NEET Revision Notes

Physics
Magnetism and Matter

Natural magnets: Natural magnets are minerals or metals that can produce a
magnetic field on their own without the aid of an outside energy source. Those
things should not be confused with man-made artificial magnets. While artificial
magnets can be either temporary or permanent, natural magnets are always
permanent.

Magnet
● Lodestone, a naturally occurring black-colored material, can attract iron
items maintained nearby.
● In early days, the Greeks observed this property of loadstone an oxide
called magnetite  Fe3O4  . This type of substance is called magnet.

Magnet is of two types:

o Natural Magnet Natural magnets are substances found in nature that attract
small bits of iron, known as magnetism.
o Artificial Magnets Artificial magnets are magnets that have been created
artificially. It has a set shape and size. for example , Horseshoe magnet

Properties of magnets:
We already know that the magnetic material is what makes up magnets. There
are certain crucial characteristics of magnets. As follows:
1. Attractive Property – Magnet attracts ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt,
and nickel.
2. Repulsive Properties – Like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike
magnetic poles attract each other.
3. Directive Property – A freely suspended magnet always points in a north-south
direction.
● We can see that when a magnet is covered in iron filings, the iron filings
stick to the end of the magnet because there is the strongest attraction.
These points are referred to as the magnets' poles.
● There are always two magnetic poles. Anytime a magnet is carried freely
in midair, it always faces north and south. The pole pointing northward in

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 space is referred to as the North Pole, and the pole pointing southward in
space is referred to as the South Pole.
● While unlike poles attract, like poles repel.When the two magnets are
closer together, the magnetic force between them is larger.

Important Facts Related to Magnet

o The life of an artificial magnet is short, whereas the life of a natural magnet
is long.
o The earth's magnetism lasts an endless amount of time.
o An induced magnet is an unstable magnet.
o Magnets can be found in electric bells, fans, and washing machines, among
other things.

Pole Strength
● We know that, The ability of magnetic poles to attract magnetic material is
known as pole strength. It is denoted by m . The pole strength of the North
and South pole is represented by  m and m .
Magnetic force F
● Pole strength (m)  
Magnetic induction m
● Ampere-metre or Newton/Tesla is the unit of pole strength.
Magnetic Axis
● The magnetic axis is the line that connects a magnet's north and south
poles.

Effective Length of Magnet

● The effective length of a magnet is defined as the distance between the
North Pole and the South Pole.

Magnetic Dipole
● A magnetic dipole is a magnetic north and south poles separated by a short
distance.

Image: Magnetic dipole

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Magnetic Moment
● A bar magnet's magnetic moment is equal to the product of its length and
pole strength. It is symbolised by M because M = (2l) × m .
● Unit of magnetic moment is ampere-metre 2 .

Magnetic field
● A magnetic field is an area surrounding a magnet in which another magnet
exerts a force on it.

Magnetic Field Lines

● Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines that depict the direction of a
magnetic field.Some properties of magnetic field lines are given below.
o Magnetic line of force always from closed curves.
o They leave the North Pole and enter the South Pole externally.
o They move from the South Pole to the North Pole within the magnet.
o They tend to contract laterally.
o The magnetic field lines never intersect each other.

Bar magnet
● A bar magnet is a rectangular section of an object that exhibits persistent
magnetic qualities. It can be constructed of steel, iron, or any other
ferromagnetic material.
● When suspended freely, the magnet's two poles—a north pole and a south
pole—align themselves such that the northern pole faces the magnetic
north pole of the earth.

Torque on Bar Magnet in Magnetic Field:

Image: Torque on Bar Magnet in Magnetic Field

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 ● In figure, a uniform magnetic field B is represented by an equidistant
parallel line. N S is a bar magnet of length 2l and strength of each pole is
m.
● The magnet is held at angle  with the direction of B Torque
( )  mBl sin   mBl sin 
  2mBl sin   MB sin 
In vector,   M  B

Work Done in Rotating a Dipole in a Magnetic Field:



● The total work done in deflecting the dipole through an angle  from 0
is W  MB (1  cos )


o If   0 , then W  MB[1  1]  0


o If   90 , then W  MB


o If   180 , then W  2MB , Where, M is magnetic dipole moment.

