EFFECTIVENESS OF POWDERED MILK AND

TARO LEAVES (Colocasia esculenta ) AS AN AHESIVE GLUE

A Manuscript
Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School Department
Western Leyte College Inc.
Ormoc City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION

AMORES, MARK DAVE

ARINO ERIC TIMOTHY R
BALIDIO, LOVELY
DONOR, EUNICE PAULINE
MAGLASANG, LORENZ
PASCUAL, CHINIE RAIZA P.
SOLIS, ALJAMES BAMAHA

July 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Research Paper entitled “ Effectiveness of Powdered milk and Taro Leaves

(Colocasia esculenta) as an Adhesive Glue” prepared and submitted by Mark Dave Amores,

Eric Timothy R. Arino, Lovely Balidio, Eunice Pauline N. Donor, Lorenz Maglasang,

Chinie Raiza P. Pascual, and Aljames Bamaha Solis in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for INQUIRES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION has been examined and

recommended for acceptance and approval.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination:

Panel Member Panel Member

Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for INQUIRIES,

INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION, S.Y: 2022-2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thanks and worship to the almighty Lord,

who gave the authors strength to begin and complete the research plan. The researchers would

also like to thanks for the gratitude and good health, which allowed them to carry out this study.

To the Parents, the researchers would like to express a deep gratitude for supporting them

financially and trusting them throughout the duration of the research.

Mr. Lexter P. Rona, for the guidance and encouragement, this study would not have been

completed without the research adviser.

Mr. Elton Jhon Meridor, for giving the researchers courage and the opportunity to pursue

this research study.

Ms. Judy Jean T. Pawaan, who had been there to keep the researchers determined and

encouraged that made the study successful, despite your busy schedule with college course work,

you still found time to assist the researchers.

Others that the researchers forgot to mention, the efforts were greatly acknowledged and

appreciated.

.
 1

ABSTRACT

AMORES MARK DAVE, ARINO ERIC TIMOTHY R., BALIDIO

LOVELY, DONOR EUNICE PAULINE N., MAGLASANG LORENZ, PASCUAL
CHINIE RAIZA P., SOLIS ALJAMES BAMAHA. June 2023, Western Leyte
College of Ormoc Inc. Ormoc City Leyte. EFFECTIVENESS OF POWDERED
MILK AND TARO LEAVES (Colocasia esculnta) AS AN ADHESIVE GLUE.

Adviser: MR. LEXTER P. RONA

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of powdered milk and taro leaves

(Colocasia esculenta) as an adhesive glue. A total of two samples were prepared, using

different ratios of powdered milk, taro leaves extract, and water. The samples were then

subjected to a series of test, including stickiness, strength, and time measurement. The

results showed that the combination of powdered milk and taro leaves extract produced

viscous and sticky solution that was suitable as an adhesive glue. The hardness test also

showed that the adhesive strength of the samples was compared to that of commercial

glue.

Furthermore, the samples passed the durability test, demonstrating that the powdered

milk and taro leaves extract were able to withstand exposure to water and heat.

Overall, the study concluded that the powdered milk and taro leaves extract could be

effective adhesive glue, with potential benefits such as affordability, environmental

sustainability, and accessibility of materials.

 2

Table of Contents

TITLEPAGE …………………………………………………….……….………………i
APPROVAL SHEET….…………………………………………………… ……..…. . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……..………………………………………………… …. .iii
ABSTRACT………..………………………………………………………..……….......iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……..……………………………………………………….. v
LIST OF TABLES……….………………………………………………..……………vii
LISTOFFIGURES……………………………………………………………...……...viii
LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Rationale………………..…………………………………………………..…….1
Statement of the Problem………………..………………...……………….……..2
Research Hypotheses…..…………………………………………………..…......2
Scope and Limitations……………..…………………………………..…….…....2
Significance of the Study……..………………………………..……...………….3

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature…………..……..……………...………..5

Taro………………………………………………………………………………12
Milk………………………………………………………………………………12
Glue………………………………………………………………………………13
Conceptual Framework ..……………………...…………………………..……..15

