(eBook PDF) Exploring Geology 3rd

Edition by Reynolds, Stephen

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-geology-3rd-edition-by-reynold
s-stephen/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

(eBook PDF) Exploring Geology 4th Edition by Stephen

Reynolds

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-geology-4th-
edition-by-stephen-reynolds/

(eBook PDF) Exploring Geology 6th Edition By Stephen

Reynolds

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-geology-6th-
edition-by-stephen-reynolds/

(eBook PDF) Exploring Geology 5th Edition by Stephen

Reynolds

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-geology-5th-
edition-by-stephen-reynolds/

Exploring Physical Geography 3rd Edition Stephen

Reynolds - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/exploring-physical-geography-
ebook-pdf-2/
(eBook PDF) Exploring Earth Science 2nd Edition by
Stephen Reynolds

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-earth-
science-2nd-edition-by-stephen-reynolds/

Exploring physical geography 2nd Edition Reynolds -

eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/exploring-physical-geography-
ebook-pdf/

(Original PDF) Essentials of Geology 5th Edition by

Stephen Marshak

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-essentials-of-
geology-5th-edition-by-stephen-marshak/

(eBook PDF) Exploring Earth Science by Chuck Carter;

Stephen

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exploring-earth-science-
by-chuck-carter-stephen/

(eBook PDF) Environmental Geology 3rd Edition by Jim

Reichard

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-environmental-
geology-3rd-edition-by-jim-reichard/
 THIRD
EDITION

McGraw-Hill ConnectPlus®
geology Geology

ConnectPlus interactive learning platform provides:

• Auto-graded assessments
• Adaptive diagnostic tool
• Powerful reporting against learning outcomes
and level of difficulty
• An easy-to-use interface

ConnectPlus includes the full textbook as an integrated, dynamic eBook

which you can also assign.

Everything you need. . .in one place!

www.mcgrawhillconnect.com

McGraw-Hill LearnSmart™
• The only truly adaptive learning system
• Intelligently identifies course content students
have not yet mastered

R E YN O L D S
• Maps out personalized study plans for their success

Unlike static flashcards or rote memorization, LearnSmart ensures your

students have mastered course concepts before taking the exam, thereby

MD DALIM #11677910 12/12/11 CYAN MAG YELO BLK

saving you time and increasing student success.

JOHNSON
McGraw-Hill Higher Education and Blackboard® have
teamed up. What does this partnership mean for you? Blackboard users
will find the single sign-on and deep integration of ConnectPlus within their
Blackboard course to be an invaluable benefit. Even if your school is not

MORIN
using Blackboard, we have a solution for you.

Learn more at www.domorenow.com

CARTE R
Want to use the Reynolds text with ConnectPlus?
Use MHID 0-07-759857-1
ISBN 978-0-07-759857-0

R EYNOLDS JOH NSON MOR I N CARTE R

 CONTENTS
Preface xiv 2.6 How Do Geologists Refer to Rates and Time? 36
Supplements xxv 2.7 How Do We Investigate Geologic Questions? 38
Acknowledgments xxviii
2.8 How Do Scientific Ideas Get Established? 40
About the Authors xxxi
2.9 What Does a Geologist Do? 42
CH AP TE R 1: 2.10 CONNECTIONS: How Did This Crater Form? 44
TH E N ATU RE OF G E OLOGY 2 2.11 INVESTIGATION: What Is the Geologic
History of Upheaval Dome? 46
1.1 How Does Geology Influence Where
and How We Live? 4
1.2 How Does Geology Help Explain Our World? 6
1.3 What Is Inside Earth? 8
1.4 What Processes Affect Our Planet? 10
1.5 How Do Rocks Form? 12
1.6 What Can Happen to a Rock? 14
1.7 How Do the Atmosphere, Water,
and Life Interact with Earth’s Surface? 16
1.8 What Is Earth’s Place in the Solar System? 18 C HA PT ER 3:
1.9 CONNECTIONS: How Is Geology Expressed PLAT E T ECT O NICS 48
in the Black Hills and in Rapid City? 20
1.10 INVESTIGATION: How Is Geology 3.1 What Are the Major Features of Earth? 50
Affecting This Place? 22
3.2 Why Do Some Continents Have Matching Shapes? 52
3.3 Where Do Earthquakes and Volcanoes Occur? 54
3.4 What Causes Tectonic Activity to Occur in Belts? 56
3.5 What Happens at Divergent Boundaries? 58
3.6 What Happens at Convergent Boundaries? 60
3.7 What Happens Along Transform Boundaries? 62
3.8 How Do Plates Move and Interact? 64
3.9 How Is Paleomagnetism Used to Determine
Rates of Seafloor Spreading? 66
3.10 What Geologic Features Does Plate Tectonics Help
Explain? 68
3.11 CONNECTIONS: Why Is South America Lopsided? 70
CH AP TE R 2:
3.12 INVESTIGATION: Where Is the Safest Place to Live? 72
I N VE STIGATIN G G E OLOGIC
Q U E STION S 24

2.1 What Can We Observe in Landscapes? 26

2.2 How Do We Interpret Geologic Clues? 28
2.3 How Do We Depict Earth’s Surface? 30
2.4 How Do We Depict Earth’s Heights, Slopes,
and Subsurface Geology? 32
2.5 How Are Geologic Problems Quantified? 34

VI

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd vi 11/7/11 10:59 AM

 CH AP TE R 4: 5.5 How Do Rocks Melt? 116
E A RTH M ATE RIA LS 74 5.6 How Do Igneous Rocks Form? 118
5.7 How Does Magma Move? 120
4.1 What Is the Difference Between a Rock 5.8 How Does Magma Solidify? 122
and a Mineral? 76 5.9 How Does Magma Form Along Divergent
4.2 How Are Minerals Put Together in Rocks? 78 Plate Boundaries? 124
4.3 How Do We Distinguish One Mineral 5.10 How Does Magma Form Along Convergent
from Another? 80 Plate Boundaries? 126
4.4 What Controls a Crystal’s Shape? 82 5.11 How Is Magma Generated at Hot Spots and
4.5 What Causes Cleavage in Minerals? 84 Other Sites Away from Plate Boundaries? 128
4.6 How Are Minerals Classified? 86 5.12 How Do Large Magma Chambers Form and
How Are They Expressed in Landscapes? 130
4.7 What Is the Crystalline Structure
of Silicate Minerals? 88 5.13 How Are Small Intrusions Formed
and Expressed in Landscapes? 132
4.8 What Are Some Common Silicate Minerals? 90
5.14 CONNECTIONS: How Did the Sierra
4.9 What Are Some Common Nonsilicate Minerals? 92
Nevada Form? 134
4.10 Where Are Different Minerals Abundant? 94
5.15 INVESTIGATION: What Types of Igneous
4.11 What Are the Building Blocks of Minerals? 96 Processes Are Occurring Here? 136
4.12 How Do Atoms Bond Together? 98
4.13 How Do Chemical Reactions Help Minerals
Grow or Dissolve? 100
4.14 CONNECTIONS: How Are Minerals
Used in Society? 102
4.15 INVESTIGATION: What Minerals Would
You Use to Build a House? 104

CH AP TE R 5: C HA PT ER 6:
I G N E OU S E N V IRON M ENT S 106 VO LC ANO ES AND VO L CA NIC
HAZARDS 138
5.1 What Textures Do Igneous Rocks Display? 108
5.2 How Are Igneous Rocks Classified? 110 6.1 What Is and Is Not a Volcano? 140
5.3 What Are Some Other Igneous Rocks? 112 6.2 What Controls the Style of Eruption? 142
5.4 How Do Temperature and Pressure 6.3 What Features Characterize Basaltic Volcanoes? 144
Vary Inside Earth? 114 6.4 How Do Shield Volcanoes Form? 146

VII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd vii 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 6.5 What Causes Flood Basalts? 148 7.9 Where Does Sandstone Form? 188
6.6 What Are the Hazards of Basaltic Eruptions? 150 7.10 How Do Fine-Grained Clastic Rocks Form? 190
6.7 What Are Composite Volcanoes? 152 7.11 How Do Carbonate Rocks Form? 192
6.8 What Disasters Were Caused by 7.12 How Do Changing Environments Create
Composite Volcanoes? 154 a Sequence of Different Kinds of Sediments? 194
6.9 How Do Volcanic Domes Form? 156 7.13 How Do We Study Sedimentary Sequences? 196
6.10 Why Does a Caldera Form? 158 7.14 Why Are Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
6.11 What Disasters Were Related to Calderas? 160 Important to Our Society? 198
6.12 What Areas Have the Highest Potential 7.15 CONNECTIONS: How Did Sedimentary
for Volcanic Hazards? 162 Layers West of Denver Form? 200
6.13 How Do We Monitor Volcanoes? 164 7.16 INVESTIGATION: What Is the Sedimentary
History of This Plateau? 202
6.14 CONNECTIONS: What Volcanic Hazards
Are Posed by Mount Rainier? 166
6.15 INVESTIGATION: How Would You Assess
Hazards on This Volcano? 168

C HA PT ER 8:
DEF O RMAT IO N A ND
METAMO RPHIS M 204
CH AP TE R 7:
SE D IM E N TA RY E N V IRO NMENT S 8.1 How Do Rocks Respond to Stress? 206
A N D ROCKS 170 8.2 How Do Rocks Respond to Changes in Stress,
Temperature, and Fluids? 208

7.1 What Sedimentary Environments Occur on Land? 172 8.3 How Do Rocks Fracture? 210

7.2 What Sedimentary Environments Are 8.4 What Are Different Types of Faults? 212
Near Shorelines and in Oceans? 174 8.5 What Are Folds and How Are They Shaped? 214
7.3 Where Do Clasts Come From? 176 8.6 What Are Some Metamorphic Features? 216
7.4 What Are the Characteristics of 8.7 What Are Some Common Metamorphic Rocks? 218
Clastic Sediments? 178 8.8 How Does Metamorphism Occur? 220
7.5 What Types of Rocks Do Clastic Sediments Form? 180 8.9 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? 222
7.6 What Are Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks and 8.10 What Processes Occur in Extensional
How Do They Form? 182 and Strike-Slip Settings? 224
7.7 Why Do Sedimentary Rocks Have Layers? 184 8.11 How Are Different Structures
7.8 Where Do Breccia and Conglomerate Form? 186 and Metamorphic Features Related? 226

VIII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd viii 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 8.12 How Are Geologic Structures and Metamorphic C HA PT ER 10:
Rocks Expressed in the Landscape? 228 T HE S EAF LO O R A ND
8.13 How Do We Study Geologic Structures CO NT INENTAL M A R GINS 268
and Metamorphic Features? 230
8.14 CONNECTIONS: What Is the Structural 10.1 How Do We Explore the Seafloor? 270
and Metamorphic History of New England? 232
10.2 What Processes Occur at Mid-Ocean Ridges? 272
8.15 INVESTIGATION: What Structural and
10.3 What Are Major Features of the Deep Ocean? 274
Metamorphic Events Occurred Here? 234
10.4 How Do Oceanic Islands, Seamounts,
CH AP TE R 9: and Oceanic Plateaus Form? 276
G E O LOG IC TIM E 236 10.5 What Processes Form Island Arcs? 278
10.6 How Did Smaller Seas of the Pacific Form? 280
9.1 How Do We Infer the Relative Ages of Events? 238 10.7 How Did Smaller Seas Near Eurasia Form? 282
9.2 How Do We Study Ages of Landscapes? 240 10.8 How Do Reefs and Coral Atolls Form? 284
9.3 What Is the Significance of an Unconformity? 242 10.9 What Is the Geology of Continental Margins? 286
9.4 How Are Ages Assigned to Rocks and Events? 244 10.10 How Do Marine Salt Deposits Form? 288
9.5 What Are Fossils? 246 10.11 How Did Earth’s Modern Oceans Evolve? 290
9.6 How and Why Did Living Things Change 10.12 CONNECTIONS: How Did the Gulf of Mexico
Through Geologic Time? 248 and the Caribbean Region Form? 292
9.7 How Are Fossils Used to Infer Ages of Rocks? 250 10.13 INVESTIGATION: How Did These Ocean
Features and Continental Margins Form? 294
9.8 How Was the Geologic Timescale Developed? 252
9.9 What Is the Evidence for the Age of Earth? 254
9.10 What Were Some Milestones
in the Early History of Life on Earth? 256
9.11 What Were Some Milestones
in the Later History of Life on Earth? 258
9.12 How Do We Reconstruct Geologic Histories? 260
9.13 Why Do We Investigate Geologic History? 262
9.14 CONNECTIONS: What Is the History
of the Grand Canyon? 264
9.15 INVESTIGATION: What Is the Geologic History C HA PT ER 11:
of This Place? 266 MO UNTAINS , B A SINS,
AND C O NT INEN TS 296

11.1 Why Are Some Regions High in Elevation? 298

11.2 Where Do Mountain Belts and High Regions Form? 300
11.3 How Do Local Mountains Form? 302
11.4 Where Do Basins Form? 304
11.5 How Do Mountains and Basins Form
at Convergent Continental Margins? 306
11.6 How Does Continental Extension Occur? 308
11.7 What Are the Characteristics and History
of Continental Hot Spots? 310