What is Earth’s Magnetic Field?

● The geomagnetic field is another name for Earth's magnetic field. The
earth's magnetic field stretches millions of kilometres into space and
resembles a bar magnet.
● The magnetic south pole of the planet is located near the North Pole, while
the magnetic north pole is located in Antarctica! This is why the North Pole
of a compass magnet points north (north and south poles attract).
● The Earth's magnetic field stretches far and broad, yet its field strength is
quite modest. A refrigerator magnet has a strength of 10 times that of a
40,000 nT magnet.

Theory of Earth’s Magnetism:

There is one idea that explains the origins of the earth's magnetism:
The Dynamo effect: The presence of metallic fluids in the outer and inner cores
gives the earth its magnetic field lines. The molten iron makes up the outer core,
while the solidified components make up the inner core.

What Causes Earth’s Magnetism?

● Earth's magnetism is created by molten iron and nickel convection currents
in the earth's core.

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 ● Magnetic fields are generated by these currents, which convey streams of
charged particles. This magnetic field deflects ionising charged particles
from the sun, preventing them from entering our atmosphere (known as
solar wind).
● Without this magnetic shield, the solar wind would have gradually
destroyed our atmosphere, making life on Earth impossible.
● Because it lacks a magnetic field, Mars does not have a robust atmosphere
capable of supporting life.
● The earth's magnetic poles are not aligned with the geographic north and
south poles. Instead, Canada is home to the magnetic South Pole, while
Antarctica is home to the magnetic North Pole.
● The magnetic poles are around 10 degrees off-kilter with the earth's
spinning axis. So your compass had been pointing to Canada instead of the
true North all this time!

Image: Earth’s magnetism

The magnetic North Pole is hundreds of miles away, near the coast, in Northern
Canada; the geographic South Pole is in the middle of the Antarctic continent,
while the magnetic pole is hundreds of miles away, near the coast. Compasses are
practically ineffective in areas near the magnetic poles.

Components of Earth’s Magnetic Field

● The size as well as the direction of the earth's magnetic field are determined
by three components:

Magnetic declination (𝝓):

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 ● The angle between true north and magnetic north is known as magnetic
declination.
● On the horizontal plane, true north is never in the same place and varies
based on the location on the earth's surface and the passage of time.

Magnetic Inclination
● The angle of dip is another name for the magnetic inclination. It's the angle
formed by the horizontal plane on the earth's surface. At the magnetic
poles, the magnetic inclination is 90 degrees, and at the magnetic equator,
it is zero degrees.


● At the magnetic equator, the angle of dip is 0 and at the magnetic poles,


the angle of dip is 90 .

Angle of inclination or dip (𝜽):

It is the angle between the magnetic field of earth and the horizontal at that place.
It is zero at the magnetic equator and 90˚ at the poles. In the magnetic northern
hemisphere, the vertical component of earth's field points downward.

Horizontal Component of the Earth's Magnetic Field

● The intensity of the earth's magnetic field is explained by two factors:
a. Horizontal component (H)
b. Vertical component (v)
● Some important expressions:
B
tan   v
BH
Bv
sin  
B
B
cos   H
B
BH2 Bv2
sin   cos   2  2
2 2
B B
2 2
B B
1  H2  v2
B B
B  BH2  Bv2

Uniform and non-uniform magnetic field

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 ● If the magnetic field in that area of space has a consistent magnitude and
consistently points in the same direction, we refer to it as being uniform.
The field is non-uniform whenever its magnitude or direction varies.