CHAPTER III:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 16

Collection of Sample…………………………………………………....……....16
Extraction of taro Leaves….……………………………..……………..……….16
Sensory Evaluation..……………………...………….……..……………………16
Equioment and Materialsl………...……..……………………………………….17
Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………17

CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussions….……………... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Comparison of Odor……………………………………………………………..20
Comparison of Color…………………………………………………………….21
Comparison of Stickines…………………………………………………………21
Two-Way ANOVA Results: Morality Rate and Reaction time 22

CHAPTER V
Summary . . . . . . . ……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . .24
Conclusions . . . . . ….………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . .24
Recommendations……….……………………………………………………..25

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..26

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….………..27
 3

A. Program of Activities 28
B. Budgetary Requirements 29
C. Survey Questionare 30

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

Table 1 Experimental Design 11

Table 2 Differences of the Positive 13

Control

Table 3 Sum Ranks of Attributes 14

 4

LIST OF FIGURES

Table No. Title Page No.

Figure 1 Protease Mechanism 6

Figure 2 Trypsin Mechanism 7

Figure 3 Conceptual Framework 8

Figure 4 Validation of Specimen 9

 5

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

Table No. Title Page No.

Figure 1 Appendix Figure 1: 20

Preparation of grinded

Jackfruit Seeds

Figure 2 Appendix Figure 2: Presence 20

of Ethanol

Figure 3. Appendix Figure 3: 21

Fermentation (Day 1)

Figure 4 Appendix Figure 4: Day 2 21

Figure 5 Appendix Figure 5: Day 3 22

Figure 6 Appendix Figure 6: Testing 22

Variable 1

Figure 7 Appendix Figure 7: Testing 23

Variable 2
 6

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The main focus of this research endeavor was glue. Glue was commonly used all

around the world. Glue is everywhere, from schools to offices, from houses to structures,

and it was constantly around to assist people's daily lives. From torn books to stripped

bits of paper works, this material could be employed in simple activities or as an

emergency utensil; this instrument was very important in our lives.

Glues were widely used by people especially students in many form of

production. The binding properties that these materials provide had shown significant

role in the community, especially for educational and work purposes. It may seem like

quite a simple product, but in fact, glue has a long and rich history. Of course, back then

it was not what we would really call glue nowadays, but it was glue none the less. A glue

could be a health risk also where it can cause s e v e r e b r e a t h i n g p r o b l e m s a n d

headaches. It was generally known that adhesive glues were as much important in

crafting; accordingly to the student’s accessibility of the aforementioned tool. The

production, however, could be both processes synthetically and naturally, wherein the

prior mentioned procedure integrates a rather chemical based product. These, in return,

may bring toxicity to an individual’s health because of the compounded chemical

substances mixed in. Through years, glues have become a crucial component in our

everyday lives. The indispensability of adhesives, contributed in helping prehistoric men

 7

on their innovations for products and tools necessary for survival and preservation of

mankind.

New variations of glues were continuously invented and adhesive throughout the

years up to the present time, and one of the greatest limitations of these products

nowadays was that although most are not wholly unsafe to used, the hazards and

possibility of dangers were still present and pose threats to an individual’s health. A glue

could be made from milk by souring it using vinegar (an acid) which separates it into

curds and whey. The curds could be neutralized by various bases to produce a variety of

different glues. As well as the taro leaves, where it provides more adhesive glue when

mixed with milk. In this study, the researchers were going to test the effectiveness of

milk and taro leaves as adhesive glue. This study aims to introduce people to adhesive

glues, using milk and taro leaves as an adhesive. The researchers considered conducting

an experimental study to create a natural, chemical-free product to use an adhesive to

commercial glue.

Statement of the Problem

The usage of glues was widespread among communities and people’s everyday

lives. However, most of those were commercial products and those factories made

concentrated with chemical mixtures. One of the primary concerns on using adhesive

glues was the possibility of breathing in of the harmful ingredients either purposely or

not.