IX

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd ix 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 11.8 What Features Characterize the Interiors 12.7 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? 340
of Continents? 312 12.8 What Were Some Major North American
11.9 What Are Tectonic Terranes? 314 Earthquakes? 342
11.10 How Do Continents Form? 316 12.9 What Were Some Recent Large Earthquakes? 344
11.11 How Did the Continents Join and Split Apart? 318 12.10 How Does a Tsunami Form
11.12 CONNECTIONS 1: How Did the Appalachian and Cause Destruction? 346
and Ouachita Mountains Form? 320 12.11 How Do We Study Earthquakes in the Field? 348
11.13 CONNECTIONS 2: What Is the Geologic History 12.12 Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? 350
of the Western United States? 322 12.13 What Is the Potential for Earthquakes Along
11.14 INVESTIGATION: Where Will Mountains the San Andreas Fault? 352
and Basins Form in This Region? 324 12.14 How Do We Explore Earth’s Subsurface? 354
12.15 What Do Seismic Waves Indicate
About Earth’s Interior? 356
12.16 How Do We Investigate Deep Processes? 358
12.17 CONNECTIONS: What Happened During
the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964? 360
12.18 INVESTIGATION: Where Did This Earthquake
Occur, and What Damage Might Be Expected? 362

C HA PT ER 13:
CLIMAT E, WEAT HE R , A ND
T HEIR INF LUENCE S O N GE O L O GY 364
CH AP TE R 12 :
E A RTH Q U A KE S A N D E ART H’S
13.1 What Causes Winds? 366
I N T E RIOR 326
13.2 Why Does It Rain and Snow? 368
13.3 How Do Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other
12.1 What Is an Earthquake? 328
Storms Develop? 370
12.2 How Does Faulting Cause Earthquakes? 330
13.4 How Do Ocean Currents Influence Climate? 372
13.5 What Causes Short-Term Climatic Variations? 374
13.6 What Controls the Location of Rain Forests? 376
13.7 What Are Deserts and How Do They Form? 378
13.8 How Does Wind Transport Material? 380
13.9 What Features Are Common in Deserts? 382
13.10 What Is the Evidence for Climate Change? 384
13.11 What Factors Influence Climate Change? 386
13.12 What Is the Relationship Among Climate,
12.3 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur? 332 Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution? 388
12.4 What Causes Earthquakes Along 13.13 How Does Geology Influence Ecology? 390
Plate Boundaries and Within Plates? 334 13.14 CONNECTIONS: What Occurred During
12.5 How Do Earthquake Waves Travel? 336 the Hurricane Seasons of 2004 and 2005? 392
12.6 How Do We Determine the Location and 13.15 INVESTIGATION: What Kinds of Climate
Size of an Earthquake? 338 and Weather Would Occur in This Place? 394

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd x 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 CH AP TE R 14 : C HA PT ER 15:
G L A CIE RS, SH ORE LIN ES , WEAT HERING, SO IL ,
A N D CHA N G IN G SE A LEVELS 396 AND UNS TABLE SL O P E S 436

14.1 What Are Glaciers? 398 15.1 What Physical Processes Affect Rocks
14.2 How Do Glaciers Form, Move, and Vanish? 400 Near the Surface? 438
14.3 What Happens When Glaciers Erode 15.2 How Do Chemical Processes Affect Rocks
into the Landscape? 402 Near the Surface? 440
14.4 What Features Do Glacial Sediments Form? 404 15.3 How Do Different Rocks and Minerals Weather? 442
15.4 What Factors Influence Weathering? 444
15.5 How Does Soil Form? 446
15.6 Why Is Soil Important to Society? 448
15.7 What Controls the Stability of Slopes? 450
15.8 How Do Slopes Fail? 452
15.9 How Does Material on Slopes Fall and Slide? 454
15.10 How Does Material Flow Down Slopes? 456
15.11 Where Do Slope Failures Occur in the U.S.? 458
15.12 How Do We Study Slope Failures
and Assess the Risk for Future Events? 460
15.13 CONNECTIONS: What Is Happening
with the Slumgullion Landslide in Colorado? 462
15.14 INVESTIGATION: Which Areas Have
14.5 What Features Are Peripheral to Glaciers? 406 the Highest Risk of Slope Failure? 464
14.6 What Is the Evidence for Past Glaciations? 408
14.7 What Happened During Past Ice Ages? 410
14.8 What Starts and Stops Glacial Episodes? 412
14.9 What Processes Occur Along Shorelines? 414
14.10 What Causes High Tides and Low Tides? 416
14.11 How Do Waves Form and Propagate? 418
14.12 How Is Material Eroded, Transported,
and Deposited Along Shorelines? 420
14.13 What Landforms Occur Along Shorelines? 422
14.14 What Are Some Challenges of Living
Along Shorelines? 424
14.15 How Do Geologists Assess the Relative
Risks of Different Stretches of Coastline? 426
14.16 What Happens When Sea Level Changes? 428 C HA PT ER 16:
14.17 What Causes Changes in Sea Level? 430 S T REAMS AND FL O O D ING 466
14.18 CONNECTIONS: What Would Happen to Sea
Level if the Ice in West Antarctica Melted? 432 16.1 What Are River Systems? 468
14.19 INVESTIGATION: How Could Global Warming 16.2 How Do Streams Transport Sediment
or a Glacial Period Affect North America? 434 and Erode Their Channels? 470

XI

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xi 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 17.9 How Can Water Become Contaminated? 518
17.10 How Does Groundwater Contamination
Move and How Do We Clean It Up? 520
17.11 CONNECTIONS: What Is Going On with
the Ogallala Aquifer? 522
17.12 INVESTIGATION: Who Polluted Surface
Water and Groundwater in This Place? 524

16.3 How Do River Systems Change Downstream

or Over Short Time Frames? 472
16.4 What Factors Influence Profiles of Streams? 474
16.5 Why Do Streams Have Curves? 476
16.6 What Features Characterize Mountain Streams? 478
16.7 What Features Characterize Braided Streams? 480
16.8 What Features Characterize
Low-Gradient Streams? 482
16.9 What Happens When a Stream Reaches C HA PT ER 18:
Its Base Level? 484 ENERGY AND M INE R A L
16.10 How Do Rivers Change Over Time? 486 RES O URC ES 526
16.11 What Happens During Stream Incision? 488
16.12 What Is and What Is Not a Flood? 490 18.1 How Do Oil and Natural Gas Form? 528
16.13 What Were Some Devastating Floods? 492 18.2 In What Settings Are Oil and Gas Trapped? 530
16.14 How Do We Measure Floods? 494 18.3 How Do Coal and Coal-Bed Methane Form? 532
16.15 CONNECTIONS: How Does the Colorado River 18.4 What Are Other Types of Hydrocarbons? 534
Change as It Flows Across the Landscape? 496
18.5 How Do We Explore for Fossil Fuels? 536
16.16 INVESTIGATION: How Would Flooding
18.6 How Is Nuclear Energy Produced? 538
Affect This Place? 498
18.7 How Is Water Used to Generate Electricity? 540
CH AP TE R 17 :
WAT E R RE SOU RCE S 500

17.1 Where Does Water Occur on Our Planet? 502

17.2 How Do We Use Freshwater? 504
17.3 Where Is Groundwater Found? 506
17.4 How and Where Does Groundwater Flow? 508
17.5 What Is the Relationship Between
Surface Water and Groundwater? 510
17.6 What Features Form When Groundwater
Interacts with Limestone? 512 18.8 What Are Alternative Energy Sources? 542
17.7 How Do We Explore for Groundwater? 514 18.9 What Are Mineral Deposits
17.8 What Problems Are Associated and How Do They Form? 544
with Groundwater Pumping? 516 18.10 How Do Precious Metal Deposits Form? 546

XII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xii 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 18.11 How Do Base Metal Deposits Form? 548
18.12 How Do We Explore for Mineral Deposits? 550
18.13 Why Are Industrial Rocks and Minerals
So Important to Society? 552
18.14 CONNECTIONS: Why Is Wyoming So Rich
in Energy Resources? 554
18.15 INVESTIGATION: Where Would You Explore
for Fossil Fuels in This Place? 556

CH AP TE R 19 :
G E O LOG Y OF THE SOL AR S YS T EM 558
Glossary G-1
19.1 How Do We Explore Other Planets and Moons? 560 Credits C-1
19.2 Why Is Each Planet and Moon Different? 562 Index I-1
19.3 What Is the Geology of the Inner Planets? 564 Shaded-Relief Map of the United States I-18
19.4 What Is the Geology of Our Moon? 566 Tapestry of Time Map of North America Inside Back Cover
19.5 What Is Observed on Jupiter and Its Moons? 568
19.6 What Is Observed on Saturn and Its Moons? 570
19.7 What Is the Geology of the Outer Planets
and Their Moons? 572
19.8 CONNECTIONS: What Have We Learned
About Mars? 574
19.9 INVESTIGATION: How and When Did Geologic
Features on This Alien World Form? 576

XIII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xiii 11/7/11 11:00 AM

 PREFACE
TELLING THE STORY . . .
WE WROTE EXPLORING GEOLOGY SO THAT STUDENTS
could learn from the book on their own, freeing up instructors to
teach the class in any way they want. I (Steve Reynolds) first iden-
tified the need for this book while I was a National Association
of Geoscience Teachers’ (NAGT) distinguished speaker. As part
of my NAGT activities, I traveled around the country conducting
workshops on how to infuse active learning and scientific inquiry
into introductory college geology courses, including those with
upwards of 200 students. In the first part of the workshop, I asked
the faculty participants to list the main goals of an introductory
geology college course, especially for nonmajors. At every school
I visited, the main goals were similar and are consistent with the
conclusions of the National Research Council (see box below):
• to engage students in the process of scientific inquiry so
that they learn what science is and how it is conducted,
• to teach students how to observe and interpret landscapes
and other aspects of their surroundings,
• to enable students to learn and apply important geologic
concepts,
• to help students understand the relevance of geology to
their lives, and
• to enable students to use their new knowledge, skills, and
ways of thinking to become more informed citizens.
I then asked faculty members to rank these goals and estimate
how much time they spent on each goal in class. At this point,
many instructors recognized that their activities in class were not
consistent with their own goals. Most instructors were spending
nearly all of class time teaching content. Although this was one of
their main goals, it commonly was not their top goal.
Next, I asked instructors to think about why their activities were
not consistent with their goals. Inevitably, the answer was that
NRC The National Research Council
NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE
EDUCATION STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENT,
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
LEARNING SCIENCE IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS.
Learning science is something students do, not something that
is done to them. In learning science, students describe objects
and events, ask questions, acquire knowledge, construct expla-
nations of natural phenomena, test those explanations in many
different ways, and communicate their ideas to others. Science
teaching must involve students in inquiry-oriented investiga-
tions in which they interact with their teachers and peers.
XIV
rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xiv
Like most geologists, author Steve Reynolds prefers teaching stu-
dents out in the field, where they can directly observe the geology
and reconstruct the sequence of geologic events.
most instructors spend nearly all of class time covering content
because (1) textbooks include so much material that students
have difficulty distinguishing what is important from what is not;
(2) instructors needed to lecture so that students would know
what is important; and (3) many students have difficulty learning
independently from the textbook.
In most cases, textbooks drive the curriculum, so the author team
decided that we should write a textbook that (1) contains only
important material, (2) indicates clearly to the student what is
important and what they need to know, and (3) is designed and
written in such a way that students can learn from the book on
their own. This type of book would give instructors freedom to
teach in a way that is more consistent with their goals, including
using local examples to illustrate geologic concepts and their rel-
evance. Instructors would also be able to spend more class time
teaching students to observe and interpret geology, and to partici-
pate in the process of scientific inquiry, which represents the top
goal for many instructors.
COGNITIVE AND SCIENCE-
EDUCATION RESEARCH
To design a book that supports instructor goals, we delved into cog-
nitive and science-education research, especially research on how
our brains process different types of information, what obstacles
limit student learning from textbooks, and how students use visu-
als versus text while studying. We also conducted our own research
on how students interact with textbooks, what students see when
they observe photographs showing geologic features, and how they
interpret different types of geologic illustrations, including geo-
logic maps and cross sections. Exploring Geology is the result of
our literature search and of our own science-education research.
As you examine Exploring Geology, you will notice that it is stylis-
tically different from most other textbooks, which will likely elicit
a few questions.
11/7/11 11:55 AM
 HOW DOES THIS BOOK SUPPORT STUDENT CURIOSITY AND INQUIRY?

CHAPTER

15
We a t h e r i n g , S o i l , a n d U n s t a b l e S l o p e s 437

Weathering, Soil, and TOPICS IN THIS CHAPTER

Unstable Slopes 15.1 What Physical Processes Affect Rocks
Near the Surface? 438
15.8
15.9
How Do Slopes Fail?
How Does Material on Slopes Fall and Slide?
452
454
15.2 How Do Chemical Processes Affect Rocks 15.10 How Does Material Flow Down Slopes? 456
SLOPES CAN BE UNSTABLE, leading to slope failures that can produce catastrophic landslides or mudslides Near the Surface? 440
involving thick slurries of mud and debris. Such events have killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed 15.11 Where Do Slope Failures Occur in the U.S.? 458
15.3 How Do Different Rocks
houses, bridges, and entire cities. Where does this loose material come from, what determines if a slope is 15.12 How Do We Study Slope Failures and
and Minerals Weather? 442
Assess the Risk for Future Events? 460
stable, and how do slopes fail? In this chapter, we explore slope stability and the origin of soil, one of our 15.4 What Factors Influence Weathering? 444
most important resources. 15.13 Connections: What Is Happening with
15.5 How Does Soil Form? 446 the Slumgullion Landslide in Colorado? 462
15.6 Why Is Soil Important to Society? 448 15.14 Investigation: Which Areas Have
The Cordillera de la Costa is In December 1999, torrential rains in the mountains caused landslides and mobilized soil and other 15.7 What Controls the Stability of Slopes? 450 the Highest Risk of Slope Failure? 464
a steep 2 km-high mountain loose material as debris flows and flash floods that buried parts of the coastal cities. Some light-colored
range that runs along the coast landslide scars are visible on the hillsides in this image.
of Venezuela, separating the
capital city of Caracas from the How does soil and other loose material form on hillslopes? What factors determine whether a slope Huge boulders smashed through the lower two floors of this building in
sea. This image, looking south, is stable or is prone to landslides and other types of downhill movement? Caraballeda and ripped away part of the right side (▼). The mud and water
that transported these boulders is no longer present, but the boulders remain
1999 Venezuelan Disaster
has topography overlain with a
as a testament to the fury of the event.

