Solutions Physics Class 10-Unlocked

PHYSICS
SOLUTIONS 10
Revised Syllabus for Year 2023-2024 (Code No. 086)
Chapter 9 01 - 12
Light - Reflection & Refraction
Chapter 10 13 - 22
Human Eye & the Colourful World
Chapter 11 23 - 36
Electricity
Chapter 12
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
YOUR FOCUS BECOMES YOUR FUTURE

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9 ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. (b) Focal length of a plane mirror is infinite. 11. (c) The given material having their refractive index as
2. (b) The distance of the image is equal to the distance of the kerosene is 1.44, water is 1.33, mustard oil is 1.46 and
object from the mirror. Therefore, the distance of the glycerine is 1.74. Thus, glycerine is most optically denser
image from the mirror is 10 cm.
and hence has the largest refractive index. Therefore,
3. (d) The image of an object placed in front of a convex mirror is
rays of light bend most in glycerine.
formed behind the mirror.
4. (d) Radius of curvature, R = 12 cm. We know that the focal 12. (c) u = – 40 cm, f = 20 cm, h = 8 cm
length of a concave mirror has a negative value. Hence, 1 1 1 1 1 1
Using the lens formula, = – ⇒ = –
focal length is, f v u 20 v – 40
R 12 v = 40 cm. Now, by using formula of magnification,
= f –= – = – 6 cm
2 6
hi 40 v 40
5. (d) Focal length of concave mirror, f = – 10 cm m= = = ⇒ hi = × 8 = – 8 cm
ho – 40 u – 40
Distance of object from concave mirror, u = – 20 cm
From the mirror formula, 13. (b) Power of lenses, P1 = 3D, P2 = –2D
1 1 1 1 1 1 Power of combination of the lens,
+= – += – ⇒=
v – 20 cm
u v f 20 v 10 P = P1+ P2 = 3 – 2 = 1 D
Hence, the image is formed at the centre of curvature of 1 1
Combined focal length, f= = = 1m
the mirror. P 1
1
6. (d) Refractive index of medium with respect to air,
MARK QUESTIONS
a Speed of light in air 3 × 108
= µg = = 2
Soeed if light in medium 1.5 × 108
1. It will reflect towards the object side parallel to principal axis.
7. (a) Given, angle of incidence, i = 60°, angle of refraction,
2. Angle of reflection = 90o – 35o = 55o
r = 45°.
Refractive index of the medium B relative to medium A, 3. As the face is moved away than after a particular time image
becomes inverted.
a sin i 3/2 3
µ=
B = = 4. When the object is anywhere in front of it the image formed
sin r 1 / 2 2
between pole and focus, behind the convex mirror.
8. (a) Since light rays in the medium B go towards normal. So 5. A person uses concave minor for shaving he should position
it has greater refractive index and lesser velocity of light his face in between pole and principal focus.
w.r.t. medium A. So, refractive index of medium B w.r.t. 6. A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror along its principal
axis. Then, the angle of reflection is zero.
medium A is greater than unity.
7. When the ray of light travels from rarer medium to a denser
9. (a) Here, the emergent rays are parallel to the direction of medium it bends towards the normal.
the incident ray Therefore, a rectangular glass slab could 8. The negative sign in the value of magnification of a mirror
be inside the box as the extent of bending of light ray at the indicate that the image is real.
opposite parallel faces AB (air-glass interface) and CD 9. The point inside the lens through which a ray of light goes
(glass-air interface) of the rectangular glass slab are equal undeviated is called optical centre.
and opposite. This is why the ray emerges parallel to the 10. Lens of short focal length has a great power as focal length is
incident ray. inversely proportional to lens power.
10. (b) In a rectangular glass slab, the emergent rays are parallel 11. The concave lens gives an erect and diminished image.
to the direction of the incident ray, because the lateral 12. A convex mirror is preferred as a rear-view mirror in cars and
deviation of bending of the ray of light at the opposite vehicles as it gives a wider field of view, that helps the driver
parallel faces (air-glass interface) and (glass-air interface) to see most of the traffic behind him. Convex mirrors always
of the rectangular glass slab are equal and opposite. This form an erect, virtual, and diminished image of the objects
placed in front of it.
is why the ray emerges parallel to the incident ray.
2 Chapter 9 : Light - Reflection and Refraction
3
13. One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length one meter.
MARKS QUESTIONS
14. The size of the image is as same as that of object i.e., 2 cm.
It is given that, Size of an object = + 2 cm. Magnification,
1. When an object is placed between the focus and the pole of
m = +1. We know that the magnification is defined as the ratio
a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, magnified and
of the height of the image to the height of the object. m = h’ /h ⇒ erect. However, when an object is placed between the centre
1 = h’/2. Here, h’ is the height of the image and h is the height of curvature and the focus of a concave mirror, the image
of the object. The positive value of magnification shows that formed is real, magnified and inverted.
the image is virtual and erect. It is formed by convex mirror. 2. (i) ho = 1 cm, hi = – 1.5 cm, u = 15 cm
So, the size of the image is 2 cm.
v hi
As we know, =
m –=
15. When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer u ho
medium angle of refraction is greater than angle of incidence. –v –1.5
= ⇒ v = – 22.5 cm
16. In any case, a convex mirror will have a negative focal length. –15 1
Virtual images will be located behind the mirror surface. v hi – 22.5
And, m
= –= = – = 1.5
Negative magnification means that the image formed by a u ho 15
spherical mirror is real and inverted. (ii) (a) Used as a shaving mirror.
17. The power of concave lens is negative. (b) By dentists, to see a magnified image of a patient’s
teeth.
18. 20 cm, as the focal length is the half of the radius of curvature.
3. According to the question,
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
h
Tower
1. Since light travels in a straight line, any obstacle obstructing