Thus, this study aimed to create homemade adhesive glues using milk and taro

leaves to make a product that was safe and alternatively available to used. Specifically, it

sought to investigated and answer the following questions;

 8

1. Were the materials used resourceful or eco-friendly?

2. Was there a significant difference between the homemade glue and to ready-

made adhesive glues?

Research Hypotheses

The researchers proposed two hypotheses in this research.

Ha: There was a significant difference in using natural based materials as

having the potential to used as alternative adhesive glues for binding materials.

Ho: There was no significant difference in using natural based materials as

having the potential to used as alternative adhesive glues for binding materials.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused only on making the milk and taro leaves as adhesive glue. The

scope of this study focused on the promotion of using natural and safe materials in the

production of adhesive glues. The purpose of this study was to provide cheaper product,

which was universally used especially by the students and other individuals who’s

interested of using it or obliged to used.

The limitation of the outcome or product could only have one purpose on what

the basis of the product commonly used. Meaning to say, if the glue was only used for

pasting it should be in pasting and should not apply for other purposes.
 9

Significance of the Study

This findings of the study would redound to the benefits of society considering

that making your own glue was a must-have product in the world of craft and art,

especially for children’s crafts or even do-it-yourself projects at home.

People could saved a lot of money by making their own glue, which was a less

expensive alternative to branded glue sold commercially. This study would be a

significant endeavor to the following:

To the students. The research would contribute to reducing hazards that these students

may encounter through the usage of the product. Since, health concerns and safety were

the primary problems that we should address..

To the entrepreneurs. The given product would be beneficial to those entrepreneurs

because from the fact that the substance used was not expensive, it was also easily be

seen at the kitchen or if not, it can easily be find in the market.

To the community. The experimental study may encourage the community to discover

more and practice alterations that may had effective and positive outcomes to consider.

And it would also provide a little knowledge on how to make a homemade glue.

To the researchers. The research would give the researcher some knowledge on how to

create a glue by using simple but useful substance, and also this study will help them

financially if that will be able to plan on selling it in the market.

 10

To the future researchers. To those future researchers, if they would able to used the

same research, this study would guide them on what substance or other substance may

used in making a adhesive glue.

Definition of Terms

Adhesive - any non-metallic substance applied to one or both sides of two separate items

that binds them together and prevents their separation is known as adhesive.

Glue - is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. It

can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals.

Homemade - refers to something that is made at home, on the premises, or with one’s

own hands.

Milk - is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the

primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants)

before they are able to digest solid food.

Naturally - it is not manufactured or done by individuals, but naturally occurring or

existing as part of nature.

Taro leaves - are the heart-shaped leaves of the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta),

commonly grown in subtropical and tropical regions. While generally known for its

edible, starchy root, the leaves of the taro plant also serve as a staple food in various

cuisines.

Naturally - it is not manufactured or done by individuals, but naturally occurring or

existing as part of nature.

 11

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARUTE

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers

considered in strengthening the importance of the present study.

Taro

Taro leaves taste similar to spinach, but those take much longer to cook. They were a

common ingredient in Asian, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, and African cuisines. Read on

to find out everything you need to know about taro leaves. Discover their uses, health
 12

benefits, side effects, and more. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) was a tropical root crop

produced largely for its starchy corm or underground stem, according to Genetic

Engineering of Horticultural Crops of 2018. It was cultivated extensively in the South

Pacific, Asia and Africa, and was one of the most significant staple foods in the Pacific

Islands (Kreike,2004). The β-glucuronidase (gus) gene was introduced into taro by

Fukino, (2000) via particle bombardment: nevertheless, the efficiency of transformation

was relatively low. A serious fungus disease of dryland-grown (nonflooded) taro is called

sclerotium, sometimes known as southern blight, and was brought on by Sclerotium

rolfsii (2008) transformed taro using an Agrobacterium to introduce a rice chitinase gene.

