Sexual Reproduction in flowering plants

Sexual Reproduction
in Flowering Plants
Full NCERT GRADE - 12 One shot
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower
● Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental, social,

religious and cultural value.
● Floriculture: It is the cultivation and management of
ornamental and flowering plants.
● Flower is a modified shoot with 4 whorls - Calyx, corolla,
Androecium & Gynoecium
● It is specially modified for reproduction
Flower
Androecium
● The Androecium consists of a whorl of stamens

representing the male reproductive organ.
● It consists of filament and anther.
Anther
● Angiosperm anther is bilobed with each lobe having two

theca, i.e., they are dithecous.
● A longitudinal groove runs lengthwise separating the
theca.
Stamen
Anther
Anther
Anther wall Microsporangium
Sporogenous
Epidermis Endothecium Middle layers Tapetum
tissue
Microspore
Structure of Anther
● (1) Epidermis : Outermost single layered and protective
in function. Parenchymatous and single layered.
● (2) Endothecium : Cells of this layer have 𝛼-cellulosic
thickenings. Helps in dehiscence of anther.
● (3) Middle layer : Cells of this layer are ephemeral and
are 1-3 layered (multilayered). It degenerates at
maturity. It provides nourishment.
● (4) Tapetum : This is the innermost layer of anther wall
which is highly nutritive. They are polyploid. The tapetal
cells show increase in their DNA content.
Structure of Anther
Dehisced Anther
Microsporogenesis
Microspore mother cell

Meiosis
Microspore tetrads
Mitosis
Pollen grains
1 veg cell & 1 gen cell
1 veg cell & 2 gametes

Microsporogenesis
Development Of Male Gametophyte
● In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains are

shed at this 2-celled stage
● The vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant food
reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus.
● The generative cell is small and floats in the cytoplasm
of the vegetative cell. It is spindle shaped with dense
cytoplasm and a nucleus.
Development Of Male Gametophyte

Pollen Grains
Pollen Grains
Pollen Grains
Pollen products
Gynoecium
● The Gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, it

consists of pistils and is typically surrounded by the
stamens.
Pistil
Pistil
Monocarpellary Multicarpellary
Eg: pea, mango
Syncarpous, Apocarpous,
Eg: Papaver Eg: Michelia
Pistil
Ovarian Cavity(Locule)
● Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity (locule).

● Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits
can be classified as unilocular, bilocular, trilocular or
multilocular.
Ovule (Megasporangium)
● Arising from the placenta are the megasporangia,

commonly called ovules.
● The number of ovules in an ovary may be one (wheat,
paddy, mango) to many (papaya, water melon, orchids).
● Ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by

means of a stalk called funicle.
● The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region
called hilum.
● Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called
integuments.
● Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where
a small opening called the micropyle is organised.
● Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza.
● Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells called
the nucellus.
● Located in the nucellus is the embryo sac or female
gametophyte.
Megasporogenesis
Female Gametophyte (Embryo sac)
● One of the megaspores is functional while the other three

degenerate.
● Only the functional megaspore develops into the female
gametophyte (embryo sac).

● Monosporic development - Embryo sac formation from a

single functional megaspore.
● Polygonum type - The embryo sac develops from the
chalazal megaspore. Its nucleus divides thrice to form eight
nuclei.
● 7 celled-8 nucleated - Megaspore undergoes three
successive mitotic divisions to form 7 celled- 8 nucleate
embryo sacs.
Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains (shed from the anther) to the

stigma of a pistil is termed pollination.
Types of Pollination
Self Cross
pollination pollination
Autogamy Geitonogamy Xenogamy

Pollination
Flowers
Flowers
● Plants such as Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and
Commelina produce two types of flowers –
● Chasmogamous flowers which are similar to flowers of other
species with exposed anthers and stigma
● Cleistogamous flowers which do not open at all.
VIOLA OXALIS COMMELINA

Chasmogamy
● Opening of flowers only after the completion of pollination is
known as chasmogamy.
● This also promotes self-pollination and is found in crops like
wheat, barley, rice and oats.
● Chasmogamous flowers have exposed anthers and stigma
similar to the flowers of other species.
Cleistogamy
● Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of

certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening,
self-pollinating flowers.
● Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansy this
behavior is most widespread in the grass family.
Pollinating Agents
Pollinating Agents
● ANEMOPHILY: Pollination through wind.

● HYDROPHILY: Pollination through water.
● ENTOMOPHILY: Pollination through insects like moths,
butterflies, wasps, bees, beetles, etc.
● ORNITHOPHILY: Pollination by birds
● CHIROPTEROPHILY: Pollination by bats
Wind Pollination
● Pollination by wind is more common

amongst abiotic pollinations.
● Pollen grains should be light and non-
sticky.
● Possess well-exposed stamens and
large, often-feathery stigma.
● Wind pollinated flowers often have a
single ovule in each ovary a familiar
example is the corn cob.
● Wind-pollination is quite common in
grasses.
Water Pollination
● Hypohydrophily - Pollination that takes place with the help

of water below the surface of water in hydrophytes bearing
submerged female flower. Example: Zostera
● Epihydrophily. Pollination takes place on the surface of water
Example: Vallisneria
Epihydrophily in
VALLISNERIA
Entomophily
● Form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are

distributed by insects.
● Bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, wasps, ants and moths are
the common pollinating agents.
● Insect-pollinated flowers are large, colourful, fragrant and
rich in nectar.
● The body of the insect gets a coating of pollen grains when
they comes in contact with the stigma, it brings about
pollination.
Outbreeding Devices
Dichogamy Heterostyly
Pollen Anther and

release and stigma are
stigma placed at
receptivity are different
not positions.
synchronised.
Outbreeding Devices
Self Unisexuality Herkogamy