the path will cast its shadow. This phenomenon is called
45°
diffraction of light.
45°
2. The angle of incidence (i) and angle of reflection (r) are
marked in the figure below: 60 m Image
N
A B
i r
30°
∠i = ∠r = 45°
O
h
i = 90o – 30o = 60o and i = r = 60o From the image, we can write: tan 45° =
60
3. A concave mirror. The face should be placed between the pole h = 1 × 6 = 60 m
and the focus of the mirror. 4. (i) Applying Snell’s law, let r be the angle of refraction.
4. As the ray bends towards the normal, medium B is optically
µ1 sin i = µ 2 sin r ⇒ 1 × sin 40° = 1.5 sin r
denser than medium A.
5. The descending order is: sin 40° 0.64
=
sin r = = 0.42
glass (1.5) > water (1.33) > air (1.0003) 1.5 1.5
6. Colour B travels slowly. That is why A bends away from the ⇒ r sin ( 0.42
= −1
= ) 25.37°
normal a lot more than B.
(ii) Completed ray diagram
7. mg = 1.52 and md = 1.42.
vg µd 2.42
But, = = = 1.59
vd µg 1.52 40°
Glass
Thus, light travels in glass 1.59 times faster than in diamond.
8. The minimum distance is 4f, i.e., when an object is placed at
one of the two centres of curvature and the image is formed at
the other centre of curvature, the image will be real.
9. m =2, ho = 1m
hi
We know that, m = (iii) The object is seen slightly displaced from its original
ho
position.
⇒ hi =
mho = 2 × 1 = 2 m
PHYSICS 3
5
(ii) Last observation is incorrect because when an object is
MARKS QUESTIONS placed at a distance less than 15 cm away from a convex
lens, we will have a virtual image, which cannot be taken
1. Let object AB be situated between focal length and optical
on screen.
centre of a convex lens, then its image (CD) will be formed on
the same side as the lens. Ray diagram is given below: (iii) In case (c), because the object is at the center of
C curvature.
3. (i) When lenses of 10 D and –20 D are taken, total power is:
L P = 10 – 20 = –10 D
B 1 1
=f = – = – 0.1 m = – 10 cm
P 10

(ii) When lenses of 10 D and –5 D are taken, total power is:

D F1 A F2 P = 10 – 5 = 5 D
1 1
=f = = 0.2 m = 20 cm
P 5

(iii) When lenses of 5 D and –10 D are taken, total power is:
The image is real, inverted and enlarged.
P = +5D – 10D = – 5D
2. (i) We know that when an object is placed at 2F, the distance P = 5 – 10 = – 5 D
of an object from lens = distance of image from lens. 1 1
=f = – = – 0.2 m = – 20 cm
P 5

Therefore, from III observation, radius of curvature,

R 30
R = 30 cm. Thus, focal length is, =
f = = 15 cm
2 2
HOTS QUESTIONS
1. Distance of object, u1 = – 60 cm Ray 1