The taro plant was scientifically classified as Colocasia esculenta. It was first cultivated

around 5000 BCE in southeast Asia and was considered one of the world’s oldest

cultivated plants. The Polynesian sailors frequently brought taro plants with them as a

food supply, taro cultivation expanded to other regions of the world (particularly the

Pacific islands). Taro was still a significant component of Hawaiian culture today. In

addition, it was a vital component of many Asian sweet foods. Tropical plants known as

taro were first grown for the tasty, starchy roots (also known as tubers or corms). In many

nations, these roots are a common food item.

Taro had a sizable amount of water soluble mucilage that prevents the extraction,

purification, and utilization of starch (7.5%-13,7%w/w, dry basis). The elimination of this

mucilage, an Arabinogalactan-Protein (AGP), improves the quality and value of the

starch. Furthermore, the industry that processes taro starch may value separated AGP as

by product of (Jiang &Ramsden,1999). The high carbohydrate contents (87%) found in

 13

the tuber part of the plant would balanced by the high protein content (23%) found in the

taro leaves as a source of human nourishment (Annan and Plahar,1995). Because of their

active involvement in the control of intestinal transit and their capacity to absorb water,

the high levels of dietary fiber presents in taro leaves were also useful for improving

dietary volume and feces consistency (Dubois and Savage, 2006).

Milk

Milk was a complex fluid containing many compounds that was secreted by female of

all mammalian species. In many parts of the world, cows were the most important

mammal in milk production, including in the UK, Europe and North America (Kon,

1975; Porter, 1983; Varnam and Sutherland, 1994; Aguhob and Axtell, 1996; Harding,

1999). The term of milk means a clean and clear liquid, which was distilled from udders

of good healthy mammal, does not contain colostrums and was produced to bring up the

newborn species (Tungjaranchai and Kavila, 1988,Potter and Hotchkiss, 1995). Milk

contains a high water content, at the same time water or moisture was one of the

important factors for microorganisms to grow. This situation makes milk as a good

growth medium for many microorganisms. Milk had a water activity of 0.993, which

shows clearly that most of microorganisms, especially bacteria will not have any problem

to grow in milk ( Prescott, 2002). The most important nutritional components of milk are

proteins. Proteins represent natural substances, consisted of amino acids. Overall, the

content composition of milk can be divided into five categories, namely proteins,

vitamins, minerals, fats and carbohydrates.

 14

Glue

Glue were capable of holding or sticking two surfaces together in a strong and often

permanent bond it may be interchangeable with mucilage or paste. Glue was widely

utilized adhesive in work places, homes, schools, and even construction (Wilkinson’s,

2014) and was made by a sticky substance from animal bones and skins or through

chemical process and used for permanently joining things together. By processing animal

bones, hides, skin, sinew, and other connective tissues to remove the protein collagen,

ancient tribes discovered how to create glue (Mazur, 2015).

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Extracted Adhesive Glue

Taro Leaves
 15

Figure 1.0: The Conceptual Framework of the Study

The study was conducted on determining the potential use of milk and taro

leaves as raw material in the production of alternative glue. Some people have explored

the possibilities of using this material in combination with other raw materials to create a

useful product.This study made of use the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model of goal

accomplishment. Testing resourceful materials and products as an inventive process will

help in determining the factors for the successive formulation of adhesive glue.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter concentrated on the discussion of the research methods and procedures
adhered to by the researcher to answer systematically the specific problems posed for
investigation. Specifically, the research method, population, and samples, research locale,
and instrument were explained in this chapter.

Collection of Taro leaves and Powdered Milk

 16

Taro leaves (Colocasia esculatenta) were collected from Brgy. Labrador Ormoc
City, Leyte. About 10 of fresh taro leaves were collected while the powdered milk was
bought at some small store together with the baking soda and vinegar.

Extraction of Taro Leaves

After enough taro leaves were collected, 10 grams of taro leaves were boiled
in 100 mL of water for approximately 15 minutes. The other ingredients were mixed
separately. After boiling the 10 grams of taro leaves, all the ingredients were mixed, and
then the mixture was transferred to a separate container.

