ebook download (eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life 14th Edition all chapter

(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and
Diversity of Life 14th Edition

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-biology-the-unity-and-diversity-of-life-14th
-edition/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
(eBook PDF) Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life

15th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-biology-the-unity-and-
diversity-of-life-15th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

13th Edition
diversity-of-life-13th-edition-2/
(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

13th Edition
diversity-of-life-13th-edition/
Biology : the unity and diversity of life 15th Edition

Cecie Starr - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/biology-the-unity-and-diversity-
of-life-ebook-pdf/
(Original PDF)Biology: Exploring the Diversity of Life
4th (1-3) by Peter Russell
http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdfbiology-exploring-the-
diversity-of-life-4th-1-3-by-peter-russell/
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and

Ecology 2nd Edition (eBook PDF)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/the-diversity-of-fishes-biology-
evolution-and-ecology-2nd-edition-ebook-pdf/
Life: The Science of Biology 10th Edition (eBook PDF)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/life-the-science-of-biology-10th-
edition-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) Life: The Science of Biology Twelfth

Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-life-the-science-of-
biology-twelfth-edition/
(eBook PDF) Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life

11th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-the-
biology-of-marine-life-11th-edition/
2.3 Why Electrons Matter 26 4.2 What Is a Cell 54
About Vacancies 27 Cell Theory 54
Components of All Cells 54
2.4 Chemical Bonds: From Atoms to Molecules 28
Constraints on Cell Size 55
Ionic Bonds 28
Covalent Bonds 28 4.3 How Do We See Cells? 56
2.5 Hydrogen Bonds and Water 30 4.4 Introducing Prokaryotes 58

Hydrogen Bonding in Water 30 Biofilms 59
Water’s Special Properties 30
4.5 Introducing Eukaryotic Cells 60
2.6 Acids and Bases 32
4.6 The Nucleus 62
Mercury Rising (revisited) 33 Chromatin 62
The Nuclear Envelope 62
The Nucleolus 63
3 Molecules of Life
4.7 The Endomembrane System 64
4.8 Mitochondria 66
4.9 Chloroplasts and Other Plastids 67
4.10 The Cytoskeleton 68

3.1 Fear of Frying 37
4.11 Cell Surface Specializations 70
3.2 Organic Molecules 38 Cell Matrices 70
Carbon: The Stuff of Life 38 Cell Junctions 70
Modeling Organic Molecules 38
4.12 The Nature of Life 72
3.3 Molecules of Life—From Structure to Function 40
Functional Groups 40 Food for Thought (revisited) 73
What Cells Do to Organic Compounds 40
3.4 Carbohydrates 42 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism

Carbohydrates in Biological Systems 42
3.5 Lipids 44
Lipids in Biological Systems 44
3.6 Proteins 46
5.1 A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase 77
3.7 Why Is Protein Structure So Important? 48
5.2 Energy in the World of Life 78
3.8 Nucleic Acids 49 Energy Disperses 78
Energy’s One-Way Flow 78
Fear of Frying (revisited) 49
5.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life 80
Chemical Bond Energy 80
4 Cell Structure
Why Earth Does Not Go Up in Flames 80
Energy In, Energy Out 81
5.4 How Enzymes Work 82

The Need for Speed 82
The Transition State 82
4.1 Food for Thought 53 Enzyme Activity 83
ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s v
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Detailed Contents (continued)
5.5 Metabolism—Organized, Enzyme-Mediated

Reactions 84
7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Controls Over Metabolism 84

Electron Transfers 84
5.6 Cofactors in Metabolic Pathways 86

ATP—A Special Coenzyme 86
7.1 Risky Business 117
5.7 A Closer Look at Cell Membranes 88
The Fluid Mosaic Model 88 7.2 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways 118
Proteins Add Function 88
7.3 Glycolysis—Sugar Breakdown Begins 120
5.8 Diffusion and Membranes 90
7.4 Second Stage of Aerobic Respiration 122
Semipermeable Membranes 90
Acetyl–CoA Formation 122
Turgor 91
The Krebs Cycle 122
5.9 Membrane Transport Mechanisms 92
7.5 Aerobic Respiration’s Big Energy Payoff 124
Transport Protein Specificity 92
Facilitated Diffusion 92 7.6 Fermentation 126
Active Transport 93
7.7 Alternative Energy Sources in Food 128
5.10 Membrane Trafficking 94 Energy From Dietary Molecules 128
Endocytosis and Exocytosis 94
Risky Business (revisited) 129
Recycling Membrane 95
A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase (revisited) 96

UNIT II Genetics
6 Where It Starts—Photosynthesis
8 DNA Structure and Function
6.1 Biofuels 101

8.1 A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones 133
6.2 Sunlight as an Energy Source 102
8.2 The Discovery of DNA’s Function 134
Properties of Light 102
Pigments: The Rainbow Catchers 102 8.3 The Discovery of DNA’s Structure 136
6.3 Exploring the Rainbow 104 Building Blocks of DNA 136
DNA’s Base Sequence 137
6.4 Overview of Photosynthesis 105
8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 138
6.5 Light-Dependent Reactions 106 Chromosome Number and Type 139
The Noncyclic Pathway 106
The Cyclic Pathway 107 8.5 DNA Replication 140
6.6 The Light-Independent Reactions 108 8.6 Mutations: Cause and Effect 142
Energy Flow in Photosynthesis 108 Replication Errors 142
Light-Independent Reactions 108 Agents of DNA Damage 142
Rosalind Franklin, X-Rays, and Cancer 143
6.7 Adaptations: Alternative Carbon-Fixing Pathways 110
8.7 Cloning Adult Animals 144
Biofuels (revisited) 112
A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones (revisited) 145
vi ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
9 From DNA to Protein
9.1 Ricin, RIP 149
9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression 150

DNA to RNA 150
RNA to Protein 150
9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA 152

Post-Transcriptional Modifications 153
9.4 RNA and the Genetic Code 154
9.5 Translation: RNA to Protein 156
9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein Products 158
Ricin, RIP (revisited) 160
10 Control of Gene Expression
10.1 Between You and Eternity 163
10.2 Switching Genes On and Off 164

Gene Expression Control 164
10.3 Master Genes 166

Homeotic Genes 166
10.4 Examples of Gene Control in Eukaryotes 168

X Marks the Spot 168
Male Sex Determination in Humans 168
Flower Formation 169
10.5 Examples of Gene Control in Prokaryotes 170

The lac Operon 170
Lactose Intolerance 171
Riboswitches 171
10.6 Epigenetics 172
Between You and Eternity (revisited) 173
vii
11 How Cells Reproduce 13.2 Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance Patterns 202
Mendel’s Experiments 202
Inheritance in Modern Terms 202
13.3 Mendel’s Law of Segregation 204
13.4 Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 206

11.1 Henrietta’s Immortal Cells 177 The Contribution of Crossovers 206
11.2 Multiplication by Division 178 13.5 Beyond Simple Dominance 208

Controls Over the Cell Cycle 179 Codominance 208
Incomplete Dominance 208
11.3 A Closer Look at Mitosis 180
Epistasis 209
11.4 Cytokinesis: Division of Cytoplasm 182 Pleiotropy 209
11.5 Marking Time With Telomeres 183 13.6 Nature and Nurture 210
Some Environmental Effects 210
11.6 When Mitosis Becomes Pathological 184
13.7 Complex Variation in Traits 212
Cancer 184
Continuous Variation 212
Henrietta’s Immortal Cells (revisited) 186
Menacing Mucus (revisited) 213
12 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

14 Chromosomes and Human Inheritance
12.1 Why Sex? 189

14.1 Shades of Skin 217
12.2 Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction 190
14.2 Human Chromosomes 218
Introducing Alleles 190
Meiosis Halves the Chromosome Number 190 Types of Genetic Variation 218
Fertilization Restores Chromosome Number 191 14.3 Examples of Autosomal Inheritance Patterns 220
12.3 Visual Tour of Meiosis 192 The Autosomal Dominant Pattern 220
The Autosomal Recessive Pattern 221
12.4 How Meiosis Introduces Variations in Traits 194
14.4 Examples of X-Linked Inheritance Patterns 222
Crossing Over 194
Chromosome Segregation 194 The X-Linked Recessive Pattern 222
12.5 Mitosis and Meiosis—An Ancestral Connection? 196 14.5 Heritable Changes in Chromosome Structure 224
Types of Chromosomal Change 224
Why Sex? (revisited) 197 Chromosome Changes in Evolution 225
14.6 Heritable Changes in Chromosome Number 226

13 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Autosomal Aneuploidy and Down Syndrome 226
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy 226
14.7 Genetic Screening 228
Shades of Skin (revisited) 229
13.1 Menacing Mucus 201
viii ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
15 Studying and Manipulating Genomes 16.4 Darwin, Wallace, and Natural Selection 256
A Key Insight—Variation in Traits 256
Great Minds Think Alike 257
16.5 Fossils: Evidence of Ancient Life 258

The Fossil Record 259
15.1 Personal Genetic Testing 233 16.6 Filling In Pieces of the Puzzle 260
Radiometric Dating 260
15.2 Cloning DNA 234
Missing Links 261
Cut and Paste 234
cDNA Cloning 235 16.7 Drifting Continents, Changing Seas 262
15.3 Isolating Genes 236 16.8 Putting Time Into Perspective 264
DNA Libraries 236
Reflections of a Distant Past (revisited) 266
PCR 236
15.4 DNA Sequencing 238 17 Processes of Evolution

