Fano and young

FINITE GEOMETRY OF FANO

Gino Fano ( 1871- 1952)
- Gino Fano was an Italian
mathematician whose work was
mainly on Projective and algebraic
geometry. Fano was a pioneer in finite
people to try to set geometry on an
abstract footing. He is best known as
the founder of the finite geometry
A MODEL OF FANO’S GEOMETRY
 AXIOMS OF FANO’S GEOMETRY
AXIOM 1: There exist at least one line.
AXIOM 2: Every line of the geometry has exactly three points on it.
AXIOM 3: Not all points of the geometry are on the same line.
AXIOM 4: For two distinct points, there exists exactly one line on both of them.
AXIOM 5: Each two lines have at least one point in common.
THEOREM FOR FANO’S GEOMETRY
THEOREM 1. Each two lines exactly one point in
common.
THEOREM 2. Fano’s geometry consists of exactly seven
(7) points and seven (7) lines.
THEOREM 1:
Each two lines exactly one point in common.

PROOF:
By axiom 5 we know that every two lines have at least
one point in common, so we must show that they cannot
have more than one point in common.
THEOREM 2:
Fano’s geometry consists of exactly seven (7) points and
seven (7) lines.

PROOF:
Assume that there is an 8th point, and consider for example the
intersection of the line through points 1, 8 and the line 3, 7, 4.
Axiom 5 requires that lines 1, 8 and 3, 7, 4 have a point of
intersection. The point of intersection required by Axiom 5
cannot be point 3, 7, or 4, since that would violate Axiom 4.
Thus, it must be a ninth point, but that violates Axiom 2. The
assumption of an eighth point has led to a contradiction and
must be rejected.
 GET TO KNOW YOUNG
Born in 1773 in Summerset, England
Very intelligent child, learning to read at age 2 In 1793, he studied medicine in London and
become a physician
Moved on to studying light and introduce the original story of color
In 1816, he helped ascertain a precise length of the seconds and seconds pendulum
He Was One Of The First To Try deciphering Egyptian Hieroglyphs by studying the Rosetta
Stone
First To Define Energy In Science Term
His Description Of Elasticity Cameto known as Young's Modulus
He established a Finite Geometry
Young's Geometry Is a Finite geometry which has no Longer Self- dual. lt can be obtained from
Fano's Geometry by the modification of the last axiom.
Young's Geometry is a finite geometry of 9 points and 12 lines
AXIOMS FOR YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
AXIOM 1 There exists at least One line.
AXIOM 2 Every line of the geometry has
exactly three points on it.
AXIOM 3 Not all points of the geometry
are the same line.
AXIOM 4 For two distinct points, there
exists exactly one line on both of them.
AXIOM 5 If a point does not lie on a
given line, then there exists one line on
that point that does not intersect the
given line.
THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 1

For every point, there is a line not on that point.

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 1

For every point, there is a line not on that point.

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 2

For every point, there are at least four lines on that point.
THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 2.1

For every point, there are exactly four lines on that point
THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 3

Each line is Parallel to at least two Lines.

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 3.1

Each line is parallel to exactly two lines

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 4

There are exactly 12 lines

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 5

There are a set of 3 lines, on two of which intersect.

THEOREMS IN YOUNG'S GEOMETRY
Theorem 6: There are exactly 9 points.
 Pappus
(C. 290 - C. 350 AD) was a Greek
mathematics of Late Antiquity
known for his Synagoge or
Collection and for Pappus’ hexagon
theorem in projective geometry
 AXIOMS
1. There exists at least one line.
2. Every line of geometry has exactly three(3) points.
3. Not all point of geometry are on the same line.
4. There exists exactly one line through a point not on a
line that is parallel to the given line.
5. if A is a point not on line, there exists exactly one point
A’ on the line such that no line joins A and A’
6. With the exception Axioms 5,If A and B are distinct
points, then exactly one line contains both of them.
 THEOREM 1.9
1. 9 if A, B, and C are three distinct points on one line
and if A’, B’ and C’ are three distinct points on a
second line, then the intersection of AC’ and CA’, AB’
and BA’, & BC’ and CB’ are Collinear
 THEOREM 1.10
1. 10 if A, B, and C are on one line, then the point of the
intersection of the lines AB’ and BA’ , AC’ and CA’ and
BC’ and CB’ line on common line called the Pappus line
of configuration.

9 Points
9 Lines
 Desargues
DESARGUES CONFIGURATION
Is a configuration 10 points and 10 lines with three
points per line and three line per point. It is named after
Girard Desargues and closely related to desargues’
theorem, which proves the existence of the
configuration
 AXIOMS

1. There exist at least one point.

2. Each point has at least one polar.
3. Every line has at most one pole.
4. Two distinct points are on at most one line.
5. Every line has exactly three distinct points on it.
6. If a line does not contain a point P, then there is a
point on both the line and any polar of P.
THEOREM 1:
Two triangles said to be
perspective from a point if three
lines joining vertices of the
triangles meet at a corresponding
common point called the center
or polar point.
THEOREM 2:
Two triangles are said to be
perspective from a line if the
three points of intersection of
corresponding lines all lie on a
common line, called the axis.
THEOREM 3:

Desargues' theorem states that

two triangles are perspective
from a point if and only if they
are perspective from a line.
 REFERENCE:
https://www.collegesidekick.com/study-
docs/5251145#:~:text=Theorem%20DESARGUES%20THEOREM
%201%3A%20Two,the%20center%20or%20polar%20point.
Thank
You