Incompatibility
Self- Production of Male and

unisexual female flowers
incompatibility:
flowers:, it are present on
prevents self-
prevents different plants,
pollen from
autogamy but Prevents
fertilising the
both autogamy
ovules by not
and
inhibiting geitonogamy.
geitonogamy.
pollen
germination
Pollen-Pistil Interaction
● Pollen-pistil interaction covers the sequential events

from pollination until the pollen tubes enter the ovules.
● After pollination, pollen grains germinate on stigma.
● They absorb moisture and sugar from stigma and swell
up.
● The intine of pollen grain grows out through the any one
germional pore of exine, in the form of tube like out
growth called Pollen tube.
● When pollen tube comes down to style all vegetative
nucleus enter followed by generative cell.
● Vegetative nucleus controls the growth of pollen tube
and generative cell divides to form 2 non- motile male
gametes.
Pollen germination
Pollen-Pistil Interaction
● Pollen tube can enter to embryo sac only through egg
apparatus.
● After entrance inside the ovule it grows towards egg
apparatus due to synergids.
Artificial Hybridisation
● Artificial hybridization is the

process in which only desired
pollen grains are used for
pollination and fertilization.
● Pollination is the process of
reproduction in plants in
which plants transfer pollen
grains from anther to stigma.
● This is achieved by
emasculation and bagging
techniques.
Artificial Hybridisation
Anther is removed in bud condition from a bisexual flower

(Emasculation)
↓
Female flower is obtained
↓
Emasculated flower is enclosed in a bag made up of butter
paper or plastic (Bagging)
↓
Mature and viable pollen grains are collected from male plant
↓
Bag is opened and pollen grains are dusted on the stigma
↓
Bag replaced immediately
↓
Artificial pollination takes place
Double- Fertilization
Post fertilization Events
Endosperm Fruit
Formation Formation
Primary Ovary develops

Embryo Seed
endosperm Formation into fruit after
Formation
cell divides fertilization
repeatedly by Zygote after a
mitosis to form period of rest
develops into Non Albuminous
a triploid
Albuminous Seed
endosperm embryo. Seed
tissue. Have no Residual Retain residual
Endosperm endosperm
Post fertilization changes

● Calyx, Corolla, style, Stigma, Androecium→ Wither
● Ovary → Fruit
● Ovary wall → Pericarp
● Ovule → Seed
● Integuments → Seed coat
● Inner integuments → Tegmen
● Micropyle → Micropyle
● Funicle → Stalk of seed
● Nucellus (persistent) → Perisperm
● Egg cell → Zygote (oospore)
● Synergids → Disintegrate and disappear
Endosperm Development
● Endosperm development precedes

embryo development.
● The primary endosperm cell divides
repeatedly and forms a triploid
endosperm tissue.
● The PEN undergoes successive nuclear
divisions to give rise to free nuclei.
● Endosperm may either be completely
consumed by the developing embryo or it
may persist in the mature seed and be
used up during seed germination.
Embryo Development
● Process of development of mature embryo

from diploid zygote is called embryogenesis.
● Embryo develops at micropylar end of
embryo sac where zygote is situated.
Zygote
↓
Proembryo
↓
Globular
↓
Heart-shaped
↓
Mature embryo.
Embryo Development
→ → → →
Embryo Development
Dicot Embryo
Monocot Embryo
Seeds
● Ovule → Seed
● Albuminous/Endospermic:
● Eg. Wheat, maize, barley, caster.
● Non-albuminous/non-endospermic:
● Eg. Pea and groundnut.
True fruits
● Develop only from the ovary and are called true

fruits.
False fruits
● In a few species such as apple, strawberry,
cashew, etc., the thalamus also contributes to
fruit formation.
Parthenocarpic fruits
● Some fruits develop without fertilisation.

Apomixis
● It is a mechanism to produce seeds without

fertilisation, called apomixis.
● Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that
mimics sexual reproduction.
● Eg. species of Asteraceae and grasses.
Polyembryony
● Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed

is referred to as polyembryony.
● In many Citrus and Mango varieties some of the
nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start
dividing, protrude into the embryo sac and
develop into the embryos.
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Sexual Reproduction

● Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental, social,

● The Androecium consists of a whorl of stamens

● Angiosperm anther is bilobed with each lobe having two

Anther wall Microsporangium

Microspore mother cell

1 veg cell & 1 gen cell

1 veg cell & 2 gametes

Development Of Male Gametophyte

● In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains are

Development Of Male Gametophyte

● The Gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, it

● Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity (locule).

● Arising from the placenta are the megasporangia,

● Ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by

Female Gametophyte (Embryo sac)

● One of the megaspores is functional while the other three

Female Gametophyte (Embryo sac)

Female Gametophyte (Embryo sac)

● Monosporic development - Embryo sac formation from a

Transfer of pollen grains (shed from the anther) to the

Autogamy Geitonogamy Xenogamy

VIOLA OXALIS COMMELINA

● Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of

● ANEMOPHILY: Pollination through wind.

● Pollination by wind is more common

● Hypohydrophily - Pollination that takes place with the help

● Form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are

Pollen Anther and

Self Unisexuality Herkogamy

Self- Production of Male and

● Pollen-pistil interaction covers the sequential events

● Artificial hybridization is the

Anther is removed in bud condition from a bisexual flower

Post fertilization Events

Primary Ovary develops

Post fertilization changes

● Endosperm development precedes

● Process of development of mature embryo

● Develop only from the ovary and are called true

● Some fruits develop without fertilisation.

● It is a mechanism to produce seeds without

● Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed

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