The Human Genome Project 239
15.5 Genomics 240

DNA Profiling 240
15.6 Genetic Engineering 242

17.1 Superbug Farms 269
15.7 Designer Plants 242
17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations Do 270
15.8 Biotech Barnyards 244
Alleles in Populations 270
Knockouts and Organ Factories 245
An Evolutionary View of Mutations 270
15.9 Safety Issues 245 Allele Frequencies 271
15.10 Genetically Modified Humans 246 17.3 Genetic Equilibrium 272

Applying the Hardy–Weinberg Law 272
Gene Therapy 246
Real-World Situations 273
Eugenics 247
Personal Genetic Testing (revisited) 247 17.4 Patterns of Natural Selection 273
17.5 Directional Selection 274

Examples of Directional Selection 274
UNIT III PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION
17.6 Stabilizing and Disruptive Selection 276
16 Evidence of Evolution Stabilizing Selection 276
Disruptive Selection 277
17.7 Fostering Diversity 278

Survival of the Sexiest 278
Maintaining Multiple Alleles 278
16.1 Reflections of a Distant Past 251 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene Flow 280
16.2 Early Beliefs, Confounding Discoveries 252 Genetic Drift 280
Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect 280
16.3 A Flurry of New Theories 254 Gene Flow 281
Squeezing New Evidence Into Old Beliefs 254
17.9 Reproductive Isolation 282
Darwin and the HMS Beagle 254
ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s ix
17.10 Allopatric Speciation 284 19.4 From Polymers to Protocells 308

Speciation in Archipelagos 284 Properties of Cells 308
Origin of Metabolism 308
17.11 Other Speciation Models 286
Origin of the Genome 308
Sympatric Speciation 286
Origin of the Plasma Membrane 309
Parapatric Speciation 287
19.5 Life’s Early Evolution 310
17.12 Macroevolution 288
The Common Ancestor of All Life 310
Evolutionary Theory 289
Looking for Evidence of Early Life 310
Superbug Farms (revisited) 289 The Oldest Fossil Cells 310
Changes in the Air 311
18 Organizing Information About Species Rise of the Eukaryotes 311
19.6 Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes 312

Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei)
Origin of the Nucleus 312
Apapane (Himatione sanguinea)
Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 312
Maui Amakihi (Hemignathus virens wilsoni) Eukaryotic Divergence 313
18.1 Bye Bye Birdie 293 19.7 Time Line for Life’s Origin and Evolution 314
Kauai Amakihi (Hemignathus kauaiensis)
Kauai Creeper (Oreomystis bairdi)
18.2 Phylogeny 294 Looking for Life (revisited) 316

Maui Creeper (Paroreomyza montana)
Cladistics 295
Rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) Nucleotides: A C T G
18.3 Comparing Form and Function 296

UNIT IV EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY
Morphological Divergence 296
Morphological Convergence 296 20 Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea
18.4 Comparing Biochemistry 298
DNA and Protein Sequence Comparisons 298
18.5 Comparing Patterns of Animal Development 300
18.6 Applications of Phylogeny Research 301

20.1 Evolution of a Disease 319
Conservation Biology 301
Medical Research 301 20.2 Viruses and Viroids 320
Viral Structure 320
Bye Bye Birdie (revisited) 302
Origin and Ecological Role of Viruses 321
Viroids 321
19 Life’s Origin and Early Evolution
20.3 Viral Replication 322
Overview of Viral Replication 322
Bacteriophage Replication 322
Replication of HIV 322
20.4 Viruses as Human Pathogens 324

19.1 Looking for Life 305
The Threat of Infectious Disease 324
19.2 The Early Earth 306 Common Viral Diseases 324
Origin of the Universe and Earth 306 Emerging Viral Diseases 324
Conditions on the Early Earth 306 Viral Mutation and Reassortment 324
19.3 Organic Monomers Form 307 20.5 Shared Traits of Prokaryotes 326
Organic Molecules From Inorganic Precursors 307 Structural Traits 326
Sources of Life’s First Building Blocks 307 Reproduction and Gene Transfers 326
x ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
20.6 Factors in the Success of Prokaryotes 328
Diverse Modes of Nutrition 328
Aerobes and Anaerobes 328
Dormant Resting Structures 328
Investigating Species Diversity 329
20.7 A Sample of Bacterial Diversity 330

Heat Lovers 330
Oxygen-Producing Cyanobacteria 330
Highly Diverse Proteobacteria 330
Thick-Walled, Gram-Positive Bacteria 331
The Tiny Spirochetes and Chlamydias 331
20.8 Archaea 332

Discovery of the Third Domain 332
Here, There, Everywhere 332
Evolution of a Disease (revisited) 333
21 Protists—The Simplest Eukaryotes
21.1 Malaria: From Tutankhamun to Today 337
21.2 A Collection of Lineages 338

Classification and Phylogeny 338
Cells, Colonies, and Multicellular Organisms 338
Modes of Nutrition 338
Diverse Life Cycles 339
21.3 Flagellated Protozoans 340

Anaerobic Flagellates 340
Trypanosomes and Other Kinetoplastids 341
Euglenoids 341
21.4 Foraminifera and Radiolarians 342
21.5 Ciliates 343
21.6 Dinoflagellates 344
21.7 Apicomplexans 345
21.8 Stramenopiles 346

Diatoms 346
Brown Algae 347
Water Molds 347
xi
21.9 Red Algae and Green Algae 348
23 Fungi
Red Algae 348
Green Algae 348
21.10 Amoebozoans and Choanoflagellates 350

Amoebozoans 350
Choanoflagellates 351
23.1 High-Flying Fungi 375
Malaria: From Tutankhamun to Today (revisited) 351
23.2 Fungal Traits and Classification 376
22 The Land Plants Structure and Function 376
Life Cycles 377
23.3 Flagellated Fungi 377
23.4 Zygote Fungi and Related Groups 378

Zygote Fungi 378
22.1 Saving Seeds 355 Microsporidia—Intracellular Parasites 379
Glomeromycetes—Partners of Plants 379
22.2 Plant Ancestry and Diversity 356
23.5 Sac Fungi—Ascomycetes 380
From Algal Ancestors to Embryophytes 356
An Adaptive Radiation on Land 356 Life Cycles 380
Diversity 380
22.3 Evolutionary Trends Among Plants 358 Human Uses of Sac Fungi 380
From Haploid to Diploid Dominance 358
23.6 Club Fungi—Basidiomycetes 382
Structural Adaptations 358
Pollen and Seeds 359 Life Cycle 382
Ecology 382
22.4 Bryophytes 360
23.7 Ecological Roles of Fungi 384
Mosses 360
Liverworts 361 Fungi as Decomposers 384
Hornworts 361 Fungal Partnerships 384

Fungal Parasites and Pathogens 385
22.5 Seedless Vascular Plants 362
High-Flying Fungi (revisited) 385
Club Mosses 362
Whisk Ferns and Horsetails 362
Ferns 362 24 Animal Evolution—The Invertebrates
22.6 History of the Vascular Plants 364
From Tiny Branchers to Coal Forests 364
Rise of the Seed Plants 364
22.7 Gymnosperms 366

Conifers 366 24.1 Medicines From the Sea 389
Lesser-Known Lineages 367
24.2 Animal Traits and Body Plans 390
22.8 Angiosperms—The Flowering Plants 368 What Is an Animal? 390
The Angiosperm Life Cycle 369 Variation in Animal Body Plans 390
Factors Contributing to Angiosperm Success 369
24.3 Animal Origins and Adaptive Radiation 392
22.9 Angiosperm Diversity and Importance 370 Colonial Origins 392
Angiosperm Lineages 370 Early Animals 392
Ecological and Economic Importance 370 The Cambrian Explosion 392
Saving Seeds (revisited) 371 24.4 Sponges 393
xii ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
24.5 Cnidarians—Predators With Stinging Cells 394 25.5 Modern Jawed Fishes 420
Body Plans 394 Cartilaginous Fishes 420
Diversity and Life Cycles 394 Bony Fishes 420
24.6 Flatworms—Simple Organ Systems 396 25.6 Amphibians—First Tetrapods on Land 422
Free-Living Flatworms 396 Adapting to Life on Land 422
Parasitic Flatworms 397 Modern Amphibians 422
Declining Diversity 423
24.7 Annelids—Segmented Worms 398
The Marine Polychaetes 398 25.7 The Amniote Evolution 424
Leeches—Bloodsuckers and Others 398
25.8 Nonbird Reptiles 425
The Earthworm—An Oligochaete 398
25.9 Birds—The Feathered Ones 426
24.8 Mollusks—Animals With a Mantle 400
General Characteristics 426
Avian Diversity 427
Mollusk Diversity 400
25.10 Mammals—Milk Makers 428
24.9 Rotifers and Tardigrades—Tiny and Tough 402
Mammalian Traits 428
24.10 Roundworms—Unsegmented Worms That Molt 403 Mammalian Origins and Diversification 428
24.11 Arthropods—Molting Animals With Jointed Legs 404 25.11 Modern Mammalian Diversity 430
Key Arthropod Adaptations 404 Egg-Laying Monotremes 430
Marsupials 430
24.12 Chelicerates—Spiders and Their Relatives 405
Placental Mammals 430
24.13 Myriapods 406
Very Early Birds (revisited) 431
24.14 Crustaceans 406
24.15 Insects—Diverse and Abundant 408

26 Human Evolution
Characteristic Features 408
The Importance of Insects 408
24.16 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms 410