Atom as magnetic dipole

● In an atom, the electron travels in a tight orbit around the nucleus. An
electron's orbit around the nucleus is comparable to a current loop because
it is a charged particle.
● The current flows clockwise when an electron rotates counterclockwise.
The lower face of the electron loop serves as the North Pole and the higher
face as the South Pole. An atom acts like a magnetic dipole.
neh
M  n B
4 m

Relation Between Magnetic Moment and Angular Momentum

q
M L
2m
Here q is the total charge on a body of mass m rotating about a fixed axis

Some Terms Related to Magnetism

Magnetic poles are the areas where the magnetic attraction is strongest and
appears to be concentrated. Means that a magnet's pole is not placed at a single
spot but rather spread out over a wide area. There are pairs of magnetic poles.
There is no distinct magnetic pole (north or south). When a magnet is split into
two halves, each of the two sections behaves as a full magnet rather than
producing distinct N- and S-poles.
Magnetic axis: A magnet's magnetic axis is the path that runs across its poles.
Magnetic equator: The magnetic equator of the magnet is the line that runs
through its centre and perpendicular to its magnetic axis.
Magnetic length: The magnetic length of a magnet is the smallest distance
between its two poles. It is shorter than the magnet's geometric length. Effective
length is another name for this magnetic length.

Coulomb’s Law of Magnetism:

● According to Coulomb, the magnetic force between two magnetic poles
 mm 
m1 and m2 placed at a separation r is given by F  0  1 2 2  .
4  r 

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Magnetic field due to magnetic pole:
● If F is the force exerted by another magnetic charge m, then magnetic field
 m
at a distance r from m can be defined as B  0  2  .
4  r 

Magnetic potential:
● For a pole strength m, the field at a distance r is and radially away from the
 m
pole. The potential at a distance r is given by V  0   .
4  r 

Work done in rotating the magnet:

● The torque exerted by the agent for any angle θ is 𝑀𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. Thus, work
done in rotating the magnet from 1 to  2 is given by
W  MB(cos2  cos1) .

Intensity of magnetisation:
● Each substance contains a large number of atoms. In general, the magnetic
moments of these atoms are randomly oriented and there is no net magnetic
moment in any volume of the material that contains thousands of atoms.
However, when the material is kept in an external magnetic field, atomic
dipoles try to align parallel to the field.
● The degree of alignment increases if the intensity of the applied field
increases and the temperature decreases. With a sufficiently strong field,
the alignment is nearly perfect.
● We then say that the material is magnetically saturated. When the atomic
dipoles are partially or wholly aligned, there is a net magnetic moment in
the field's direction in any small material volume.

Magnetic susceptibility:
● Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the intensity of magnetisation per unit
I
magnetising field. Thus,   where χ is a dimensionless quantity and
H
may be positive or negative.

Magnetic permeability:

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 ● Magnetic permeability of the material is the measure of degree to which
the material can be permeated by magnetic field and is defined as the ratio
B
of magnetic field in the material to the magnetising field. Thus,   .
H
Relationship between r and χ: r  1  
.
Classification of magnetic materials:
Diamagnetic material:
● Suppose a material in which an individual atom does not have a net
magnetic moment. When such a material is placed in a magnetic field, the
applied field induces dipole moments in the atoms.
● Magnetic moments are induced in all materials when a magnetic field is
applied. Thus, the resultant field is smaller than the applied field. This type
of material is called diamagnetic material.
● Thus, all materials have the property of diamagnetism. However, if there
is a permanent atomic magnetic moment, then paramagnetism or
ferromagnetism is much stronger than diamagnetism and the material does
not show diamagnetic properties.
● A diamagnetic substance's magnetic susceptibility has a negative value and
is temperature-independent, meaning it does not change regardless of
changes in temperature.

Paramagnetic material:
● Now consider a material whose individual atoms have a net magnetic
moment. When such a substance is placed in a magnetic field, an extra
magnetic field produces in the material in the direction of the field. The
material's resultant magnetic field is greater than the applied field.
● The tendency to increase the magnetic field due to magnetisation of
material is called paramagnetism, and material is called paramagnetic
material.
● A paramagnetic material's magnetic susceptibility changes inversely with
temperature. In other words, they tend to lose their magnetic properties as
temperature rises.

