke & eankfduh (Mily way) ;k nqX/ es[kyk gS ftldk O;kl djhc 1] 20] 000 izdk'k o"kZ gSA
q i`Foh ds lcls fudVre rkjk& lw;Z 14-96 djksM+ fdeh- nwjh ij gSA
q lw;Z ds ckn nwljk fudVre rkjk & izksfDlek lsUVksjh
q gekjh vkdk'k xaxk ds fudVre vkdk'kxaxk & ,UMªksesUMªk ( Andromendra)
q laè;k (Evening) ;k Hkksj dk rkjk] lcls pedhyk xzg] i`Foh dh tqMo+ k¡ cgu] i`Foh ds vkdkj dk xzg] i`Foh ds fudVre
xzg gS 'kqØ (Venus)
q lcls xeZ xzg] lw;Z ds lcls fudVre xzg] de o"kZ dh vof/ okyk xzg (88 days)] lokZf/d d{kh; (ifjØe.k) pky okyk
xzg gS cq/ (edZjh)
q os xzg ftuds dksbZ Hkh mixzg ugh gS& ¶cq/ rFkk 'kq~Ø
q lcls cM+k yky /Ccksa okyk xzg& c`gLifr (Jupiter)
q yky xzg ds uke ls tkuk tkus okyk xzg & eaxy (Mars) (ykSg vkWDlkbM ds dkj.k yky jax)
q {kqnzxzg (Asteroids) ;k dwij csYV ikbZ tkrh gSA& ¶ eaxy o c`gLifr¸ ds eè;
q lcls NksVk o lcls cM+k mixzg Øe'k% & fMeksl] xSuhfeM
q lcls vf/d mixzg okyk xzg] lcls lqUnj xzg& 'kfu (Saturn)
q lcls vf/d d`f=ke mixzg okyk xzg] uhyk xzg (Blue-planet) rFkk tho/kjh ds :i esa oSKkfud uke gjkxzg& i`Foh (Earth)
q lcls cM+s rkjke.My (Constellation) dk uke & gkbMªk (Hydra)
q gky esa NASA (vesfjdk vUrfj{k ,tsUlh) }kjk fiQfuDl (Mars-Lander ) uked ;ku Hkstk x;k &eaxy xzg ij
q gekjs lkSje.My esa dqy xzgks dh la[;k& vkB (8)] IywVks (;e)& gky gh esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; [kxksyh; la?k (IAU) us bldk
xzg dk ntkZ lekIr dj bls ckSusxgz dh Js.kh esa j[k fy;k gSA
q fgeksXyksfcu esa & ykSgrRo] i.kZgfjr esa & eSXuhf'k;e rRo] bUlqfyu esa & ftad rRo] FkkbjkWfDlu esa & vk;ksfMu rRo rFkk foVkfeu
B12 esa & dksckYV rRo ik;s tkrs gSA
q d`f=ke thu (DNA [k.M) dk iz;ksx'kkyk esa la'ys"k.k djus okys izFke oSKkfud & MkW- gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk
q thHk ds vxzHkkx esa ehBk Lokn] eè; Hkkx esa [kV~Vk Lokn] cxy (ik'oZ) esa uedhu Lokn rFkk i'p Hkkx esa dM+os Lokn dk
laosnu LFky ik;k tkrk gSA
q Hkkstu ikpu dh 'kq:vkr eq[kxqgk ls gksrh gS rFkk Hkkstu dk lokZf/d ikpu o iks"kd rRoksa dk lokZf/d vo'kks"k.k NksVh vkar
esa gksrk gSA
q ekuo dh vkgkjuky 28 ls 32 iQhV (10 ehVj) gksrh gS rFkk xzfldk (blksiQsxl) esa ikpu fØ;k ugha ikbZ tkrh gSA
q nw/ iQkM+us okyk ,Utkbe & jsfuu (vkek'kf;d jl esa ik;k tkrk gSA)
q vkalv q ksa esa rFkk eq[k ls fudyus okys ykj esa thok.kq dks u"V djus gsrq ykblkstkbe bUtkbe ik;k tkrk gSA
q lkekU; 'olu izfd;k esa vUnj yh xbZ o ckgj fudkyh xbZ xSl dk vk;ru & 500 feyh (1@2 yhVj] TOkjh; vk;ru)
q jDr ifjlapj.k ra=k dh [kkst& fofy;e gkosZ
q pexknM+ (Bats) rFkk Cyw Ogsy & Lruk/kjh izk.kh gSA
q ekuo :f/j&okfgfu;ks esa jDr dks teus ls jksdus gsrq & fgisjhu
q ekbcksfe;u rFkk ysØkbey xzfUFk;k¡&vk¡[k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
q ckFkksfZ yu xzfUFk;k¡& eknk tuukaxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
q l:feul xzfUFk & dku (Ear) esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
q dkmQilZ xzfUFk rFkk izksLVsV xzfUFk & uj tuukaxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