A
satellite image taken in 2000. The debris flow is a slurry of water and debris,
white areas are clouds and the 15.00.a1 including mud, sand, gravel, pebbles, boul-
purple areas are cities. The ders, vegetation, and even cars and small
Caribbean Sea is in the buildings. Debris flows can move at speeds up to
foreground. 16 m/s (36 mph). In December 1999, two storms
dumped as much as 1.1 m (42 in.) of rain on the
coastal mountains of Venezuela. The rain loosened
Caracas soil on the steep hillsides, causing many land-
Caracas slides and debris flows that coalesced in the steep
canyons and raced downhill toward the cities
built on the alluvial fans.
Cordillera de la Costa In Caraballeda, the debris flows carried boul-
Landslide ders up to 10 m (33 ft) in diameter and weighing
Scars 300 to 400 tons each. The debris flows and flash
Landslide floods raced across the city, flattening cars and
Scars smashing houses, buildings, and bridges. They
left behind a jumble of boulders and other debris
along the path of destruction through the city.
After the event, USGS geologists went into
the area to investigate what had happened and
15.00.a2 Caraballeda, Venezuela why. They documented the types of material
that were carried by the debris flows, mapped
the extent of the flows, and measured boulders
Caracas Airport (▼) to investigate processes that occurred dur-
ing the event. When the geologists examined
Caribbean Sea what lay beneath the foundations of destroyed
Caraballeda houses, they discovered that much of the city had
Caribbean Sea been built on older debris flows. These depos-
Alluvial Fan
its should have provided a warning of what was
to come.

15.00.a4 Caraballeda, Venezuela

The mountain slopes are too steep for buildings, so people The city of Caraballeda, built on one such alluvial fan, was especially hard ◀ This aerial photograph of
built the coastal cities on the less steep fan-shaped areas at hit in1999 by debris flows and flash floods that tore a swath of destruction Caraballeda, looking south
the foot of each valley. These flatter areas are alluvial fans com- through the town. Landslides, debris flows, and flooding killed more than up the canyon, shows the
posed of mountain-derived sediment that has been transported 19,000 people and caused up to $30 billion in damage in the region. The damage in the center of the

15.0
down the canyons and deposited along the mountain front. damage is visible as the light-colored strip through the center of town. city caused by the debris
flows and flash floods.
What are some potential hazards of living next to steep moun- How can loss of life and destruction of property by debris flows and
tain slopes, especially in a city built on an active alluvial fan? landslides be avoided or at least minimized?
15.00.a3

436

rey7668x_c15_436_465.indd 436 8/19/09 11:46:00 rey7668x_c15_436_465.indd

AM 437 8/19/09 11:46:14 AM

Exploring Geology promotes inquiry and sci-

ence as an active process. It encourages stu- Inquire
dent curiosity and aims to activate existing
“Exploring Geology is a seminal textbook for the new century, created by a
student knowledge by posing the title of every
unique team of authors who have synergistically merged their expertise in geol-
two-page spread and every subsection as a
ogy and geoscience teaching, cognitive science, and the graphic arts. The design
question. In addition, questions are dispersed
of the book has been richly informed by current research on how students best
throughout the book. Integrated into the book
learn geoscience, and what topics are essential and relevant. Each chapter is
are opportunities for students to observe
designed as a sequence of two-page inquiry modules; each module focuses on a
patterns, features, and examples before the
specific topic, opens with an engaging question, and integrates clear, jargon-free
underlying concepts are explained. That is, we
explanations with generous, precisely detailed illustrations. In conventional text-
employ a learning-cycle approach where stu-
books, figures are often subordinate to columns and columns of type; in Explor-
dent exploration precedes the introduction of
ing Geology, text and illustrations are mutually embedded in a topical mosaic.
geologic terms and the application of knowl-
At the close of each chapter, a real-world application of the subject matter and
edge to a new situation. For example, chap-
an investigative exercise complete the learning cycle. This book is an innova-
ter 15 on slope stability begins with a three-
tive, accessible resource that fosters understanding through authentic geological
dimensional image of northern Venezuela, and
inquiry and visualization, rather than dense exposition.”
readers are asked to observe where people are
living in this area and what geologic processes Steven Semken
might have formed these sites. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University
Past President, National Association of Geoscience Teachers

XV

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xv 11/7/11 11:33 AM

 WHY ARE THE PAGES DOMINATED BY ILLUSTRATIONS?
Geology is an extremely visual science. Typically, geology text-
books contain a variety of photographs, maps, cross sections,
block diagrams, and other types of illustrations. These diagrams
help portray the distribution and geometry of geologic units on
the surface and in the subsurface in a way words could never do.
In geology, a picture really is worth a thousand words or more.
Engage
“Finally, there is an introductory geology textbook that was
designed around how modern college students learn! Reynolds
and company paid attention to the research on learning and have
produced a text that matches how I teach. My students study
and discuss images in class and then in their textbook. This
book is built around the illustrations—information-rich, graphi-
cally interesting figures that engage most students better than
the best-written narrative could. From the spectacular open-
ing spreads to the Connections and Investigations, Exploring
Geology provides a full course worth of interesting learning
opportunities for use in the classroom and as homework.”
Scott R. Linneman
Western Washington University
Past President, National Association of Geoscience Teachers
New experiences from the environment enter the
brain via the senses. Images, for example, come
in through the eyes, and sounds enter the ears.
XVI
rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xvi
Exploring Geology contains a wealth of figures to take advantage
of the visual nature of geology and the efficiency of figures in con-
veying geologic information. This book contains few large blocks
of text, and most text is in smaller blocks that are specifically
linked with illustrations. An example of our integrated figure-text
approach is shown on the previous page and on the next page. In
this approach, each short block of text is one or more complete
sentences that succinctly describe a geologic feature, geologic
process, or both of these. Most of these text blocks are connected
to their illustrations with leader lines so that readers know exactly
which feature or part of the diagram is being referenced by the
text block. A reader does not have to search for the part of the fig-
ure that corresponds to a text passage, as occurs when a student
reads a traditional textbook with large blocks of text referencing
a figure that may appear on a different page.
The approach in Exploring Geology is consistent with the find-
ings of cognitive scientists, who conclude that our minds have
two different processing systems, one for processing pictorial
information (images) and one for processing verbal informa-
tion (speech and written words). Cognitive scientists also speak
Input from the senses is filtered and transferred into two
different types of working memory, a visual area for im-
ages and a phonetic area for words. Each type
of working memory has a very limited
capacity to hold new information.
Information from working memory is
processed further and transferred into
long-term memory. Ideally, new infor-
mation is linked to existing knowledge
in long-term memory to build a more
complete understanding.
When information from long-term
memory is needed, it is retrieved into
working memory, where it can be
processed to make decisions.
11/7/11 11:24 AM
 about two types of memory: work-
ing memory, also called short-term
memory, holds information that our
minds are actively processing, and
long-term memory stores informa-
tion until we need it (Baddeley, 2007).
Both the verbal and pictorial process-
ing systems have a limited amount of
working memory, and our minds have
to use much of our mental processing
space to reconcile the two types of
information in working memory. For
information that has both pictorial
and verbal components, the amount
of knowledge we retain depends on
reconciling these two types of infor-
mation, on transferring information
from working memory to long-term
memory, and on linking the new
information with our existing mental
framework. For this reason, this book
integrates text and figures, as in the
example shown here.
WHY ARE THERE SO MANY FIGURES?
This textbook contains more than
2,400 illustrations, which is two to
three times the number in most intro-
ductory geology textbooks. One rea-
son for this is that the book is designed
to provide a concrete example of each
rock type, environment, or geologic
feature being illustrated. Research
shows that many college students
require concrete examples before
they can begin to build abstract con-
cepts (Lawson, 1980). Also, many stu-
dents have limited travel experience,
so photographs and other figures
allow them to observe places, envi-
ronments, and processes they have
not been able to observe firsthand.
The inclusion of an illustration for
each text block reinforces the notion
rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xvii
58
3.4 What Happens at Divergent Boundaries?
AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES, Earth’s tectonic plates diverge (move apart). Ridges are the sites of many small to
moderate-sized earthquakes and much submarine volcanism. On the continents, divergent motion can split a
continent into two pieces, forming a new ocean basin as the pieces move apart.
What Happens at Mid-Ocean Ridges?
Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic lithosphere forms as two oceanic plates
move apart. These boundaries are also called spreading centers because of the way the plates spread apart.
1. A narrow trough, or rift, runs along the axis of most mid- 3. Much of the magma solidifies at depth, but some erupts onto
ocean ridges. The rift forms because large blocks of crust slip the seafloor, forming submarine lava flows. These eruptions create
down as spreading occurs. The movement causes faulting, new ocean crust that is incorporated into the oceanic plates as they
resulting in frequent small to moderate-sized earthquakes. move apart.
4. Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the
2. As the plates move
apart, solid mantle in
surrounding seafloor because they consist
of hotter, less dense materials, including
the asthenosphere Oc magma. They also are higher because the
rises toward the sur-
face. It partially melts in Oc
ea
n
underlying lithosphere is thinner beneath
ridges than beneath typical seafloor. Lower
ea
response to a decrease
in pressure. The mol- nic
Cr
density materials and thin lithosphere mean
that the plate “floats” higher above the
ten rock (magma) rises us underlying asthenosphere. The elevation of
along narrow conduits,
accumulates in magma
Lit
ho
t the seafloor decreases away from the ridge
because the rock cools and contracts, and
M sph
chambers beneath
the rift, and eventually
an e
tle ric
because the less dense asthenosphere cools
enough to become part of the more dense
becomes part of the As lithosphere.
oceanic lithosphere. th
en
os
ph
er
e 03.04.a1-2
rey7668x_c03_050_071.indd 58 7/17/09 10:58:34 AM
Visualize
“This is it! This is a book that my students can use to learn, not just ‘do the reading.’ The
focus on questions on every page draws students in, and the immediacy of the illustration
and text focused on each question makes it almost impossible for students not to want to
plunge in to find out how each question is answered. And the centrality of high-quality illus-
trations, rather than exhaustive text, is a key component for helping students learn once
they are engaged. Geoscience is a visual science, and this approach helps students visualize
geologic processes in the real world, truly learning rather than simply preparing to parrot
back definitions. Do I worry that this book isn’t packed with text? Not in the slightest! With
examples, real-world data, and research results easily accessible on the Internet, I don’t want
or need an introductory textbook that tries to be encyclopedic. I want a book that engages
students, captures their imaginations, and helps them learn. This is the book!”
Barbara J. Tewksbury
Hamilton College
Past President, American Geological Institute
Past President, National Association of Geoscience Teachers
XVII
11/7/11 11:24 AM
 172 Sedimentary Environments 173

7.2 What Sedimentary Environments 07.02.a5

◀ Sandy dunes that
are inland from
▶ Some shorelines
include low areas,
07.02.a6 Rocky Point, Mexico

Are Near Shorelines and in Oceans? beaches are called

coastal dunes. These
dunes commonly form
called tidal flats,
that are flooded
by the seas dur-
OCEANS AND THEIR SHORELINES are dynamic environments with wind, waves, ocean currents, and sedi- where sand and finer ing high tide but
sediment from the exposed to the air
ment eroded from the coastline or brought in from elsewhere. The characteristics of each environment, espe- beach are blown or during low tide.
cially the types of sediment, depend mostly on the proximity to shore, the availability of sediment, and the washed inland and Most tidal flats
depth, temperature, and clarity of the water. reshaped by the wind. are covered by
mud and sand or
are rocky. Some
07.02.a2
low parts of the
◀ Beaches are stretches of coastline along which sediment has accu-
land adjacent to
mulated. Most beaches consist of sand, pieces of shell, and rounded
tidal flats can
gravel, cobbles, or boulders. The setting determines which of these
accumulate salt
components is most abundant. Some shorelines have bedrock all
and other evaporite minerals as seawater and terrestrial
the way to the ocean and so have little or no beach.
waters evaporate under hot, arid (dry) conditions.

