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 Coon
Mitterer Coon / Mitterer / Martini

Psychology
Martini
Introduction to

15e

Gateways to Mind & Behavior

Psychology
Introduction to
Mind & Behavior
Gateways to
To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials
for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.
15e

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

SE/Coon/Mitterer/Martini - Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, 15e   ISBN-13: 978-1-337-56569-1 ©2019 Designer: DDavidson
Printer: Quad  Binding: Casebound  Trim: 9" x 10.875"  CMYK
 Brief Contents

Preface xvi 10 Motivation and Emotion 312

A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Positivity and Optimism—
Introduction: A Psychologist’s Skill Set—
A Lucky Man 342
Reflective Studying 2
11 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 346
1 Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science 14 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Civic Engagement—Raising
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Information Literacy—How Do Awareness 373
You Know? 46
12 Personality 378
2 Brain and Behavior 52 A Psychologist’s Skills Set: Leadership—Just Follow Me 408
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Self-regulation—Control Yourself! 79
13 Health, Stress, and Coping 414
3 Human Development 84 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Stress Management—Send Silence
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Ethical Behavior—Valuing Packing 439
Values 114
14 Psychological Disorders 446
4 Sensation and Perception 118 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Perseverance—True Grit 476
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Effective Communication—Making
15 Therapies 480
Your Point 154
A Psychologists Skill Set: Managing Mental Health—Learning
5 States of Consciousness 160 to Say “Shhhh” 506
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Metacognition—What Do You
16 Social Thinking and Social Influence 512
Think of . . . You? 190
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Teamwork—Imagine Me
6 Conditioning and Learning 194 and You 533
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Behavioral Self-Management—
17 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior 538
A Rewarding Project 222
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Diversity and Inclusion—Think
7 Memory 228 Pink! 559
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Giving Memorable Presentations—
18 Applied Psychology 564
Win the War 256
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Career Preparation—Hi Ho,
8 Cognition, Language, and Creativity 260 Hi Ho 588
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Creativity and Innovation—
Appendix—Statistical Literacy 594
Getting a Leg Up 281

9 Intelligence 286 References 605

A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Emotional Intelligence—The Right Author Index 668
Way? 307 Subject Index / Glossary 684

|v|

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents
Preface xvi I.3  Reflective Note Taking—LISAN Up! 9
10
Introduction: A Psychologist’s Skill Set—Reflective Studying 2
I.4 Reflective Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success 10
I.1 What’s in It for You?—More Than You Might Think 4
10
4
10
w Th 5
12
fl Th 5
Th 12
I.2 Reflective Reading—How to Tame a Textbook 6

7
8

1 Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science 14

The Triple Seven Quest 15 1.7 The Core Features of Contemporary Psychology—Critical Science? 31
1.1 Commonsense Psychology—Isn’t It All Common Sense? 16 31
16 l Th 32
1.2 Introspection and the First Scientific Psychologists—Inward Ho! 17 32
18 fi 33
18 Th fi 33
19 35
Th 19 1.8 The Experiment—Where Cause Meets Effect 36
1.3 Beyond Introspection—Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, Humanism, 37
and Biopsychology 21 38
21 38
22 1.9 Double-Blind—On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 39
23 39
1.4 The Rise of Cognitive Psychology—Recovering the Mind 24 40
1.5 The Biopsychosocial Model—One Model to Rule Them All 25 1.10 Descriptive Research Methods—Get Out the Critter Cam 41
Th 26 41
Th 26 42
Th 27 43
1.6 Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink 29 44
29 1.11 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Information Literacy—How Do You
31 Know? 46
48

|vi|

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 2 Brain and Behavior 52

Punch-Drunk 53 2.5 The Cerebral Hemispheres—Wrinkle, Wrinkle, Little Star 66

2.1 The Nervous System—Wired for Action 54 Th 66
Th 54 Th 68
2.2 Neurons, Synapses, and Neural Networks—Building a 2.6 The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex—Which Part Does What? 70
Biocomputer 55
2.7 The Subcortex—At the Core of the (Brain) Matter 73
55
74
56
Th 75
58
75
58
Th 75
59
76
2.3 Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis—The Dynamic Nervous
2.8 The Endocrine System—My Hormones Made Me Do It 77
System 61
77
61
2.9 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Self-regulation—Control Yourself! 79
2.4 Brain Research—How to Look Under Your Skull 62
Th s—Th 79
62
80
63

3 Human Development 84

Preview: It’s a Boy! 85 100

3.1 Stages of Development—It Takes Two to Tango 86 100
Th 86 101
88 101
91 3.5 Moral Development—Growing a Conscience 104
3.2 Physical Development—Were You a Little Trapeze Artist Too? 93 104
93 Th 104
95 3.6 Language Development—Say What? 106
3.3 Emotional Development—Smile, Stranger! 95 106
98 Th 106
3.4 Psychosocial Development—Rocky Road or Garden Path? 98 3.7 Cognitive Development—Escaping Egocentrism 108
99 Th 108
99 111
99 l Th 112
100 3.8 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Ethical Behavior—Valuing Values 114
100 114

Contents | v i i |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 4 Sensation and Perception 118

Snake! 119 4.7 Perceptual Processes—The Second Step 138

4.1 Sensory Processes—The First Step 120 140
120 141
4.2 Selective Attention—Tuning In and Tuning Out 122 142

4.3 Vision—The Most Important Sense? 124 4.8 Depth Perception—What If the World Were Flat? 144
124 144
125 145
127 4.9 Perceptual Learning—Believing is Seeing 148
128 148
4.4 Hearing—Good Vibrations 129 149
130 o Th 149

4.5 Smell and Taste—The Nose Knows When the Tongue 4.10 Becoming a Better Eyewitness to Life—Pay Attention! 152
Can’t Tell 133 Th 152
133 Th 153
134 153
4.6 The Somesthetic Senses—Flying by the Seat of 4.11 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Effective Communication—
Your Pants 134 Making Your Point 154
Th 135 155
135 155
Th 137 156

5 States of Consciousness 160

Blown Away 161 5.7 Sleep Troubles—Some Things That Go Wrong in the Night 174
5.1 States of Consciousness—The Many Faces of Awareness 162 174
162
162 175
5.2  ypnosis—Look into My Eyes 163
H 176
Th 164 176
Th 164 177

5.3 Meditation, Sensory Deprivation, and Mindfulness—Chilling, 5.8 Drug-Altered Consciousness—The High and Low of It 177
the Healthy Way 165 178
166 179
Th dW 167 179
5.4 Sleep Patterns and Stages—The Nightly Roller Coaster 168 5.9 Stimulants—Up, Up, and Away 180
168 180
168 182
5.5 Functions of Sleep—Catching a Few ZZZs 171 182
Th 171 183
172 183

5.6 Dreams—A Royal Road? 172 5.10 Depressants—Down and Out 184
Th 172 184
173 185
185

| v i i i | Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 185 5.12 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Metacognition—What Do You Think
186 of . . .You? 190
190
5.11 Hallucinogens—Tripping the Light Fantastic 187
Th Th 191
187
188