q vURk% L=kkoh xzfUFk;ksa dks ¶ufydkfofgu xzfUFk;k¡¸ Hkh dgrs gS rFkk buls fudys jklk;fud inkFkZ & gkeksZu dgykrs gSA
q fiQjkseksUl & thoksa (Insects) }kjk L=kkfor jklk;fud inkFkZ gksrs gS tks vU; dhVks dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSA phfV;k¡ (Ants)
bUgh ds dkj.k lh/h js[kk esa pyrh gSA
q gk'kheksVks jksx] fØfVfuTe (tM+okeurk)] feDlhMhek jksx esa FkWkbjkbM (voVw) xzfUFk izHkkfor gksrh gSA
q ¶t;iqj iQqV¸ ds vkfo"dkjd & MkW- ih- ds- lsBh
q dheks Fksjsih ls rkRi;Z & vkS"kf/;ks }kjk jksx dk bykt (dSalj esa dheksFksjsih ls mipkj gksrk gSA)
q iQkbysfj;k (gkFkhi¡ko jksx) & d`fetfur jksx tks ePNj D;wysDl }kjk iQSyrk gSA
q foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] cy] cyk?kw.kZ] {ks=kiQy] èkkjk?kuRo] fo|qr@pqEcdh;@xq:Roh; {ks=k dh rhozrk] vkosx] laoxs ] vkfn ¶lfn'k
jkf'k;k¡¸ gksrh gSA
q dEI;wVj Le`fr dh lw{ere bdkbZ & fcV~l (1 ckbVl = 8 ckbVl)
q yky] gjk] uhyk] rhuksa izkFkfed ;k ewy jax dgykrs gSA
q fudV n`f"V nks"k (ek;ksfi;k) esa O;fDr dks fudV dh oLrq rks lkiQ rFkk nwj dh oLrq vLi"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
q IykfLVd] D.D.T rFkk viektZd (Detergent) vkfn tSo& vfuEuhdj.kh; (Nonbio degradable) gksrs gS tcfd &
diM+k] dkxt] tUrq vif'k"V] ikSèks ds vo'ks"k] jlksbZ dpjk] lkcqu vkfn & tSo fuEuhdj.kh; inkFkZ gksrs gSA
q IykfLVd& cgqydhdj.k }kjk cuk;s tkrs gS tcfd ouLifr rsyks ls ?kh dk fuekZ.k gkbMªkt s uhdj.k }kjk gksrk gSA (fufdy /
krq dk mRizsjd ds :i esa iz;ksx)
q ikWfyFkhu & ,Fkhu (,Fkhyhu) dk cgqyd gksrk gSA
q ukWufLVd dqdhax crZu cukus esa VsÝykWu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
q dk¡p & ¶vfr'khfrrnzo¸ gksrk gS rFkk jklk;fud :i ls lksfM;e ;k dSfYl;e flfydsV~l gksrk gSA
q lkcqu cukus dh fØ;k & lsiksfufiQds'ku (lkcquhdj.k) dgykrh gS rFkk ;s jkl;fud :i ls ¶mPp olh; vEyksa ds lksfM;e
yo.k¸ gksrs gSA
q isVªksfy;e &jklk;fud :i ls ¶gkbMªksdkcZUl dk feJ.k¸
q okguksa esa vÝLiQksVu dh ek=kk de djus gsr&q VsVªk ,fFkyysM (T.E.L) feykrs gSA bZ/u dh ¶vkDVsu la[;k¸ crkrh gS fd
;g tyus ij fdruk viLiQksVu djsxkA
q /wi ds p'eksa ds ysal ¶ØqDl dk¡p¸ ls cuk;s tkrs gS tks fd ijkcSxauh fofdj.kks dks vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA
q foKku ladsrks gsrq fu;ksu xSl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
q isVªksfy;e ds fofHkUu mRikn ¶izHkkthvklou¸ }kjk izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA
q leqnkz s ls ihus ;ksX; ikuh ¶P;qRØe ijklj.k¸ }kjk izkIr djrs gSA
q diwj] vk;ksfMu] ukSlknj] usÝFksyhu] cSUtksbd vEy] ,UFkzklhu vkfn mèoZikrt ( Sublimate) inkFkZ dgykrs gS tks xeZ djus
ij Bksl ls lh/s xSl voLFkk esa pys tkrs gS vr% budk fdlh vU; inkFkZ ds lkFk feJ.k dks mèoZikru (Sublimation)
fØ;k }kjk vklkuh ls i`Fkd dj ldrs gSA
q 'kjkc ( Wine) dk jklk;fud uke& ,FksukWy (,fFky ,YdksgkWy) gksrk gS fLifjV ( Spirit) esa ;gh ik;k tkrk gSA 'kjkc dks
ihus ;ksX; cukus gsrq & esfFky,YdksgkWy rFkk fijhMhu feyk fn;k tkrk gS tks vk¡[k ds fy, ?kkrd gksrs gSA
q dEI;wVj ds lUnHkZ esa (A.L.U)&¶vfjFkesfVd ykWftd ;wfuV¸ dgykrh gSA