Magnification, m1 = 1 / 2, Magnification, m2 = 1 / 3 Ray 2 Air
Ray 3 bubble
v1
The magnification m1 can be written as: m = – Water
u1
1 (iii) Refractive index of water is defined as the ratio of speed
v1 =– × – 60 =30 cm of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in water.
2
Using the mirror formula, Speed of light in air, va = 3 × 108 ms–1
1 1 1 1 1 Speed of light in water, vw = 2.2 × 108 ms–1

= + = – ⇒ f1 = 60 cm
f1 v1 u1 30 60 va 3 × 108
v2 Refractive index n is: =n = = 1.4
Similarly m2 can be written as: m2 = – vw 2.2 × 108
u2 3. Height of object, hi = ho/n
1
v2 = – u2 The magnification can be written as:
3
1 1 1 ho v 1 v ⇒v = u
Since f1 = f2 : = + m= = – ⇒ = n
f2 u 2 v2 ho –u n u
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 3 2 1 Also using the mirror formula, + =
= – = + ⇒ – = v u f
u2 f1 v2 60 u2 u2 60
n 1 1 n+1 1
+ =⇒ = ⇒ u = (n + 1) f
u2 = –120 cm. u u f u f
4. Radius of curvature, R = – 5 cm, Object distance, u = – 3 cm
2. (i) N is the normal and i is the angle of incidence.
N Refractive index of glass n1 = 1.5
Ray 1 i
Ray 2 Air Refractive index of air, n2 = 1
Ray 3 bubble
Using the Lens-maker’s formula
Water
n2 n1 n2 – n1 1 1.5 1 – 1.5 1
(ii) Ray 1 will undergo total internal reflection since i > iC. – = ⇒ – = ⇒ + 0.5 = 0.1
v u R v – 3 – 5 v
Ray 2 will refract through air since i < iC. ⇒ v = – 2.5 m
Ray 3 will undergo no deviation since i = 90°. Then the image will appear at a distance of 2.5 cm from the
plane surface of the mirror.
5. If h1 and h2 are the sizes of the images formed in two conjugate 3u = 20 + u ⇒ 2u = 20 ⇒ u = 10 cm

positions, then, the size of the object is given as: and v = 20 + u = 20 + 10 = 30 cm
h= h1 h2 = 9 × 1 = 3 cm Now using the mirror formula,
In the first case, if the image is formed, the magnification is 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
v 9 f v u 30 10
given as: = ⇒ v = 3u
u 3 40
Also, v = 20 + u, since v and u interchange the conjugate f= = 7.5 cm
300
positions.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
I. (1) (b) The situation is shown below: (9) (a) Refractive index of glass is 1.5 and that of water
Concave mirror M Principal
is 1.33. When light travels from glass to water it is
axis travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium.
This means that the speed of light will increase.
(10) (a) Due to refraction of light, the bottom of a pool
appears to be shallower than it actually is. This is
C F P
because the light rays from the bottom of the pool
are bent away from the normal as they pass from
M´ water into the air.
f Air
Path of light
R = 2f Water
but it appears
The distance between the mirror and carbon paper to be here
is the focal length of the concave mirror. the object is really here

(2) (b) The distance between the pole and the focal point
III. (11) (c) Convex lens is used as a magnifying glass. For better
is the focal length. We also know that the distance performance its focal length should be small.
between the focal point and centre of curvature is
(12) (a) The first lens is a plano concave lens and the second
the focal length.
lens is a concavo convex.
(3) (b) The focal length is related to the radius of curvature (13) (c) When a ray of light from the focal point passes
as: R = 2f = 2 × 15 = 30 cm through a convex lens then the rays become parallel
(4) (c) In a spherical mirror, normal drawn on any point to the principal axis afterwards.
on a spherical mirror passes through the centre of (14) (a) A aperture is the area of the lens available for
curvature. refraction.
(5) (c) In a convex spherical mirror, reflection of light takes (15) (a) Water droplets behave like a convex lens only as
place at a bulging-out surface. refraction takes place on the outer surface.
IV. (16) (b) Object is always placed to the left of mirror.
Principal
M Convex mirror
(17) (a) Magnification of a convex mirror is always positive.
axis
(18) (b) Given that, The focal length of the mirror = f, the
object distance from the mirror, u = –f , Image
P F C distance v = ?. Using mirror formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ = +
M´ F v u f v −f