07.02.a1 07.02.a7 Mississippi Delta, LA

Tidal Flat
Coastal Dunes
Beac
h
07.02.a3 Boracay, Philippines
◀ The water near the
shoreline may be sheltered
by a reef or islands. The
sheltered water, called a
Lagoon
lagoon, is commonly shal- Delta
low, quiet, and perhaps
warm. The near-shore
parts of lagoons contain
sand and mud derived from ▲ In addition to the parts of deltas overlapping the shore,
Reef submarine deltas extend in some places for tens of kilometers
land, whereas the outer
parts may have sand and offshore. The muddy or sandy front of the delta may be unsta-
Continental Shelf Submarine Delta ble and material can slide or tumble down the slope, sending
pieces of coral eroded from
a reef. sediment into deeper water.
07.02.a4 Red Sea, Egypt
Where ocean water is shal- Lagoon
low, warm, and clear, coral Other accumulations of sand rise above the shallow coastal
and other marine creatures Barrie waters as long, narrow islands, called barrier islands. Most
r Islan
construct reefs (◀), which ds barrier islands, such as the one below, are only hundreds of
can parallel the coast, Continental Slope meters wide. The areas between barrier islands and the shore-
encircle islands, or form line are commonly shallow lagoons or saltwater marshes. ▼
irregular mounds and
platforms. Reefs typically
protect the shoreline from
the energetic, big waves
of the deeper ocean.
Deep Seafloor

Away from the shoreline, many landmasses are flanked

by continental shelves and slopes consisting of layers of
mud, sand, and carbonate minerals. Material from these
sites can move down the slope in landslides or in turbu- Before You Leave This Page
lent, flowing masses of sand, mud, and water, called
The deep part of the seafloor is a dark,
Be Able To
turbidity currents. The slopes of some continents are

7.2
cold environment that commonly is several kilometers
incised by branching submarine canyons (not shown
beneath the surface. It generally receives less sediment than areas ✓ Sketch and describe the main sedimentary
here) that funnel sediment toward deeper waters. environments in oceanic and near-shore environments.
closer to land, and its sediment is dominated by fine, windblown dust
and by remains of mostly single-celled marine organisms. 07.02.a8 Santa Rosa Island, FL

that the point being discussed is important. In many cases, as in the

rey7668x_c07_168_201.indd 172 rey7668x_c07_168_201.indd
8/18/09 4:35:04 PM 173 8/18/09 4:35:22 PM

example on this page, conceptualized figures are integrated with

photographs and text so that students can build a more coherent
view of the environment or process.

Exploring Geology focuses on the most important geologic con-

cepts and makes a deliberate attempt to eliminate text that is not
essential for student learning of these concepts. Inclusion of infor-
mation that is not essential tends to distract and confuse students
rather than illuminate the concept; thus you will see fewer words.
Cognitive and science-education research has identified a redun-
dancy effect, where information that restates and expands upon a
more succinct description actually results in a decrease in student
learning (Mayer, 2001). Specifically, students learn less if a long fig-
ure caption restates information contained elsewhere on the page,
such as in a long block of text that is detached from the figure. We
avoid the redundancy effect by including only text that is integrated
with the figure.

The style of illustrations in Exploring Geology was designed to be

more inviting to today’s visually oriented students who are used
to photo-realistic, computer-rendered images in movies, videos,
and computer games. For this reason, many of the figures were
created by world-class artists who have worked on Hollywood
movies, on television shows, for National Geographic, and in the

XVIII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xviii 11/7/11 11:25 AM

 computer-graphics industry. In most cases, the figures incorporate
real data, such as satellite images and aerial photographs. Our own
research shows that many students do not understand geologic
cross sections and other subsurface diagrams, so nearly every cross
section in this book has a three-dimensional aspect, and many maps
are presented in a perspective view with topography. Research find-
ings by us and other researchers (Roth and Bowen, 1999) indicate
that including people and human-related items on photographs
and figures attracts undue attention, thereby distracting students
from the geologic features being illustrated. As a result, our pho-
tographs have nondistracting indicators of scale, like dull coins
and plain marking pens. Figures and photographs do not include
people or human-related items unless we are trying to illustrate
how geoscientists study geologic processes and features.

XIX

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xix 11/7/11 11:25 AM

 HOW ARE GEOLOGIC TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS BOOK?

Wherever possible, we introduce terms after students have an

opportunity to observe the feature or concept that is being named.
This approach is consistent with several educational philosophies,
including a learning cycle and just-in-time teaching. Research on
learning cycles shows that students are more likely to retain a
term if they already have a mental image of the thing being named
(Lawson, 2003). For example, this book presents students with
the collection of igneous rocks shown to the right and asks them
to think about how they would classify the rocks. Only then does
the textbook present a classification of igneous rocks.

Also, the figure-based approach in this book allows terms to be

introduced in their context rather than as a definition that is
detached from a visual representation of the term. In this book,
we introduce new terms in italics rather than in boldface, because students who wish to look up the definition of a term to refresh
boldfaced terms on a textbook page cause students to imme- their memory. To expand comprehension of the definition, each
diately focus mostly on the terms, rather than build an under- entry in the glossary references the page where the term is defined
standing of the concepts. The book includes a glossary for those in the context of a figure.

WHY DOES THE BOOK CONSIST OF TWO-PAGE SPREADS?

This book consists of two-page spreads, most of which are further concept of cognitive load (Sweller, 1994) has profound implica-
subdivided into sections. Research has shown that because of our tions for student learning during lectures and while reading text-
limited amount of working memory, much new information is lost books. Two-page spreads and sections help prevent cognitive
if it is not incorporated into long-term memory. Many students overload by providing natural breaks that allow students to stop
keep reading and highlighting their way through a textbook with- and consolidate the new information before moving on.
out stopping to integrate the new information into their mental
framework. New information simply displaces existing informa-
tion in working memory before it is learned and retained. This Before You Leave This Page
Be Able To
154 Vo l c a n o e s a n d Vo l c a n i c H a z a r d s 155

6.9 How Do Volcanic Domes Form? What Types of Rocks and Landscapes Characterize Domes?
Most volcanic domes consist of andesite, rhyolite, or rocks with a composition between andesite and rhyolite.
✓ Describe the characteristics of a
MANY VOLCANIC AREAS CONTAIN DOME-SHAPED HILLS called volcanic domes. The domes form when
volcanic dome.
They are distinctive features when they form and harden, and even after they have been partially eroded. They
viscous lava mounds up above and around a vent. When domes collapse, they sometimes release deadly consist of solidified lava that has several different textures, and typically they are associated with pyroclastic
pyroclastic flows that rush downhill at hundreds of kilometers an hour. Volcanic domes form distinctive rocks rocks and other debris that formed when the dome partially collapsed or was blown apart.
and features in the landscape.

✓ Explain or sketch the two ways by

06.09.c1 Torfa, Iceland

Rock Types 06.09.c2 Wickenburg, AZ

What Are Some Characteristics of a Volcanic Dome?
Some volcanic domes have a nearly symmetrical dome shape, but most have a more irregular shape because some
parts of the dome have grown more than other parts or because one side of the dome has collapsed downhill.
Domes may be hundreds of meters high and one or several kilometers across, but they can be much smaller, too.
06.09.a1
◀ Some parts of domes cool rapidly into volcanic glass (obsidian) which, although
dark, has a felsic composition. Obsidian can be almost entirely glass or can contain
vesicles, crystals, and pumice. This example has layers, called flow bands, formed by
shearing and other processes during flow. which a volcanic dome can grow.
▶ The outer parts of domes cool, solidify, and fracture into angular blocks that can
become incorporated into the magma to produce volcanic breccia. Such breccias
06.09.a2

✓ Explain or sketch how a volcanic

◀ This rubble-covered dome formed near the end of the 1912 eruption in vary from containing mostly blocks to being mostly intact lava, with some blocks.
the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska. Volcanic domes commonly
have this type of rubbly appearance because their outer surface consists of ◀ Obsidian and other volcanic glasses are unstable and over time begin to change
angular blocks as small as several centimeters across to as large as houses.
Recent Dome from unordered glass into rhyolite composed of very small crystals. The conversion,
when not complete, creates a mottled rock with lighter colored rhyolite and darker

dome can collapse or be destroyed

The blocks form when solidified lava fractures as it is pushed from below,
and when pieces and blocks slide down steep slopes on the side of a dome. areas that are still partially glass.
Dome ▶ Most domes do not form in isolation but occur in clusters or in associa- ▶ When a volcanic dome collapses, avalanches of rock and other debris can rush
Older Dome downhill in a pyroclastic flow of blocks and ash. The resulting deposits are tuff or
tion with another type of volcano. Domes can form within the craters of
composite volcanoes, like these within the crater in Mount St. Helens, or
within large calderas. In composite volcanoes and calderas, domes com-
monly are minor eruptions of viscous magmas that remain after a major
06.09.c3 Wickenburg, AZ
volcanic breccia consisting of pieces of the dome in an ash-rich matrix.
by an explosion.
06.09.c4 Flagstaff, AZ
eruptive event (e.g., the explosion of Mount St. Helens).
Expression in the Landscape

How Are Volcanic Domes Formed and Destroyed?

◀ Some domes are intermediate between a simple dome shape and a lava flow with
lobes that spread out from the magmatic conduit. This flow-dome formed 1,300 years
ago and so has a relatively uneroded shape and contains unaltered obsidian.
✓ Describe the types of rocks
Domes form as viscous lava reaches the surface, flows a short distance, and solidifies near the vent. Domes can
grow in two different ways — from the inside or from the outside. Domes can also be destroyed in two different ▶ This peak is the remnant of a dome that has been extensively eroded. Over time,
the glass has converted to finely crystalline rhyolite.
associated with volcanic domes.
ways — collapse or explosion.
06.09.c5 Newberry Mtns., OR

✓ Describe how you might recognize

Growth of a Dome
Domes mostly grow from the inside
as magma injects into the interior of
the dome. This new material causes
the dome to expand upward and
outward, fracturing the partially solid-
ified outer crust of the dome. This
process creates the blocks of rubbly,
solidified lava that coat the outside
of the dome.
Domes can also grow as
magma breaks through to
the surface and flows out-
ward as thick, slow-moving
lava. As the magma
advances, the front of the
flow cools, solidifies, and
can collapse into angular
blocks and ash.
06.09.b1
Collapse or Destruction of a Dome
06.09.c6 Castle Mtns. NV
Domes can be partially
06.09.b2
destroyed when steep
flanks of the dome collapse Deadly Collapse of a Dome at Mount Unzen, Japan
and break into a jumble of
blocks and ash that flow
06.09.mtb1
a volcanic dome in the landscape.
M
ount Unzen towers above a small
downhill as small-scale city in southern Japan. The top of Before You Leave This Page
pyroclastic flows. ▶
the mountain contains a steep vol- Be Able To
canic dome that formed and collapsed repeat-
edly between 1990 and 1995. The collapsing
✓ Describe the characteristicss of a
domes unleashed more than 10,000 small volcanic dome.
pyroclastic flows (top photograph) toward
◀ Domes can also the city below. In 1991, the opportunity to ✓ Explain or sketch the two ways by
observe and film these small pyroclastic flows which a volcanic dome can
n grow.
be destroyed by
explosions originat- attracted volcanologists and other onlook- ✓ Explain or sketch how a volcanic
olcanic
06.09.b3 ing within the dome. ers to the mountain. Unfortunately, partial dome can collapse or be destroyed
06.09.mtb2
These typically occur collapse of the dome caused a pyroclastic by an explosion.
when magma solidi- flow larger than had occurred previously.
fies in the conduit This larger flow killed 43 journalists and vol- ✓ Describe the types of rocks
and traps gases that associated with volcanic domes.
6.9

canologists and left a path of destruction

build up until the
pressure can no
through the valley (lower photograph). Note ✓ Describe how you might recognize
that damage was concentrated along valleys a volcanic dome in the landscape.
longer be held.
that drain the mountain.

rey7668x_c06_136_167.indd 154 7/24/09 1:04:06 PM rey7668x_c06_136_167.indd 155 8/17/09 3:53:50 PM