6 Conditioning and Learning 194

Now That’s Discrimination! 195 6.7 

Partial Reinforcement—Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box? 211
6.1 Learning—One Way or Another 196 211
196 6.8 
Effective Punishment—Putting the Brakes on Behavior 213
6.2 
Classical Conditioning—The Nobel Drool 197 ff 213
197 Th 214
198 214
6.3 
Classical Conditioning in Humans—An Emotional Topic 200 6.9 
Cognitive Learning—Beyond Conditioning 216
201 216
202 216
6.4 
Operant Conditioning—Shape Up! 202 217
203 218
203 218
205 6.10 Observational Learning—Do as I Do, Not as I Say 219
206 219
206 220
206 6.11 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Behavioral Self-Management—
6.5 
Stimulus Control—Red Light, Green Light 207 A Rewarding Project 222
222
6.6 
Reinforcers—What’s Your Pleasure? 208
209
209

7 Memory 228

My Memory Rules My Life 229 7.4 

Measuring Memory—The Answer Is on the Tip of My Tongue 239
7.1 Stages of Memory—The Short and Long of It 230 240
230 240
230 241
230 241
Th dL 230 7.5 
Forgetting—Do You Have a Mind Like a Steel Trap? Or a Sieve? 242
7.2 Short-Term (Working) Memory—Do You Know the Magic 243
Number? 231 244
231 244
Th 232 7.6 
Memory and the Brain—Some “Shocking” Findings 248
232 248
7.3 Long-Term Memory—A Blast from the Past 233 249
233 7.7 Exceptional Memory—Wizards of Recall 251
233
7.8 
Improving Memory—Some Keys to (Memory) Success 251
234
251
235
253
238
Contents | i x |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
7.9 
Mnemonics—Tricks of the (Memory) Trade 254 7.10 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Giving Memorable Presentations—Win
254 the War 256
254 256
255

8 Cognition, Language, and Creativity 260

Hyperloop 261 271

8.1 What Is Thinking?—Brains over Brawn 262 272
Th 262 274
8.2 Mental Imagery—Does a Frog Have Lips? 263 274
263 8.6 Creative Thinking—Down Roads Less Traveled 275
8.3 Concepts—I’m Positive It’s a Whatchamacallit 265 276
265 e Th 277
265 Th Th 278
8.4 Language—Say What? 266 8.7 Intuitive Thought—Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour? 278
fM 266 Th 279
267 8.8 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Creativity and Innovation—
Th 268 Getting a Leg Up 281
268 Th 282
269 284
8.5 Problem Solving—Go Figure 270
271
271

9 Intelligence 286

Homo Sapiens 287 9.5 Intellectual Disability—A Difference That Makes a Difference 296
9.1 Human Intelligence—IQ and You 288 297
288 9.6 Heredity and Environment—Super Rats, Family Trees, and Video
289 Games 299
9.2 Testing Intelligence—The Bell Curve 290 nfl 299
Th 290 nfl 300
Th 291 302
292 9.7 Beyond Psychometric Intelligence—Intelligent Alternatives
292 to “g” 303
Th 303
9.3 Variations in Intelligence—Who’s the Smartest? 294
305
294
ifi 305
294
306
294
Th 306
9.4 The Intellectually Gifted—Smart, Smarter, Smartest 294
ift 295 9.8 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Emotional Intelligence—The Right
Way? 307
307

| x | Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 10 Motivation and Emotion 312

No Need to Tell Adele 313 329

10.1 Motivation—Forces That Push and Pull 314 Th 329
314
10.7 
Inside an Emotion—Caught in That Feeling? 331
10.2 
Motives in Perspective—A View from the Pyramid 316 331
Th 317
10.8 
Emotion and Physiological Arousal—Fleeing, Fighting, Lying 332
317
332
10.3 
Hunger—Pardon Me, My Hypothalamus Is Growling 318 333
318 334
dO 320
10.9 
Emotion and Behavioral Changes—Making Faces and Talking
322 Bodies 335
323 336
324
10.10 
Emotion and Cognition—Several Ways to Fear a Bear 337
10.4 
Biological Motives Revisited—Thirst, Pain, and Sex 325 Th e Th 338
Th 325 Th d Th 338
325 Th 338
Th 325 Th 339
10.5 
Stimulus Motives—Monkey Business 326 341
Th 327 10.11 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Positivity and Optimism—A Lucky
327 Man 342
328 343
10.6 Learned Motives—The Pursuit of Excellence 329
Th 329

11 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 346

Welcome to the Rainbow 347 11.8 

Satisfying Relationships—Keeping It Hot 363
11.1 Sexual Development—Circle One: XX or XY? 348 364
348 364
11.2 
Sexual Orientation—Who Do You Love? 349 11.9 
The Crime of Rape—No Means No 365
Th 349 365
350 365
11.3 
Gender Identity—It Begins Early 351 eM 366
352 11.10 
Sexual Dysfunctions—When Intimacy Fails 366
353 366
11.4 
Androgyny—A Bit of Both 354 367
354 368
11.5 
When Sex and Gender Do Not Match—The Binary Busters 355 369
369
11.6 
The Human Sex Drive and Sexual Response—Gotta Have It 357
358 11.11 
Atypical Sexual Behavior—Fifty Shades of Unusual 369
371
11.7 
Contemporary Sexual Attitudes and Behavior—Anything
Goes? 361
361
362

Contents | x i |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
11.12 
STDs and Safer Sex—Choice, Risk, and Responsibility 371 11.13 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Civic Engagement—Raising Awareness 373
371 374
372 Th fi 374
373 374
375

12 Personality 378

Same Old Winston 379 395

12.1 The Psychology of Personality—Do You Have Personality? 380 Th 397
380
12.5 
Humanistic Theory—Peak Experiences and Personal Growth 399
380
399
381
Th Th 400
382
Th 400
Th y Th 382
402
12.2 
Personality Assessment—Psychological Yardsticks 383
12.6 
Learning Theories of Personality—Habit I Seen You Before? 403
383
ff 404
384
404
385
g Th 405
386
405
12.3 
The Trait Approach—Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less 389
12.7 
Traits and Situations—The Great Debate 406
389
406
390
407
Th 391
12.8 
A Psychologist’s Skills Set: Leadership—Just Follow Me 408
12.4 
Psychoanalytic Theory—Id Came to Me in a Dream 393 409
Th 393
Th 394

13 Health, Stress, and Coping 414

Regina’s Term from Heck 415 13.4 

Coping Styles—Making the Best of It 430
13.1 
Health Psychology—Here’s to Your Good Health 416 430
416 13.5 
Psychological Defense—Mental Gymnastics? 431
13.6 Learned Helplessness and Depression—Is There Hope? 433
418
434
420
434
13.2 
Stress—Threat or Thrill? 421
Th 435
422
13.7 
Stress and Health—Unmasking a Hidden Killer 436
423
436
13.3 
Stressors—The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 424
438
424
Th 438
Th 425
13.8 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Stress Management—Send Silence
425
Packing 439
426
440
nfl 428
440
fl 429
eff 441
Th 441
| x i i | Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 14 Psychological Disorders 446