q lwpuk rduhd dk lcls egRiw.kZ ?kVd & dEI;wVj (lax.kd)
q O.M.R - Optical Mark Recognition
q M.I.C.R- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition -blds }kjk pSdksa ij vafdr v{kj dks i<+k tk ldrk gS vr% MICR
dk mi;ksx cSadks esa mi;qDr gSA
q O.B.R.–Optical Bar-code-Reader
q I.C. – ¶bUVhxzVsM lfdZV¸& Computer esa IC fpIl lkekU;r% v/Zpkyd tSls flfydkWu ;k tesfZ u;e ds cus gksrs gSA budh
pkydrk rki c<+us ls c<+rh gS tcfd pkydks dh pkydrk rki c<+us ij ?kVrh gSA rFkk izfrjks/drk c<+rh gSA
q izFke fo|qr dEI;wVj dk uke & ekdZ-I
q ekbØksizkslslj okys dEI;wVj pkSFkh ih<+h ds gSA (;s ¶ d`f=ke cqf¼¸ okys gSA)
q C.P.U - dk iwjk uke & Central Processing Unit
q R.A.M- dk iwjk uke& Random Access Memory
q R.O.M dk iwjk uke& Read -Only Memory
q G.S.M dk iwjk uke & Global System For Mobile Communication
q G.P.S dk iwjk uke & Global Positioning System
q C.D.M.A dk iwjk uke & Code division Multiple Access
q PC dk iwjk uke& Personal Computer
q P.S.L.V – dk iwjk uke& Polar Satellite Launching Vehical
q G.S.L.V – dk iwjk uke & Geosunchronous Satellite Launching Gehicle.
q A.T.M – dk iwjk uke& Automated Teller Machine
q dEI;wVj ds vfuok;Z Hkkx& Essential Parts
izkslslj] Hard Disc, Floppy-disc & CD-Rom rFkk ekfuVj (VDU) Video display unit bls dEI;wVj ds Console Hkh dgrs
gSA
q ,sfPNd (Optional) Hkkx & fizUVj] LdSuj] eksMsx] Mh- oh- Mh- Mªkbo] Lihdj] fti Mªkbo vkfn
q V.G.A–Video Graphics Array
q C.R.T (Cathode Ray tube) ;g ekWfuVj esa ik;k tkrk gSA
q O.C.R– Optical Character Reader
q CD – dkEiSDV fMLd (Compact disc)
q D.V.D –Digital Versatile disc
q ekbØksizkslslj dk vkfo"dkj lu~ 1969 esa Intel corporation ds oSKkfud us fd;kA izFke Microprocessor dk uke&Intel 4004
q dkEiSDV fMLd jkse esa lwpukvksa dk laxgz .k ekè;e & izdkf'kd ( Optical) :i esa gksrk gS tcfd VsifjdkMZj esa & eSXusfVd
(pqEcdh;) :i eas gksrk gSA
q ck;ksfpi (Bio chip)& xSfy;e vklksZukbV rFkk izksVhu dh cuh gSA
q loZizFke dEI;wVj fpi tks izk;% flfydu dh cuh gksrh gSA loZizFke ts- ,l- fdYch us cukbZ FkhA
q fo'o dh flfydu oSyh & dSfyiQksfuZ;k dks tcfd Hkkjr dh Silicon Vally & csaxyq: dks dgk tkrk gSA
q lkekU;r% ,d lhMh esa 700MB (esxkckbV) MkVk lafpr fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Mh-oh-Mh- esa 4-7GB (xhxk ckbV) rd Data
lafpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
q 8 fcV~l & 1 ckbV rFkk 1024 ckbV &1KB (fdyksckbV) 1024KB = 1MB (esxkckbV)] 1024 GB = 1 TB (VsjkckbV)
1024MB = 1GMB xhxkckbV
q izFke iw.kZr;k bysSDVªkWfud dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj & MkW- vyku ,l- rwfjax
q ilZuy dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj & 12 vxLr 1981 dks gqqvk FkkA loZiFz ke vkbZ- ch- ,l- dEiuh us cuk;k FkkA
q fodykaxks ds fy, C–DAC dEiuh us izFke lqij dEI;wVj & ije 10]000 cuk;kA
q fo'o ds izFke lqij dEI;wVj ds fuekZrk lhewwj Øw gS rFkk bl dEI;wVj dk uke (Øs–I) gSA
q www.(world wideweb) ds vkfo"dkjd Vhe cuZlZ yh