The Protostome–Deuterostome Split 410
Echinoderm Characteristics and Body Plan 410 26.1 A Bit of a Neanderthal 435
Echinoderm Diversity 410
26.2 Primates: Our Order 436
Medicines From the Sea (revisited) 411 Primate Characteristics 436
Origins and Early Branchings 436
25 Animal Evolution—The Chordates 26.3 The Apes 438
Hominoid Origins and Divergences 438
Modern Apes 438
A Human–Ape Comparison 439
26.4 Rise of the Hominins 440

25.1 Very Early Birds 415 Early Proposed Hominins 440
Australopiths 440
25.2 Chordate Traits and Evolutionary Trends 416
Factors Favoring Bipedalism 441
Chordate Characteristics 416
Invertebrate Chordates 416 26.5 Early Humans 442
Overview of Chordate Evolution 416 Classifying Fossils—Lumpers and Splitters 442
Homo habilis 442
25.3 Jawless Fishes 418
Homo erectus 442
25.4 Evolution of Jawed Fishes 419 Early Culture 442
ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s xiii
26.6 Recent Human Lineages 444 28.4 Water Movement Inside Plants 474
Origin and Dispersal of Homo Sapiens 444 Cohesion–Tension Theory 474
Other Recent Homo Species 444
28.5 Water-Conserving Adaptations of Stems and
A Bit of a Neanderthal (revisited) 445 Leaves 476
How Stomata Work 476
UNIT V HOW PLANTS WORK
28.6 Movement of Organic Compounds in Plants 478
27 Plant Tissues Leafy Cleanup (revisited) 479
29 Life Cycles of Flowering Plants
27.1 Carbon Sequestration 449
27.2 The Plant Body 450

29.1 Plight of the Honeybee 483
27.3 Plant Tissues 452
29.2 Reproductive Structures 484
27.4 Stems 454
Diversity of Floral Structure 485
Internal Structure 454
Variations on a Stem 454 29.3 Flowers and Their Pollinators 486
27.5 Leaves 456 29.4 A New Generation Begins 488

29.5 Flower Sex 490
27.6 Roots 458
29.6 Seed Formation 491
29.7 Fruits 492
27.7 Primary Growth 460
Primary Growth in Shoots 460 29.8 Early Development 494
Primary Growth in Roots 461 Breaking Dormancy 494
After Germination 494
27.8 Secondary Growth 462
27.9 Tree Rings and Old Secrets 464 29.9 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants 496
Agricultural Applications 496
Carbon Sequestration (revisited) 465
Plight of the Honeybee (revisited) 497
28 Plant Nutrition and Transport

30 Communication Strategies in Plants
28.1 Leafy Cleanup 469

30.1 Prescription: Chocolate 501
28.2 Plant Nutrients and Availability in Soil 470
30.2 Introduction to Plant Hormones 502
Properties of Soil 470
Chemical Signaling in Plants 502
How Soils Change 471
28.3 Roots Adaptations for Nutrient Uptake 472 30.3 Auxin: The Master Growth Hormone 504
Polar Transport 504
The Function of Endodermis 472
Mutualisms 473 30.4 Cytokinin 506
xiv ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
30.5 Gibberellin 507
30.6 Abscisic Acid 508
30.7 Ethylene 509
30.8 Tropisms 510
30.9 Sensing Recurring Environmental Change 512

Daily Change 512
Seasonal Change 512
30.10 Responses to Stress 514
Prescription: Chocolate (revisited) 515
UNIT VI HOW ANIMALS WORK
31 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
31.1 Stem Cells—It’s All About Potential 519
31.2 Organization of Animal Bodies 520

Levels of Organization 520
The Internal Environment 520
Evolution of Animal Structure 521
31.3 Epithelial Tissue 522

Variations in Structure and Function 522
Epithelial Cell Secretions 523
Carcinomas—Epithelial Cell Cancers 523
31.4 Connective Tissues 524

Types of Connective Tissue 524
31.5 Muscle Tissues 526

Skeletal Muscle Tissue 526
Cardiac Muscle Tissue 526
Smooth Muscle Tissue 526
31.6 Nervous Tissue 527
31.7 Organ Systems 528
31.8 Human Integumentary System 530

Structure of Human Skin 530
Evolution and Human Skin 531
31.9 Negative Feedback in Homeostasis 532
Stem Cells—It’s All About Potential (revisited) 533
xv
32 Neural Control 33 Sensory Perception
32.1 Impacts of Concussions 537 33.1 Bionic Senses 561
32.2 Evolution of Nervous Systems 538 33.2 Overview of Sensory Pathways 562
Nerve Net 538 Sensory Diversity 562
Getting a Head 538 From Sensing to Sensation to Perception 563
The Vertebrate Nervous System 539
33.3 Somatic and Visceral Sensations 564
32.3 Neurons—The Great Communicators 540 The Somatosensory Cortex 564
Pain 564
32.4 Membrane Potential 541
33.4 Chemical Senses 566
32.5 The Action Potential 542
Sense of Smell 566
Graded Potentials and Reaching Threshold 542
Sense of Taste 566
An All-or-Nothing Spike 542
Pheromones—Chemical Messages 567
Propagation of an Action Potential 543
33.5 Diversity of Visual Systems 568
32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other Cells 544
Requirements for Vision 568
The Synapse 544
Cleaning the Cleft 544 33.6 A Closer Look at the Human Eye 570
Synaptic Integration 545 Anatomy of the Eye 570
Focusing Mechanisms 571
32.7 Neurons’ Chemical Signals 546
Chemically Disrupting Signaling 547 33.7 Light Reception and Visual Processing 572
32.8 The Peripheral Nervous System 548 33.8 Visual Disorders 573
Nerve Structure 548
33.9 Vertebrate Hearing 574
Functional Divisions 548
Properties of Sound 574
32.9 The Spinal Cord 550 The Vertebrate Ear 574
An Information Highway 550
33.10 Organs of Equilibrium 576
Reflex Pathways 550
Interrupted Spinal Signaling 550 Bionic Senses (revisited) 577
32.10 The Vertebrate Brain 552

Brain Development and Evolution 552 34 Endocrine Control
Ventricles and the Blood–Brain Barrier 552
The Human Brain 552
32.11 The Human Cerebral Cortex 554
32.12 Emotion and Memory 555

34.1 Hormones in the Balance 581
The Emotional Brain 555
Making Memories 555 34.2 The Vertebrate Endocrine System 582
32.13 Neuroglia—The Neurons’ Support Staff 556 Mechanisms of Intercellular Signaling 582
Discovery of Hormones 582
Types and Functions of Neuroglia 556
Neuroendocrine Interactions 582
Brain Tumors 556
Impacts of Concussions (revisited) 557
xvi ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
34.3 The Nature of Hormone Action 584 35.4 Bone Structure and Function 608
Categories of Hormones 584 Bone Anatomy 608
Receptor Function and Diversity 584 Bone Formation and Remodeling 608
Where Bones Meet 608
34.4 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 586
Posterior Pituitary Function 586 35.5 Bone and Joint Health 610
Anterior Pituitary Function 586
35.6 Skeletal Muscle Function 611
34.5 Growth Hormone Function and Disorders 588
35.7 How Muscle Contracts 612
34.6 Sources and Effects of Other Vertebrate Structure of Skeletal Muscle 612
Hormones 589 The Sliding-Filament Model 612
34.7 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 590 35.8 Nervous Control of Muscle Contraction 614
Feedback Control of Thyroid Function 590 Nervous Control of Contraction 614
Thyroid Disorders 590 Motor Units and Muscle Tension 614
Thyroid Disruptors 590 Disrupted Control of Skeletal Muscle 615
The Parathyroid Glands 591
35.9 Muscle Metabolism 616
34.8 Pancreatic Hormones 592 Energy-Releasing Pathways 616
Regulation of Blood Sugar 592 Types of Muscle Fibers 616
Diabetes 592 Effects of Exercise and Inactivity 617
34.9 The Adrenal Glands 594 Muscles and Myostatin (revisited) 617
The Adrenal Cortex 594
The Adrenal Medulla 594
36 Circulation
Stress, Elevated Cortisol, and Health 594
Cortisol Deficiency 595
34.10 The Gonads 596
34.11 The Pineal Gland 597
34.12 The Thymus 598 36.1 A Shocking Save 621
34.13 Invertebrate Hormones 598 36.2 Circulatory Systems 622

Evolution of Hormone Diversity 598 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 622
Hormones and Molting 598 Evolution of Vertebrate Circulation 622
Hormones in the Balance (revisited) 599 36.3 Human Cardiovascular System 624
The Pulmonary Circuit 624
35 Structural Support and Movement The Systemic Circuit 624
36.4 The Human Heart 626

The Cardiac Cycle 626
Setting the Pace for Contraction 627
36.5 Vertebrate Blood 628

Plasma 628
35.1 Muscles and Myostatin 603
Cellular Components 628
35.2 Animal Movement 604
36.6 Arteries and Arterioles 630
35.3 The Vertebrate Endoskeleton 606 Rapid Transport in Arteries 630
Invertebrate Skeletons 606 Adjusting Flow at Arterioles 630
The Vertebrate Endoskeleton 606
36.7 Blood Pressure 631
36.8 Exchanges at Capillaries 632
ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s xvii
36.9 Back to the Heart 633 37.11 HIV and AIDS 660
HIV Revisited 660
36.10 Blood and Cardiovascular Disorders 634
Altered Blood Cell Count 634 37.12 Vaccines 662
Cardiovascular Disease 634 Progress on an HIV Vaccine 663
36.11 Interactions With the Lymphatic System 636 Frankie’s Last Wish (revisited) 663
Lymphoid Vascular System 636
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 637 38 Respiration
A Shocking Save (revisited) 637
37 Immunity
38.1 Carbon Monoxide—A Stealthy Poison 667
38.2 The Nature of Respiration 668