XX
rey7668x_c06_136_167.indd 155 8/17/09 3:53:50 PM

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xx 11/7/11 11:02 AM

 Each spread has a unique number, such as 6.9 for the 9th topical
two-page spread in chapter 6 (see previous page). These numbers
help instructors and students keep track of where they are and
what is being covered. Each two-page spread, except for those that
begin and end a chapter, contains a Before You Leave This Page
checklist that indicates what is important and what is expected of
students before they move on. This list contains learning objec-
tives for the spread and provides a clear way for the instructor to
indicate to the student what is important. The items on these lists
are compiled into a master What-to-Know list.
SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES OFFERED
BY EXPLORING GEOLOGY
Two-page spreads and integrated Before You Leave This Page lists
offer the following advantages to the student:
• Information is presented in relatively small and coherent
chunks that allow a student to focus on one important
aspect or geologic system at a time.
• Students know when they are done with this particular
topic and can self-assess their understanding with the
Before You Leave This Page list.
HOW IS THIS BOOK ORGANIZED?
Two-page spreads are organized into 19 chapters that are arranged
into five major groups: (1) introduction to Earth and the science
of geology, (2) earth materials and the processes that form them,
(3) geologic time and tectonic systems, (4) climate and surface
processes, and (5) capstone chapters on resources and planetary
geology. The first three chapters provide an overview of geology, the
scientific approach to geology, and plate tectonics—a unifying theme
interwoven throughout the rest of the book. The next five chapters
cover earth materials, including minerals (chapter 4), different fami-
lies of rocks and structures (chapters 5–8), and the processes that
form or modify rocks. Unlike many geology books, Exploring Geol-
ogy begins the discussion of earth materials with an examination
of landscapes—something students can relate to—as a lead-in to
rocks, then to minerals, and finally to atoms, the most abstract topic
in geology books. The sedimentary environments chapter includes
a brief introduction to weathering, setting the stage for the discus-
sion of clastic sediments but saving a more detailed discussion of
weathering and soils for the part of the book that deals with surficial
processes. Also, this book integrates the closely related topics of
metamorphism and deformation into a single chapter.
After earth materials, we cover the principles of geologic time,
emphasizing how geologists reconstruct Earth’s history (chapter 9).
We then move on to ocean basins, mountains and basins, and earth-
quakes (chapters 10–12), all of which integrate and apply informa-
tion about rocks, structures, geologic time, and plate tectonics.
These chapters provide important details about aspects of plate
rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xxi
• Two-page spreads allow busy students to read or study a
complete topic in a short interval of study time, like during
breaks between classes.
• All test questions and assessment materials are tightly
articulated with the Before You Leave This Page lists so
that exams and quizzes cover precisely the same material
that was assigned to students via the What-to-Know list.
The two-page spread approach also has huge advantages for
the instructor. Before writing this book, the authors wrote the
items for the Before You Leave This Page lists. We then used this
list to decide what figures were needed, what topics would be
discussed, and in what order. In other words, the textbook was
written from the learning objectives. The Before You Leave This
Page lists provide a straightforward way for an instructor to tell
students what information is important. Because we provide the
instructor with a master What-to-Know list, an instructor can
selectively assign or eliminate content by providing students
with an edited What-to-Know list. Alternatively, an instructor
can give students a list of assigned two-page spreads or sections
within two-page spreads. In this way, the instructor can identify
content for which students are responsible, even if the material
is not covered in class.
tectonics, after students have gained an understanding of rocks,
structures, and geologic time from earlier chapters. We have also
incorporated a small component of historical geology, including
evolution of the continents and ocean basins.
Next, we briefly discuss weather and climate (chapter 13) to pro-
vide a backdrop for subsequent chapters on surface processes and
to introduce timely topics, such as hurricanes and climate change.
This chapter also discusses deserts, drought, and rain forests.
Glaciers, shorelines, and sea-level changes are integrated into a
single chapter (chapter 14) to present a system approach to earth
processes and to emphasize the interplay between glaciations, sea
level, and the character of the shoreline. Chapter 15 focuses on
weathering, soils, and slope stability; chapter 16 presents streams
and flooding; and chapter 17 covers surface-water and groundwater
resources and groundwater-related problems.
We consider the last two chapters to be capstones, integrating and
applying previous topics to enable students to understand energy and
mineral resources (chapter 18) and planetary geology (chapter 19).
These two chapters give students and instructors an opportunity to
see how an understanding of rock types, rock-forming processes,
geologic structures, geologic time, and the flow of water and other
fluids can help us understand important resources and the surfaces
of other planetary bodies. The late placement of both chapters
allows a more comprehensive treatment of these topics than would
be possible if they were incorporated into earlier chapters.
XXI
11/10/11 1:40 PM
 SPECIAL TEXT FEATURES
Concept Sketches
Most items on the Before You Leave This Page list are
by design suitable for student construction of con-
cept sketches. Concept sketches are sketches that are
annotated with complete sentences that identify geo-
logic features, describe how the features form, char-
acterize the main geologic processes, and summarize
geologic histories (Johnson and Reynolds, 2005). An
example of a concept sketch is shown to the right.

Concept sketches are an excellent way to actively

engage students in class and to assess their under-
standing of geologic features, processes, and history.
Concept sketches are well suited to the visual nature
of geology, especially cross sections, maps, and block
diagrams. Geologists are natural sketchers using field
notebooks, blackboards, publications, and even nap-
kins, because sketches are an important way to record
observations and thoughts, organize knowledge, and try
to visualize geometries of rock bodies and sequences
of events. Our research data show that a student who
can draw, label, and explain a concept sketch generally
has a good understanding of that concept.

The next-to-last two-page spread in each chapter is a Connections

TWO-PAGE SPREADS spread, which is designed to help students connect and integrate
Most of the book consists of two-page spreads, each of which is the various concepts from the chapter and to show how these con-
about one or more closely related topics. Topical spreads convey cepts can be applied to an actual location. Connections are about
the geologic content and help organize knowledge. real places that illustrate the geologic concepts and features cov-
ered in the chapter and explicitly illustrate how a geologic prob-
512 Wa t e r R e s o u rc e s 513
lem is investigated and how geologic problems have relevance to
17.6 What Features Form When Groundwater
Interacts with Limestone?
What Features Are Associated with Caves?
Caves are beautiful and interesting places to explore. Some contain twisty, narrow passages connecting open
chambers. Others are immense tunnels and rooms full of cave formations. Caves can be decorated with intricate
society. The Connections spread also prepares the student for a
features formed by the dissolution and precipitation of calcite and several other minerals.
WATER IS AN ACTIVE CHEMICAL AGENT, and groundwater can dissolve rock and other materials. Ground-
water may completely dissolve limestone and other soluble rocks, leaving openings. When this happens, caves,
sinkholes, and other features can form.
1. Most caves form by the dissolution of limestone. Certain features on the land surface can indicate
that there is a cave at depth. These include the presence of limestone, sinkholes, and other features
of karst topography. Collapse of part of the roof can open the cave to the surface, forming a skylight
that lets light into the cave.
6. Dissolution of limestone along
fractures and bedding planes,
along with formation of sinkholes
and skylights, disrupts
following Investigation two-page spread.
How Does Groundwater Form Caves and Sinkholes? 2. Caves contain many features 17.06.c1
streams and other
drainages. Streams
formed by minerals precipitated
Groundwater, especially if it is acidic, can dissolve limestone and other carbonate rocks to form caves. Cave from dripping or flowing water.
may disappear into
systems generally form in carbonate rocks because most other rock types do not easily dissolve. A few other the ground, adding
Water flowing down the walls or
more water to the
rocks, like gypsum or rock salt, dissolve too easily — they completely disappear and cannot maintain caves. along the floor can precipitate
cave system.
travertine (calcium carbon-
ate) in thin layers that build
1. Limestone is primarily made 2. Groundwater dissolves limestone and other carbon- up to create formations called
of calcite (calcium carbonate), a ate rocks, often starting along bedding surfaces and flowstone or draperies. ▼ 5. In wet, humid
relatively soluble mineral that dis-- fractures, and then progressively widening them environments,
solves in acidic water. Rainwater over time. Open spaces become larger and 17.06.c2 Carlsbad Caverns, NM
weathering at the
is typically slightly acidic due to more continuous, allowing more water to flow surface commonly
dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), through and accelerating the dissolution and produces red-
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and organic widening. If the openings become continu- dish, clay-rich soil.
material. Water reacts with calcite ous, they may accommodate underground The soil, along CONNECTIONS Wa t e r R e s o u rc e s 523

in limestone, dissolving it. Dissolu- pools or underground streams. with pieces of

tion can be aided by acidic water
coming from deeper in the earth, 17.06.a2 Winter Park, FL
limestone, can be
washed into
crevices and
17.11 What Is Going On with the Ogallala Aquifer? Where Does Groundwater in the Aquifer Come from and How Is It Used?
by microbes, and by acids that
sinkholes where ▼ This graph shows the water balance for the Ogallala aquifer.
microbes produce. THE MOST IMPORTANT AQUIFER IN THE UNITED STATES lies beneath the High Plains, stretching from Most of the water going into Water going into the aquifer is shown above the axis, whereas
it forms a reddish the aquifer is from local pre-
matrix around South Dakota to Texas. It provides groundwater for about 20% of all cropland in the country, but it is severely water being lost by the aquifer is below the axis. Some ground-
3. Most caves form below cipitation. This map shows water recharge occurs where water from precipitation seeps into
the water table, but some
17.06.c3 Kartchner Caverns, AZ limestone clasts. threatened by overpumping. The setting, characteristics, groundwater flow, and water-use patterns of this aqui- the amount of precipitation the aquifer, especially in areas that receive higher amounts of
form from downward-flow- fer connect many different aspects of water resources and illustrate their relationship to geology. received across the area, precipitation, as either rain or snow.
ing water above the water with darker shades indicat-
17.11.b2
table. Dissolution of ground- 17.06.c4 Kartchner Caverns, AZ ing more precipitation. The
VOLUMETIC RATE (1000 m3 /yr)

GAINS
◀ 3. Probably the most recognized western part of the aquifer
water over millions of years
features of caves are stalactites What Is the Setting of the Ogallala Aquifer? receives much less precipi-
500
can form a network of inter- Pumping Springs Rivers Storage
connected caves and tunnels in and stalagmites, which are formed tation (rain, snow, and hail) 0
Recharge

LOSSES
the limestone. If the water table when calcium-rich water dripping 4. As mineral-rich water drips from the than the eastern part.
from the roof evaporates and roof and flows from the walls, it leaves 1. The Ogallala aquifer, also called 3. The aquifer is named -500
falls, groundwater drains out of
leaves calcium carbonate behind. behind coatings, ribbons (▶), and straw- the High Plains aquifer, covers much for the Ogallala Group, the
the tunnels and dries out part 4. Collapse of the roof of a cave may produce a -1000
Stalactites hang tight from the like tubes. The water can accumulate of the High Plains area in the center of main geologic formation in
of the cave system. If the roof of sinkhole at the surface. The one shown here (▲) Predevelopment
roof. Stalagmites form when water in underground pools on the floor of the United States. The lightly shaded the aquifer. The formation Areas of the aquifer that -1500
the cave collapses, the cave can be formed in 1981 and destroyed cars and buildings in 2000
drips to the floor, building mounds the cave, precipitating rims of cream- area on this map shows the outline was named by a geologist receive the least precipita-
exposed to the air. Caves range in size Winter Park, Florida, where the underlying bedrock 2050
upward. colored travertine along their edges. of the main part of the aquifer. The in the early 1900s after the tion — the southwestern -2000
from miniscule to huge. The is limestone. The collapse resulted from lowering of the Area of
aquifer forms an irregularly shaped small Nebraskan town of parts — are also those pre-
Mammoth Cave System (Kentucky) is the lon- water table, which removed the water that helped support Ogallala The amount taken out of the As the aquifer dewaters
north-south belt from South Dakota Ogallala. dicted to go dry by 2050.
gest in the world, over 570 km (340 mi) long. the roof of the cave in limestone beneath the area. aquifer by pumping, springs, it compacts, which causes
Carlsbad Caverns
17.06.a1 and Wyoming through Nebraska, Aquifer
Colorado, Kansas, the panhandles and inflow into rivers greatly a decrease in porosity
Before You Leave This Page of Oklahoma and Texas, and eastern 4. Much of the Ogallala exceeds the recharge, so most and a loss of pore space

What Other Features Form in Dissolved Limestone Terrains?
17.06.b1 Guilin, China
◀ Karst Topography — Many limestone terrains exhibit a
distinctive topography, called karst topography. Karst is
topography characterized by sinkholes, caves, limestone
pillars, some poorly organized drainage patterns, and
disappearing streams.
▶ Travertine — When limestone dissolves in groundwater,
A
bout 260 million years ago, Carlsbad, it at the surface. Groundwater dripped and New Mexico. Group consists of sediment parts of the aquifer are being (in which to store water).
New Mexico, was an area covered trickled into the partially dry cave, where it Be Able To
deposited by rivers and dewatered. This cannot be undone.
17.11.b1
17.06.b2 Havasu Creek, AZ
by a shallow inland sea. A huge reef, deposited calcium carbonate to construct wind during the last half
lush with sea life, thrived in this warm the cave’s famous formations. ✓ Summarize the character and of the Cenozoic, mostly
water, tropical environment. Eventually the 17.06.mtb1 Carlsbad Caverns, NM
formation of caves, sinkholes, karst between 19 and 5 million How Has Overpumping Affected Water Levels in the Ogallala Aquifer?
topography, and travertine along
sea retreated, leaving the reef buried under 2. The Ogallala aquifer covers about years ago. Braided rivers The USGS estimates that the aquifer contains 3.2 billion acre-feet of water. That is enough to cover the entire
streams. 450,000 km2 (174,000 mi2) and is cur- carried abundant sediment
other sedimentary layers. lower 48 states with 1.7 feet of water. How much has overpumping affected the aquifer’s water levels, and what
rently the largest source of ground- eastward from the Rocky
While buried, the limestone was dis- ✓ Briefly summarize how stalactites, Mountains, spreading over will happen to the region and to the country if large parts of the aquifer dry up?
water in the country. It provides
solved by water rich in sulfuric acid gener- stalagmites, and flowstone form.
30% of all groundwater used for irriga- the landscape and deposit- This map shows the thickness (in feet) of the This map shows how many feet the water table Future Predictions — It is uncertain what will
17.6

ated from hydrogen sulfide that leaked

the dissolved material may later be reprecipitated when upward from deeper accumulations of
✓ Describe features on the surface that tion in the United States. In 1980, near ing a relatively continuous saturated zone within the aquifer. In some dropped in elevation between 1980 and 1995 happen, but hydrogeologists are conduct-
the groundwater flows onto the surface. Calcium carbon- indicate an area may contain caves the height of the aquifer’s use, 17.6 Location of Cross Section layer of sediment. Deposi- of its northern parts, more than 1,000 ft (300 as a consequence of overpumping. The larg- ing detailed studies of key areas to try to
petroleum. Later, erosion of overlying layers million acre-feet of water were with- tion stopped when regional
ate commonly precipitates as travertine, which can build at depth. m) of the aquifer is saturated with water, est drops, exceeding 40 ft, occurred in south- predict what will happen in the next decades.
irregular terraces along a flowing stream.
uplifted the once-buried and groundwater- drawn to irrigate 13 million acres of uplift and tilting caused the whereas less than 100 to 200 ft remain western Kansas and the northern part of Texas. Projections of current water use, combined
filled limestone cave and eventually exposed land. The water is used mostly for agri- rivers to downcut and erode saturated in the southern parts. Compare this map to the one for precipitation. with numerical models of the water balance,
culture and rangeland. The main agri- rather than continuing to predict that some parts of the aquifer will go
cultural products include corn, wheat, deposit sediment. Present- 17.11.c1 17.11.c2
dry by 2050. This will have catastrophic conse-
soybeans, and feed for livestock. day rivers continue to erode quences for the local farmers, ranchers, and
into the aquifer and drain businesses, and for people across the country
eastward and southward, who depend on the aquifer for much of their
eventually flowing into the food. Subsidence related to groundwater
rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd 512 8/13/09 10:45:27 AM rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd 513 8/13/09 10:45:37 AM Gulf of Mexico. withdrawal and compaction of the aquifer will
be an increasing concern. What do you think
17.11.a1 would happen to the region if this aquifer
were partly pumped dry?
The Aquifer in Cross Section 7. The upper part of the aquifer (shaded yellow) is above the water table
and in the unsaturated zone.
5. This vertically exagger-
5000
ated cross section shows NM TX TX OK 8. Blue colors show levels Before You Leave This Page
the thickness of the aquifer of the water table for 1950
ELEVATION (ft)