f 1 1 1 f
R = 2f = + ⇒v=
v f f 2

II. (6) (a) When light travels from air to glass it is travelling (19) (b) Both mirrors Sameer has are concave.
from an optically rarer medium to an optically (20) (a) Given, object height h1 = 1.5 cm, real image length
denser one. Therefore, the light rays bend towards h2 = – 3 cm, position of object from the mirror
the normal. u= – 15 cm.
(7) (c) When the angle of incidence is 90°, the incident ray Mirror magnification formula
of light does not undergo any deviation.
(8) (c) When light travels from one medium to another, h v −3 −v
m = 2 =− ⇒ =
h1 u 1.5 −15

the frequency of the wave remains constant. This

is because the energy of the wave remains constant
1 1 1
and energy is directly proportional to the frequency. = + ⇒ f =−10cm
f −30 −15

PHYSICS 5
V. (21) (d) The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its (25) (b,d) Power of lens is given by
focal length in metres.
1 1
(22) (b) A concave lens diverges rays of light whereas a P= ⇒f=
f P(in D)
convex lens converges rays of light.
1
(23) (c) Power of a Convex Lens (Converging Lens) is
f= m ⇒ f =−0.666 m .
−1.5
positive as its focal length is positive.
Since the power is negative, the lens is of a diverging
1
(24) (b) The power of lens is P = and the unit of it diopters
f nature. Therefore, it is a concave lens.
(D). Here the focal length f should be in meter.
50
=
Here, =
f 50cm = m 0.5m . So, P = +2D.
100

NCERT QUESTIONS
1. (d) Clay can never be transparent, so it cannot be used to 12. Given, refractive index of glass a g
µ = 1.50 and speed of light
make lens. in vacuum = 3 × 108 ms–1.
2. (d) If the object is placed between pole of the mirror and its
Velocity in air ( )= c 3 × 108
principal focus virtual, erect and magnified image will be = v = = 2 × 108 ms –1
Velocity in glass ( ) a µg 1.5
a g
µ
formed.
3. (a) To get the real image of the size of the object, it should be 13. The medium with the highest refractive index will have the
placed at twice the focal length of a convex lens. highest optical density. So, diamond has the highest optical
4. (a) The focal length is taken as negative for both concave density. The medium with the lowest refractive index will
mirror and concave lens. have the lowest optical density. So, air has the lowest optical
5. (d) Plane mirrors and convex mirrors always form the erect density.
images. 14. Refractive index of any medium w.r.t. another indicates the
R 20
6. Focal length, f = = = 10 cm extent to which light bends when it enters from first medium
2 2
to the given medium. The given value of refractive index also
7. Concave mirror can give erect and enlarged image of an
states that speed of light in diamond is 1 / 2.42 times to the
object.
speed of light in vacuum.
8. The field of view of a convex mirror is wider than that of
concave mirror, so we prefer convex mirror as rear view mirror 15. One dioptre is the power of lens, whose focal length is 1 m.
for vehicles. 16. Given, image distance, v = +50 cm. Magnification, m= – 1
9. Given, radius of curvature, R = 32 cm image is inverted [ image is inverted]
As we know, focal length v v 50
m= ⇒ u= = = – 50 cm
radius of curvature 32 u m –1
f= ⇒= f = 16 cm So, needle is placed at 50 cm in front to the lens.
2 2
10. Real image is inverted. So, magnification is negative. 1 1 1 1 1 1
By lens formula, = − ⇒ = −
Image size f v u f 50 (− 50)
Thus, m = –3 = 1 1
Object size = ⇒ f = 25 cm = 0.25 m
f 0.25
hi v  where, v = image distance and  1 1
= =–   ∴ Power, P = = = 4D
ho u u = object distance  f 0.25
− (v)  object is placed  1 1

