BASICS

/ )
1. Arrays
2. Structure
'
! :p'd:{In:* .
passing coueai.no .

G- Classes similar datatypes

7 . Constructor
8- Templates
-

/STRUCTURE
↳ collection different
of
datatypes
Stout rectangle
{
int length ; 2
-

Main memory
int breath ; z
-

7
-

/rT€¥
-

3 4
;
bytes but till here , it does not
heap
in
occupy any space J
memory -

FIFI? ! zeaangier-qio.si
"
"

main
→ here it occupies memory code
length main
!
Z - = to

5
= section
2- bredtn =
←

-
Struct card
{
int face ;
int shape ;
int colour ;

3;

int main C )

{
strut
"
card
"
deck [52] -
f - - - -

3
pointfl Td
,
deck -63 -

face) ;
printfl
"
"
Xd ,
deck -103 -

shape) ;
}
 Pointer
↳ address variables
1.
why pointers
2 . Deceleration int a -_ 10 ;

3. Initialization int Ap ; → declaration

4-
Derefeoencing p
-
-
La ; → initialization
''

print fl ) ;
"
allocation
5 .

Dynamic y d
-
,
a

Ap) ;
" ''

print fl 1. d
,
→
derefezencing
USES0FP0ER

I.
Accessing heap
2 .

Accessing resources like keyboard or mouse .

3 Parameter
.

passing .

X -

x -

HOW TO USE POINTER FOR ALLOCATING HEAP

€ =

¥#
#incwdecstdlib header file for Malbec )

int main Cl
1¥
7
Heap
-

{
Stack

HEINE's) manors -
size .ec .my ,

} ↳ code

as
for returning
malloc function V/ -
I section

for 5
returns void pointer creating space
( type casting) integer values in heap .

x -
I

REFERENCEIN
-

int maine )
-

{
int a -40 ; air

in:*
.
.

=
(out car ;
=

}
 POINTERTOSTR-ULTURES.to

l .tl
vet rectangle
{
int length ;
int bredth ;
3 ;

int main

: :÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
} memory
I te
✓
p
→
length
=
20
;
4 bytes of

Op
¥
.

| /
int main

{
*
Struct
rectangle p ;

" " ma"" ' sina.xuang.es ,

I ! !!!!! !
size of '

FUNCTIONS

what are functions → Performs a specific task

Parameters of
passing functions
Pass value
by ]
→
Only in C
→

→
pass
pass
by address
) In c++

by reference
 t T
MONOLITHIC MODULAR

PROGRAMING PROGRAMING

FUNCTIONEXAMPLEPRO
"

'TPeintaddlinta,ir
{
-

inte ;
( = atb ;
teoonafoaemeter
imma ii:
int Maine )

{
int ;
n
, y ,z
10 ;

@Actupa lameterz-addtmy7jprintfVt.d
n=

y=5 ;
"

,
z );
} W

15
 CALLBLUE

t.e.in/EiE#:::y--
Void ( int )
swap n , inty
{ -

iii.
temp ; Tap = Code
} section
main
=

int main )

{
int a
,
b; because it will create a copy of values
a 10
-_
;
b = 20 ;

swap ( a ,b ) ;
'

pnhtfl
"
I. d
'
I.
'
d ;a,b ) ;
} 1020

CALLBYADDRESSSE
void swap ( int n , inty )
A

{ n Y temp
int temp ; ⑤ Do
* A

FEE
! Ib
''

mm
}
a

int main ) Et Et -

{ 200/201 202/203

b;
-

int a
,

s ::÷
.
swap ( a ,b ) ;
swap
'
= Code
pnhtfl
"
I. d
'
'
I. d ; a ,b ) ;
main section
} 20 10 #
CALL BY REFERENCE ( Only in Ctt )
-

It is same like alias

I I
void ( int int )
swap n , y -

/
{
int temp
-

III 'm
,
"
:r S
WAPI
main

Code
200/201 202/203
main section
int main ) I

{ temp

int a
,
b; ⑦
a 10
;
-
-

b = 20 ;
only 2
bytes of memory is used

swap ( b)
; as in reference another
a,
'
, only
pnhtfl
"
I. d
'
I.
'
d ; a, b ); name is
given to the pre
-

enlisting
} 20 to variable

ARRAYASPARAMETERVOID
fun ( int AEI , int n)

