UNIT # 01

LOGARITHMS, QUADRATIC EQUATIONS, TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES

LOGARITHMS
EXERCISE - 01 CHECK YOUR GRASP
2. Using property we get
( 5  1)2 4 2 ( 5  1)
4 2
a  (a  1)  2a a  (a  1) 4 2
= 
 2  a2  a  1 5 1 4
a2  a  1 a  a 1
= 5  1  10  2  A  log A B  1
logb logc loga
4.   1
logb  loga  logc logc  loga  logb logc  loga  logb 14. (log c 2)(log b 625) = (log 10 16)(log c 10)

s log c 2
6. (1+k) n =  n log(1 + k) = log (s/p)   log b 625  log10 16
p log c 10

log s / p  log10 2 × logb 625 = log10 24

 n
log (1  k)  log10 2 × logb 625 = 4 log 10 2
7. 1 + x > 0, 1 – x > 0, 1 – x2 > 0, x  0  log b 625 = 4
8. (7x – 9)2 (3x – 4)2 = 100
 b4 = 625  b4 = 54  b = 5
 (21x 2 –55x + 36) 2 = 100
–100
 21x2 – 55x + 36 =  10 5 
15. x =    log 10 x  100(log 5  log 3)
21x2 – 55x + 26 = 0 3

55  3025  2184 55  29 13 = –100  log10 10  log10 2  log10 3 

x =   2,
42 42 21 = –100(1 – .3010 – .4771)
only two real solution
9. Let log2x = y = –22.19 = 23.81 hence 0's = 23 – 1 = 22
 1 + 2y + y2 + y + 2y2 + y3 = 1
log12 x
 y (y2 + 3y + 3) = 0 16.  log 2 xy   1  log12 2 log 2 xy  1
 y = 0 or y2 + 3y + 3 = 0 log 2 x
 log 2 x  0 or D < 0 no real solution  log 12 xy  1  xy = 12
 x = 1 (which is not in domain as x is in the
& log2x . log3(x + y) . logx3 = 3
base in one term)
10. Take log on both sides of equation & solve the  log2x logx(x + y) = 3  log2 (x + y) = 3
equation simultaneously.  x + y = 8  (x, y) = (6, 2) or (2, 6)
11. Use a log b c  c log b a 3 2 7
3 log 10 x  log10 x
3
 3
log 4 5
4 log 5 3
3 log 4 5
4 log5 3
=0 17. x  10 3
log x log x 1
12.    3 2  
log
p log p  log q log p log q

  3 log 10 x  3 log 10 x  log 10 x 
3
q log x log x  

1 1  Put log10x = t
= log p  log q = 
x x 1 1  2 2 

   3t 4  t   9t4 – 2t2 – 7 = 0
3 3
12
13. B =  (9t2 + 7)(t2 – 1) = 0  t = ± 1
3 5  8
 log 10 x = ±1  x = 10 ±1
 12(3  5  8 )  12(3  5  8 )
B   2
  1
 (3  5 )  8  6 6 5  x = 10,
10
 2(3  5  2 2 )  6  2 5 4 2
=      x1. x2 = 1, log x 2 x 1  1 , log(x1 . x2) = 0
 1 5  5 1 5 1
EXERCISE - 02 BRAIN TEASERS
4. (A) log105(2log102 + log105) + (log102)2 1
6. (A) log 3 19.log1 / 7 3.log 4  log 3 19 log 4 3
= (log102 + log105)2 = (log 1010) 2 = 1 7
log 4  log 3  log 4 19  2
(B) 1
2 log 4  log 3  log 4 1 1 1
(B)  
1 5 23 25
(C) –log 5log 33 1/5 = –log 5 = 1
5 1 1 1
3 log 5 log 5  log 5
1 4 4 5 23 25
(D)
6
log 3  3   log 3 / 4 3 = – 1 (C) m = 7 & n = 74  n = m4
4  
5. Let log3 2 = y (D) log 5 5 2  4
1  2y 1 7. Only value of x satisfying given equation are 1 & 4.
N = 2

(1  y) (log 2 6) 2 n 1
8. log p log p (p)1 /p = log p  log p p  n  n
1  2y  y 2 pn
1  2y 1 1
= + =
(1  y ) 2 2 (1  y ) 2 10. log p q  log q r  log r p  0
 1
1  
 y then ( log p q )3 + ( log q r )3 + ( log r p )3
log 7 6  1  log 3 
= 3 ( log p q.log q r.log r p ) = 1