⇒ −3 = 17. Power = = – = – 0.50 D
  Focal length 2
(− 10) in front of mirror 
v Negative sign arises due to the divergent nature of concave
⇒ –3 =
10 lens.
Image distance, v = – 30cm. 18. The object should be kept at a distance less than 15 cm from
the mirror. The image is virtual and erect. The image is larger
Negative sign shows that image is real, so it will be formed in
than the object.
front of the mirror.
B´
11. Light bends towards the normal on entering water. It happens B
because water is an optically denser medium than air. When
light travels from a rarer medium to denser medium, it bends C F A A´
towards the normal.
19. (i) Concave mirror, to get powerful beam of light. 23. Given, object distance, u = – 10 cm,
(ii) Convex mirror to get larger field of view. Focal length, f = 15 cm
(iii) Concave mirror, as it can converge light of the sun in a 1 1 1 1 1 5
By mirror formula, = − = − =
small area. v f u 15 (−10) 30
v = 6 cm from the mirror. Image is formed 6 cm behind the
20. The lens will produce a complete image, but the image will
mirror. So, image is virtual and erect.
have lower intensity and brightness.
24. If magnification is 1, the image size is same as that of object
size. Since, magnification is positive, the image is erect and
virtual.
O B´ 25. Given, object size, ho = 5cm, Object distance, u = – 20 cm

B 2F1 F1 F2 2F2 Radius of curvature = 30 cm
A´ 30
Focal length, f = = 15 cm. Position of image, v ?
2
By mirror formula
21. Given, object size, ho = 5 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
Image size, hi = ?, Object distance, u = –25 cm = + or = − = − =
f u v v f u 15 (−20) 60
Image distance, v = ? , Focal length, f = 10 cm 60
v= = 8.57 cm
1 1 1 7
From lens formula, = −
f v u Image is formed at 8.57 cm behind the mirror.
1 1 1 1 1 3 hi v
or = + = + = = −
v f u 10 (− 25) 50 ∴ Magnification, m =
ho u
50
or v = = 16.67cm from the lens − 60 h −60 × 5
3 ⇒ = i ⇒ hi = = 2.13 cm
Size of image, hi =– 3.3 cm [diminished inverted image] 7 × (− 20) 5 −7 × 20
The image is real in nature. Image is diminished, erect and hence virtual.
A M 26. Given, object size, ho = 7cm
5 cm Object distance, u = – 27 cm
C1 F2 B´ C2
Focal length, f = –18 cm
B 2F1 F1 O 2F2
1 1 1 1 1 −1
By mirror formula, = − = − =
10 cm N A´ v f u −18 (−27) 54
Screen should be placed at 54 cm in front of mirror.

25 cm 16.67cm
1 1 1 1 1 −1
Now, = − = − =
22. Given, focal length, f = –15 cm v f u −18 (−27) 54
Image distance, v = – 10cm or hi = –14 cm
1 1 1
By lens formula = − So, image is double the size of object. Also, image is real and
f v u
inverted (since, hi is negative).
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
or = − = − = − = 1
u v f −10 (−15) 15 10 30 27. ∴ Focal length, f = = – 0.5 m
Power
u = – 30 cm from the lens.
Since, f is negative, lens is concave.
A
M 28. Given, power of lens, P = +1.5D
A´
It means the lens is convex
B O
2F1 F1 B´ 1
As power, P =
f ( in m )
N
10 cm 1 1 10
15 cm So, f = = = = 0.66 m
P 1.5 15
30 cm
⇒ f = 0.66 × 100 = 66 cm
Thus, the object is placed at 30 cm from the concave lens.
[It is a converging lens because its focal length is positive]
PHYSICS 7
CBSE PAST YEAR QUESTIONS
50
1. Given, magnification produced by a spherical mirror is –3, i.e., (iii) Here 2f = 50cm ⇒ f = = 25 cm
2
m = –3. Therefore, the four informations obtained from this
Object distance = image distance = 50 cm
statement are as follows:
(i) real (iv) The diagram is as below:
(ii) inverted [∴ m is negative] M
(iii) magnified [|m| > 1] A
Object
(iv) spherical mirror used is concave mirror.
B
P
2. (i) To have an erect image of an object, the position of C B´ F
object should be between pole of the concave mirror and Image
its focus, i.e. between 0 to 40 cm. A´
N
(ii) The magnified image will be formed, i.e. image will be
5. (i) Refractive index of kerosene is 1.44, this means that
bigger than the object.
A´ speed of light in kerosene oil is times the velocity of light
in air.
(ii) Given, i = 30° and r = 19.5°
A
sin i sin 30°
From Snell’s law, µ=
g =
(iii) sin r sin19.5°
C F B B´
1/2 3  sin 30° = 1/2 
40 cm = = = 1.5  
1/3 2  and sin19.5° = 1/3 
6. (i)
3. (i) He should use concave mirror, as it forms real images.
Incident Ray N Normal
(iii) Given, distance of object, u = –12 cm, A i
distance of image, v = – 48 cm Air O
P Q
−v (−48) M
As, magnification, m = = − =
−4 Rectangular r
u (−12) B
Glass slab Glass N´ r
Negative sign indicates that image formed is real and
S R
inverted. Air O'
Angle of c D
(iii) The image is formed at a distance 36 cm from object. M´ C
Refraction
Normal Lateral
(iv) The diagram is as below: Shift
In the above figure,