{ ↳ ARRAYS
or int sea as can
only
int i; be
passed as call
by
for Li =o ;
ien ; it -17 address .

print fl [ i) ) ;
''
"
1. d
'

,
A-
g

int maine )

{
int a[ 5) =
{ 2,4 , 6) 8,103 ;
fun ( A
,
5 )
;
}
 for
*
int fun ( int n )
int E]
fun (int n ) -

/af§no#
¥
{ - it returns an
array
④
-

*
int p ; "
" " " " " "" " "
Ewtn :
" "" "

int Maine ) fun I

{ main -

=
*
int A ; I
A- =
fun ( 5 ) ;
-
STRVCTUREASPARAMETE#

JCALLBYREFERE.NU#
③

/ If
CALLBYVALU

( ) int ( struct Lrt )

int area struct rectangle 01 area
rectangle
{ -

VI.
length tt ; -

.int/
*
return VI.
length 01 boedth ;
.

} CALL BY ADDRESS

:c:÷::÷t
:÷÷÷:÷:÷ .

int maine )

int main l ) {
{ Struct rectangle r={ 10,5 } ;
Strutt rectangle r =
{ 10,53 ; changed ( Ir , 20 ) ;
f l
"
Id
"
cereals ) ) ; 3
point ,

-
PASS1NGARRAYSASCALLBYVALVEUSlNhSTRUCTURE#

th )
Void
fun ( struct test struct test
{ {
t1 .
A -103=10 ; int ALT ] ;
Et
-

} int n
;
⑤ 3

/
int maine )

t-fqzm.gs 103,53 ;
sgtynugt test,
,

g
V

changes made in the

array in the

function will not be reflected as it

is call by value

STRUCTURESANDFUNCTIONSS
tout
rectangle
{
int main Cl
int length ;
int breath ; {
} Strut rectangle r
;

*
void initialize ( strut rectangle r
,
int 1
,
int b) initialize Hr , 10,5 ) ;

Srf
{ area co ) ;

=L (
r →
length changel 207 ;

!
,
-

✓ → breath = b , V

} because values need to

be changed , so call
by
int area ( Strutt rectangle r ) I address .

l
{ 10
- b
return r -

length r -
bred th ;
,

*
void change l ( struct
rectangle r
,
int D
{
=L ;
r →
length
g
 CLASSANDCONSTRUCTORCIASS
rectangle
{ int maine )

E
private :

int
length ; rectangle 8110,5 ) ;
int bredth; r . areal )

change length 120) ;

public : 2 .

rectangle ( int l , int b )

{
l;
length -_

breath -_ b;

int areal )

{
return length breath ;
}

void ( int e)
change length
{
=L ;
length
}
};

Class rectangle
-

int get length

{
private :

int
length ;
Accessor
/
-
{

}
return length ;

int breath; -

void setlength (intl)

public Mutator

) {

length

)
rectangle C ) =L ;

Constructors { -

3
( overloaded) length -_ bzedthel ; Destructor ~
Rectangle C)
;
}
int b ) ;
-

rectangle ( int l
,

facilitators
I
int areal ) ;

( They do int perimeter Cl ;

operations on data members )
 rectangle : :
rectangle ( int l , int b )
{
l;
length =

bred th = b ;
}

int area Cl
rectangle : :

{
*
breath ;
return
length
,

int rectangle : :
perimeter C)

{
*
return 2 ( length tbredlh) ;
}

rectangle rectangle C)
~
: :

{
}

int main C )

{
rectangle r ( lo , 5 );
Couto r . area
;
( out ca
perimeter ;
r -

r set
length 120) ;
.

Coutu r
getlength C );
.

3
 TEMPLATE CLASS
-

templates class T >

class
{
arithmetic
↳ for using various datatypes .

private :
Using the same class for
T nfta ; different datatypes .

T int b;

public :
T T
arithmetic intfa.int/b )
T int add C ) ;

T int sub C ) ;

3;

template < class T > → because effect of previous template

arithmetic CT > : : arithmetic Cinta int ,
b) has ended
T T
{
this -
a =
a ;
this b b
=
;
-

}
template < class TS
7 Tint arithmetic : : add C)
CT >
{

Tiny c ;
(= at b ;

return c;

template L class T >

int arithmetic : : sub Cl

CT >
{ -

/ !
T int c
; int main C )

(= a -
b; E

÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷:::÷
return "
.
.
(out cc
art add C )
.