Lecture 9.

1:

Fluid Flow in Pipes

Introduction
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits may flow
full or partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow
full.

Fluid flow in pipes may be steady or unsteady. In steady flow, there are two types of
flow that exist; laminar flow and turbulent flow.
Reynolds Number
Reynolds number is dimensionless and the ratio of the inertia force to viscous
force.

𝑫𝑽 𝑫𝑽𝝆
𝑵𝑹 = =
𝝂 𝝁

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑵𝑹 < 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 ; 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓

𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝑵𝑹 > 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑽 = 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝑵𝑹 ≤ 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝝂 = 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝝁 = 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
Shearing Stress Distribution and Velocity Distribution in Horizontal
Pipes under Steady Flow
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝒓𝒐
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟎
𝜏

𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟎

𝑳 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Shearing Stress, 𝝉 Velocity at any r distance, v

𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒓 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 (𝒓𝟐𝒐 − 𝒓𝟐 )
𝝉= 𝒗=
𝟐𝑳 𝟒𝑳𝝁

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 @ 𝟏 𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝂 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒓𝒐 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 @ 𝟐 𝑳 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝝁 = 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
Wetted Perimeter (P)
Wetted Perimeter of any conduit is the line of intersection of its wetted surface with
a cross – sectional planes.

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔: 𝑷 = 𝝅𝑫 = 𝟐𝝅r
𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆

Hydraulic Radius (R)

Hydraulic Radius of any conduit is the cross-section of the stream which it carries
divided by the wetted perimeter.

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔:

𝑨 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒓 𝑫
𝑹= 𝑹= = =
𝑷 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐 𝟒
Losses in Pipes

6
Major Losses – Friction Loss
From Bernoulli’s Equation
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 @ 𝒑𝒕. 𝟏
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 @ 𝒑𝒕. 𝟐
𝜸
𝜸 = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

Darcy Weisbach Formula

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝒉𝒇 = → 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝑳 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝑽 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔 (𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄): • 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆

𝟔𝟒 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝒇=
𝑫𝟓 𝑵𝑹 𝑸 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝒈 = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Major Losses – Friction Loss
Manning’s Formula
• 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 • 𝑺. 𝑰 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝒏 = 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺 𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒏 𝑳 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝑽 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑽= 𝑫 𝑺 𝑽= 𝑫 𝑺
𝒏 𝒏
𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝟒
𝑫𝟑 𝑹𝟑
𝑸 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝟐
𝒏 𝑳𝑸 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝟒 𝑹 = 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
𝟏𝟔
𝑫𝟑 𝑫𝟑
𝑺 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝑮𝑳
𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟔
𝑫𝟑
Major Losses – Friction Loss
Hazen – Williams Formula
• 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 • 𝑺. 𝑰 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒 𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑪𝟏 = 𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒆𝒏 − 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑹 = 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
𝑽 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑺 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝑮𝑳
Minor Losses

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒌 = 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒔, 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒔)
𝒌𝑽𝟐
𝒉= 𝒈 = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟐𝒈
𝑽 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒉 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝑮𝑳
Problem Set 12
Problem 1
Determine the shear stress at the walls of a 305mm diameter pipe when the water flowing
causes a measured head loss of 15m in 300m of pipe length. Determine also the average
velocity for an f value of 0.05.
Solution: 𝐚. 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝜏 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆:
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒉𝒇 =
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒓 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒓 𝜸 𝜸
𝑫 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝝉= 𝝉= ( )
𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝜸
𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎 𝒓𝜸 ( )(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝝉 = 𝒉𝒇 = (𝟏𝟓) 𝟐
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟐𝑳 𝟐(𝟑𝟎𝟎)

𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝝉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟒 𝑲𝑷𝒂

𝐛. 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)(𝟑𝟎𝟎)𝑽𝟐 𝒎
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓 = 𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟔
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 (. 𝟑𝟎𝟓) 𝒔
Problem Set 12
Problem 2
A new cast-iron pipe 12 in. in diameter and 100ft long connects two reservoirs, both ends
being sharp cornered (kc=0.5,ke=0.86). Determine the difference in elevation between the
water surfaces in the 2 reservoirs if the discharge is 16 cfs. (Use n=0.011)
Solution:
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒉𝒄
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒇𝒔
𝒉𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
𝒉𝒆
𝒌𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒌𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 ∅ = 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝒇𝒕
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒆
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
(𝟎. 𝟓)(𝝅 ) (𝟎. 𝟖𝟔)(𝝅 )
𝒌𝒄 𝑽𝟐 (𝟏)𝟐 𝒌𝒆 𝑽𝟐 (𝟏)𝟐
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟒 𝒉𝒆 = = 𝟒 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝒇𝒕
= = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝟐𝒈
𝟐𝒈 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐
Problem Set 12
Problem 2
A new cast-iron pipe 12 in. in diameter and 100ft long connects two reservoirs, both ends
being sharp cornered (kc=0.5,ke=0.86). Determine the difference in elevation between the
water surfaces in the 2 reservoirs if the discharge is 16 cfs. (Use n=0.011)
Solution:
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒉𝒄
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒇𝒔
𝒉𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
𝒉𝒆
𝒌𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒌𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 ∅ = 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝒇𝒕
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒆
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 + 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎))(𝝅 )
𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐 (𝟏)𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝟒 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝟒 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝑫𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Do you have any
questions?

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