Object
P ∠N’OO’ =∠r = angle of refraction,
C Q F
Image ∠MO’O =∠r = angle of refraction,
Distance, O’B = lateral displacement.
Real, inverted and enlarged image is formed beyond (ii) Given, refractive index from air to glass is 3/2.
centre of curvature. µg 3
i.e. a = =
4. (i) The mirror is concave mirror. g
µa 2
µ
(ii) Given, m = –1, u = –50 cm  It is known that, 1 ×2 =1

2 1
µ µ
−v −v
Magnification, m = ⇒ –1 = ⇒ v = –50 cm ⇒ ×g =1⇒g ⇒g
u −50 g a aa g a
µ µ µ µ µ
Therefore, the image is real and inverted and of same 1 2

= ⇒ gµa =
size as that of the object. 3 3
Here, object is placed at centre of curvature, so the object i.e. Refractive index of air for light going from glass to air
distance is equal to the image distance, since screen is
2
placed at distance of 50 cm from the mirror, therefore is given by g µa = .
3
object distance = image distance = 50 cm.
4 3 12. Given, height of object, ho = 5 cm, focal length, f = –10 cm,

7. Given,=
a µg and= a µw
3 2 distance of object, u = –20 cm, v = ?
Speed of light in glass, vg = 2 × 108 ms–1 1 1 1
Using lens formula, = −
(i) Speed of light in vacuum is given by f v u
c 4
a µg = ⇒ c = a µ g × vg = × 2 × 108 1 1 1 1 1 −1 1
vg 3 ⇒ === + =−
v f u (−10) (−20) 10 20
8 8
= × 108 ms–1 = 2.67 × 10 ms–1
3 –2 –1 –3
(ii) Speed of light in water is given by = = ⇒ v = – 6.67 cm
20 20
c 8 2
=a µw ⇒c=
a µw × vw = × 108 × Image is at 6.67 cm from concave lens.
vw 3 3
16 hi v
= × 108 = 1.78 × 108 ms–1 As, magnification, =
m =
9

ho u
8. (i) Since, the extent of bending of the ray of light after
v –2 1 5
refraction at the opposite parallel faces of the rectangular ⇒ hi = ho × = 5 × × = = 1.67 cm
u 3 –20 3
glass slab is equal and opposite, so emergent ray is
Image is virtual, erect and diminished.
parallel to incident ray.
13.
(ii) The light ray goes undeviated along the same straight
A
line.
9. (i) In this case, n1 > n2 light goes from rarer to denser B 2F2
medium. Therefore, on passing through a concave lens, 2F1 F1 F2
it diverges,
80 cm
n2 n1
Given, m = –1, negative sign shows that image is real and
O
inverted.
∴|m|=1, it means that hi = ho and this is possible in convex
lens.
(ii) In this situation, light ray parallel to principal axis goes It implies that object and image both will be at 2F.
straight without any deviation as n1 = n2.
So, v = u.
n2 n1 Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image distance, v = + 30 cm
 According to lens formula,
O
1 1 1 1 1  −1 
= − ⇒ = − ⇒ f = 15 cm
f v u f 30  30 
10. (i) The position of object AB would have been beyond 2F1.
B
2F2
2F1 F1 O F2
A´
A 2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
B´ Now, object is moved 20 cm towards the lens.
(ii)
Size of the object would have been bigger than the size Object distance, u = –10 cm, focal length, f = +15 cm
of image. Again using lens formula,
11. When object is placed at 2F1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2−3
− = ⇒ = + ⇒ = − =
A M v u f v 15 (−10) v 15 10 30
⇒ v = – 30 cm
B 2F2
2F1 F1 F2 B´ 14. (i) When an object is placed at the centre of curvature (i.e.
double the distance of focal length) of concave mirror,
N A´ the image formed is equal in size to that of object. So, for
(i) Image is formed at 2F2. object distance 20 cm, the mirror C with focal length 10 cm
(ii) Real, inverted and same size of image as that of the is used as
object. u = R = 2f = 2 × 10 cm = 20 cm
PHYSICS 9
(ii) For shaving purpose, mirror B(f = 15 cm) would be −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −2+1