Break In or Break Down? 447 14.7 

Mood Disorders—Peaks and Valleys 462
14.1 
Normality—What’s Normal? 448 463
449 463
449 464
14.2 
Classifying Mental Disorders—Problems by the Book 450 14.8 
Suicide—Too Permanent A Solution? 465
452
14.9 
Anxiety Disorders—High Anxiety 466
452 467
Th 452 468
Th 452
14.10 
Anxiety-Related Disorders—Also Anxious? 469
14.3 
Diagnosing Mental Illness—Attaching a Label to the Person 453 469
454 471
14.4 
Causes of Mental Illness—What Went Wrong? 454 472
454 472
455
14.11 
Personality Disorders—Blueprints for Maladjustment 473
14.5 
Psychotic Disorders—The Dark Side of the Moon 456 473
457 474
14.6 
Schizophrenia—Shattered Reality 458 14.12 A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Perseverance—True Grit 476
458 476
460
Th 461

15 Therapies 480

Paddle Like a Duck 481 l Th 494

15.1 
Origins of Therapy—Bored Out of Your Skull 482 t Th 495
15.2 Psychoanalysis—The Talking Cure 483 15.7 
Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies—Think and Act
483 Positive! 495
484 Th 496
15.3 
Dimensions of Therapy—The Many Paths to Health 484 r Th 496
n Th 484 r Th 496
Th 485 15.8 
Medical Therapies—When Talk Won’t Do 499
d Th 485 Th 499
p Th 485 n Th 500
e Th 486 501
15.4 Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning—Healing by Learning 488 502
Th 488 503
Th 489 15.9 
Therapies—An Overview 504
15.5 
Operant Therapies—All the World Is a Skinner Box? 491 504
492 Th 504
492 15.10 
A Psychologists Skill Set: Managing Mental Health—Learning to Say
“Shhhh” 506
15.6 
Humanistic Therapies—The Third Force 494
506
Th 494
507

Contents | x i i i |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 16 Social Thinking and Social Influence 512

Call Them The Way You See Them 513 16.5 

Social Influence—Follow the Leader 524
16.1 
Humans in a Social Context—Mind Your Manners 514 16.6 Mere Presence—Just Because You Are There 524
514 524
515 525
16.2 
Social Cognition—Behind Our Masks 516 fi 525
516
16.7 
Conformity—Don’t Stand Out 526
Th 517
16.8 
Compliance—A Foot in the Door 528
Diff 518
16.9 
Obedience—Would You Electrocute a Stranger? 529
16.3 
Attitudes—Belief + Emotion + Action 519
16.10 
Coercion—Brainwashing and Cults 531
519
531
520
531
520
16.11 
Assertiveness—Stand up for Your Rights 532
16.4 
Attitude Change—When the Seekers Went Public 521
521 16.12 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Teamwork—Imagine Me and You 533
Th 522 534

17 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior 538

Love and Hate 539 550

17.1 
Prosocial Behavior—The “Snuggle” for Survival 540 550
540
17.6 
Prejudice—Attitudes That Injure 551
17.2 
Interpersonal Attraction—Social Magnetism 540 552
540 553
541 Th 553
e Th 542
17.7 
Intergroup Conflict—The Roots of Prejudice 554
17.3 
Loving—Dating and Mating 542 555
543 556
544
17.8 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Diversity and Inclusion—Think Pink! 559
17.4 
Helping Strangers—The Ultimate Kindness 545 559
546 559
547
17.5 
Antisocial Behavior—The World’s Most Dangerous Animal 548
549
549

| x i v | Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 18 Applied Psychology 564

Environmental Melancholia 565 18.4 

Psychology and Law—Judging Juries 581
18.1 
Industrial/Organizational Psychology—Psychology at Work 566 582
Th 566 583
Th 566
18.5 
Educational Psychology—An Instructive Topic 583
568 584
568 Diff
568 584
570 18.6 
Sports Psychology—Psyched! 585
570 586
570 Th 587
570
18.7 
A Psychologist’s Skill Set: Career Preparation—Hi Ho, Hi Ho 588
572
588
18.2 
Environmental Psychology—Boots Too Big? 573 589
nfl 574 589
576 590
577 590
18.3 
Human Influences on the Natural Environment—Sustaining 590
Spaceship Earth 578
The Whole Human: Psychology and You 592
578
580
581

Appendix—Statistical Literacy 594

A Stretch for Samantha and Grandma 595 A.2 Correlation—Rating Relationships 600
A.1 Descriptive Statistics—Psychology by the Numbers 596 600
596 Th ffic 601
596
A.3 Inferential Statistics—Significant Numbers 602
597 602
598 ifi Diff 603
Th 599

References 605
Author Index 668
Subject Index / Glossary 684

Contents | x v |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Preface

To You, the Student—An

Invitation to Learn Psychology

To You, the Instructor—An

Invitation to Teach Psychology

Reading Introduction to Psychology:

Gateways to Mind and Behavior

Studying Introduction to Psychology:

Gateways to Mind and Behavior

|xvi|

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Practical Applications

The Teaching Challenge

2: Integrated Support for Active Learning

1: Readability and Narrative Emphasis

Survey

Preface | x v i i |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 ▲ TABLE P.1 APA Skills Guidelines 2.0 Addressed by Reading
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, 15e

Chapter Addresses Material from APA

Chapter Topic of Chapter Skills in Action Topic Guidelines 2.0:

Introduction How to Study Reflective Studying 4.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5

1 Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Information Literacy 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1
Science

2 Brain and Behavior Self-Regulation 1.1, 1.2, 5.2

3 Human Development Ethical Behavior 1.1, 1.2, 2.5, 3.2, 5.1

4 Sensation and Perception Effective Communication 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.4

5 States of Consciousness Metacognition 1.1, 1.2, 5.2, 5.3

6 Conditioning and Learning Behavioral Self-Management 1.1, 1.2, 5.2

7 Memory Giving Memorable Presentations 1.1, 1.2, 4.2, 5.3

8 Cognition, Language, and Creativity Creativity and Innovation 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 2.5

9 Intelligence Emotional Intelligence 1.1, 1.2, 3.2, 3.3, 4.3, 5.1, 5.4

10 Emotion and Motivation Positivity and Optimism 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.5, 4.3, 5.4

11 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Civic Engagement 1.3, 3.2, 3.3, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

12 Personality Leadership 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4

13 Health, Stress, and Coping Stress Management 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.3, 5.1

14 Psychological Disorders Perseverance 5.2, 5.3, 5.5

15 Therapies Managing Mental Health 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.3

16 Social Thinking and Social Influence Teamwork 1.1, 1.2, 3.2, 3.3, 4.3, 5.1, 5.4

17 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Diversity and Inclusion 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 4.3, 5.1, 5.4

18 Applied Psychology Career Preparation 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 5.1, 5.5

Appendix Statistics Statistical Literacy 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1

Read

Question

| x v i i i | Preface

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Recite

Review

Reflect

●●

3: Integrative Themes: The Whole Person

●●

Preface | x i x |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Introduction to Psychology:
Gateways to Mind and
Behavior—What’s New in the
The Biological Perspective: The Growing Importance 15th Edition?
of Neuroscience

The Psychological Perspective: The Centrality

of Self-Knowledge

■ Chapter 2.9 ■ Chapter 5.12

■ Chapter 9.8

The Sociocultural Perspective: Human Diversity,

Culture, and Gender

A Psychologist’s Skill Set—Reflective Studying

●●

●●

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology

■ see Chapter 17.8 and Research Methods
●●

●●

| x x | Preface

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
●● ●●

●●

●●

●● ●●

●●

Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior

●● Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
●●

●●

●●
●●
●●

●●

●●
●●

●●
●●

●●

●●
●●

●●

●●
Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning
●●

Chapter 3: Human Development

●●

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●●

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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception

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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity
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Preface | x x i |

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Chapter 13: Health, Stress, and Coping

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Chapter 9: Intelligence
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion ●●

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Chapter 15: Therapies

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Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality

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Chapter 16: Social Thinking and Social

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Influence
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Chapter 12: Personality

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| x x i i | Preface

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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 Ant. Convex, protuberant, tumular.
Conceal. Hide, suppress, secrete, disguise.
Ant. Reveal, expose, make manifest, lay bare, confess, publish,
divulge.
Concede. Surrender, admit, resign, yield, allow.
Ant. Refuse, claim, contend, contradict, deny, contest.
Conceit. Notion, whim, vagary, idea, abstraction, affectation,
imagination.
Ant. Reality, fact, substance; simplicity, humility.
Conceited. Egoistical, opinionated, vain.
Ant. Simple, unassuming, unaffected.
Conceive. Imagine, apprehend, believe, design, think, understand.
Ant. Express, produce, execute.
Concentrate. Convene, assemble, congregate, muster, centralize.
Ant. Scatter, disperse, dispense, dismiss.
Concern. Interest, anxiety, solicitude; affair, matter, institution.
Ant. Indifference, carelessness, disregard.
Concerning. About, regarding, in relation to, respecting, in
respect to, relative to, of.
Ant. Disregarding, omitting.
Concert. Agreement, harmony, concord, concordance,
combination, union, association.
Ant. Opposition, disagreement, discord.
Concession. Surrender, grant, boon, acknowledgment, admission.
Ant. Refusal, denial, withdrawal.
Conciliate. Win, gain, pacify, reconcile, propitiate.
Ant. Alienate, irritate, estrange, lose, antagonize.
Concise. Succinct, condensed, terse, pregnant, pointed, brief,
short, laconic.
Ant. Prolix, verbose, diffuse, discursive, rambling, pointless.
Conclave. Assembly, synod, cabinet, council, bureau.
Ant. Throng, mob, populace, concourse, crowd.
Conclude. Close, end, terminate, finish; decide, determine.
 Ant. Begin, commence, undertake, initiate; prolong, protract.
Conclusion. End, termination, finale, finis.
Ant. Commencement, beginning, initiation.
Conclusive. Final, decisive, positive, definitive, indisputable.
Ant. Dubious, vague, uncertain, problematical, theoretical,
indeterminate.
Concoct. Brew, prepare, compound, mix.
Ant. Spoil, upset, overbrew.
Concoction. Compound, brew, mixture; scheme, fiction.
Ant. Rawness, crudity; simplicity.
Concomitant. Attending, coincident, attendant, synchronous.
Ant. Antecedent; diverse, unconnected; subsequent.
Concord. Harmony, agreement, friendship, unanimity, accord.
Ant. Variance, animosity, discord.
Concourse. Assembly, throng, crowd, mob, assemblage, gathering,
multitude.
Ant. Conclave, cabal, cabinet; desert, solitude.
Concrete. Solid, firm, compact; complex, conglomerate;
individualized, specific, particular.
Ant. Loose, shifting, yielding, unresisting; abstract, general.
Concur. Approve, harmonize, agree; help, combine, conspire.
Ant. Disagree, dissent, part, differ, disapprove, separate.
Concussion. Collision, encounter, crash, impact, percussion.
Ant. Inter-divergence; escape; tangency; failure, missing.
Condemn. Blame, censure, denounce, convict, sentence, reprove,
doom.
Ant. Acquit, exonerate, absolve, pardon, justify, praise,
approve.
Condense. Concentrate, abridge, shorten.
Ant. Expand, amplify, enlarge.
Condescend. Deign, vouchsafe, stoop.
Ant. Scorn, spurn, disdain.
Condescension. Graciousness, favor.
 Ant. Arrogance, haughtiness, pride.
Condign. Adequate, deserved, merited, suitable, meet, just.
Ant. Unmerited, inadequate; excessive or scant.
Condiment. Sauce, seasoning, preserve, pickle, relish, appetizer.
Condition. Situation, case, circumstances, plight; rank, estate,
grade; proviso, consideration, stipulation.
Ant. Concession, adaptation; relation, dependence.
Conditionally. Provided, provisionally, hypothetically,
contingently.
Ant. Absolutely, positively, categorically.
Condole. Console, commiserate, sympathize.
Ant. Congratulate, rally, exhilarate.
Condone. Pardon, overlook, forgive.
Ant. Atone, expiate, satisfy.
Conduce. Subserve, promote, forward, advance, contribute to, aid.
Ant. Defeat; counteract, neutralize.
Conduct. Lead, direct, guide, convoy, escort; command, govern;
manage, regulate; rule, superintend.
Ant. Mislead; mismanage; follow.
Confection. Candy, cake, condiment, concoction, sweetmeat.
Confederacy, Confederation. Alliance, league, treaty, union,
coalition, federation, compact.
Ant. Secession, disruption, disunion.
Conference. Discourse, conversation, talk; interview, colloquy,
parley, consultation; convention, convocation, meeting.
Ant. Silence; monologue; dispersion.
Confess. Acknowledge, admit, disclose, own, allow, grant, concede,
avow.
Ant. Deny, conceal, repudiate, disavow, hide, dissemble.
Confession. Admission, avowal, acknowledgment; creed,
doctrines, tenets, catechism, subscription.
Ant. Heresy, apostasy, protest, refutation, renunciation,
abjuration.
Confide. Trust, rely, lean, hope, depend, believe, put confidence in.
Ant. Doubt, mistrust, disbelieve, disprove, despair of.
Confident. Assured, sure, positive, certain; bold, presumptuous,
impudent, sanguine.
Ant. Dubious, doubtful, undecided, vacillating.
Confidential. Intimate, secret, private; trusty, faithful.
Ant. Public, patent, open; treacherous, insidious, traitorous.
Configuration. Outline, shape, form, contour.
Ant. Shapelessness, indeterminateness; distortion, deformity.
Confine, v. Limit, bound, imprison, restrict, circumscribe, enclose.
Ant. Widen, expand, liberate, unfasten, loosen, extend, dilate.
Confirm. Sanction, uphold, assure, establish, strengthen,
substantiate, settle, corroborate.
Ant. Shatter, weaken, upset, annul, abrogate, cancel, destroy,
shake.
Confiscate. Forfeit, seize, escheat, condemn, sequestrate.
Ant. Release, restore, refund.
Conflagration. Fire, arson, ignition, incendiarism, combustion.
Ant. Extinction, quenching; smoldering.
Conflict. Contest, battle, struggle, encounter; clashing,
interference, disagreement, discord.