Sensory Evaluation

The odor, color, and stickiness of the taro leaves and powdered milk were reported
using sensory evaluation. This was evaluated using the convenience sampling procedure,
in which respondents were drawn from a part of population that was close at hand. In this
instance, the researchers selected eight (8) respondents from Barangay Labrador, Ormoc
City, Leyte depending on their vacancy at the time of the trials of the samples. The
respondents were given a questionnaire to evaluate the odor, color, stickiness.

Equipment and Materials

In conducting this study, the materials used by the researchers were presented in the
table.

Materials and ingredients Quantity

 17

Taro Leaves 10 grams

Powdered Milk 28.3 grams

Baking Soda 15 grams

Water 1 liter

Pot 1

Vinegar 28.3 grams

Container 1

Statistical Analysis

During the conduction of the study, the data was analyzed and evaluated to
assess the difference in variables present by utilizing T-test.
Mean. This test was used to ascertain the effectiveness of adhesive glue
compared to commercial glue.
Standard Error. This test was used to determine the significant differences
between the adhesive glue and commercial glue.
t-Test samples. Set at 0.05 alpha level of significance, this test was used to
determine the significant relationship between the commercial glue and adhesive glue.

Formula of finding t-Test:

SM1 – M2 = √( N1S2x2 +N2S2X2 ) ( N1+N2 )

N1+N2-2 N1N2
 18

One-way Anova. This test was used to determine significant difference of both
independent variables.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presented the results and data gathered from the survey conducted based on
the given research objectives. Eight (8) respondents were selected from Barangay
Labrador, Ormoc City, Leyte depending on their availability at the time of the trials. Both
commercial and experimental samples have been provided to the respondents, who were
 19

also given a questionnaire to indicate their satisfaction and dissatisfaction by rating from
1-5 to evaluate the attributes of the products. This chapter further discusses the
description and comparison of the given variables.

Comparison of Odor
A total of (8) questionnaires were distributed and used as the base for computing the
results. Table 1 showed the gathered results at the experiment and commercial variables
in terms of Odor. Table 1.2 below illustrated that t-test statistics were employed to
determine wither there was a significant difference between the experimental and
Commercial variables in terms of odor.
Table 1.1 Response of odor
Respondent Experimental Commercial
1 3 1
2 3 1
3 4 1
4 3 1
5 4 1
6 4 1
7 4 1
8 4 1

Table 1.2 Presented the respondents’ evaluation of the odor at the experimental
(Colocasia esculenta) and commercialized glue. Based on the given data of the
respondent, the experimental product had a mean of …, whereas the positive control had
a mean of 1.
Table 1.2 T-test statistics for the comparison between the experimental and
commercial glue in terms of odor.
Mean a
Differenc T- Degree of leve Critica Inferenc
e value Freedom l l Value Decision e
Experimental 3.25 3.73 7 0.05 1.895 Reject the null hypothesis
 20

Commercial Insignificant

Comparison of color
A total of (8) questionnaires were distributed and used as the base for computing the
results. Table 2.2 below showed the gathered results of the experiment and commercial in
terms of color. Table 2.3 below illustrated that t-Test Statistics were employed to
determine whether the experimental and commercialized product has a significant
difference in terms of color.
Table 2.2 Response of color
Respondent Experimental Commercial
1 4 1
2 3 1
3 3 2
4 4 1
5 3 2
6 3 1
7 4 1
8 3 1

Table 2 presented the respondents evaluation of the color at the experimental

(Colocasia esculenta) and commercial glue. Based on the given data of the respondents,
the experimental product had a mean of 3.4, whereas the commercial repellent had a
mean of 1.3.
Table 2.3 t-Test statistics for the comparison between the experimental and
commercial glue in terms of color.
Mean T- a
Differenc valu Degree of leve Critica
e e Freedom l l Value Decision Inference
Experimental 2.13 8.85 7 0.05 1.895 Reject the null Insignifican
 21