EXERCISE - 03 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks :  y2 + 4y – 5 = 0
2 2
3. log10 x  2 log10 x  1  log10 2  (y+5)(y–1) = 0
2
 (log10x + 1)2  log10 2 log 2 x  5 log 2 x  1
 log 10x + 1 = ± log 102 1
 x & x = 2
 log 10 10x = ± log 10 2 32

(C) 5 log10 x 3 log10 x


1 1
x = ,
5 log10 x   3.3 log10 x 
5 20 5 3
 6  log10 x  10  log10 x
log
1 2 log 20 9 1   5 5  3
20 9  1  2
   3 
4. 0.05    20 log20 9 = 9 2
 20  5 
10 log
5 
x 2

 3   
8. Given a  b  ab   3
 log 10 x  2  x  100
(a 3  1)(b 3  1)  1 a 3 b 3  a 3  b 3  1  1
 (D) 9.9 log 3 x  3.3 log 3 x  210  0
ab(a  b) ab(a  b)
 9x2 – 3x – 210 = 0
(a  b) 3  (a 3  b 3 )  3x2 – x –70 = 0

ab(a  b)  3x 2 –15x + 14x –70 =0
14
(a  b) 3  (a  b) 3  3ab(a  b)  x 5 ; x = (Reject)
 = 3 3
ab(a  b) Assertion & Reason :
Match the Column : 3 . – log2+|x| (5 + x2) = log 3 + x2 (15 + x)
1. (A) 2 log10 (x  3)  log10 (x 2  21)  LHS  0 and RHS  0
 (x – 3)2 = x2 – 21 hence no solution.
 6x = 30  x = 5 Comprehension :
(B) x log 2 x  4  32 2.  log 20 40  0
  log 2 x  4  log 2 x  log 2 32
Let log2x = y
EXERCISE - 04 [A] CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

2. (a) log1 / 3 4 3 6 .3 2  log1 / 3 3  1 11. (a) 5 log a x  5.5 log a x  3

b
log b log b N g  5 log a x 
1
 logax loga 5 = loga 2–1
log b a 2
(b) a = a log a (log b N )  log b N
log a 2 1 1
1
 log 2 (e  1)  2
 1   log a x  log 5  log 5 2
4. log 2 (e  1)  x  x  2 if x  0  a
 
1
 x  a log 5 2  2  log 5 a
49 49 49
6. 49 A = 49 1  log 7 2    (b) Let log2 x = y
49 log 7 2 7 log 7 4 4
1. 1 1
 
B  log 5 4 1 y y 1 2  y
5 5 
4
 y2 + y = 2 + y  y =  2
log a x log a z
9. 4 & 7  log 2 x   2  x  2 2
log a y log a y
12. (a) (x2 + x – 6)2 = (x + 1)4
log a x log a y log a z  x2 + x – 6 = (x + 1)2
     x = –7 (reject)
4 1 7
or x2 + x – 6 = –(x + 1)2
 x  a 4 , y  a  , z  a7 5
 x = 1,  (reject)
4 4   7 
2
Now log a a log a (a ) = 48
 1  2x 
(b) x(log105 – 1) = log10  
48   48 
2
  1    1
2
 6 
x
 81 log9 5  3 3 log3 6  log 25 1   1  2x 
10. (a) 

 409 

 log 6 3 / 2
 7 7 5 5   log 10    log 10 
2   6 


1 1  2x
 25  6 3 / 2  625  216  
=  25  6
3/2

=
409
1  2x 6
 409   x = 1
13. a2+ b 2 = c 2 a > 0, b > 0 , c > 0
10  2 21
(b) 5 log 5 2  log 2 ( 7  3 )  log 1 / 2 log c  b a  log c  b a  2 log c  b a log c  b a
16
1 1
2 LHS = 
 7 3 log a (c  b ) log a (c  b)
= 2  log 2 ( 7  3 )  log 1 / 2  
 4 log a (c 2  b 2 ) log a a 2
   