Ant. Amity, reconciliation, pacification, arbitration.
Conform. Agree, consent, harmonize, comply, correspond,
comport.
Ant. Dissent, disagree; antagonize, secede; vary, differ.
Confound. Confuse, perplex, bewilder, mystify; surprise, astonish,
astound, startle; destroy, ruin, overwhelm; disconcert, abash,
shame.
Ant. Clear, set right, arrange, enlighten; save, protect; calm,
console, soothe, restore.
Confront. Oppose, threaten, encounter, challenge, face,
intimidate.
Ant. Encourage, abet, countenance.
Confuse. Mingle, confound; derange, disturb, perplex, embarrass,
obscure, mortify.
Ant. Arrange; relieve, assist, allay; calm, restore.
Congeal. Freeze, convert to ice, benumb.
Ant. Melt, thaw, dissolve.
Congenial. Kindred, similar, sympathetic, suited, natural, proper,
agreeable.
Ant. Disagreeable, abhorrent, unnatural, alien, dissimilar,
unsuited, unsympathetic.
Congenital. Coeval, connatural, innate, inherent, ingenerate.
Ant. Unnatural, assumed, extraneous, acquired, artificial,
adventitious.
Congeries, Congestion. Conglomeration, aggregation,
accumulation, plethora, repletion.
Ant. Dissipation, diffusion, clearance, dispersion.
Congratulate. Felicitate, compliment, rejoice with.
Ant. Console, condole with, commiserate.
Congregate. Assemble, collect, meet, convene, gather, throng.
Ant. Disperse, disappear, separate, part, scatter.
Congregation. Assembly, meeting, audience, conference.
Ant. Dispersion, dismissal.
Congress. Parliament, conclave, cabinet, council, assembly,
legislature, synod, convention, conference.
Ant. Cabal, sedition, uprising, mob; intrigue.
Congruous. Accordant, agreeing, harmonious, coherent, suitable,
consistent, proper, appropriate.
Ant. Discordant, heterogeneous, inharmonious, improper,
unsuitable.
Conjecture, n. Supposition, surmise, guess, hypothesis, theory,
notion, divination.
Ant. Calculation, inference, deduction, proof; fact, surety,
certainty, security.
Conjuncture. Combination, concurrence; emergency, crisis,
exigency, juncture.
 Ant. Provision, preparation, arrangement.
Connection. Conjunction, combination, union, association,
dependence.
Ant. Independence, disjunction, dissociation, dissolution.
Conquer. Overcome, subjugate, master, vanquish, subdue, rout,
defeat, overpower, overthrow, prevail over, reduce, win, surmount,
worst, checkmate, beat, crush, down, discomfit.
Ant. Surrender, capitulate, cede, forfeit, fly, yield, retreat,
withdraw, retire, submit, succumb, fall, lose, resign, fail.
Conquest. Victory, subjugation, triumph.
Ant. Defeat, failure, surrender, submission.
Conscience. Moral sense, intuition, integrity, principle.
Ant. Irresponsibility, laxity, undutifulness, unscrupulousness.
Conscientious. Scrupulous, exact, upright, high-principled,
honest, honorable, equitable, incorruptible, fair, faithful.
Ant. Lax, unprincipled, unscrupulous, reprobate, dishonorable,
faithless.
Conscious. Sensible, cognizant, aware, intelligent, advised,
apprised, assured, sure, certain, informed; thinking, reflecting,
rational, intellectual.
Ant. Insensible, unaware, ignorant, dead, cold, deaf; irrational,
thoughtless.
Conscription. Drafting, impressment.
Ant. Volunteering, enlistment.
Consecrate. Dedicate, ordain; sanctify, hallow.
Ant. Desecrate, defile.
Consecutive. Sequent, continuous, orderly, following.
Ant. Disordered, rambling, discursive, illogical.
Consent. Assent, approve, agree, yield, comply, acquiesce.
Ant. Refuse, resist, decline, dissent.
Consequence. Result, issue, sequel, effect, outgrowth, event, end,
upshot; importance, dignity, moment.
Ant. Cause, occasion, origin; axiom, postulate, premise,
antecedence; insignificance, paltriness.
Consequential. Following, resulting, coherent, cogent, connected;
pompous, self-conceited, arrogant, vainglorious.
Ant. Incoherent, illogical; affable, accessible, humble,
considerate.
Conservation. Protection, perpetuation, preservation,
maintenance.
Ant. Neglect, exposure, destruction, abolition.
Conservative. Stationary, traditional, opposed to change.
Ant. Radical, progressive, changeable, transitional, modifiable,
innovating.
Consider. Think, ponder, meditate, reflect, investigate, weigh,
deliberate, observe, attend, regard.
Ant. Guess, conjecture, ignore, chance, hazard.
Considerate. Kindly, thoughtful, reflective, careful, prudent,
deliberate, serious, charitable, forbearing, cautious.
Ant. Rash, careless, imprudent, thoughtless, rude, selfish,
overbearing, injudicious.
Consignment. Custody, commission, delegation; sending,
shipping.
Ant. Miscommitment.
Consistency. Density, solidity, compactness, coherence;
agreement, congruity, correspondence, uniformity, harmony,
invariableness.
Ant. Tenuity, subtility, volatility; incoherence, incongruity,
contrariety, contradiction.
Console. Comfort, condole with, sympathize, encourage, soothe,
assuage, solace.
Ant. Distress, grieve, disturb, annoy, sadden, trouble, wound,
hurt.
Consolidate. Solidify, harden, condense, compress, compact;
thicken, strengthen, solder, cement, fuse; conjoin, combine.
Ant. Dissolve, melt, vaporize, weaken, dissipate, sublimate,
pulverize; dissect, disjoin.
Conspicuous. Visible, apparent, discernible, plain, clear,
perceptible, noticeable; eminent, distinguished, prominent,
 famous, noted, manifest.
Ant. Invisible, microscopic, hidden, imperceptible, unseen;
ordinary, mediocre, commonplace.
Conspiracy. Intrigue, treason, cabal, plot, machination,
combination; sedition.
Ant. Legislation, congress, parliament, synod.
Constant. Fixed, immutable, invariable, unchanging, permanent,
perpetual; resolute, firm, steady; persevering, assiduous; incessant,
unbroken, continuous; faithful, true, loyal, devoted.
Ant. Irregular, exceptional, casual, incidental, fickle, faithless,
broken, treacherous, untrustworthy, false.
Consternation. Amazement, terror, alarm, dismay, panic,
bewilderment.
Ant. Fearlessness, boldness, composure, presence of mind.
Constituent. Elector, patron, voter, supporter, sender; ingredient,
component, element.
Ant. Representative, nominee; constitution, system, compound,
whole.
Constitution. Organization, formation; quality, character,
temperament, peculiarity, characteristic; charter, law.
Ant. Conspiracy, rebellion, tyranny, anarchy, despotism,
destruction, disorganization; disposition, mood, frame of mind,
temper.
Construct. Build, erect, invent, form, shape, combine.
Ant. Demolish, overthrow, destroy, derange.
Construction. Building, erection, composition, fabrication;
structure, formation, form, figure; explanation, version, rendering,
interpretation.
Ant. Dislocation, dismemberment, dissolution;
misunderstanding, misconception.