q fgUnh dekUM Lohdkj djus okyh dEI;wVj Hkk"kk dk uke & izns'k gSA
q dEI;wVj izksxzke gsrq fodflr loZizFke mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk & iQksjVªkWu
q oSKkfudks ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ¶laLd`r¸ dEI;wVjhd`r djus ds fy, lcls vklku Hkk"kk gSA
q dEikbyj (Compiler)& og izksxkz e tks mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk dks e'khuh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
q d`f=ke cqf¼ ds dk;ksZ dks lEiUu djus ds fy, 1973 esa izQkUl esa izksykWx (Prolog= Programming in logic) Hkk"kk dk fodkl
gqvkA
q Fortran (Formula translation)– bl Hkk"kk ls xf.krh; lw=kks dks cgqr vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA tfVy oSKkfud
x.kukvksa dks lqy>kus esa bldk O;kid mi;ksx gksrk gSA
q COBOL &;g Hkk"kk ljdkjh rFkk okf.kfT;d nÝrjksa esa O;kolkf;d vk¡dM+ks ds lek;kstu esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA
q Basic (Beginner's all purpose symbolic Instruction code) & ;g izR;sd PC esa gksrh gS rFkk lEiw.kZ fo'o esa lcls vf/
d izpfyr gSA
q Algol (Algorithmic Louguage) & ;g eq[;r% tfVy chtxf.krh; x.kukvksa esa iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA ;g oSKkfud rFkk
bftfu;fjax {ks=kks ds fy, mÙke Hkk"kk gSA
q ikLdy (Pascal) & bl Hkk"kk esa la[;k] jkf'k] eSfVªd vFkok oxksZ dks rksMu+ k o tksMu+ k ljy gksrk gSA ;g u;s O;fDr dks fl[kkus
dh vR;ar mi;ksxh Hkk"kk gSA
q E– xousZUl and Video conferencing 'kq: djus okyk izFke jkT; vkU/z izns'k o f}rh; jkT; tEew&d'ehj gSA
q L.A.N– Loacl Area Network
q W.A.N - Wide -Area Network
q M.A.N - Metropolian Area Network
q Hkkjr dk igyk dEI;wVje.My (Computarium) cSaxyq: es LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA
q eklk;ks'kh ju dks ¶bUVjusV dk lezkV¸ (King of Internet) dgk tkrk gSA
q fo'o ds lcls cM+s dEI;wVj usVodZ dk uke & ¶bUVjusV¸ gSA
q vkU/zizns'k ns'k dk igyk ,slk jkT; gS ftlds lHkh fodkl [k.Mks dks dEI;wVj usVodZ ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
q fo'o dh lcls cM+h bUVjusV O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k gkaxdkax us fd;k gSA
q tEew ds fudV fLFkr oS".kksnsoh eafnj 'kh?kz gh bUVjusV ls tqM+usokyk igyk fgUnw rhFkZ &LFky cu tk,xk ¶t; ekrknh¸ dksM
okyh bl osclkbV ij eafnj dk bfrgkl] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] vkokl lqfoèkk dh tkudkjh gksxhA
q o"kZ 2000 esa tux.kuk ds fy, flaxkiqj }kjk bUVjusV dk iz;ksx djus dh ?kks"k.k dhA bl izdkj bl {ks=k esa ;g nqfu;k dk igyk
ns'k cu x;kA
q izFke Hkkjrh; i=k tks bUVjusV ij miyC/& ¶n&fgUnw¸
q izFke Hkkjrh; if=kdk tks bUVjusV ij miyC/&¶bf.M;k VqMs¸
q bUVjusV ij viuh osclkbV cukus okyh igyh jktuhfrd ikVhZ& Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ
q Hkkjrh; jkT; ftlus izFke ckj bUVjusV ij jkT; dks VsyhiQksu Mk;jsDVªh miyC/ djkbZ& flfDde
q E-mail – Electronic –Mail
q F.T.P – File Transfer Protocol
q H.T.M.L – Hyper Text Markup Language.
q T.C.P– Transmission Control Protocol.
q q q
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1