Be Able To

Each chapter has at least one two-page spread illustrating how

from west to east. It shows Ground surface and 2000, and purple shows
4000
the aquifer in various the predicted levels for 2050.
colors; rocks below the 2000 1950 Note that water levels in ✓ Summarize the location, charac-
Waterr table
aquifer are shaded bluish the aquifer have fallen due teristics, and importance of the
3000
gray. Note that the aquifer Base of Ogallala to overpumping. The west- Ogallala aquifer.
17.11

is at the surface and is an ern part is predicted to be

geology impacts society and another two-page spread that specifi- unconfined aquifer.
2000 West
80 km (50 mi) 2050

6. The irregular base of the aquifer is an unconformity that reflects erosion of the land before deposition of the aquifer.
East
17.11.a2
totally depleted by 2050 (no
purple).
✓ Summarize the water balance for the
aquifer and how water levels have
changed in the last several decades.

522

cally describes how geoscientists study typical problems.

rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd 522 8/19/09 11:15:34 AM rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd 523 8/19/09 11:16:14 AM

XXII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xxii 11/7/11 11:02 AM

 Each chapter ends with an Investigation spread that is an exer- The third edition of Exploring Geology represents a moderate
cise in which students apply the knowledge, skills, and approaches revision compared to the second edition. The style, approach, and
learned in the chapter. These exercises mostly involve virtual sequence of chapters are unchanged, but revisions within chap-
places that students explore and investigate to make observations ters vary from moderate to major in extent. We revised many text
and interpretations and to answer a series of geologic questions. blocks to improve clarity and conciseness, or to present recent
discoveries and events. Most chapters contain the same number
and order of two-page spreads. Nearly all changes were made in
I N V E S T I G AT I O N Wa t e r R e s o u rc e s 525

17.12 Who Polluted Surface Water and 6. Bedrock units cross the land-
scape in a series of north-south
7. A north-south ridge
is composed of sand-
17.12.a2
Stratigraphic Section
Gravel – Unconsolidated sand and gravel in the lower
response to comments by reviewers and students. We describe
Groundwater in This Place? stripes, parallel to the strike of the stone, called the lower parts of the valley

SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER IN THIS AREA are contaminated. You will use the geology of the
area, along with elevations of the water table and chemical analyses of the contaminated water, to determine
rock layers. One of the north-south
valleys contains several large coal
mines and a coal-burning, electri-
cal-generating plant. An unsub-
stantiated rumor says that one of
sandstone. Slidetown, a
new town on this ridge,
is not a possible source
of the contamination
because it was built too
Upper Sandstone – Well-sorted, permeable sandstone
Upper Shale – Impermeable, with coal

Sinkerton Limestone – Porous, cavernous limestone

where the contamination is, where it came from, and where it is going. From your conclusions, you will decide the mines had some sort of chemi-
where to drill new wells for uncontaminated groundwater. cal spill that was never reported.
Activity at the mines and power
plant has caused fine coal dust to
1. The region contains a series of ridges to the
recently. A few nice-tast-
ing, freshwater springs
issue from the sand-
stone where it is cut by
the main revisions below.
Middle Shale – Impermeable shale
Lower Sandstone – Permeable sandstone
Lower Shale – Impermeable shale

CHAPTERS 1 and 2 received light revisions, with some new sec-

Goals of This Exercise:
• Observe the landscape to interpret the area’s geologic setting.
• Read descriptions of various natural and constructed features.
• Use well data and water chemistry to draw a map showing where contami-
be blown around by the wind small stream valleys. Basal Conglomerate – Poorly sorted with salty water
east and a broad, gentle valley to the west. Small and washed into the smaller
towns are scattered across the ridges and valleys. Granite – Sparsely fractured; oldest rock in area
rivers that flow along
There are also several farms, a dairy, and a number the valley.
of industrial sites, each of which is labeled with
a unique name. Geologists studied one of these 8. The highest part of the region is a ridge of granite and sedimentary
towns, Springtown, and concluded that it is not

tions and figures. In chapter 2, the two-page spread on continental

nation is and which way groundwater is flowing.
• Use the map and other information to interpret where contamination originated,
which facilities might be responsible, and where the contamination is headed.
• Determine a well location that is unlikely to be contaminated in the future.
• Suggest a way to remediate some of the contamination.
Procedures
rocks along the east edge of the area. This ridge receives quite a bit of
the source of any contamination. rain during the summer and snow in the winter. Several clear streams
begin in the ridge and flow westward toward the lowlands.
2. A main river, called the Black River for its 9. A company built a coal-burning power plant over tilted beds
unusual dark, cloudy color, flows westward (right of a unit named the Sinkerton Limestone, so called because it is
to left) through the center of the valley. The river
contains water all year, even when it has not
rained in quite a while. Both sides of the
valley slope inward, north and south,
toward the river.
associated with many sinkholes, caves, and karst topography.
The limestone is so permeable that the power plant has had
difficulty keeping water in ponds built to dispose of waste
waters, which are rich in the chemical substances (including
drift was moved to chapter 3.
the contaminant) that are naturally present in coal.

Use the available information to complete the following steps,
entering your answers on the worksheet or online.
1. This figure shows geologic features, rivers, springs, and human-
constructed features, including a series of wells (lettered A through
P). Observe the distribution of rock units, sediment, rivers, springs,
and other features on the landscape. Compare these observations
with the cross sections on the sides of the terrain to interpret how
10. The tables below list water-table elevations in meters and
17.12.a1 concentrations of contamination in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
for each of the lettered wells (A–P). This table also lists the con-
centration of contamination in samples from four springs (S1–S4)
and eight river segments (R1–R8). The location of each sample
site is marked on the figure. Wells M, N, and P are deep wells,
drilled into the Sinkerton Limestone aquifer at depth, although
they first encountered water at a shallow depth. The chemical
CHAPTER 3 gained two new spreads: the continental-drift two-
samples from these wells were collected from deep waters.

page spread from chapter 2 and the paleomagnetic two-page

the geology is expressed in different areas.
2. Read the descriptions of key features and consider how this informa-
tion relates to the geologic setting, to the flow of surface water and Well Elev. WT mg/L Well Elev. WT mg/L
groundwater, and to the contamination. A 110 0 I 130 30
3. The data table on the next page shows elevation of the water table in

spread from chapter 10. Text on these spreads was edited so as

B 100 0 J 130 0
each lettered well. Use these data and the base map on the worksheet
to construct a groundwater map with contours of the water table at C 105 0 K 120 0
the following elevations: 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 meters. On 5. From mapping and
other studies on the sur- D 110 20 L 130 0
the contoured map, draw arrows pointing down the slope of the
face, geologists have
water table to show the direction of groundwater flow.

not to disrupt the observe-first approach of the chapter.

4. Based on determined the sequence E 120 10 M 150 50
4. Use the data table showing concentrations of a contaminant, purpose- shallow drilling, of rock units, as summa- F 115 0 N 150 10
ly unnamed here, in groundwater to shade in areas where there is con- the water table (the rized in the stratigraphic
tamination. Use darker shades for higher levels of contamination. top of the blue shad- section in the upper G 120 0 O 140 0
ing) mimics the topog- right corner of this page.
5. Use the groundwater map to interpret where the contamination most raphy, being higher These studies also docu- H 120 50 P 150 0
3. Drilling
likely originated and which facilities were probably responsible. Mark and gravity beneath the ridges than ment a broad anticline and
a large X over these facilities on the map, and explain your reasons surveys show beneath the valleys. syncline beneath the east- Spring mg/L River mg/L River mg/L
in the worksheet. that the valley is Overall, the water table ern part of the region. Note
underlain by a thick slopes from east to west that contamination can S1 50 R1 0 R5 0

CHAPTERS 4 and 5 were lightly revised, except for figures.

6. Determine which of the lettered well sites will most likely remain free

17.12
sequence of relatively (right to left), parallel flow through the subsur-
of contamination, and draw a circle around one such well. to the regional slope of S2 0 R2 20 R6 0
unconsolidated and weakly cemented sand face, following limestone
7. Devise a plan to remediate the groundwater contamination by drill- and gravel. The deepest part of the basin has the land. All rocks below and other permeable units, S3 0 R3 0 R7 5
ing wells in front of the plume of contamination; mark these on the been downdropped by normal faults, one of the water table are satu- instead of passing horizon-
map with the letter R. which is buried beneath the gravel. rated with groundwater. tally through impermeable S4 0 R4 0 R8 5
ones, like shale.
524

Chapter 4 has 11 new or improved photographs and a new section

rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd 524 8/13/09 10:47:51rey7668x_c17_500_525.indd
AM 525 8/19/09 11:16:26 AM

on states of matter. Chapter 5 has 18 new or revised figures, with

rewritten sections to accompany a dozen new photographs.
Investigations are modeled after the types of problems geologists
investigate, and they use the same kinds of data and illustrations CHAPTERS 6 and 7 have 41 new photographs and slightly
encountered in the chapter. The Investigation includes a list of revised figures, in addition to changes to many text blocks. In
goals for the exercises and step-by-step instructions, including chapter 6, the two-page spread on scoria cones now covers all
calculations and methods for constructing maps, graphs, and basaltic eruptions. The name of chapter 7 was changed to Sedi-
other figures. These investigations can be completed by students mentary Environments and Rocks.
in class, as worksheet-based homework, or as online activities.
CHAPTER 8 received significant reorganization, swapping mate-
NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION rial between the first two spreads to consolidate the discussion of
force and stress and to reinforce the difference between deforma-
All chapters include additions and improvements. For example: tion and metamorphism. It contains 12 new or revised figures.
• This edition contains more than 130 new photographs, with CHAPTERS 9 and 10 were lightly revised, but contain 12 new
a deliberate emphasis on representing a wider geographic photographs and an equal number of slightly revised illustrations
diversity, including new photographs from the Northeast, (mostly in fidelity of color). A complex figure on correlation was
Midwest, Great Lakes, Rocky Mountains, Pacific Coast, and split into two figures, and the two-page spread on paleomagnetism
other parts of the world. was moved to chapter 3.
• Material was reorganized in seven chapters, including a
major reorganization of chapter 14 and moving spreads CHAPTER 11 received minor revisions, including a few new pho-
from two other chapters into chapter 3 (Plate Tectonics). tographs, revised illustrations, and expanded text descriptions.
• This edition contains more than 10 new sections or two- CHAPTER 12 features an entirely new spread on recent earth-
page spreads, including a new two-page spread on recent quakes in Japan, Haiti, and New Zealand, replacing a spread on
earthquakes in Japan, Haiti, and New Zealand. It contains world earthquakes. The sections on tsunami and volcano-related
new figures or discussions for recent discoveries and earthquakes were also expanded. Seven new figures accompany
events in the news. the new two-page spread and 11 other illustrations were revised.
• Many two-page spreads have been extensively revised with
improved layout, illustrations, and text. These include 50 new CHAPTER 13 had major revisions, including moving the wind-
or revised illustrations, as well as new or revised tables. transport spread closer to the deserts part of the chapter. Two
existing spreads on global warming were heavily revised to
• Investigations in chapters 16 and 17 have revised data val-
more broadly address climate change, including new graphs and
ues, and so have new correct answers.