log a (c  b ) log a (c  b) log a (c  b ) log a (c  b)
= 2  log 2 ( 7  3 ) 2
  2 log c  b a log c  b a
log a (c  b) log a (c  b)
2  log 1 / 2 ( 7  3 )  log 1 / 2 4 
  16. (a) Take log on both side
= 2  2 log 2 ( 7  3 )  2 log 2 ( 7  3 )  4 200 log 105 = 200(1–log 102) = 139.8
 number of integer is 140
= 6
10 6
(b) 15 (log 103 + log 102) = 11.67
5
log 2 (3  6 )  log 2
3
 3 2 
(c) 4  number of integer is 12
2
 3 6 
log 2   (c) –100 log3 = –47.71 = 48.29
 3 2 
=4  4 log2 3  2 log2 9  9
 47 zero
EXERCISE - 04 [B] BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE
1. x  50 log10 x  10 x = x 50 Let log10x = a, log10y = b, log10z = c
 102x = x 50 2  100x = x100  x = 100  a + b – ba = log 10 5 .......(i)
Similarly
3. a  log 12 18  12 a = 18;
b + c – bc = 1– log10 2  log10 5 .......(ii)
b = log 24 54  24b = 54  24b = 3 (12)a & a + c –ac = 0 .......(iii)
 2 3b 3 b = 2 2a 3 a+1  2 3b 3 b =3 a+1 2 2a  a = c = 0, 2  b = log 105, log 1020
 3b = 2a & a + 1 = b & b = 1 (does not give any solution)
 a = –3, b = –2
x 4 2  x  2 3  x 
11. log 2    log  x  4   2 log  x  1 
(log a) 2 (log b)2 (log c) 2  x     
5.   3
log b log c log a log c log a log b
x 4 3 x 
 2 log 2    2 log 2  
 (loga)3 + (logb)3 + (logc)3 – 3loga logb logc = 0  x   x 1 
 loga + logb + logc = 0 (as a,b,c are distinct)
 logabc = 0  abc = 1 x 4 3 x 
 log     log  x  1 
 x   
log 7 13 log 7 10.log 7 11  log 7 13
6. log 7 10  
log 7 11 log 7 11 x4 3x
   x = 2
x x 1
 10   11   13 
log 7  7.  log 7  7.   log 7  7.   x = 2 only sol. and satisfying domain
=  7   7   7 
log 7 11 x  4 x 1
also   x 6
x 3x
 10   11   13 
 1  log 7 7   1  lo g 7 7    1  log 7 7   x = 6  domain
=
log 7 11 1
13. log 100 | x  y| and
2
10 11 10 11 13
1  log7  log7  log7 log7  1  log7 log 10 y  log10 | x| log 100 4  log10 2
= 7 7 7 7 7
log7 11 y
 | x  y| 10 & 2  y  2| x|
110 / 49 10 11 | x|
log 7  log 7 log 7 when x > 0 ; y = 2x
= 13 / 7 7 7
log 7 11 10 20
 x & y
110 10 11 3 3
log 7  log 7 log 7 when x < 0 ; y = –2x  |–x| = 10
 91 7 7 > 0
log 7 11  x  10 y  20
7. Take log on both side & solve the equation
simultaneously. 14. 2log2 log 2 x + log 1
2
 log (2
2 
2x )  1

9. log 4 + log 3 + log31/2x  log 3  1

x
 27   2 log2 log 2 x – log2log 2 (2 2x)  1
1

 12.3 2x = 31/x + 27   log 2 x 2 

1  log 2   1
Let 3 2x
y  y2 – 12y + 27 = 0  log 2 2 2x 
 
1 1
 y =9 or y = 3  x  and x  2
4 2   log 2 x  = 2 log 2 2 2 x
but x  N  2 have no solution 2
  log 2 x   log 2 8 x 2  3  2 log 2 x
10. log 10 (2000 xy )  log 10 x.log 10 y  4
 y2 – 2y – 3 = 0 (where y = log 2x)
= log10 2000  log10 x  log10 y  log10 x log10 y  4
 y=3; y = –1
= 3  log10 2  log10 x  log10 y  log10 x log10 y  4
 x=8; x = 1/2 (Not in domain)
= log10 x  log10 y  log10 x log10 y  1  log10 2  log10 5
EXERCISE - 05 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

2. Ans. (C)
n2
3. Let y = 4  1 . 4  1 . 4  1 .....
n 3
2x   (3y ) 3 2 3 2 3 2

 n2 (n2 + nx) = n3(n3 + ny) .....(i)

1
3
nx
= 2
ny  y2 = 4 – y  3 2 y2 = 12 2 – y
3 2
 (nx) (n3) = (ny) (n2) .....(ii)
 3 2y 2 + y – 12 2 = 0
using (ii) in (i)
(3y – 4 2 ) ( 2y + 3) = 0
 ( nx)( n3) 
 n2(n2+nx)= n3  n3  
 n2  4 2 3
 y = ; y =– (reject)
3 2
 n 2 3 
 n 2 2  n 2 3  nx   n2   1 
 n2   V = 6 + log3/2  y
3 2 
 nx = – n2 2
 1 4 2 2 
= 6 + log 3/2  .  = 6 + log 3/2  
1 3 2 3  3 
 x
2 = 6 – 2 = 4