Ferromagnetic material:

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 ● In some materials, the permanent atomic magnetic moments have a strong
tendency to align themselves, even without any external field. These
materials are called ferromagnetic materials.
● In every unmagnetised ferromagnetic material, the atoms form domains
inside the material. Different domains, however, have different directions
of magnetic moment; hence, the materials remain unmagnetised. On
applying an external field, these domains rotate and align in the direction
of the magnetic field.
● An inverse relationship exists between temperature and susceptibility for
ferromagnetic materials. Prior to the Curie temperature, there is no drop in
susceptibility, but following this, it begins to decline as temperature
increases.
Hysteresis:
● Only ferromagnetic materials exhibit hysteresis. In ferromagnetic
materials, when the external field is removed, some domains' magnetic
moments stay aligned in the direction of the previously applied
magnetising field, leaving behind residual magnetism.The lagging of
intensity of magnetisation (I) to magnetising field (H) is known as
hysteresis.
OA: Retentivity or residual magnetism
OB: Coercivity

Image: Graph of the intensity of magnetisation (I) and magnetising field is (H)

PROPERTIES OF SOFT IRON AND STEEL:

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Compared to steel, soft iron exhibits higher levels of susceptibility, permeability,
and retention while having lower levels of coercivity and hysteresis loss each
cycle.

Image: Hysteresis curve comparison

Curie's Law
● The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely
proportional to the absolute temperature, according to Curie's Law. i.e.
1

T

Curie temperature
● When a substance reaches a specific temperature, it loses its ferromagnetic
properties and behaves like a paramagnetic substance.
● This temperature is referred to as the substance's curie temperature.

Magnetic Flux
● It's the total number of magnetic lines of force that pass through any surface
regularly.
● When the surface of area A is placed perpendicular to the uniform
magnetic field B . Then, magnetic flux   BA .
● Its unit is Wb (weber) or kg  m 2 / s 2 A .
● No flux link will pass via a plane that is parallel to the magnetic field, and
the magnetic flux link with the coil will be zero.


● If the coil is rotated through 90 in the magnetic field, then magnetic flux
linked with the coil is zero.

IMPORTANT POINTS

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 ● At any place, angle of dip is  and magnetic meridian is  , then
tan   2tan 
● Intensity of Earth magnetic field
I  I 0 1  3sin 2 
Where, R  Radius of Earth


● At magnetic equator line   0 and at poles   90 , then I pole  2 I equator

Force on a Moving Charge in Magnetic Field:

● In a magnetic field, the force on a moving charge is given by,
Fm  qvB sin   q( v  B)
where, v  magnitude of charge, B  intensity of charge, and   angle
between direction of velocity and direction of magnetic field
● Lorentz force is another name for it.
o Neutral and big substances are affected by electromagnetic and
gravitational forces.
o The kinetic energy of a moving charge that moves perpendicular to the
magnetic field remains constant.
o The force that acts in the presence of an electric and magnetic field
simultaneously. F  q ( E  v  B )

Rules to Find the Direction of Force:

o The palm rule for the right hand: the fingertips of a linear conductor clasped
in the palm of the right hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of the
current will point in the direction of lines of force.
o The rule of Fleming's left hand If we spread our left hand's forefinger,
middle finger, and thumb in such a way that they are perpendicular to each
other, the first forefinger will represent the magnetic field, the second
central finger will represent the current, and the thumb will represent the
force.

Expression of magnetic field at axial & equatorial point of a bar magnet:

Image: Expression of magnetic field at axial & equatorial point of a bar magnet

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Let NS be a bar magnet with poles that are each of magnetic strength m and
magnetic length 2l. The magnetic field must be measured at a point on an axial
line called P that is located r distance from the magnet's centre, O.
The magnetic field B1 at P due to N pole of magnet,
0 m
B1  
4 NP 2
 m
or B1  0  (along PX ) ......................eq 1
4 (r  1) 2
And , the magnetic field B2 at P due to S pole of magnet,
 m
B2  0  2
4 SP
 m
or B2  0  (along PS) .....................eq 2
4 (r  1) 2
Therefore, resultant magnetic field at point P ,
B  B1  B2 (-ive sign is due to opposite directionS of B1 and B2 )
It is clear from eq1 and eq2 that B1  B2 , therefore the direction of B will be
along PX .
0 m 0 m
or B     (alongPX)
4 (r  1) 2 4 ( r  1) 2
 m(4r1)
or B  0  (alongPX)

4 r 2  12 2

Now, m(21)  M (magnetic dipole moment of magnet)
0 2Mr
Hence, B   (along PX)