Gas Exchanges 668
37.1 Frankie’s Last Wish 641 Factors Affecting Gas Exchange 668
Respiratory Medium—Air or Water? 669
37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats 642
Three Lines of Defense 642 38.3 Invertebrate Respiration 670
The Defenders 643 Respiration in Damp or Aquatic Habitats 670
Respiratory Adaptations to Life on Land 670
37.3 Surface Barriers 644
Normal Flora 644 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration 672
Barriers to Infection 645 Respiration in Fishes 672
Evolution of Paired Lungs 672
37.4 Triggering Innate Defenses 646
Complement 646 38.5 Human Respiratory System 674
Phagocytic Leukocytes 647 From Airways to Alveoli 674
37.5 Inflammation and Fever 648 38.6 How We Breathe 676

Inflammation 648 The Respiratory Cycle 676
Fever 649 Respiratory Volumes 676
Control of Breathing 676
37.6 Antigen Receptors 650
Choking—A Blocked Airway 677
Antigen Receptor Diversity 651
38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport 678
37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity 652
The Respiratory Membrane 678
Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity 652
Oxygen Transport 678
Antigen Processing 652
Carbon Dioxide Transport 679
37.8 The Antibody-Mediated Immune Response 654
38.8 Respiratory Adaptations 680
Antibodies and ABO Blood Typing 655
High Climbers 680
37.9 The Cell-Mediated Immune Response 656 Deep-Sea Divers 681
Cytotoxic T Cells: Activation and Action 656
38.9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders 682
The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells 657
Interrupted Breathing 682
37.10 When Immunity Goes Wrong 658 Lung Diseases and Disorders 682
Allergies 658 Smoking’s Impact 683
Overly Vigorous Responses 658
Carbon Monoxide—A Stealthy Poison (revisited) 683
Autoimmune Disorders 659
Immunodeficiency 659
xviii ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
39 Digestion and Nutrition
39.1 Your Microbial “Organ” 687
39.2 Animal Digestive Systems 688

Food Processing Tasks 688
Sac or Tube? 688
39.3 Overview of the Human Digestive System 690
39.4 Chewing and Swallowing 691
39.5 Food Storage and Digestion in the Stomach 692
39.6 Structure of the Small Intestine 693
39.7 Digestion and Absorption in the Small Intestine 694

Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption 694
Protein Digestion and Absorption 694
Fat Digestion and Absorption 694
Water Absorption 695
39.8 The Large Intestine 696
39.9 Metabolism of Absorbed Organic Compounds 697
39.10 Vitamins, Minerals, and Phytochemicals 698
39.11 What Should You Eat? 700

Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains 700
Heart-Healthy Oils 700
Lean Meat and Low-Fat Dairy 701
Minimal Added Salt and Sugar 701
39.12 Maintaining a Healthy Weight 702

What Is a Healthy Weight? 702
Why Is Obesity Unhealthy? 702
Causes of Obesity 703
Your Microbial “Organ” (revisited) 703
40 Maintaining the Internal Environment
40.1 Truth in a Test Tube 707
40.2 Regulating Fluid Volume and Composition 708

Fluid Regulation in Invertebrates 708
Fluid Regulation in Vertebrates 709
xix
40.3 The Human Urinary System 710 41.6 Reproductive System of Human Males 732
Organs of the Urinary System 710 Male Gonads 732
Tubular Structure of the Kidneys 710 Reproductive Ducts and Accessory Glands 732
Blood Vessels of the Kidneys 711 Germ Cells to Sperm Cells 733
40.4 How Urine Forms 712 41.7 Bringing Gametes Together 734
Glomerular Filtration 712 Sexual Intercourse 734
Tubular Reabsorption 712 The Sperm’s Journey 734
Tubular Secretion 712 Fertilization 734
Concentrating the Filtrate 712
41.8 Contraception and Infertility 736
40.5 Fluid Homeostasis 714 Birth Control Options 736
Fluid Volume and Tonicity 714 Infertility 737
Acid–Base Balance 715
41.9 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 738
40.6 When Kidneys Fail 716 Trichomoniasis 738
Causes of Kidney Failure 716 Bacterial STDs 738
Treating Kidney Failure 716 Viral STDs 739
40.7 Heat Gains and Losses 717 Assisted Reproduction (revisited) 739
How the Core Temperature Can Change 717
Modes of Thermoregulation 717 42 Animal Development
40.8 Adaptations to Heat or Cold 718
Responses to Cold 718
Responses to Heat 718
Climate-Related Adaptations in Humans 718
Truth in a Test Tube (revisited) 719 42.1 Prenatal Problems 743
42.2 Stages of Development 744

41 Animal Reproductive Systems
42.3 From Zygote to Gastrula 746
Components of Eggs and Sperm 746
Cleavage—The Start of Multicellularity 746
Gastrulation 747
42.4 How Specialized Tissues and Organs Form 748

41.1 Assisted Reproduction 723
Cell Differentiation 748
41.2 Modes of Animal Reproduction 724 Responses to Morphogens 748
Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction 724 Embryonic Induction 748
Variations on Sexual Reproduction 724 Apoptosis 749
Cell Migrations 749
41.3 Organs of Sexual Reproduction 726
Gonads, Ducts, and Glands 726 42.5 An Evolutionary View of Development 750
How Gametes Form 726 A General Model for Animal Development 750
Developmental Constraints and Modifications 750
41.4 Reproductive System of Human Females 728
The Female Gonads 728 42.6 Overview of Human Development 751
Reproductive Ducts and Accessory Glands 728
42.7 Early Human Development 752
Egg Production and Release 729
42.8 Emergence of Distinctly Human Features 754
41.5 Female Reproductive Cycles 730
The Menstrual Cycle 730 42.9 Structure and Function of the Placenta 756
The Estrous Cycle 731
xx ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
42.10 Labor and Childbirth 757 UNIT VII PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY
42.11 Milk: Nourishment and Protection 758 44 Population Ecology

Prenatal Problems (revisited) 759
43 Animal Behavior
44.1 A Honking Mess 781
44.2 Population Demographics 782

Population Size 782
43.1 Can You Hear Me Now? 763 Population Density and Distribution 782
Age Structure 783
43.2 Behavioral Genetics 764
Effects of Scale and Timing 783
Genetic Variation Within a Species 764
Genetic Variation Among Species 764 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth 784
Human Behavior Genetics 765 Immigration and Emigration 784
Zero to Exponential Growth 784
43.3 Instinct and Learning 766
Biotic Potential 785
Instinctive Behavior 766
Time-Sensitive Learning 766 44.4 Limits on Population Growth 786
Conditioned Responses 767 Density-Dependent Factors 786
Other Types of Learned Behavior 767 Logistic Growth 786
Density-Independent Factors 787
43.4 Environmental Effects on Behavioral Traits 768
Behavioral Plasticity 768 44.5 Life History Patterns 788
Epigenetic Effects 768 Quantifying Life History Traits 788
Environmental Effects on Life History 788
43.5 Movements and Navigation 769
Taxis and Kinesis 769 44.6 Effects of Predation on Life History 790
Migration 769 A Long-Term Study of Guppies 790
Overfishing of Atlantic Cod 791
43.6 Communication Signals 770
Evolution of Animal Communication 770 44.7 Human Population Growth 792
Types of Signals 770 Early Innovations and Expansions 792
Eavesdroppers and From the Industrial Revolution Onward 792
Counterfeiters 771
44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption 794
43.7 Mates, Offspring, and Reproductive Success 772 Fertility and Age Structure 794
Mating Systems 772 The Demographic Transition 794
Parental Care 773 Resource Consumption 795
43.8 Group Living 774 A Honking Mess (revisited) 796

Benefits of Grouping 774
Costs of Grouping 775
45 Community Ecology
43.9 Why Sacrifice Yourself? 776
Eusocial Insects 776
Eusocial Mole Rats 776
Evolution of Altruism 776
Can You Hear Me Now? (revisited) 777 45.1 Fighting Foreign Fire Ants 799
45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure? 800
ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s xxi
45.3 Mutualism 801 46.5 Biogeochemical Cycles 826
45.4 Competitive Interactions 802 46.6 The Water Cycle 826

Effects of Competition 802 How and Where Water Moves 826
Resource Partitioning 803 Limited Fresh Water 826
45.5 Predator–Prey Interactions 804 46.7 The Carbon Cycle 828

Models for Predator–Prey Interactions 804 Terrestrial Carbon Cycle 828
Cyclic Changes in Abundance 804 Marine Carbon Cycle 829
Carbon in Fossil Fuels 829
45.6 Evolutionary Arms Races 806
Coevolution of Predators and Prey 806 46.8 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 830
Coevolution of Herbivores and Plants 807 The Greenhouse Effect 830
Changing Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 830
45.7 Parasites and Parasitoids 808 Changing Climate 830
Parasitism 808
Brood Parasites—Strangers in the Nest 808 46.9 Nitrogen Cycle 832
Parasitoids 809 Reactions That Drive the Cycle 832
Biological Pest Controls 809 Human Effects on the Cycle 833
45.8 Ecological Succession 810 46.10 The Phosphorus Cycle 834