Commercial 6 hypothesis t

Comparison of Stickiness
A total of (8) questionnaires were distributed and used as the base for computing the
results. Table 3 below showed the gathered results of the experiment and commercial in
terms of stickiness. Table 3.3 below illustrated that t-Test Statistics were employed to
determine whether the experimental and commercialized product has a significant
difference in terms of stickiness.
Table 3 t-Test Statistics for the comparison between the experimental and
commercial glue in terms of stickiness
Respondent Experimental Commercial
1 3 1
2 3 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
5 3 1
6 3 1
7 4 1
8 3 1

Table 3 presented the respondents evaluation of the stickyness at the experimental

(Colocasia esculenta) and commercial glue. Based on the given data of the respondents,
the experimental product had a mean of 3.4, whereas the commercial glue had a mean of
1.2.
Table 3.3 t-Test statistics for the comparison between the experimental and
commercial glue in terms of stickiness.
Mean T- a
Differenc valu Degree of leve Critica
e e Freedom l l Value Decision Inference
 22

Experimental 8.84 Reject the null Insignifican

Commercial 2.12 5 8 0.05 1.895 hypothesis t

Two-Way ANOVA Results: Morality Rate and Reaction Time of Commercial Glue
and Adhesive Glue samples: Boiled Taro Leaves and Powdered Milk.

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test were performed to provide valuable

insights into any significant distinctions between the commercial glue and the adhesive
glue samples. Below were the results presented in Table 4 for Morality Rate and Table 5
for Reaction time.

Table 4. Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test for the Significant

Difference Commercial Glue and Adhesive Glue Samples in Terms of Mortality
Rate.

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 16.744 6 2.30516 1.45295 0.25262648 2.35925985 Condition

30.25 3 738.289 320.682 1.3556E-14 2.6130748 Error 48.576 26
1.75483

Total 95.57 35

Based on the results of Table 4, the Two-Way ANOVA Test concluded that the null
hypothesis was accepted in terms of morality rate. The basis of the researchers’
acceptance was the comparison of P-value and alpha level (0.05), so if P≥0.05, then the
results was not significant. Therefore, Commercial Glue and the Adhesive Glue Sample
had no significant difference in terms of Mortality Rate.
 23

Table 5. Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test for the Significant

Difference Commercial Glue and Adhesive Glue Samples in Terms of Reaction
Time.

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 32.275 7 4.471132 1.622198 0.62381180 2.35925985 Condition

1589 5 623.26 86.423611 2.46523E-14 2.7130748 Error 201.7 25
7.2

Total 1822.975 37

Based on the results of Table 5, the Two-Way ANOVA Test concluded that the null
hypothesis was accepted in terms of morality rate. The basis of the researchers’
acceptance was the comparison of P-value and alpha level (0.05), so if P≥0.05, then the
results was not significant. Therefore, Commercial Glue and the Adhesive Glue Sample
had no significant difference in terms of Reaction Time.

CHAPTER V
 24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented the summary and conclusion derived from the conduct of the

study, which was to prove the Effectiveness of Powdered milk and Taro Leaves

(Colocasia esculenta) as an Adhesive Glue

Summary

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Powdered

Milk and Taro Leaves (colocasia esculenta) as an adhesive glue. The researched was

conducted with the hypothesis that taro leaves, which was known for its starchy root,

could be effective as an adhesive glue. The experimentation consisted of three phases:

pre-experimental, experimental, and post-experimental. The pre-experimental phase

involved preparing the colocasia and setting up the location. The experimental phase

involved gathering the taro leaves, scrutinizing its effectiveness, and determining its

effect on the

.
Conclusions

In the study, it was obtained that the mixture of powdered milk and taro leaves

was an effective organic ingredients of adhesive glue. It indicates that the total average

time measurements of mostly of the testing objects was fast except for the tile. The

effectiveness of powdered milk and taro leaves as adhesive glue was absolutely

acceptable based from the result above.

 Based on our product it was eco-friendly since our ingredients were only powdered

milk and taro leaves, all these materials were efficient.

 25

 Yes, since the ready-made glues have chemicals while our product has none.

Therefore, it concludes that the mixture of powdered milk and taro leaves was an

effective way in making a homemade glue.