Consult. Deliberate, take counsel, confer, advise with, canvass,
question, consider, regard.
Ant. Dictate, counteract, contradict.
Consume. Eat up, devour; destroy, lavish, dissipate, waste, spend.
 Ant. Discard, reject, throw aside; preserve, replenish, supply,
provide.
Consummate, a. Perfect, excellent, supreme, finished, complete.
Ant. Common, faulty, defective, ordinary, mediocre.
Consummation. Achievement, attainment, completion,
termination, accomplishment, fulfilment, realization, close, finish,
finale.
Ant. Beginning, attempt, inception, initiation, source, origin.
Consumption. Expenditure, use, waste, extinction, destruction.
Ant. Development, increase, growth, enlargement,
augmentation.
Contact. Touch, junction, contiguity, closeness, union.
Ant. Adjacence, proximity; separation, distance, isolation.
Contagion. Infection; contamination, taint, pestilence, corruption.
Ant. Prevention; antisepsis, disinfection.
Contain. Include, embody, comprehend, comprise, embrace;
restrain, hold.
Ant. Omit, exclude, drop, discharge; yield, give way.
Contaminate. Taint, defile, corrupt, sully.
Ant. Cleanse, purify.
Contemn. Despise, scorn, disdain, slight.
Ant. Venerate, respect.
Contemplate. Meditate, study, ponder, survey, reflect; intend,
design.
Ant. Overlook, waive, abandon; execute, complete, do.
Contemptible. Despicable, abject, base, worthless, mean, low.
Ant. Respectable, venerable; worthy, estimable, important,
grave.
Contend. Strive, fight, struggle, combat; debate, argue, dispute;
affirm, assert, maintain, claim.
Ant. Concede, allow, surrender.
Content. Satisfied, pleased, easy, willing, resigned, gratified.
Ant. Reluctant, unwilling, unsatisfied, rebellious, discontent.
Contention. Strife, dissension, quarrel, rupture, dispute, debate,
controversy, altercation.
Ant. Peace, amity, harmony, concord, reconciliation.
Contingent, a. Casual, happening, fortuitous, dependent,
incidental, provisional, uncertain.
Ant. Independent, absolute, positive, uncontrolled,
uninfluenced, unaffected.
Continual. Incessant, ceaseless, invariable, perpetual, constant,
uninterrupted, unbroken, unremitting, continuous.
Ant. Exceptional, irregular, casual, contingent, intermittent,
interrupted, suspended.
Continually. Constantly, perpetually, ever, always, repeatedly,
frequently, continuously.
Ant. Occasionally, rarely, sometimes.
Continue. Remain, endure, persist; abide, stay, tarry; persevere,
be constant or steadfast.
Ant. Stop, cease, fail, pause.
Contract, n. Compact, stipulation, agreement, arrangement,
bargain, covenant, pact, obligation, pledge, engagement, bond.
Ant. Promise, parole, assurance, understanding, assumption.
Contract, v. Narrow, abbreviate, abridge, lessen, reduce,
compress; shrivel, shrink; agree, stipulate, bargain.
Ant. Expand, amplify, dilate; reverse, cancel, abandon.
Contradict. Deny, gainsay, dispute, impugn, controvert; oppose,
counteract, annul, thwart, abrogate.
Ant. Maintain, argue, confirm, state, affirm, endorse.
Contrary. Opposite, opposed, adverse, counter; conflicting,
contradictory, antagonistic, repugnant; perverse, obstinate,
stubborn, headstrong.
Ant. Compatible, agreeing, kindred, compliant, submissive;
consistent.
Contrast, v. Differentiate, discriminate, oppose, compare.
Ant. Resemble, be like or similar, liken, harmonize.
Contribute. Add, give, coöperate, assist, subscribe, supply.
 Ant. Refuse, withhold, deny.
Contribution. Donation, offering, gift, subscription, subsidy, aid,
assistance.
Ant. Withholding, retention, reservation.
Contrive. Plan, design, devise, invent, project, form, frame,
scheme, plot, consider; manage, make out; concert, adjust.
Ant. Hit, chance, venture, bungle, hazard; mismanage,
miscontrive.
Control, v. Direct, manage, rule, command, sway, superintend;
hinder, repress, restrain, curb, check.
Ant. License, free; neglect, abandon; mismanage, misconduct.
Controversy. Dispute, altercation, contention, disagreement.
Ant. Agreement, unanimity, coincidence.
Contumacy. Obstinacy, stubbornness, perverseness, pertinacity,
obduracy; disobedience, insolence.
Ant. Docility, tractableness, flattering, fawning, servility.
Contumely. Obloquy, reproach, opprobrium, insolence, abuse,
contempt, scorn, disdain, arrogance.
Ant. Regard, consideration, adulation, obsequiousness.
Convene. Assemble, meet, congregate, summon, master, collect.
Ant. Dismiss, disperse, disband, dissipate.
Convenient. Suitable, fit, appropriate, proper, adapted;
advantageous, commodious, comfortable, useful, serviceable.
Ant. Inconvenient, useless, awkward, superfluous;
inopportune.
Convention. Assemblage, conference, meeting, concourse,
session, synod, congress, convocation; treaty, compact.
Ant. Recess, dissolution, prorogation; dispersion, scattering;
promise, understanding, parole.
Conventional. Usual, customary, ordinary, habitual, regular,
wonted, prevalent, social, everyday; stipulated.
Ant. Unusual, erratic, extraordinary; legal, compulsory.
Conversant. Familiar, skilled, acquainted, proficient, versed.
Ant. Strange, ignorant, unversed, unlearned.
Conversation. Converse, communion, intercourse, parley, talk,
chat, conference, communication, discourse, colloquy, dialogue.
Ant. Speech, oration, harangue, soliloquy, apostrophe,
monologue, silence, taciturnity.
Converse, a. Opposite, reverse, contrary, counter, contradictory.
Ant. Identical, one, same, indistinguishable; direct, primary.
Conversion. Alteration, transmutation, change, transformation.
Ant. Permanence, identity, persistence, conservation.
Convertible. Equivalent, interchangeable, identical; reversible.
Ant. Variant, contrary, incommensurate.
Convey. Take, transfer, move, change, carry, shift, transmit,
transport, remove, consign, relegate.
Ant. Retain, preserve, hold, cling to, possess.
Conviction. Belief, assurance, persuasion; confutation, refutation;
proof, detection.
Ant. Doubt, disbelief, misgiving; vindication, justification.
Convince. Persuade, satisfy, enlighten, indoctrinate, inoculate.
Ant. Mislead, mystify, perplex, puzzle, unsettle, upset; turn,
convert.
Convivial. Social, festive, hospitable, jovial, jolly, companionable,
gay.
Ant. Inhospitable, unsocial, unneighborly, churlish;
abstemious, ascetic, austere.
Convocation. Convention, congress, assemblage, council, synod.
Ant. Dispersion, disruption, dismission, dismissal.
Convolution. Coil, involution, spiral, twist, contortion.
Ant. Unfolding, evolution, unraveling, explication.
Convoy. Escort, guard, attendance, protection.
Ant. Capture, betrayal, onset, onslaught, hold up.
Convulse. Disturb, shake, agitate.
Ant. Calm, compose, soothe, assuage.
Cool. Somewhat cold, chilling, frigid, freezing; unimpassioned,
