Class Notes

Chapter Notes

Number Systems
Grade 9
 Topics

Number Line

Types of Numbers
2.1 Natural Numbers
2.2 Whole Numbers
2.3 Integers
2.4 Rational Numbers
2.5 Equivalent Rational Numbers
2.6 Irrational Numbers

Real Numbers

Decimal Expansion of Real Numbers

4.1 Terminating
4.2 Non-Terminating

Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers

5.1 Terminating
5.2 Non-Terminating Recurring

Operations on Rational Numbers

6.1 Rational & Rational
6.2 Rational & Irrational
6.3 Irrational & Irrational
6.4 Identities on Real Numbers
6.5 Rationalisation

Laws of Exponents
 Mind Map

Natural Rational
Numbers Numbers
Whole Numbers
Irrational
Integers Numbers

Type of
Numbers

Number Line Real Numbers

Number
Systems
Operations on
Laws of
Rational
Exponents
Numbers
Decimal
Expansion

Decimal Expansion
Decimal Expansion
of Rational
of Real Numbers
Numbers
 1. Number Line

-2 1 0 1 1 -1 2
4 2

A number line is a straight line with numbers placed at equal

intervals along its length. It can be extended infinitely in any
direction and is usually represented horizontally

2. Types of Numbers

Natural Whole
2.1 2.2 2.3 Integers
Numbers Numbers
Natural numbers Whole numbers Integers are whole
are also called include all the numbers that can
counting numbers. natural numbers be positive,
and zero. negative or zero.

They start with 1 They start with 0

and end at infinity. and end at infinity.

Example: Example: Example:

1, 2, 3, … 0, 1, 2, 3, … …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …

All the natural numbers are whole numbers

but the vice versa is not true.
2.4 Rational Numbers Equivalent Rational
2.5
Numbers
A rational number can be Rational numbers do not
𝑝
expressed as , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 have a unique representation
𝑞 𝑝
are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0 in the form .
𝑞

1 3 1 1 2 12
Example: , , − , … Example: = = , and so on
2 4 2 2 4 24

These are equivalent

rational numbers.
𝑝
1, 2, 3, …can be written in the
𝑞
2 3 There are infinitely many
form as , , … Hence, all the rational numbers between
1 1
integers are rational numbers two rational numbers
but the vice versa is NOT true.

When we use the symbol ,

2.6 Irrational Numbers we assume that it is the
positive square root of the
Irrational numbers can NOT number.
𝑝
be expressed as , where 𝑝
𝑞 So, 4 = 2, though both 2 and
and 𝑞 are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0 – 2 are square roots of 4.

Example: 2, 3, 15, 𝜋 There are infinitely many

irrational numbers between
two numbers.
 3. Real Numbers

Rational Numbers
𝟓 𝟕
… , − , 𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟖, 𝟏, 𝟐, , …
𝟐 𝟑

Integers
… , −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …

Whole Numbers
𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …

Natural Numbers
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, …

Irrational Numbers
… , 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝝅, …
 4. Decimal Expansion of Real
Numbers

4.1 Terminating 4.2 Non - Terminating

RECURRING NON-RECURRING

2.345 2.3333… 1.23464…

Rational Irrational
Rational Number
Number Number

We often take the approximate value of 𝜋 as

22 22
, but 𝜋 ≠
7 7

𝒑
5. Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers
𝒒

5.1 Terminating 5.2

Non – Terminating
Recurring
The denominator, 𝑞 has factors The denominator, 𝑞 DOES NOT
in the form of have factors in the form of

𝟐𝒏 , 𝟓𝒎 or 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 𝟐𝒏 , 𝟓𝒎 or 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎

Example: Example:
1 1
25 27
 6. Operations on Real Numbers

Rational & Rational & Irrational &

6.1 6.2 6.3
Rational Irrational Irrational

Rational Number Irrational Number Rational/Irrational

Example: Example:
Example:
3 3× 2=3 2
3÷4= 3× 2=3 2
4 (1 + 2) + (1 − 2) = 2

If 𝑟 is rational and 𝑠 is irrational, then 𝑟 + 𝑠

and 𝑟– 𝑠 are irrational numbers, 𝑟 ≠ 0.

If 𝑟 is rational and 𝑠 is irrational, then 𝑟 × 𝑠

𝑟
and are irrational numbers, 𝑟 ≠ 0.
𝑠
6.4 Identities on Real Numbers

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏

𝑎 𝑎
=
𝑏 𝑏

𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 =𝑎−𝑏

𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏

2
𝑎+ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2 𝑎𝑏

2
𝑎− 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2 𝑎𝑏
 6.5 Rationalisation

Rationalisation of the denominator

means removing any radical term or surds from
the denominator and expressing the fraction in
a simplified form.

Rationalising Simplified
Denominator
Factor Form

𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏

𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏

𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

Steps for Rationalisation

Step 1: Find the conjugate or rationalising

factor of the denominator.

Step 2: Multiply the numerator and denominator

by the conjugate.

Step 3: Simplify the expression.

 7. Laws of Exponents

𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑎0 = 1

1
𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

1
𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑛
𝑎=𝑎 𝑛
𝑎𝑛

𝑚
𝑛
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