Recommendations

 The researchers recommend that further studies must be conducted to explain and

elaborate more on the other factors affecting the effectiveness of powdered milk and

taro leaves as alternative glue.

 It was further recommend to use the other organic materials like saluyot leaves in

terms of taro leaves, because it was also considered as an effective way in making

adhesive glue, just make sure that the result of it was totally acceptable.

 Future researchers may use other tool to interpret more the results and discussion

of their future research study. A tool that is highly reliable with respect to identified

the best result of the study.

 26

References

Annan and Plahar (1995), Glover D.V. Improvement of taro quality. In: Wilke HL, ed.

Improving the nutrient quality of taro leavees. Washington, DC: AID, 1976: 69–97.

Andrew Curry (2021), in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Elsevier B.V.

Bakthavatchalam P. and Gnanasekaran A. (2018), Taro (Colocasia esculanta): An

overview. 6(4): 156-161

Daniel Preiato, RD, CSCS (2020), Plant-based Milks: A Review of the Science

Underpinning Their Design, Fabrication, an Performance. 8(16): 2047-2067

Danny Paul Baby, MD., Taro Leaves: Nutrition, Benefits, and Uses. 3-18 (2018)

Dubois and Savage (2006), Academia Journal of Agricultural Research, Academia

Publishing 6(10): 346-353

Huaijun Si, Xiangyan Zhou (2018), Journal of Medical Plants Studies, JMP3 2018.

Kreike (2004), Genetic diversity of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Southeast

Asia and the Pacific, Theoritical and Applied Genetics . 109(4): 761-8

Kivi R. (2019), Taro leaves: A Review, University of Cotabato.

Jane (1992), Nutritional Potential, Health and Food Security Benefits of Taro Colocasia

Esculenta (L.): A Review

Jiang & Ramsden (1999), Food Chemistry Volume 327, 2020, Article 127041.

Wilkinson (2014), International Journal Therapy 21(10):488

 27

APPENDICES
 28

APPENDIX A

PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES

Appendix Table 1. Program of activities

Activity Objective Expected output Date of
conduct to
finished
Revision The revising process The revised title and April 8 –
includes the title 1, 2, and 3 chapter 1, 2 and 3 have 15, 2023
undergone changes
Conduction of the Plant extraction was Plant extraction April 20 –
experiment set up to evaluate how over the input and 22, 2023
effective taro leaves (Colocasia output, and proper
esculenta) evaluation taro leveas
extract as (Colocasia esculenta)
extract as adhesive
 29

an adhesive glue. glue

Gathering of data from In order to gather efficient, Upon analysis April 26 –
the experiment accurate, and practical data, sufficient accurate data 27 , 2023
we aim to assess the was acquired.
effectiveness of using taro
leaves (Colocasia esculenta)
as an adhesive glue
Conduction of chapter To critically evaluate and All of the gathered data May 5, 2023
4 analyze the outcomes of the was classified and
experiment, while also concluded.
delving into any peculiar
issue discovered.
Conduction of chapter The finalized data was The gathered data was May 13,
5 expected to be condensed summarized and 2023
and accompanied by a conclude, ready to
conclusion and undergo scrutiny.
recommendation in order to
review and analyze the
complete study.
Checking of the paper To ensure comprehensive Corrections were May 22,
examination and sorting od anticipated and the 2023
the entire study study was poised for
revision
Revision of the whole In order to facilitate The assessment would May 24-
research paper comprehension of the study, be simpler to assess 30, 2023
it was necessary to adhere and prepared for
the provided correction finalization.
Finalizing the research Research defense necessary Equipped for submission June 1 – 7,
paper preparation. and ready to defend 2023
 30

APPENDIX B
BUDGETARY REQUIRED

Appendix Table 2. Financial used during the Experimentation

ITEM AMOUNT QUANTITY BUDGET

MILK ₱ 116.00 1 ₱116.00

VINEGAR ₱20.00 1 ₱50.00
BAKING SODA ₱50.00 1 ₱50.00
TOTAL ₱216.00
31