Successional Change 810
Too Much of a Good Thing (revisited) 835
Factors That Influence Succession 810
45.9 Species Introduction, Loss, and Other

Disturbances 812
47 The Biosphere
The Role of Keystone Species 812

Adapting to Disturbance 812
Species Introductions 813
45.10 Biogeographic Patterns in Community Structure 814

Latitudinal Patterns 814 47.1 Going With the Flow 839
Island Patterns 814
47.2 Global Air Circulation Patterns 840
Fighting Foreign Fire Ants (revisited) 815 Seasonal Effects 840
Air Circulation and Rainfall 840
46 Ecosystems Surface Wind Patterns 841
47.3 The Ocean, Landforms, and Climates 842

light
energy
1
3 heat
energy Ocean Currents and Their Effects 842
2 Regional Effects 842
47.4 The El Niño Southern Oscillation 844

46.1 Too Much of a Good Thing 819 47.5 Biomes 846
46.2 The Nature of Ecosystems 820 Differences Between Biomes 846
Overview of the Participants 820 Similarities Within a Biome 846
Trophic Structure of Ecosystems 820 47.6 Deserts 848
46.3 The Nature of Food Webs 822 Desert Locations and Conditions 848
How Many Transfers? 823 Adaptations to Desert Life 848
The Crust Community 849
46.4 Energy Flow 824
47.7 Grasslands 850
Primary Production 824
Ecological Pyramids 824 Temperate Prairies 850
Ecological Efficiency 825 Tropical Savannas 850
xxii ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
sweeping a hawk, straight as an arrow, and it lit on the shoulder of
Balanque. At the very same moment a llama thrust its nose into the
neck of Hunapu, and that only a second before a fleet deer had
leaped to the side of Flashing Eyes. So all there knew that the twin
brothers were chosen to go into the land and there was no more
arguing about it. That night the band slept under the brilliant stars
and the next morning there went up a great shout as at sunrise the
brothers set off, every one of the Four Hundred knocking his sword
on his shield by way of salute. From the top of a ridge the twins
waved their band a farewell, then they turned and a moment later
were lost to view, and the members of the band went each about his
own affairs, ready to come at a call.
All that day and the next they travelled, and on the morning of the
third day they came to a place where were great black rocks, and
hills all treeless and bare, and near the noon hour they saw a great
cave in the mountainside, the floor of which was strewn with bones
of animals, some of the bones indeed being great things as big as a
man, from a creature of which the boys had never seen the like.
These bones had been cracked for the marrow in them and the teeth
marks told their tale of the size of the giant who had eaten them.
To a top of the mountain the boys climbed, and when they had
gained the summit, there at their feet was a great hollow place and
at the other end sat a monstrous fellow, his hands on his knees, his
body swaying to and fro. He was rumbling and grumbling and
peering here and there in a queer way. The boys noticed that he did
not turn his head to look with a sweep of the eyes as they did, or as
you do, turning to see in a semi-circle or over a greater extent. His
way was different. He would turn his head in a certain direction with
his eyes closed, then open them and look. From the place where his
glance lit he could not turn. If he wanted to look somewhere else, he
had to close his eyes and begin again, so that his looking was more
like shooting a bullet at a mark than anything, and if he missed, he
missed, and had to begin again. And of course he often missed. Yet
it was his way, and he must have been very satisfied with it to judge
by the song he sang, which was this:
“My name is Cakix,
Yukub—Cakix.
My eyes are bright as silver,
They gleam like precious stones.
My name is Cakix,
Yukub—Cakix.
Cakix!
Cakix!”
Over and over again he sang that. Then, with a tremendous roar, he
shouted:
“I am Cakix,
Yukub—Cakix,
And all men fear me!”
Then the twins, hearing that idle boast, stood on the hilltop and
shouted:
“Catch us, Cakix, if you can. We come to make an end of you.”
For a moment the giant sat still in sheer astonishment, his eyes
closed, his ear cupped in his hand to catch the direction of the
sound. The boys saw his great face turn in their direction, and they
skipped to the right and left so as to be out of his sight, and well it
was that they did so, for out over the valley shot his arm, lengthening
like elastic, and his great fingers reached over the rock where the
twins had stood, and went feeling like five blind snakes. Finding
nothing, the hand picked up the rock, though it was as large as a
house, and back went the arm getting shorter, until the giant had the
rock under his nose. Then he shut his eyes, turned his face down,
opened his eyes again, and examined the rock. Finding nothing he
cast it away with a sudden jerk, much as you jerk off some insect
that drops on your hand unexpectedly. Cakix sat awhile, then rose to
his feet and strode straight down the valley to where the boys had
been, looking straight ahead, of course. He went to a tree a little way
off, plucked some fruit which looked like wild cherries, though each
was as large as a pumpkin, and blundered off without seeing the
boys who crouched low and out of his sight.
As soon as the giant had gone the twins ran down into the valley
and there they saw, in great caves in the hills to the right and left,
hidden heaps of flashing, precious stones—diamonds, emeralds,
rubies, opals—dazzling in the sunshine. In other holes were heaped
gold dust and silver. While looking they were startled to hear a new
roaring, this time from the hill to which Cakix had gone. Soon the
roar formed into words and they heard:
“I am Cabrakan,
Cabrakan who shakes the earth,
Cabrakan who shakes the sky.
I am Cabrakan,
Master of men.”
It was another giant, but him they did not see. Scrambling out of
the valley they reached the hilltop to see Cakix coming back to his
valley. He stopped at the tree where he had stopped before and took
some more fruit, then strode down the hill, marking time as he
walked with his:
“I am Ca-kix
Yu-kub—Ca-kix
All men fear me.”
He sat down in his old seat, his hands again on his knees, his
body swaying. He seemed uncomfortable and restless, much as if he
expected danger, getting to his feet every now and then, peering
about, going to his tree to eat fruit and returning again to his seat. In
fact, about every hour he went to his fruit tree.
Seeing that, the lads had an idea, and running to the fruit tree,
climbed into it, hiding themselves in the thick branches, but no
sooner were they safely there than they heard the monster coming.
In a very short while they felt the tree shake with the giant’s
heavy tread, for he was on his way to take another meal. Then in
less time than it takes to count six he was at the tree, his great blue
face hiding the scenery. Quick as lightning, Hunapu fitted an arrow to
his bow, drew the string to his bow, and let fly. The shaft struck the
ugly fellow in the chin, but so tough was his skin that the barb only
pierced to his jaw. Still, the pain of it was enough to send him away
roaring. Back he went to his valley and threw himself down, groaning
and weeping. There was no loud song from him now.
The boys descended from their tree and marched down to where
Cakix lay, taking good care to keep out of the way of his great
kicking feet.
“Who are you?” asked the giant when he saw them. “And what do
you want here?”
“We are doctors,” they answered. “Hearing your roar of pain, we
came to help. It is your teeth that need attention. Let us take out your
bad teeth and you will be at ease.”
“But my teeth are my strength,” said the giant. “Men do not know
it,” he added with the lack of suspicion of all giants.
“True,” answered the twins. “We will pull out the old teeth and put
new ones in their place.”
The giant opened his mouth and to work they went with hammers
and bars of iron, and in a short time had his teeth all out. True to
their promise they put new teeth in place of the old, but the new
teeth they fitted were made of grains of corn, and as soon as Cakix
tried to eat with them he found out his error. So in a short while he
died from starvation, and the earth was rid of one of the monsters.
There was great joy among the band of Four Hundred when the
hero brothers returned and told their story, for they were glad of the
good fortune of the twins and full of rejoicing that the world had one
monster the less in it. And after a week of resting, there came a day
when the whole band, bright in their polished armour and gay with
feathers and flowers, set off for the Stone Mountain to bring back the
treasures and to slay the remaining giants. But the tale is so long
and so interesting, that it must be left for another chapter.
THE FOUR HUNDRED
INGING and waving banners, the four hundred youths with the
twin brothers at their head, all of them slim and well formed,
brown of skin and straight of limb, marched forth to the land of the
giants, their eyes bent on the far mountains all wrapped in a blue,
floating mist. No faint hearts were there, nor among them were
bullies or cowards. Not one there but could run, leap, shoot straight,
and look his friend in the eye. From shields of silver the sunlight
flashed, spearheads were like points of hard light and each helmet
was plumed. Bows were slung across shoulders and swords were at
sides, and sandalled feet marched in step. No food they bore nor
were they otherwise burdened, for well each knew the way of the
forest and the trick of lake and stream; well each knew the fruit-
bearing trees and the bushes that were berry-hung, and at night their
roof was the star-sprinkled sky.
Straight as an arrow was their course to the west, to the land of
vast rocks, and gullies like axe-clefts in the earth. Straight to the
west, not turning for swift-flowing stream nor yellow marsh; plunging
through forest, climbing mountain, scaling cliff. Straight to the west to
the place where the twin brothers had been before, until they came
to the valley of Cakix and saw his bones already white, picked by
carrion birds. There, too, they saw the caves where were heaps of
glittering diamonds, rubies like fire, emeralds cool green like the
caves of the sea. Gold, too, and silver were there, but no heed gave
they to all that, counting such things but as toys for children, when
great things had to be done.
Scouting far and wide to hilltop and rocky ridge, going by twos in
vast circles until they met again, they swept the land, seeing sign of
neither Cabrakan nor of the giant Zipacna, and when the band met
again all were prepared to fare farther in their quest. None was for
returning, “for,” said they, “there is an evil thing to put out of the land
and the swifter the foul task is done the better.”
The second day of their quest they came to a great forest and
there they were set upon by great monkeys that came in hundreds
and tens of hundreds, leaping at them and snarling, baring teeth and
fiercely chattering. For a while it looked of ill omen, but knowing that
together they could meet much the Four Hundred formed a square,
so facing north and east and south and west, a line of lads kneeling
with pointing spears, others behind them with spears over the
shoulders of those that knelt. In vain the apes dashed at them, for
not a spear was lowered nor did heart grow faint. But the air
throbbed with the cries of the hairy things and they came in ever-
increasing numbers, striving to break by sheer weight the spear-
bristling square. All that day they came, hurling themselves against
the square until the dead things lay in masses, those that were
wounded screaming in pain and anger as they turned again to the
forest, and when the dropping sun touched the hills and the green
became black, the evil things, finding their work in vain, gave up the
fight and fled snarling.
So the Four Hundred all unharmed, weary, though light of heart
because of the great fellowship that was shown to be among them,
shouldered their spears, re-slung their bows and marched on, until
coming to a noisy stream they washed themselves and their
weapons. Then in the white moonlight they slept, each with his
sword at hand, while some watched, on guard for that which might
threaten.
When the sky was rose-tinted again they went on their way,
making for a narrow pass like a sword-slash in the mountains, and
by noon they had reached the stony cut. High and bare were the
white rocks on either side and gloomy was the pass, nor of living
thing was there sign save a condor wheeling high. But from the rocks
came strange noises, whistlings and screamings, then of a sudden,
like a thunder clap, a mighty roar as from many voices, and the noise
of it echoed and re-echoed from rock to rock so that the din was
deafening, and when they spoke one to another, mouth went to ear
and hands were cupped. Then, when they were well within the pass,
marching over a floor so covered with sharp-pointed rocks and great
round boulders that they had to slacken their pace, there came from
above a great rock which fell ahead of their path so as to block the
way, except for a narrow passage on either side. Looking up, they
saw, crowded on the tops of the high cliffs on every hand, snag-
toothed, evil-eyed fellows who crawled about the rocks as though
they had been lizards, so sure of foot were they. They knew then that
they were in the land of the wild men of the mountain, the crag men,
fellows strong and stark, full of hate and viciousness.
Of a sudden, from one of the creatures who stood far up in the
cleft of a rock, one whose hair and beard were long and white and
tangled, came a hoarse cry, and lifting high above his head a rock
greater than ten armadillos he cast it downward with great force. Ill
would it have been for any youth struck by it, but so badly and swiftly
was it thrown that it passed over the heads of all, struck the wall on
the farther side, and burst into a hundred pieces. So the youth with
the bright eyes called on his fellows to hold their shields above their
heads, edge to edge and overlapping in such wise as to form a roof,
which they did. Well it was thus, for stones rattled down like hail,
some so great that those on whom they fell were almost borne to
earth with the sheer weight, for the men of the crags were many and
strong. Yet the weight being shared by reason of the jointed shields,
all went well, for each youth’s care was for his fellow.
In one place the pass ran narrow, and there one of the crag men,
a fellow of great animal strength and swiftness, suddenly leaped
down and bore one of the twin brothers to earth by the violence of
his flight through the air, for the men of the crags leaped from rock to
rock like wildcats. It was Balanque who was thus struck down, but he
was on his feet in an instant, drew his sword hastily, and as the crag
man rushed at him with jaws all foam-flecked and horrible he passed
his blade through the crag man’s chest. But the fellow was like a wild
boar, pressing on regardless of the hurt, so that he ran up onto the
hilt, caught the youth by the waist, and flung him over his shoulder.
In a moment more he would have been on his way up the face of the
cliff. As it was, seeing what had come to pass, the crag men set up a
great yelling and screaming, thinking that victory already lay with
their man. But Bright Eyes was not idle. He fitted an arrow to his bow
and let fly, the shaft passing through the crag man’s neck, so that he
stood, as it were, spitted, and let Balanque fall. Pierced though he
was with both arrow and sword, yet there was life in him and he fled
to the rock face and clambered up, leaving a trail of red wherever he
passed, and was seen no more by any of the band.
No pause all this while was there in the shower of stones, but,
shields well locked, the band pressed on, foot by foot, each youth
stern to win and proud of his companion, each youth keeping the eye
of hope on the thin, bright strip of blue at the end of the pass where
the mountains would fall away. And there they came at last, toil-worn
but heart-strong, to the plain where the crag men dared not follow,
some of them almost weeping for joy because shoulder to shoulder
they had again fought their way through a great danger and an evil
place, where, had but one failed, all might have been lost.
There were four hundred and two happy youths that night, though
the place where they slept was bare of grass and trees, and in the
morning they were well rested and strong, for as they had lived well
and cleanly and none having a darkened window in his breast, their
sinews were as steel, and every day was a new life in which to enter
with eyes bright and shining.
The sun had not far risen; indeed, there seemed but a hand’s
breadth between the lower edge of it and the world’s edge, when a
great wonder appeared before their eyes. It was as if the sun were
suddenly blotted out, for what they had taken to be a low, faintly
rising hill in the east had risen up, stood for a moment like a vast
cloud, then passed swiftly to the south. At the same time there came
a roar like thunder from the cloudlike form, which came near to
deafening them. And the roar formed into words:
“I am Zipacna whom men cannot slay,
There’s naught that I fear save the watery way.”
That rolled rumblingly as thunderings between earth and sky,