1. nSfud foKku ds vk/kjHkwr rÙo

ikni o tUrq dksf'kdk esa vUrj

dksf'kdk dyk tho nzO;

dksf'kdk nzO; dsUnzd

gk;yksIykTe VªksiQksIykTe dsUnzd f>Yyh dsUnzd nzO;

dksf'kdkax (ltho) esVkIykTe (futhZo)

fjfDrdk;sa olk cwans Xykbdkstu d.k LVkpZd.k

ekbVksdkWfUMª;k xkWYthdk; vUr%iznzO;h tkfydk ykblkslkse jkbckslkse rkjddk; yod

vkuqoaf'kdh ,oa 'kCnkoyh

¬˝◊Èπ ¬ÊÁ⁄U÷ÊÁ·∑§ ‡ÊéŒÊfl‹Ë

◊á«U‹ ∑§ •ÊŸÈflÊ¥Á‡Ê∑§ÃÊ ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊

¬˝Ê≈UËŸ ‚¥‡ÀÊ·áÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ Á‚hUÊ¥Ã

•äÊ¸‚ÍòÊË Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ •äÊ¸‚ÍòÊË Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ

22+X 22+Y 22+X 22+X

44+XX 44+XX 44+XY 44+XY

tarq txr dk oxhZdj.k

mnkgj.k & gkbMªk] vkWjhfy;k] esMªhiksjk

d'ks:dh tUrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k

§ bls A.I. Hkh dgrs gSA

tUrqvksa dk vkfFkZd egRo

(B) js'ke dhV ikyu (Sericulture)

(C) eRL; ikyu (Fishery)

(D) eqxhZikyu (Poultry)

≈UÊ¥ªÊ¥ fl ¬Ò⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‹∑§flÊª˝SÃ

(E) yk[k mRiknu (Lakh Culture)

vukt] nkysa] lfCt;k¡ o iQy

o"kkZ 100 lseh okf"kZd

lk/kj.k uke oSKkfud uke

§ lfCt;k¡ foVkfeu] [kfut inkFkZ o ty dh izpqj L=kksr gksrh gSA

ikS/s dk Hkkx ika izkIr lfCt;k¡

ikniksa dk vkfFkZd egRo

rsy esa vksfyd vEy ik;s tkrs gSA

(C) js'ks iznku djus okys ikS/s

(D) elkys iznku djus okys ikS/s

u'khys inkFkZ vkSj ekuo LokLF;

ysVsDl (dkVus ls fudyus okyk nw/)

'kjhj dh jksxksa ls yM+us dh {kerk dks izfrj{kk dgrs gSA

§ Vhdkdj.k dh [kkst ,MoMZ tsuj us 1758 esa dhA

§ ;s ,sls jksx gksrs gS tks ekrk&firk ls larkuksa esa igqp

cuh jgrh gSA

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⁄‘UÁ«UÿÊ∞ÁÄ≈Ufl Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ — α, β •ÊÒ⁄U γ-Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ªÈáÊ

¬˝∑Î§ÁÃ ◊¥ ¬Êÿ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹ Ãûfl ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ

§ Ä‹Ê⁄UËŸ ∑§Ë ßU‹Ä≈˛UÊÚŸ ’¥äÊÈÃÊ ‚’‚ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU–

Á◊üÊáÊ ∑§ ÉÊ≈U∑§

§ ;s ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gS ftuds d.k vf/d nwj&nwj gksrs gSA

rRo izrhd izfr'kr

inkFkZ ladsr ?kuRo (gm/cm3)

inkFkZ ds HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical Property of Matter):-

ijek.kq lajpuk (Atomic Structure):- hum

d.k izrhd vkos'k nzO;eku [kkstdrkZ

gkbMªkstu vkWDlhtu gkbMªkstu ty (H O) v.kq lg&la;kstd ca/

ijek.kq ijek.kq ijek.kq

HkkSfrd o jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,sa

NaOH + HCl → Nacl + H 2O (10

2H 2O2 fXyljhu 2H2O + O2

LVkpZ fXyljhu ekYVkst

ekYVkst ekYVst Xywdkst

Xywdkst tkbest ,sYdksgkWy

ªÒ‚ ◊¥ ∆UÊ‚ ∑§¬Í⁄U ∑§Ë flÊc¬ ÃÕÊ N2 ∑§Ê Á◊üÊáÊ

PH Scale : PH = Potential of Hydrogen Ion's (H+)

/krq ,oa v/krq