XXIII

rey24123_fm_i_xxxii.indd xxiii 11/7/11 11:02 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
She was, therefore, perfectly prepared for the visit of the Chancellor,
whom she received with easy cordiality.
“You are not looking quite yourself to-day, Count,” she observed,
after he had seated himself at her invitation. “I hope it is not true that
you have been harassed in the cabinet by the King’s Socialist
friend?”
The Count had not expected this attack. He turned his eyes away as
he responded cautiously—
“The King is of a generous disposition, and no doubt it carries him
farther than is quite prudent at times. However, I am happy to say
that his Majesty and I understand each other. We have just had a
conversation, at which the Socialist, as your Royal Highness terms
him, was not present, and I think I may say that there is no
immediate cause for anxiety in that direction.”
Hermengarde permitted a smile of scorn to show itself for one
moment, before she rejoined—
“Indeed! I congratulate you. I was led to fear, from what I heard, that
the King had taken up a rather alarming attitude. But perhaps you
have been able to bring him to see things in a more rational light.
Has Herr Mark been sent away?”
“No, Madam; I cannot say he has. But I have heard,” he pursued,
catching at the opening she had given him, “of the arrival of a person
whose presence I should have thought you would have considered
equally embarrassing.”
“You mean the Fräulein Gitten, of course,” remarked the Princess,
with composure. “Has the King been informed of it?”
“Not yet, I believe. But of course he must hear of it very soon, if she
remains. That is why I have ventured to present myself before you.
In the light of your Royal Highness’s own remarks a couple of days
ago, it is surely a rather serious matter.”
He spoke deprecatingly. Hermengarde sat up and looked him in the
face.
“It is a serious matter,” she said boldly. “It is serious for you, and for
me, and for all of us—far more serious than you think. Have the
goodness to recollect what you said on the last occasion when we
discussed the King’s relations with this girl. Even then I hinted to you
that it was no mere passing intrigue; but you were disinclined to
share my view.”
“True, Madam, and I should be equally disinclined now; but the step
which you have taken in introducing her into the palace, where she
must constantly come under the King’s eye, makes the affair more
important.”
“I think not. As far as my nephew is concerned, it matters little
whether he meets her here in my apartments, or in her father’s
cottage. On the whole, perhaps, he will have fewer opportunities of
seeing her now than before. The difference is this, that the affair
must now become public, and if the King of Franconia is courting a
peasant girl, the whole world will know it. And that is exactly what I
desire.”
The Chancellor looked at her anxiously. Rendered secure against
consequences by her royal blood, it was easy for Hermengarde to
run where it would be dangerous for him to creep. He dared not
imitate her frankness, and yet it was necessary for him if possible to
penetrate her designs.
“You will pardon my dulness,” he said, speaking with some
hesitation, “if I do not quite grasp your position. I do not understand
that you really desire the King to marry this young person?”
“I think such a marriage would be the act of a madman,” was the
quick reply.
The old courtier, in spite of his training, could not repress a start. He
hastened to pass on.
“Then I presume that you think the publicity given to the affair will
deter his Majesty from going on?”
“It may have that effect, certainly. But I will be perfectly open with
you, my dear Count.” The Chancellor instantly became on his guard.
“The fact is that I do not choose to be in the dark as to what is taking
place. I want to know the worst, and if my nephew really
contemplates making this girl the Queen of Franconia, I think I have
a right to know it—and perhaps to prevent it. I suppose I may take it
that you, as the King’s principal adviser”—the Count bit his lip
—“would feel it your duty to oppose such a match by every means in
your power.”
“Every legitimate means, undoubtedly, Madam.”
A slight frown passed across Hermengarde’s face.
“Quite so. And it may become necessary—of course I do not say that
it will—to take very strong measures against the King’s infatuation. In
that case it is essential that we should have public opinion on our
side. The presence of the girl here in the Castle will ensure that. The
whole Court will have the opportunity of observing the King’s
conduct, and forming their own opinions on it. That very rude man,
Von Stahlen, who said such spiteful things about our dear
Gertrude,”—the Chancellor looked uneasy—“will make some of his
disagreeable epigrams. In short, we shall be able to arouse such a
feeling that the King will have to abandon his purpose, or—”
She stopped, and darted a piercing glance at Von Sigismark. He
trembled, and fidgeted with his beard. The Princess thought the time
had come to play the trump card she held in reserve.
“Do you know why this escaped lunatic, Mark, or whatever he is
called, wields such influence over the King?” she demanded
abruptly.
The Count gazed at her with new alarm.
“I cannot say, unless it is because the King believes him to be
sincere.”
“Then you were not aware that the man is a cousin of your future
Queen?”
This time the Chancellor made no attempt to conceal his
astonishment and dismay.
“Great heavens! Is that true?” he exclaimed, with uncourtly freedom.
Hermengarde leaned back, enjoying his confusion, and regarded
him with a sardonic smile.
“You see I am your friend, Count. Although you are quite right to be
careful, you may find it the best policy to join hands with me, after
all.”
Then, before the Count could recover sufficiently from his
consternation to make any reply, she added—
“Now, let me point out to you another thing. This man, from what I
have heard of him, is not of a character to lend himself for an instant
to anything that would be contrary to the code of honour or morals
which prevails among his class. Do you suppose, then, that he would
remain here on terms of intimacy with Maximilian unless he, at all
events, believed that the King meant to marry his cousin
honourably? Tell me frankly, are you prepared to see this girl Queen
of Franconia, and Herr Mark Chancellor?”
The Count shrank before her searching gaze. But he never spoke
frankly; it was by pursuing a very different policy that he had reached
and maintained his present position.
“What you tell me is very serious, Madam,” he said, as soon as he
could collect himself. “It calls for the most anxious consideration. I
hardly feel justified in expressing my opinion off-hand. I can only say
that I am deeply sensible of your goodness in giving me this
information, and I will take care to keep you informed beforehand of
any steps which I may think it necessary to take.”
The Princess breathed impatiently. Then she made her last move.
“The fact is, my dear Count, that you and I cannot come to an
understanding too soon. The present situation is an uncomfortable
one for us all. We never know from day to day what the King may
take it into his head to do. That scene in the gallery was enough to
set people talking, and then there was that affair with your daughter.”
The Count looked up. “Fortunately, nothing came of it, but it has put
both you and her in a false position in the eyes of the Court. Now
she will naturally feel disinclined to look at any beside a royal suitor.
Do you know”—and the Princess bent slightly towards him with her
most gracious expression—“I fancy I have detected a growing
intimacy between her and my son. Ernest is too young to think about
marrying at present, it is true, but I have formed no plans for him;
and owing to the unhappy reputation which overhangs the house of
Astolf—though Ernest is so little of an Astolf that I have no fears for
him—it may not be easy to procure him a royal bride. He is a good
lad, and will make a good king if he should one day come to the
throne. Just sound your daughter, some time, and find out whether
she really is inclined to the Prince.”
The gorgeous bait had been skilfully thrown, but the wary old courtier
did not rise to it. He looked at the Princess, and became more on his
guard than ever.
“It is exceedingly gracious on your part, Madam, to even suggest
such a possibility. But, as you have said, the Prince is too young to
think of such things for many years, and I should incur much blame
if, in my position, I encouraged any such ambitions for my daughter.
And I feel sure that Gertrude knows her duty to the royal house too
well to entertain any ideas so far above her station.”
He made a movement to go, and the Princess, who could not wholly
conceal her chagrin at this rebuff, made no effort to detain him.
As he was approaching the door, however, it was opened quickly
from the other side by the page, who went up to his royal mistress.
“If your Royal Highness pleases, Karl Fink is in attendance.”
Hermengarde glanced hastily at the Chancellor to see if he had
heard the name. An equally hasty movement on his part betrayed
that he had both heard and been roused to attention.
“Tell him to come in,” said the Princess, defiantly. “Wait one minute,
Count; this may be a message for you as well as for me.”
Von Sigismark bowed, and retraced his steps till he stood in front of
her.
Karl entered, with an air of mingled distress and alarm.
“Well, what is it?”
The man turned his eyes from Hermengarde to the Count von
Sigismark, and back again, before answering.
“Madam, his Majesty has left the palace secretly, in company with
Herr Mark. He has left a note saying that he may be absent for
several days. And no one knows where they have gone.”
 CHAPTER XII
HARUN AL RASHID