now loud, now softer, as Zipacna strode from valley to valley. A little
later he came in sight again, but far to the north of where they were,
then vanished from their sight into the cleft of the hills where they
had battled with the crag men.
Now fearful as was the sight of the giant, yet no fear was in any
heart, so, having made a meal and rested for a season, without more
to-do they set off for the place from which the giant had arisen. It
was long before they got there, but at last they stood on the edge of
a long and narrow cañon at the end of which was a mighty pile of
bones, not alone of animals but also of men, and there were human
skulls there and shells of sea-crabs, and in and among all these
crawled venomous serpents. But most of all were there sea-crab
shells.
While they gazed at this sorrowful sight, there came to them a
bent old woman, sad of face and lined and wrinkled, and her talk
was more like croaking than human speech. Secret and watchful
was she in her manner. To the twin brothers and Bright Eyes, who
stood a little apart from the rest of the band, she spoke, asking them:
“What do ye here, my fine fellows? And why come ye to this
place of evil and misery?”
One of the three answered boldly that they came to slay the giant
Zipacna, telling her that he was a thing of evil and that evil things
must be laid low if the world is to be fair.
“Then,” said she, “ye are doubtless prepared to die, for in times
past many have thought to slay Zipacna, but themselves have been
led into feasting and into pleasure and soft living, and so the memory
of the good that was intended, passed and became less than a
dream.”
Her words they found strange, but she went on to tell them of a
land over the hill where all was fair and where none had to work and
where the sun shone. There seemed but little meaning in her words.
But they made answer, saying: “We have but one desire, which is
to slay Zipacna for the evil that he has done and must do. As for your
land of fine things, if to live there would make us soft and idle, then
must our eyes be closed to it.”
Hearing that, the old woman seemed pleased and the shadow of
a smile touched her face. But her manner changed swiftly it seemed,
for she shot a question at them which was this: “You passed the
caves of Cakix whose bones now are white? Give me then of the
precious stones that lay in the caves there,” and so saying, stretched
forth her skinny arm, her hand hollowed to receive gifts.
“It was not for such toys that we came. We saw but touched not
the precious stones, nor the gold, nor anything that was there.
Indeed, to have done so would but have hampered us in the doing of
that which we set out to do.” Thus Hunapu made reply and the
others nodded.
“And how did ye escape the apes of the forest?” she asked.
“We stood side by side and met danger.”
“And the men of the crags, how fared ye with them?”
Bright Eyes answered quietly: “Each covered himself and his
neighbour as well as he could and so we came out with whole skins.”
A silence fell then, the three saying nothing because of the
woman’s great age, though her words and questions seemed to lack
meaning. What she said further was a greater riddle still. “It was well
done,” she told them, and nodded slowly. “Now a greater task lies
before. It is one in which each of your band must meet danger
separately and to his peril, if eyes are not lit and feet swift. More than
that I cannot tell. But go onward until the sea is reached and there is
a lake of water. Whoso touches that water is turned to stone, so take
heed. But well indeed will it be if Zipacna is led there. Have ye not
heard him sing:
I am Zipacna whom men cannot slay.

There’s naught that I fear save the watery way?
Heard ye not that at sunrise?”