4 r 2  12

2

Tangent Galvanometer:
A particular galvanometer with a vertical wire coil and a horizontal magnetic
needle in the middle. The coil receives the current to be measured, which creates
a proportionate magnetic field that causes the needle to deflect.
If the magnetic needle held at the centre of the coil of a tangent galvanometer
with n turns and a mean radius of r creates a deflection when a current flows
through it, then

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  2rH 
I   tan  ;I  K tan 

 0 
n
2rH
where K  and is called the reduction factor.
0 n

Formula chart:
1. For bar magnet Le  21 and Le  (5 / 6)Lg .
For semi-circular magnet Lg   R and Le  2R .
2. Law of magnetic poles:  B  ds  
or  B  ds  0 .
neh
3. Atom as a magnetic dipole: M   n B
4 m
eh
Where n  1,2,3. denotes the no. of orbits and  B  . Least value of dipole
4 m
moment of atom  9.27 1024 Am 2 .
4. Magnetic moment: M  m  2l  (n) | M | 2 m
5. Circular current loop as a magnet: M  IAnˆ
q
6. Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum: M  L
2m
0 m1m2
7. Coulomb’s Law of magnetic force: F  
4 r 2
8. Torque on a magnet in a magnetic field:   M  B;  MB sin 

9. Work done by external agent in rotating the magnet: Wext   ( MB sin  )d
0

10. Work done in rotating a uniform magnetic dipole in a magnetic field:

W  MB(1  cos )
If   0,cos  1 then W  MB (1  1)  0
If   90 ,cos  0 then W  MB
If   180 ,cos  1, then W  2MB
11. Gauss law in magnetism:  S B  da  0
B
12. Magnetic intensity: H 

M
13. Intensity of Magnetisation (I): Im 
V

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 Im
14. Magnetic susceptibility (χ):  
H
B
15. Magnetic Permeability (μ):  
H

Example 1: If the number of atoms in the domain in ferromagnetic iron, in

the form of a cube of side length 1μm , is 8.65×1010 atoms and dipole
moment of each iron atom is 9.27 ×10-24 Am2 , what is the maximum
Magnetization of the domain?
(a) 6×105 A / m
(b) 7 ×105 A / m
(c) 8×105 A / m
(d) 9×105 A / m
Solution: Correct option is ‘c’.
Explanation:
we know that, the maximum dipole moment  N  m
M max  8.65  1010  9.27  1024
 8  1013 Am2

 
3
Volume  106  1018 m3
Therefore, Magnetization  Mmax / Volume
 8 1013 Am2 / 1018 m3
 8 105 A / m
Hence, the maximum magnetization of the domain is 8  105 A / m .

Example 2: The earth's magnetic field at a given point is 0.5×10-5 Wbm-2 .

This field is to be annulled by magnetic induction at the centre of a circular
conducting loop of radius 5.0 cm. The current required to be flown in the
loop is nearly:
(a) 0.2 A
(b) 0.4 A
(c) 4 A
(d) 40 A
Solution: Correct option is ‘b’.
Explanation:

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According to the question given that, Earth's magnetic field at a point
BE  0.5  105 Wbm 2
The radius of a circular ring, r  5 cm
Hence, for the field to be annulled by magnetic induction at the centre of the
circular conducting loop of radius 5 cm , then BE  BR [Magnetic field at ring
centre]
i
0.5  105  0
2r
 i  2
0.5  105  0
2r  2
0
 107

i  2
0.5  105  107 
5  102
5 2  3.14  107
0.5  10  i
5  102
i  0.4 A
Hence, the current required to be flown in the loop is nearly 0.4A.

Common errors or mistakes that should be avoided by the students keeping

the exam point of view:
● Calculation errors when doing problems. Students forget to write the
working formula.
● Students also write improper units without checking their compatibility.
● Students forget to put in the correct data they used in the working formula,
which teachers use to check how effective the students are learning.
● A law stated by someone cannot be restructured; it should be reiterated like
how it was stated.
● While drawing a graph, students forget to state the variables of the graph
and just plot the graph.
● For questions requiring the reason for a certain condition, first, students are
required to state the cause and then the consequence of the condition.

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