The throng was at its greatest, the glare of gas was at its fullest, the
clamour and the confusion were at their height. Round every dirty
stall the scrambling and fighting and quarrelling went on as if life
itself were the matter of every bargain. Old, crumpled women, with
blinking eyes, thrust themselves forward into the ring made out of the
darkness by the rolling smoky flame which swung over the butcher’s
barrow, and they groped obscenely with wart-eaten fingers among
the shapeless remnants of oozing, dark-red meat. Their lips seemed
to twist in and out over their black broken teeth, as they whined and
grumbled over every pfennig of the price. Half-naked boys, foul, like
young apes, writhed and bit at each other in the bloody gutter below
for scraps of offal and rotten fruit and all the wretched refuse of a
street market. Men, old and young, came lurching out through the
low doorways of dirty taverns, and stood in the mud outside,
bewildered, breathing beer into the reeking night; after which they
swaggered off, trampling brutally among the women and children, on
their way to the dens where they passed the hours of sleep. When
the din of sounds permitted any utterance to be heard distinctly, the
words were either some oath, or the use-deadened complaint of one
of the huckstering women, or else the hideous wail of a neglected
infant. Over all rang out continually the coarse confident tones of the
stall-keepers, as they shouted out their trade patter; rattling the
greasy coins as they received them, and now and again stopping to
bite the edge of a thaler before thrusting it into the dirty leather
pouch which held their gains.
It was Saturday night in the great slum market of Mannhausen. And
into the midst of this squalid scene came two young men, one of
whom was the King of Franconia.
His coming to the capital was the result of a decision come to after
his last conversation with the Count von Sigismark. Thoroughly
wearied by his Ministers’ stubborn attitude, and the hopeless
contradictions between them and Johann, he had eagerly welcomed
a suggestion from the latter that he should make a secret visit to
Mannhausen, and there inquire for himself into the condition of the
people, and learn from their own lips what were the burdens under
which they suffered.
Fortunately for the success of the scheme, Maximilian had never
permitted himself to be photographed since his accession, and had
only been in the capital twice during the same period. Even on those
two occasions most of his time had been spent in Mannhausen’s
famous art gallery, so that the chances of his being recognised were
hardly worth taking into account.
The evening of their arrival had been devoted to procuring suitable
disguises. The next day Maximilian’s guide had led him through the
various public institutions of the city. He had gone into the Royal
Courts, where he had seen injustice dispensed under all the forms of
law. He had visited the great central infirmary and beheld the
miserable patients, dreading the recovery which would dismiss them
to the greater misery of their homes. He had passed through the
empty churches, and beheld the richly-decorated shrines from which
no help came to the baptised heathen of the streets outside. Finally
Johann had taken him into the Lower House of the Legislature,
having secured a pass from a member of the Extreme Left who was
secretly in touch with the revolutionists.
They found the Chamber in a state of unusual excitement over the
anticipated visit of the Imperial Kaiser. It had been intimated that only
a limited number of the deputies could be admitted to the public
ceremony of reception, and this snub had been the signal for a storm
of indignation which was at its height when Maximilian entered the
gallery. He listened for an hour to the excited deputies, wrangling for
the right to pay homage to a despot, and at last remarked with some
bitterness to Johann—
“If these are the kind of men whom the people themselves choose to
govern them, God help the people!”
“Yes,” said Johann, unmoved; “these are the representatives of the
bourgeoisie, and this is how they legislate for the workers.”
They went out, and as the hour of eleven approached Johann drew
his companion along towards the market, promising to show him the
whole misery of the city at one glance.
When he found himself in the centre of the vile place, and its full
details were revealed to him, Maximilian shrank appalled. He had
never even conceived the existence of such wretchedness, of such
loathsome degradation.
“What is this? Where are we?” he demanded of his guide, clutching
him by the arm. “Who are these frightful creatures?”
“Your subjects,” was the grave retort; “those who your Ministers tell
you have no grievances and no ungratified desires.”
“But it is horrible. They look more like fantastic goblins than human
beings. And the children! Look at the children!”
“Yes,” said Johann, unmoved, for he was familiar with the sight. “Of
such is the kingdom of—hell.”
While they were still standing there one of the young wretches
caught sight of them from the gutter, and quickly fighting his way out
of the throng ran up to them, whining for something to buy bread.
The boy had handsome dark eyes, with a pathetic look in them, and
before Johann could warn him the King impulsively put his hand into
his pocket and drew forth the largest silver coin he could find. The
boy, who had perhaps never handled so much money at once in his
life, actually tore it from Maximilian’s fingers, and set up a wild yell,
half of triumph, half of derision at the King’s folly in parting with the
coin. Drawn by the sound, the whole ragged crew came rushing up
and beset the King; while the first boy darted off for his life, to
conceal his spoil from the thievish violence of his companions.
For some time the King and Johann strove in vain to beat off the
swarm, who surrounded them on all sides, uttering threats and
curses and entreaties all together, while some of the more reckless
made attempts to pick their pockets. A group of drunken men noticed
what was going on, and encouraged the lads, one or two of the
younger men even coming up and assuming a threatening
demeanour on the edge of the crowd, as if to intimidate the two
victims from resistance.
At last one of the stall-keepers had his attention drawn to the row,
and undertook to quell it, fearing possibly that his trade might suffer if
scenes of open violence were allowed in the market. Taking up a
long leather strap, he strode into the middle of the struggling mass of
boys, and lashed them right and left with cruel force. The wretches
instantly recognised a master, and fled in all directions, leaving
Maximilian little less shocked at the brutality of his rescuer than
grateful for the deliverance.
“Was it necessary to cut so hard?” he ventured to say, after thanking
the man.
“The young vermin! Yes, and not half so hard as they deserve. They
are thieves, the whole lot of them, and they will get worse as they
grow older. It would be a good thing if the government would make
short work of them!” And he turned towards his stall.
Maximilian followed him, reluctant to part with one who had, in his
brutal way, done him a kindness.
“Are there no schools to which these boys could be sent?” he asked.
“Schools! Plenty of schools; but how do you expect to get them
there, unless you send an officer for them every day? And even then
they would hide themselves out of his reach. Besides, what could
you do with them if you got them in a school? They would only make
the other boys as bad as themselves. A prison is the sort of school
they want.”
The King turned away discouraged. Johann whispered in his ear—
“You see, there are Von Sigismarks in all ranks. That is the kind of
man whom your Ministers would bring before you to tell you about
the poorer classes.”
“Will it be safe to question one of these women?” asked the King.
“Yes; but let me do it. I understand these people better than you.”
Johann singled out a woman who might have been any age between
forty and sixty. She had just bought a small quantity of firewood, and
was filling her apron with the sticks.
“Halloa, mother!” said the Socialist. “That’s not a very big load to
cook your Sunday dinner with.”
The old crone glanced up at him crookedly out of her dull, narrow
eyes.
“Who told you I had any Sunday dinner to cook?” she returned
sullenly, yet not altogether refusing to enter into conversation.
“Come, it’s not so bad as that, is it?” said Johann. “Where does your
man work?”
“He’s dead,” she returned indifferently. “I’ve only got a son to support
me; and it’s little enough he earns, what with a bad chest and
rheumatism in both legs.”
Perhaps she scented a possible gift, for she made no attempt to
move off, though the apron was now full.
“What is he, then?” asked Johann, letting his hand slip quietly into
his pocket.
“Working carpenter he was; but now he can’t get regular work, and
has to take any odd job. He don’t often get more than five or six
marks in the week, and half of that goes for the room.”
“That’s bad. When did your husband die?”
“Thirteen years ago next Christmas. He was a bricklayer, he was,
earning good wages; but one of his mates dropped a brick on his
head and killed him. I got ten pounds from the club; but that soon
went.”
“And you’ve had no one but your son to support you ever since?”
“Ay; except when the girls gave me something. The eldest was a
good one; but she died in hospital.”
“And the others?”
“They went on the streets, both of them. One’s in the asylum now,
and the other’s gone to Berlin; and I’ve never heard from her since. It
was hunger drove them to it,” she added, with a faint effort to meet
any possible feeling of disapproval in the mind of her questioner. It
was evident that she was long past any such feeling herself.
Johann looked at the King, who turned away, sick at heart.
“Well, here’s a trifle towards your next dinner,” said Johann, dropping
a couple of coins into the woman’s skinny claw. A larger sum might
have attracted too much notice.
The miserable creature clutched the money fast, but showed no
other sign of satisfaction, and turned her back on them without going
through the form of thanks.
“My God! And is there no remedy for such misery as that?”
exclaimed Maximilian, as soon as she was out of hearing.
“That is a question you can put to the Chancellor,” was the response.
“We think there is one. In our scheme a woman like that would
become entitled to a pension from the State when her husband was
killed. But, you see, in order to give it to her, we should have to
plunder the wealthy classes. And what chance do you suppose such
a measure would have of passing through the assembly whose
debates we have listened to to-day?”
“Ah! And what would you do with these fearful children?”
“Take them into homes provided by the State. Not huge pauper
establishments, but cottages scattered through the country, with a
matron in charge of each half-dozen youngsters. There they would
be taught to read and write, and brought up to useful trades. If it
were possible to make good citizens of them, we should do it; if any
of them proved incorrigible, we should transfer them to institutions
where they would be under restraint, and have no opportunity of
perpetuating the race. In that way the hereditary pauper and criminal
class would die out.”
The King nodded his head gravely. They had left the immediate
neighbourhood of the stalls, and were approaching one of the
taverns, which was at that moment vomiting forth a troop of sodden
drinkers.
“Shall we question one of these fellows?” Johann inquired doubtfully.
“Yes. Let us go through with it, now we are here,” answered the
King.
The revolutionary picked out a man who seemed in a slightly less
degraded condition than the rest, and beckoned him aside.
“What do you want?” asked the man, suspiciously.
“My name is Mark,” said Johann; “I am a member of the Socialist
League, and I thought you might like to come to one of our
meetings.”
The other became faintly interested.
“I hold with you,” he said, speaking in the coarse dialect of his class.
“I hold with you; but I don’t care about coming to meetings. They
aren’t much in my line.”
“But why not? How can we succeed unless the working classes will
rally round us?”
“Oh, that’s all right. We’ll rally right enough as soon as you make it
worth our while. Show us something to go for, that’s all.”
“But we want to be organised first. Why should not you give your
time to the work, instead of drinking about in places like that?”
He pointed to the tavern. The man looked slightly ashamed.
“Look here, it’s no good preaching,” he muttered. “It’s all very well for
you fellows, but curse me if I see any good in making a fuss. I live a
hard life, and it isn’t much good if I can’t go on the spree sometimes.
All a poor man has got is the beer. I dare say if I was the King and
lived in a palace, with nothing to do but enjoy myself, I should find it
easy enough to keep sober.”
“What do you work at?” asked Johann.
“I’m a potter,” was the answer; “I get my eighteen marks a-week, and
I get as much enjoyment out of it as I can. It isn’t as if I had any fear
of growing old. The potters never live beyond fifty.”
Maximilian shuddered.
At this moment another man coming along towards the tavern
caught sight of the speaker, and gave him a nod.
“Here, Müller,” cried the potter, “come here! Here’s a Socialist!”
Müller replied with an oath.
“No Socialists for me; give me beer,” he said, and swung through the
tavern door.
“He’s about right,” said the potter, with a laugh. And with a nod to
Johann he went back after his comrade.
“I see your difficulty is not only with the wealthy classes,” commented
the King, moodily, as they moved on.
“True. But it is the rule of the wealthy which has produced such men
as these. What can we say to a state of society which condemns a
whole class to die off at the age of fifty, most of them earlier still?”
“It is horrible. Could not their work be done by machinery?”
“Probably it could. But the first introduction of machinery would mean
that hundreds, or thousands, of men would be thrown into the streets
to starve. So that the change would only mean for them that they
were to die at once, instead of in ten or twenty years.”
“How would you deal with them, then?”
“Compensate them, provide for them until they could obtain a
livelihood in other trades. But your Ministers would never hear of
that. If a railway is being made for the benefit of the community, and
it is necessary to take a rich man’s land, the State sees that he shall
be compensated up to the hilt. But when a new machine is
introduced, equally for the benefit of the community, and it takes
away the livelihood of the poor man, the State never dreams of
compensating him. That would be robbery, plunder, blasphemy, all
that is wicked and intolerable.”
Maximilian listened with a heavy heart to the Socialist’s words. How
much there was to redress, and how ill he was fitted to redress it!
They gradually came to the end of the market, and turned into a
street leading back to their lodging. As they came round the corner
they encountered a young woman, scarcely more than a girl she
seemed, who stepped up to them smiling. The traces of great beauty
were still visible in her painted face, and something in the carriage of
her head brought up the image of Dorothea for an instant before
Maximilian’s eye, and he stopped short.
Johann shook his head and walked on, as the girl began to address
them after the manner of her class. She turned to Maximilian, who
stood hesitating, and laid her hand familiarly upon his arm.
He started, and shook her off with a gesture of loathing. The next
moment his manner changed, and he addressed her in
compassionate tones.
“I will give you some money,” he said; “and I should like to ask you a
few questions.” And he beckoned to Johann, who had come to a halt
a few paces in front and turned round to wait for his companion.
The girl stared in wonder, as she held out her hand. When she
perceived that it was being filled with gold, she burst into a profusion
of thanks.
“Never mind thanking me,” said the King. “I wish you to understand
that I am your friend, and if it is in my power to help you, I shall be
glad to do so.”
The girl shook her head.
“No one can do that,” she answered, speaking naturally for the first
time.
“Why not? How did you come to take to this life?”
“It’s a long story. There was a young man who had promised to
marry me, and I trusted him, like too many others.”
Johann smiled cynically. Fortunately she could not see his face, and
the King listened to her with a kind look, which disarmed her in spite
of herself.
“And he refused to marry you afterwards?”
“Yes.” The girl seemed reluctant to say more; but, after another
glance at her questioner, she added, “You see, I had a baby, and
then he was ashamed of me.”
“He deserved to be—” Maximilian checked himself. “And the baby?”
he asked gently. “Is it still alive?”
“No.”
She said the word harshly, but as the calm friendly eyes of the King
continued to read her own she melted again.
“He died after just three months, and I sold everything I had to bury
him. Then I came here.”
“I am so sorry.”
“It was better as it was. I would not have had him grow up to be like
one of these young thieves.”
Maximilian thought of his experiences of that night, and sighed.
“Come, let me help you,” he said, after a minute’s pause. “You do not
like the life you are leading. Should you not like to leave it, and go
back to your home?”
“No. Better leave me alone. You cannot help me.”
“Do not say that. Perhaps my power is greater than you think. Are
your parents living?”
“Yes. O my God, why do you make me speak of them?” she burst
out. “You can do nothing for me. You do not know, you cannot
understand. My father, I can see him now, with the great family Bible
on his knee, reading out the curse, and then solemnly striking my
name out of the names of his children. And my mother, looking on,
and weeping, but bidding me go forth and never return, lest my
example should corrupt her other daughters. And so I am an outcast,
an outcast forever, and no repentance will ever restore me to my
place at the old fireside. And you, not if you were the King himself,
you could never change the hearts of those two, and make them
love me as they did when I was a little child.”
She broke off, sobbing, and before the King could stay her, she had
turned, and was fleeing away in the darkness of the night.
 CHAPTER XIII
THE STATE PRISON

For some time after the parting words of the girl, Maximilian and his
companion walked on in silence. Johann saw that the King was
profoundly affected by what he had just listened to, and did not
venture to disturb his reflections. At length Maximilian raised his
head, and gave utterance to the thoughts of his mind.
“She is right, Johann. There are some things beyond my power, or
yours, to alter. We may change social conditions, we may care for
men’s health, we may add to the comfort of their lives; but how are
we to war against evil passions, how can we prevent such wrongs as
that poor creature has suffered, how root out the superstitions which
thrive under the name of religion, and darken the whole nature of
mankind?”
“Even here we can do something,” was the firm reply. “We do not
believe that there is anything in human nature so fixed that it cannot
be transformed by the right means. Do away with marriage, and you
abolish the degradation of love; merge the household into the
community, and you render it impossible for the happiness of the
child to be blighted by the prejudices and ignorance of its parents.”
Maximilian looked at him in some consternation. This was the first
time that Johann had expounded this part of the doctrines of his
sect, and the new disciple was somewhat taken aback.
“Is that part of the Socialist programme?” he asked. “Do your friends
aim at abolishing marriage and the family?”
“I will not go so far as to say that it is a recognised item in our
programme,” was the answer. “Many Socialists are not educated up
to these views, and others regard them as something that can better
be dealt with at a later stage, after we have brought about the
economical freedom of society. But personally I cannot see how we
can ever make the species really happy until we have thoroughly
reorganised society on these points as well.”
“But surely the people in general would never consent to such steps
as these. If you had a Republic to-morrow you would have the
majority against you.”
“No doubt that would be so at first. We can only wait, and do our
best to enlighten them.”
“Well, at all events I am glad you do not make that a vital question,”
said Maximilian, a good deal relieved. “I do not think I should care to
hint at anything of that sort to the Chancellor.”
The revolutionist sighed. He saw that his pupil was still lagging far
behind his own position, and that it would be necessary to use great
caution in bringing him on.
Presently Maximilian spoke again.
“Well, after what I have seen and heard to-night I am convinced that
you are in the right as to one thing. The present state of affairs is
wrong, and the only question is how to set about righting it. If my
Ministers will do nothing, I promise you that I will go on without
them.”
For answer Johann turned half round and wrung the King’s hand in
silence.
“Now,” continued Maximilian, “I should like to see more of your party.
I want to come in touch with them. You say there are three thousand
members of the Socialist League in Mannhausen?”
“In Franconia,” corrected Johann. “There are several provincial
branches, but of course the one here is the most numerous, and
gives the lead to the others.”
“Tell me”—the King spoke with a little hesitation—“was it the League
which sent you to Neustadt?”
“Oh, no; certainly not. I came here as the agent of a small secret
society, which was founded in the reign of your father. The League is
a public organisation, and does not undertake any measures of that
kind.”
“Good. Now, what I want you to do is to take me to a meeting of the
League, so that I may see something of its working for myself. When
does it meet next?”
Johann looked slightly disturbed at this bold suggestion. Knowing as
he did the kind of language which was indulged in at these meetings,
language of which the last few days had done much to make him
realise the extravagance, he could hardly help feeling a little uneasy
at the King’s proposal to be present.
“There is a meeting to-morrow night,” he responded cautiously, “to
which I thought of going, but I hardly know whether it would be wise
for you to come. Some of our members hold rather strong views
about monarchy, and you might hear something—”
Maximilian did not wait for him to finish.
“Don’t be afraid of shocking me,” he said good-humouredly. “I dare
say I shan’t hear anything worse than I have deserved, and after
all”—with a side smile—“it won’t be worse than having a pistol
pointed at my head.”
Johann blushed. But a new objection had occurred to him.
“I forgot to say that the meetings are only open to members,” he
observed. “You see, we have to be cautious on account of the police.
It has been rumoured that they mean to make a raid upon us before
long.”
“They won’t dare to do that after what I said to Herr Moritz,” replied
Maximilian, confidently. “As to the other point, what is there to
prevent my becoming a member of the League?”
This time the Socialist was fairly staggered. But strange as the
suggestion sounded, it was difficult for him to think of any valid
reason for rejecting it. On the contrary, it might be that such a step
would be most desirable, by committing the King irrevocably, and
giving the revolutionary party a stronger hold upon him than the
mere private compact which bound him to Johann personally.