Then she said no more but turned away. Now as she took a step
her staff fell from her unsteady hands and Bright Eyes picked it up
and gave it to her. That seemed to open her lips again, for she told
them:
“Hearken, one and all. Many are there like swine, who live but to
eat, and Zipacna is of that sort. Watch well by the sea shore to the
end that ye see the things that may lead to his destruction.” There
was no more. She passed down the hill and disappeared behind a
thorn-bush and at the moment that she vanished from their sight a
white puma leaped out from the other side, by which they saw that
she knew of white witcheries.
The band lost no time in turning their steps seaward, and
although the day was hot and the place inviting, would not rest in a
valley through which they passed, a place rich in fruits and soft with
silk grass. That evening they came to the sea, and at the foot of a
cliff saw a great lake of water so clear and blue that their eyes could
follow, dropping from rock ledge to rock ledge, down the slope of the
side until they saw the stones and the sand on the bottom. But there
were no swaying water-weeds, nor was there living thing. Another
thing they saw which brought the words of the old woman to their
minds, for thrown aside on the beach were hundreds and thousands
of sea-crab shells, from which they knew that it was the sea-crab
that Zipacna loved to eat above all things.
Now they also saw that by some chance a great tree had fallen,
and one end of it rested in the water of the lake, and that end had
turned to stone. Another thing they saw, for on the farther side of the
lake was a bed of blue-black clay and the colour of it was the colour
of the shell of a sea-crab. So after some thought and some talk
many of the lads went deftly to work fashioning of the clay a great
sea-crab, so great that the like was never seen. Others dragged to
the lake straight tree-trunks which they laid side by side with the tree
already there, and the end of the stick was turned to stone as soon
as it touched the water, the rest of the tree changing more slowly. All
that night they wrought, making the great crab and setting it on the
sloping tree-trunks, so that when morning broke, that which they had
set out to do was finished, and while it was yet gray dawn they set
off for the place where Zipacna dwelt.
But not all the band went. Here a lad was left, a little way off
another, then another and another, each hiding behind rock or
tussock or thorn-bush or tree. So hid, one by one, fifty, a hundred,
two hundred, until at last there were left Balanque, Hunapu, and
Bright Eyes. Then at the foot of a hill Bright Eyes sat down and
Hunapu crouched on the shoulder of another hill that stood alone.
So, the band being all hidden, it fell out that Balanque alone went to
the place where they had met the old woman. He fell to making a
great outcry, calling on Zipacna to come forth and rattling his sword
on his shield merrily.
“Oh! Coward!” he called. “Come forth and be slain as was your
brother Cakix, whose bones are now scattered and white.”
In a voice of thunder Zipacna cried:
“I am Zipacna whom men cannot slay.

There’s naught that I fear but the watery way.”
Over and over he chanted that, now roaring, now grumbling as

grunts a swine when it would rest. But always Balanque taunted him,
calling him a coward giant, telling him that his days were short, and
reminding him of the fate of Cakix.
At last the slow blood of the giant was on fire and he rose on his
elbow to look. For a time he saw nothing, being slow of sight and
moreover looking too high, little dreaming that his noisy champion
was so small. When he saw Balanque at last, his hand shot out, but
Balanque was swift, and like the wind fled at top speed to where his
brother Hunapu lay. Down dropped Balanque and up sprang
Hunapu, clearing the ground like a deer, with Zipacna in full chase,
the giant little dreaming that he was following a new man. But
Hunapu, fresh and rested, did as his brother had done and sped to
the foot of the hill where Bright Eyes lay. Then like an arrow went
Bright Eyes to the thorn-bush where Huno was, and Huno in his turn
darted to the tree where Chimal rested. So also Chimal raced, and
each of the band did the same when his turn came, the giant
Zipacna following, no more knowing one lad from the other than one
ant can be told from its fellow. And in the rear those who had
dropped to hide gathered again, so that three companions became
five, five became ten, and ten became fifty, while over hill and valley
and marsh, through thorn-thicket and wooded hill, Zipacna rushed,
each lad leading him on his dance, each companion rising from his
resting-place, ready and swift. And so each of that band met danger
alone to the end that all might be safe.
At last the merry chase led Zipacna to the cliff, and there below
him he saw what he took to be a mighty crab on the tree-trunks,
ready to drop into the water of the lake, and at the sight of it his
mouth watered and his eyes grew large. A touch of his foot sent the
crab sliding into the water, and to save it Zipacna thrust out his hand.
But he bent never to straighten again. Solid and firm was he fixed,
the crab a crab of stone, his hand a hand of stone. Solid and firm
was he fixed, a crouching giant in a crystal lake, where he stands to
this day.
As for the band of Four Hundred, many other valiant deeds did
they in the land, but through all, never was the thread of their
fellowship broken or tangled, and if evil threatened one, then no rest
of stay had the others until all was well again.
THE KILLING OF CABRAKAN
ABRAKAN the giant was slain by the twin brothers and the
manner of his killing was thus:
After the death of Cakix and the turning to stone of Zipacna,
Cabrakan kept close to the stony land, but one day venturing over
the mountains where lived the crag men, he came upon a herd of
goats that had wandered out of the way, and gathering them into a
corral formed of his legs as he sat upon the ground, he swallowed
them one by one, as a child swallows berries. The goatherd saw him
from the shelter of a tree, where he hid himself when he first set
eyes on Cabrakan. On the next day the giant came again to the
same place where he had fared so well, and seeing a house a little
way off went there and made a meal of the cattle, leaving the man of
the house in sorry case. The third day he ventured farther, sitting
down at noon by the side of a village and picking up and eating such
living creatures as he chanced to see, much as an ant-eater picks up
ants. Nor was there aught to hinder him, for the people fled to the
woods when they heard the earth tremble under his tread. So, soon,
the tale of how Cabrakan was robbing men came to the ears of the
twin brothers, and they swore to stay his high hand forevermore.
Now Cabrakan knew of the manner in which Cakix had been laid
low and knew also how Zipacna had met his end, so by neither of
these ways was it possible to destroy him. He had also pondered in
his slow way, laying half-plans to slay the twin brothers did he ever
lay hands on them. Cabrakan was the mightiest of giants and vain of
his strength, and in that vanity lay his weakness.
One day there came a mighty storm and a turmoil of wind and
water, of thunder and lightning, so that the trees of the forest were
laid low and the rocks uprooted, while the thunderings of the sea-
waves shook the very barancas. Black were the heavens and clouds
flew fast and low, so that Cabrakan in his long life had seen nothing
like it, and his heart failed him. Nor did he rise all that day from the
shelter of the mountain where he had cast himself on the ground,
until the black had changed to gray and the wind was abated. But
when the clouds had passed and the sky was again moonlit, he saw
on a hilltop a little way off the twin brothers, Hunapu and Balanque.
While the storm had raged they were sheltered in a cave, and from it
they had seen Cabrakan as he ran before the storm to seek the
shelter of the mountain. To their ears, when there were wind lulls,
came the sound of mighty whimpering and wailing from the giant, by
which they knew that his heart was far from stout.
Seeing the twin brothers, Cabrakan rose to his feet and asked
them what they did there, and would have said more had he not
suddenly found his mind a blank. So he fell back on his chant,
though there was a quaver in his voice because of the fear in him
that had not yet died, the fear of the storm:
“I am Cabrakan,
Cabrakan who shakes the earth,
Cabrakan who shakes the sky,
I am Cabrakan,
Master of men!”
When he had made an end of his song Hunapu spoke and said,
boldly enough: “It is well, Cabrakan. Strong thou art, but so also are
we strong. Have you not seen how with our breaths we laid low the
trees of the forest? Saw ye not how we blew and the rocks were
uprooted? How, also, the skies were darkened? But that was a small
matter, for there are things to be done, and in this upsetting of the
world my brother alone worked. Now must two of us work, so
prepare yourself well, O Cabrakan, lest a giant be blown over the
edge of the world where is neither resting-place nor foothold. A
trifling matter indeed was the storm.”
Hearing that, a deep misgiving was in the heart of Cabrakan. He
rubbed his eyes and looked with astonishment at the twin brothers,
so slight of build, so ruddy and fair, and seeing them and
remembering the storm he could find no words.
Then said Balanque, as had been before agreed between the
brothers, and speaking as if in deep thought: “Perhaps it might be
better if Cabrakan joined us. It is true that he, the earth-shaker, is
after all but weak, but if he be taught to eat of cooked flesh in the
manner of men, it may be that he too may grow strong as we are.”
Hearing that, the giant pricked up his ears, thinking, in the dull
manner of giants, that if he did but play a little to mislead the twin
brothers he might persuade them to let him eat of cooked meats,
when, his strength becoming greater, he might rid the earth of two
who had raised so mighty and fearful a storm. Perchance then,
thought he, I shall rule the land alone. So he said, cunningly: “Let me
try my strength against yours awhile, and if I be found weak, then
cook me the food that men eat, so that I may become strong and
thus your useful slave.”
At that the twin brothers pretended to consult a little, Hunapu
acting as if he wished to raise another whirlwind, Balanque as if
soothing him, while Cabrakan stood watching them, a heavy fear in
his bones.
“Let Cabrakan,” said Hunapu presently, “overturn and pluck out
the entrails of this mountain to prove himself.” Having so said, he
turned aside, but after a moment added, as if his mind had changed
on the matter: “Yet how does it matter? We need no Cabrakan to aid
us. Perhaps it were better that I cast it over with a breath, even
though Cabrakan be blown like a leaf over the edge of the world.”
Now though the world in which the giant lived was rocky and
bare, yet it looked fair to him and he had no mind to be cast into
nothingness. So he made his face fierce and told Hunapu that he
was willing to prove his strength. Hunapu, still playing a part, looked
scornfully at the giant as he said: “It is after all but a child’s matter,
but if the mountain be overturned, then shall the food of men be
yours and your body made strong and your wits sharpened.”
Cabrakan lost no more time but raised his shoulders and put forth
his arms as one about to wrestle. “Let none meddle with me,” he
said, “and before the day breaks I shall pluck out the mountain by its
roots.” So, a mountain of flesh against the moonlit sky, he strode in
five great strides to the side of the mountain and flung his arms
about it. First he made a shift to pluck it straight from the earth, his
feet set wide apart, his muscles strained and knotted. Again he
strove to overturn it, now with shoulder fast-braced against the sheer
rock, his legs like towers. That failing, he strove furiously, now
battering like a madman, now pressing and stamping, so that there
was a trembling all about like an earthquake. So great was his
strength that the side of the mountain broke open and a clear stream
gushed forth, the water twisting and turning along the plain like a
silver snake. All that night and morning he wrestled with the
mountain and as the day wore on he grew tired and weary, but there
was no result of his labours except the tumbling stream and two
great holes in the black living rock at the foot of the mountain where
his feet had pushed. But where his arms had encircled, the mountain
was worn smooth and bare, the very rock was polished and shone in
the sunlight. Grunting and groaning Cabrakan toiled, until at length,
seeing that he had grown too weak for mischief, Hunapu called on
him to rest awhile.
“Hold thee a little,” he said. “This eating of the goats and the
cattle of men will make no living thing strong. A heart thou lackest.
Like an arrowless quiver or a stringless bow art thou. In the food of
men alone is strength, O Cabrakan, so that must we eat, and the
meal being done things of worth may be seen.”
Well pleased to hear that, the weary giant cast himself down on
the ground and rubbed his palms one against another to ease them,
but as he lay there resting many a look he gave at the motionless
mountain, the glistening head of which he had tried in vain to tear
from the sky. Also most heartily he wished that the thing was at an
end, or that the twin brothers had stayed away from that place.
Balanque kindled a fire and Hunapu shot an eagle and slowly
they roasted the bird, the smell of it pleasing the giant vastly, for he
had never tasted cooked meat, nor indeed knew any method of
preparing it.
Now in that land there grows a sort of mountain-laurel bearing a
red berry within a pod, and its power is such that whoso eats of it will
waste away as the morning mist passes before the warming sun.
Many of these berries Hunapu took and placed in the flesh of the
roasted eagle, for certain it was that neither Balanque nor his brother
could leave that place with the giant unslain. So the roasted eagle
with the berries in it they gave to Cabrakan, who swallowed it at a
single gulp.
At first he felt strong as ten giants and leaped to his feet, minded
to pluck the mountain from the earth and cast it on the twin brothers.
Fiercely he gripped, so fiercely that the top of the mountain opened
and steam came forth and a black smoke rose in the air, spreading
in the form of a vast tree; so vast it was, that it formed a cloud that
veiled the sun so that the light sickened for a time and a pale yellow
touched all things. From the top of the mountain there gushed forth
hot lava that glowed as it spread; that came faster soon, in roaring
masses. But Cabrakan rapidly waxed weak with the poison of the
berries, so weak that he clung for support to the mountain he would
have plucked forth. And as his strength waned, the malice within him
grew, and dark were the looks, evil the eye he cast on the twin
brothers.
But his day was done and his course was run. Soon his eyes
grew dim and in very weariness his head fell against the brow of the
mountain. Fast and deep for a while came his breath, his chest
heaving like a sullen sea when the storm has died. Then his strength
fell away altogether and he sank to the earth and the lava covered
him.
So came to an end Cabrakan, the earth-shaker and master of
men, and thus did the twin brothers finish that which they had set out
to do.
THE TALE OF THE GENTLE FOLK
ET me see. This story begins at the time I climbed down the

