Motion

Grade 09
 Topics to Be Covered

1 1. Motion
1.1. Rest and Motion
1.2. Distance and Displacement
1.3. Speed and Velocity
1.4. Types of Motion
1.5. Acceleration

2 2. Introduction to Graphs
2.1. Basics of Graph: Slope
2.2. Slope of Distance-Time Graph
2.3. Slope of Displacement-Time Graph
2.4. Slope of Velocity-Time Graph
2.5. Area under Velocity-Time Graph

3. Equations of Motion

3 3.1. First Equation

3.2. Second Equation
3.3. Third Equation
 1. Motion

1.1. Rest and Motion

Rest Motion

When a body does not When a body changes its

change its position with position with respect to
respect to an observer. time and an observer.

1.2. Distance and Displacement

Distance
Displacement

Distance Displacement
Straight line path between
Total length of the path
initial and final positions
SI unit: metre (m)
SI unit: metre (m)
 1. Motion

1.4. Speed and Velocity

Speed

• Rate of change of distance

• SI unit: metre per second (m/s)
Total distance
• Average speed = Total time taken

Speed is constant
throughout the motion

Velocity

• Rate of change of displacement

• SI unit: metre per second (m/s)
Total displacement
• Average velocity = Total time taken

Velocity is changing at
every instant
 1. Motion

1.6. Acceleration

• Rate of change of velocity

• SI unit : m s −2
v−u
• Acceleration = t

Positive Acceleration: Velocity increases with time

Negative Acceleration: Velocity decreases with time

2. Introduction to Graphs

A pictorial representation
or a diagram that
represents data or values
in an organized manner.

X-axis: Independent variable

Y-axis: Dependent variable
 2. Introduction to Graphs

2.1. Basics of Graph: Slope

Slope is change in Y-axis

upon change in X-axis of
a graph.
Change in Y−axis ∆Y
Slope = = ∆X
Change in X−axis

∆X means → change in ‘X’ 𝟎

Y
𝐲𝟐
y2 − y1
𝐒𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 = 𝐲1
x 2 − x1

𝟎 X
𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐
 2. Introduction to Graphs

2.2. Slope of Distance-Time Graph

Slope of distance-time D
graph gives speed. 𝐝2

d2 − d1 𝐝𝟏
𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 =
t 2 − t1
𝟎 t
𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐

2.3. Slope of Displacement-Time Graph

Slope is positive:
Velocity is constant
and positive
Displacement

Slope is zero:
Velocity is zero
(m)

Slope is negative:
Velocity is constant
and negative
0 Time (s)
y2 − y1
Slope of displacement-time graph Slope =
x 2 − x1
gives velocity.
 2.4. Slope of Velocity-Time Graph

9 Slope is zero:
8 zero acceleration
7
Slope is negative:
Velocity (m/s)

6
5 Constant negative
4 acceleration
3 Slope is positive:
2
Constant positive
1
acceleration
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (s) y2 − y1
Slope =
Slope of velocity – time graph is the x 2 − x1
acceleration of the body.

2.5. Area under V-T Graph

v
Area under v-t graph gives
Velocity (ms-1)

displacement.
Displacement(s)
Area Velocity(v) =
Time(t)
Displacement(s) = v × t

o
Time (s) t
 3. Equations of Motion

First Equation of
Motion u Initial velocity ms-1
v = u + at
v Final velocity ms-1
Second Equation of
Motion t Time taken s
1
s = ut + at²
2 s Displacement m
Third Equation of
Motion a Acceleration ms-2

v² = u² + 2as

CONDITIONS:
➢ One-dimensional motion
➢ Uniformly accelerated motion
 Important Questions

Question 1:
A vehicle is accelerating on a straight road. Its at any
instant is 30 km h−1 ,after 2 s, it is 33.6 km h−1 and after
further 2 s, it is 37.2 km h−1 . Find the acceleration of
vehicle in ms−2 . Is the accleration uniform?
3
Marks
Solution:
First part:
1 m/s
So, acceleration = change in velocity/time = = 0.5 m s-2
2s
Change in velocity = 33.6 km h−1 − 30 km h−1
5
= 3.6 km h−1 = 3.6 × m s−1 = 1 m s−1
18
[1 .5 Marks]

Second part:
Hence, the acceleration is uniform.
So, acceleration
1 m/s
= change in velocity/time= = 0.5 ms-2
2s
Change in velocity = 37.2 km h−1 − 33.6 km h−1
= 3.6 km h−1 = 1 m s−1
[1 .5 Marks]

Question 2:
When is the magnitude of average velocity of a moving
object equal to its average speed?
1
Mark
Solution:
The magnitude of the average velocity of an object is equal to
its average speed only when the object is moving in a straight
line without changing its direction of motion. [1 Mark]
 Important Questions

Question 3:
A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/h to 60 km/h in
5 seconds. Find the acceleration of the bus.
1
Mark
Solution:
u = initial velocity = 80 km/h = 22.2 m/s
v = final velocity = 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s
t = time = 5 s
v − u 16.7 − 22.2
a= =
t 5

Therefore, a = −1.1 m/s2 [1 Mark]

Question 4:
State whether the distance is a scalar or a vector
quantity. 1
Mark
Solution:
Distance is defined as the length of the whole path. It is a scalar
quantity because it has magnitude but not direction. [1 Mark]

Question 5:
Describe motion of an object whose distance-time
graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?
2
Marks
Solution:
If the distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis, that means the body is not changing its position with time,
hence the body is at rest. [1 Mark]

Distance
Time [1 Mark]
 Mind Map
Motion in One
Dimension Equations of
Motion

First Equation

Second Equation
Graphical
Motion
Representation
Third Equation

Basics of
Graph: Slope
Rest and Motion
Slope of
Distance-Time Graph
Distance and
Displacement Slope of
Displacement-Time Graph

Speed and Velocity Slope of

Velocity -Time Graph

Acceleration Area Under

Velocity-Time Graph