composed, collected, unruffled, self-possessed, sedate, placid,
 quiet; indifferent, unconcerned, apathetic.
Ant. Hot, warm, burning, heated, excitable, ardent, eager.
Coöperate. Assist, abet, help, conspire, concur, co-labor.
Ant. Oppose, thwart, rival, counteract, conflict, hinder, defeat,
frustrate.
Coördinate. Equal, equivalent, proportionate, commensurate,
tantamount, equipollent.
Ant. Subordinate; disparate, extraneous; inferior, superior.
Copy. Portraiture, facsimile, duplicate, imitation, likeness, image,
transcript, counterfeit.
Ant. Model, original, pattern, example, prototype, archetype,
exemplar.
Cordial. Earnest, warm, hearty, ardent, affectionate, sincere,
invigorating, refreshing, pleasing, grateful.
Ant. Cool, formal, ceremonious, distant, reserved, disinclined.
Corner. Angle, bend, crotch, knee; nook, recess, niche, retreat.
Ant. Abutment, protrusion, prominence, convexity, projection.
Corollary. Inference, conclusion, deduction, consequence.
Ant. Problem, proposition.
Corporal, Corporeal. Fleshly, bodily, material, physical.
Ant. Spiritual, mental, intellectual, moral, ethereal, immaterial.
Corps. Body of troops, division of army, squadron, band, company.
Ant. Aggregate, army, host, mass, force, organization.
Corpse. Remains, dead body, cadaver, carcass, dust.
Ant. Soul, spirit, individual, personality, mentality.
Corpulent. Fat, fleshy, plump, obese, portly, round, stout.
Ant. Lean, thin, attenuated, emaciated, slight, slender, frail.
Correct. True, exact, accurate, proper, faultless, right.
Ant. False, untrue, wrong, inexact, inaccurate, fallacious,
defective.
Corrective. Regulative, preventive, alterative, preservative,
rectifying, modifying, improving, reformatory.
 Ant. Confirmative, stimulative, intensitive, provocative,
conducive.
Correlation. Interrelation, correspondence, apposition,
interdependence, mutuality, reciprocation, interchange,
reciprocity.
Ant. Contradiction, independence, opposition, inconsistency,
incongruity.
Correspond. Agree, suit, match, fit, tally, harmonize, answer,
correlate, stand counter; communicate, write.
Ant. Vary, disagree, clash, jar; ignore, disregard, neglect.
Correspondence. Adaptation, agreement, congruity; writing,
letter, despatches, communication.
Ant. Conversation; withdrawal, non-intercourse; incongruity,
discord, disagreement.
Corroborate. Strengthen, establish, sustain, support, confirm.
Ant. Weaken, confute, rebut, invalidate, shake, enfeeble,
overthrow.
Corrode. Consume, eat away, waste, impair, rust, canker, wear,
crumble.
Ant. Renew, restore.
Corrupt, v. Defile, pollute, infect, taint, vitiate, demoralize,
contaminate, debase, spoil, deteriorate.
Ant. Cleanse, purify, better, correct, ameliorate.
Corruption. Decay, decomposition, pollution, defilement,
infection, contamination, adulteration; depravity, immorality,
laxity, wickedness; dishonesty, bribery.
Cost. Price, worth, expenditure, expense, charge, disbursement,
outlay; preciousness, richness, splendor; loss, damage, pain.
Costume. Dress, livery, robes, uniform.
Ant. Disguise, incognito; nudity, nakedness.
Council. Cabinet, bureau, chamber, conclave, synod, convocation,
meeting, conference, parliament, consultation, convention.
Ant. Cabal, league, conspiracy; multitude, mob.
Counsel. Advice, consultation, opinion, suggestion,
recommendation, instruction, caution, admonition; deliberation,
forethought; plan, design, scheme; purpose; lawyer, barrister,
attorney.
Count. Compute, reckon, add, tell, estimate, number, enumerate,
sum, calculate.
Ant. Guess, conjecture, surmise, think, fancy.
Countenance, v. Approve, support, sanction, help, aid, abet,
encourage, patronize, befriend, assist, favor.
Ant. Oppose, confront, discourage, browbeat, face, compare,
disparage.
Counter. Contrary, opposed, opposite, against.
Ant. Accordant with, coincident, consonant.
Counteract. Oppose, foil, baffle, thwart, hinder, rival, resist,
defeat, cross, frustrate, neutralize.
Ant. Aid, coöperate, subserve, promote, advance, assist.
Counterfeit, n. Forgery, fraudulent copy, cheat, artifice, pretense,
sham, fabrication.
Ant. Exposure, detection; verity, fact, truth, reality.
Countermand. Abrogate, annul, revoke, rescind, recall, make
void.
Ant. Order, command, bid, charge, enjoin, direct, instruct.
Counterpart. Duplicate, copy; correlative, complement,
supplement, obverse; match, mate, tally, twin.
Ant. Antithesis, contradiction, contrast.
Countervail. Balance, compensate, make up, counterbalance,
offset.
Ant. Overthrow, unbalance, weigh down.
Countryman. Rustic, agriculturist, farmer, swain, yeoman,
laborer, peasant, husbandman; clown, boor.
Ant. Citizen, townsman; alien.
Couple, v. Link, unite, connect, join, clasp, tie, yoke, buckle, pair,
splice, button; marry, wed.
Ant. Loose, part, separate, detach, isolate, unclasp; divorce.
Courage. Bravery, valor, fearlessness, spirit, heroism, fortitude,
hardihood, boldness, daring, mettle, pluck, resolution, intrepidity.
Ant. Cowardice, timidity, fear, dread, terror, dismay,
consternation.
Course. Route, way, road, track, race; direction, bearing, progress,
process; career; succession, order, regularity; deportment,
conduct; series, system.
Ant. Deviation; disorder, discursion; hindrance, error.
Court, v. Woo, flatter, seek, invite, solicit.
Ant. Avoid, shun, repudiate, repel, antagonize.
Courtesy. Politeness, affability, urbanity, civility, complaisance.
Ant. Rudeness, incivility, churlishness, ungraciousness.
Courtly. Polished, elegant, polite, ceremonious, formal, respectful.
Ant. Undignified, unrefined, coarse, awkward, boorish,
plebeian.
Covenant. Agreement, stipulation, bond, compact, contract,
bargain, arrangement, concordant, pact, treaty.
Ant. Promise, understanding, assurance, parole.
Cover, v. Hide, conceal, overspread, overlay, secrete, cloak, veil,
screen, mask, shroud, disguise; invest, clothe, wrap; protect,
shelter, shield, guard, defend; comprehend, comprise, embrace;
balance, compensate, countervail.
Ant. Expose, reveal, produce, exhibit; betray, divulge; omit,
exclude.
Covet. Desire, long for, wish for, aim after, aspire to.
Ant. Dislike, despise; undervalue.
Covetous. Eager, avaricious, desirous, greedy, grasping,
acquisitive, rapacious.
Ant. Liberal, unselfish, generous, bountiful.
Coward. Craven, recreant, dastard.
Ant. Hero, champion; daredevil, desperado.
Coy. Bashful, shy, modest, reserved, retreating, shrinking.
Ant. Bold, forward, impertinent, pert, brazen, flippant.
Crack. Split, break, chop, rend, cleave, snap; craze, madden.
 Ant. Mend, unite, repair; restore, heal.
Craft. Skill, ability, power, talent, dexterity, aptitude, tact; artifice,