Andes on the east side and came upon a house by a lake. There
were two children living there, one named Juan, the other, his sister,
named Juanita, and the boy was seven years old and the girl nine.
They had never seen a school, and the nearest house was more
than fifty miles away. Still they had books, knew how to read, and I
do not think that they ever found the day long. For one thing the lake
was not at all deep, and a little bit off from the shore of it was a small
island. That was a kind of playground for them, and often they
paddled their boat to it in the early morning and stayed there all day.
There were other things highly interesting. On the second day
that I was there, I saw their tame ostrich, a great gray bird that they
had had for two years, and now and then Juan would ride it, Delicia,
which was the name of the ostrich, spreading his wings like sails,
and running out in a wide zigzag circle on the pampa, caring no
more for the light weight on his back than a chicken would care for a
fly. Somehow, the birds of that place were no more afraid of the
children than the cat is afraid of you, and they knew places where
they could see the flamingo with its scarlet cloak, the cowbird all
glossy violet, the lapwings making a drumming music, gray and
white scissortail with feathers a foot long, and red oven-birds. But
their great pet was the huanaco, tall and proud-looking, all yellow
and white, like a camel without a hump, about the size of a donkey.
They called him Campeón, and he had been on the place as long as
the children could remember. Their father, who owned many sheep,
had found him when he was no larger than a fox, brought him to the
house, and he had become as tame as a pet lamb. Both Juan and
Juanita would roll over on him as he lay in the sun, burying their
faces in his gold-coloured fur, hugging his long neck, wrestling with
him until he got up and walked away to find a quieter place. They
would use him as a horse, harnessing him to a little wagon, and all
would go well sometimes, but sometimes not so well, for Campeón
taking it into his head to run, the wagon would upset, the children roll
out on the soft grass, and in a moment Campeón would free himself
from the harness, going in great leaps to find a little hill where he
would perch himself on the crest and stand like a sentinel.
Now one day the man who was my travelling companion was out
with his rifle, and coming upon old Campeón standing on a high
rock, took him for a strange and wild animal, and, like many
thoughtless men with a gun, followed his impulse and shot.
Campeón was badly wounded, and doubtless astonished to receive
such treatment from the hands of a man. Anyway he limped on three
legs to the house. Juan and Juanita grieved sadly, their parents no
less, and all was done for Campeón that could be done. As for my
friend, seeing what had happened, he was the most sorrowful of us
all. For a time it seemed as though Campeón would get better, but
one day he was plainly worse. All that day he rested on the sheltered
side of the house, refusing food and water, his finely shaped head
proudly upright, his eyes turned to the south, and the next morning
there was no sign of him. From the hill on which he had stood we
could see for miles and miles, and Juanita and I went there, taking a
telescope, and we searched the country far and wide. In the
afternoon we saddled horses and rode many, many miles until we
came to a belt of sandy soil that ran east and west, and there we
saw the trail of our Campeón going straight south. So we turned
home sadly enough, for we knew that we would see the gentle beast
no more.
And this is why: If you have read the “Arabian Nights,” you will
remember, in the story of Sindbad the Sailor, that it is told that he
discovered a wonderful valley in which were the bones of hundreds
and thousands of elephants. Whether there is any truth or not in that,
I do not know, but I do know that in south Patagonia there is a vast
valley called the Valley of the Gallegos and there the huanacos go to
lay down their bones when they feel the coming of death. And
beautiful Campeón, though he had never seen that valley, somehow
felt that he must find it, being so wounded and sick, and while we
slept that moonlight night, had left us. Both Juan and Juanita knew
well enough that they would never see Campeón dead, for they had
heard the story of the huanaco valley as often as you have the story
of Cinderella. So had I heard it, and that night when we fell to talking

ebook download (eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life 14th Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ebook download (eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life 14th Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and

Diversity of Life 14th Edition

(eBook PDF) Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life

(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

(eBook PDF) Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Biology : the unity and diversity of life 15th Edition

The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and

Life: The Science of Biology 10th Edition (eBook PDF)

(eBook PDF) Life: The Science of Biology Twelfth

(eBook PDF) Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life

2.5 Hydrogen Bonds and Water 30 4.4 Introducing Prokaryotes 58

4.9 Chloroplasts and Other Plastids 67

4.10 The Cytoskeleton 68

3.4 Carbohydrates 42 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism

5.4 How Enzymes Work 82

5.5 Metabolism—Organized, Enzyme-Mediated

Controls Over Metabolism 84

5.6 Cofactors in Metabolic Pathways 86

A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase (revisited) 96

6.1 Biofuels 101

9.1 Ricin, RIP 149

9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression 150

9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA 152

9.4 RNA and the Genetic Code 154

9.5 Translation: RNA to Protein 156

9.6 Mutated Genes and Their Protein Products 158

Ricin, RIP (revisited) 160

10 Control of Gene Expression

10.1 Between You and Eternity 163

10.2 Switching Genes On and Off 164

10.3 Master Genes 166

10.4 Examples of Gene Control in Eukaryotes 168

10.5 Examples of Gene Control in Prokaryotes 170

10.6 Epigenetics 172

Between You and Eternity (revisited) 173

13.3 Mendel’s Law of Segregation 204

13.4 Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 206

11.2 Multiplication by Division 178 13.5 Beyond Simple Dominance 208

12 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

12.1 Why Sex? 189

14.6 Heritable Changes in Chromosome Number 226

14.7 Genetic Screening 228

Shades of Skin (revisited) 229

13.1 Menacing Mucus 201

16.5 Fossils: Evidence of Ancient Life 258

15.4 DNA Sequencing 238 17 Processes of Evolution

15.5 Genomics 240

15.6 Genetic Engineering 242

15.10 Genetically Modified Humans 246 17.3 Genetic Equilibrium 272

17.5 Directional Selection 274

17.7 Fostering Diversity 278

17.10 Allopatric Speciation 284 19.4 From Polymers to Protocells 308

19.6 Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes 312

Kauai Creeper (Oreomystis bairdi)

18.2 Phylogeny 294 Looking for Life (revisited) 316

18.3 Comparing Form and Function 296

18.5 Comparing Patterns of Animal Development 300

18.6 Applications of Phylogeny Research 301

20.4 Viruses as Human Pathogens 324

20.7 A Sample of Bacterial Diversity 330

20.8 Archaea 332

Evolution of a Disease (revisited) 333

21 Protists—The Simplest Eukaryotes

21.1 Malaria: From Tutankhamun to Today 337

5.5 Metabolism—Organized, Enzyme-Mediated