shrewdness, guile, deception, cunning, deceit; art, trade,
employment, vocation, calling; vessel.
Ant. Inaptitude, tactlessness; fairness, openness, candor,
sincerity, frankness, ingenuousness, straightforwardness.
Cramp. Restrain, hinder, check, confine, hamper, clog, fetter,
cripple.
Ant. Free, liberate, loose, expand, ease, relieve, extricate.
Crash. Jar, uproar, clash, rending, noise, clang, resonance.
Ant. Murmur, whisper; silence.
Crassitude. Grossness, thickness, density, corpulence, obesity.
Ant. Tenuity, agility, activity; spareness, slightness.
Crave. Intreat, beg, beseech, implore, supplicate, desire, long for,
hunger for, yearn.
Ant. Demand, insist, require.
Crazy. Shattered, broken, tottering; distracted, mad, lunatic,
insane, delirious, cracked, demented, deranged.
Ant. Sound, robust, vigorous, sane, whole.
Create. Form, produce, make, originate, cause, occasion, appoint,
constitute; beget, engender, generate; imagine, compose, fashion,
design.
Ant. Destroy, demolish, annihilate.
Creature. Created being, being, animal, man, person; dependent,
vassal, parasite; wretch, miscreant.
Ant. Chimera, ghost, hallucination, fantasy, phantom, conceit,
crotchet.
Credence. Belief, trust, faith, acceptance, confidence, reliance.
Ant. Denial, distrust, disbelief, doubt, skepticism.
Credentials. Diploma, missive, title, warrant, vouchers,
certificates, testimonials.
Credible. Probable, possible, reliable, trustworthy, likely.
Ant. Improbable, unlikely, incredible, unreliable,
untrustworthy.
Credit. Trust, belief, faith, confidence, credence, reliance;
reputation, influence, power; esteem, regard; loan, securities.
Ant. Insecurity; distrust; shame, disgrace, censure.
Credulity. Gullibility, credulousness, simplicity.
Ant. Skepticism, suspiciousness, incredulity, shrewdness.
Creed. Belief, catechism, confession, articles of faith, tenets,
dogmas, doctrines.
Ant. Protest, abjuration, disbelief, recantation, retraction.
Crestfallen. Downcast, dispirited, dejected, disheartened,
depressed, desponding, low-spirited, down-hearted.
Ant. Exuberant, elated, confident, inspirited.
Crew. Gang, set, band, horde, crowd, mob, throng.
Ant. Supercargo; bevy, galaxy, cream, élite.
Crime. Offense, misdeed, wrong, felony, sin, iniquity,
misdemeanor, enormity, transgression, wickedness, delinquency.
Ant. Good deed, well-doing, exploit, achievement, duty, service,
benefit, benefaction, heroism.
Criminal, a. Immoral, iniquitous, sinful, unlawful, wicked, wrong,
vile, nefarious, culpable, abominable, illegal, vicious.
Ant. Virtuous, moral, innocent, just, honorable, praiseworthy,
lawful, legal, right, meritorious.
Criminate. Charge, accuse, arraign, impeach.
Ant. Acquit, absolve, extricate.
Cripple, v. Weaken, disable, impair, break down, cramp, curtail.
Ant. Renovate, strengthen, augment, liberate, ease, expedite.
Criterion. Standard, test, rule, touchstone, measure, canon, proof.
Ant. Eye, glance; intention, conjecture.
Critic. Judge, censor, reviewer, connoisseur; caviller, carper;
arbiter, savant.
Ant. Artist, author, writer, performer, maker, poet, composer.
Critical. Accurate, nice, exact; decisive, crucial, determining,
important; dangerous, hazardous, imminent, momentous,
dubious, precarious.
 Ant. Inexact, loose, undiscriminating; unimportant,
inconclusive; safe, sure, settled, decided, retrieved, redressed.
Criticism. Censure, stricture, animadversion, review, critique.
Ant. Approbation, praise, approval.
Criticize. Examine, estimate, judge, discuss, analyze, anatomize,
scan, animadvert.
Ant. Survey, overlook, slur, skim, slight, neglect.
Crooked. Bent, curved, bowed; distorted, twisted, wry, askew,
deformed, disfigured; perverse, contumacious, capricious;
dishonest, unfair, unscrupulous, knavish, deceitful, tricky.
Ant. Straight, linear, upright, direct, honest, straightforward.
Cross. Fretful, petulant, peevish, snappish, touchy, morose, ill-
natured, sullen, snarling, cynical, sour, out of humor, captious,
crabbed, sulky.
Ant. Amiable, genial, good-tempered, good-natured,
blithesome, charming, winsome, attractive, benign.
Crowd. Throng, multitude, concourse, press, horde, herd, host,
rabble, mob, populace.
Ant. Cream, élite, bevy, constellation, galaxy; solitude,
solitariness.
Crown, n. Diadem, coronet, garland, chaplet, wreath, laurel, bays;
reward, honor, distinction, dignity; summit, crest, top, head, brow,
apex.
Ant. Base, bottom, floor, foot, pedestal, foundation, sole;
infamy, shame.
Crown, v. Complete, consummate, conclude, seal, achieve,
accomplish.
Ant. Mar, spoil, frustrate, fail.
Crucial. Severe, trying, searching, decisive, critical, momentous,
strategic.
Ant. Superficial, indifferent, mild, lenient, lax, unimportant.
Crude. Raw, immature, unripe; coarse, unrefined; undigested,
unconsidered, unpolished, uncouth, awkward.
Ant. Mature; refined, sensitive; well-considered, finished,
classical, highly wrought, elaborate.
Cruel. Inhuman, merciless, unfeeling, dire, ruthless, pitiless,
relentless, savage, brutal, ferocious, blood-thirsty, sanguinary;
severe, sharp, bitter, hard.
Ant. Gentle, mild, merciful, humane, forbearing, generous.
Crush. Pound, crumble, demolish, overpower, squeeze, compress,
bruise, shatter, raze, pulverize.
Ant. Consolidate, compact, amalgamate, solidify, stabilitate.
Culmination. Zenith, success, consummation, acme, completion,
apex.
Ant. Failure, downfall, defeat, descent, decline.
Culpable. Blameworthy, blamable, censurable, reprehensible,
faulty, wrong.
Ant. Innocent, blameless, laudable, praiseworthy.
Culprit. Criminal, delinquent, felon, malefactor, offender.
Ant. Hero, example, pattern, model, saint, upright man.
Cultivate. Till; fertilize; improve, refine, train, discipline, develop;
study, pursue, investigate; nourish, foster, cherish, promote.
Ant. Neglect, blight, blast; uproot, eradicate, extirpate; stifle,
abandon, prevent, discourage.
Cunning. Craft, artifice, deceit, intrigue, subtlety, chicane.
Ant. Candor, guilelessness, sincerity.
Cupidity. Longing, greed, lust; covetousness, avarice,
acquisitiveness, stinginess.
Ant. Prodigality, liberality, generosity, extravagance.
Curb. Restrain, check, control, repress, bridle.
Ant. Indulge, emancipate, loose, release, free, liberate.
Cure, n. Remedy, antidote, restorative, corrective, help, specific;
healing, restoration, convalescence, alleviation, renovation.
Ant. Complaint, contagion, disease, ailment; aggravation,
confirmation; inoculation.
Curiosity. Inquisitiveness, wonder, marvel, rarity, celebrity;
inquiry, investigation, scrutiny, research.
Ant. Indifference, heedlessness, disregard, abstraction; apathy.