⇒ − = ⇒ = + ⇒ =
preferred to form an enlarged and erect image of the 10 u 20 u 10 20 u 20
face at distance 10 cm. ⇒ u = –20 cm
(iii) (a) For u = 30 cm v hi h − 10
Magnification, m = = ⇒ i =
u ho 4 − 20
A ⇒ hi = 2 cm
Object
B Size of the image, hi = 2 cm.
P
C B´ F B
Image B´
A´ A
15 cm (iii)
F A´ O

30 cm 10 cm
20 cm
(b) For u = 10 cm,
A´
Thus, the object is placed at 20 cm from the concave lens.
17. Yes, a lens can form a complete image but of less intensity and
A brightness.
B P A
C F B´
10 cm
O B´
15 cm B 2F1 F1 F2 2F2
10 cm

20 cm A´
30 cm
15. (i) He should use a concave mirror.
(ii) He should place the candle flame between focus and Given, height of object, ho = 4 cm, focal length, f = 20 cm
centre of curvature of the mirror to get the magnified
and distance of object, u = –15 cm
image on the wall.
1 1 1
(iii) The diagram of formation of image is as follows: Using lens formula, = −
f v u
Object
M 1 1 1 1 1 15 − 20 − 5
⇒ = + = − = = , ∴v = –60 cm
A B v f u 20 (− 15) 300 300
Q hi v
B´ As, we know that magnification, =
m =
P ho u
Q´ C B F
v – 60
⇒ hi = ho × = 4 × = 16 cm
u – 15
N
A´ Image Image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.

(iv) Yes, when object is located at infinity the diminished 18. (i)
image is obtained. A´
16. (i) The centre point of a lens is known as its optical centre. A
The optical centre is a point within the lens, directed to F1 F2
B´
which incident rays refract without any deviation in the BO 2F2
2F1
path. u
P P v
O O 1 1 1
(ii) By using lens formula, we have , − =
v u f
Optical centre Optical centre
−1  1  1 −1 1 1
S S ⇒ −−  = ⇒ + =
v  u f v u f

(ii) Given, there is a divergent lens. It means that the given

lens is concave lens. −u + v 1 uv
⇒ = ⇒f=
uv f v−u

Given, focal length, f = – 20 cm

Height of object, ho = 4 cm, image distance, v = –10 cm This is a required relation between u, v and f in the
case when object is placed between optical centre and
 By lens formula, 1= 1 − 1
f v u principal focus of convex lens.
(iii) Given, magnification, m = –1 v

(b) As, magnification, m =
Object distance, u = –20 cm u
v v Case I: u = –100 cm, v = 100 cm
∴ Magnification, m= ⇒ − 1= ⇒ v= 20 cm
u − 20 100 cm
m= = –1
1 1 1 – 100 cm

− =
By using lens formula,
v u f
Case II: u = –100 cm, v = –20 cm
1  −1  1 1 1 1

⇒ − = ⇒ + =
20  20  f 20 20 f – 20 cm 1

m= = = 0.2
– 100 cm 5

1 1
⇒ = ⇒ f = 10 cm 20. Lens A of focal length +10 cm is convex lens
10 f

1 1 100 100
∴ Power, P = = = 10 D ⇒ P = 10 D and power, P = = = +10 D
f 10 × 10 −2 f (in cm) 10
The positive sign indicates that it is a conversing or convex
19. (i) (a) Given, P = +2D
lens. Lens B of focal length –10 cm is concave lens.
Since, power is positive, so the lens is convex lens.
100 100

Power, P = = = – 10 D
1 1 f (in cm) – 10
∴ Focal length, f = = = 0.5 m = 50 cm
P 2

The negative sign indicates that it is a diversing or concave

(b) Given, P = – 4D lens.
Since, power is negative, so the lens is concave lens. Here the object is placed 8 cm from the lens which is at a
1 1 distance less than the focal length, i.e. less than 10 cm. Thus,
∴ Focal length, f = = = –0.25 m = –25 cm
P −4 the 8 cm position of the object placed in front of the convex
(ii) (a) As we know, u = –100 cm (sign convention) lens will produce a virtual and magnified image. The diagram
Case I: f = 50 cm for the same is as shown below:
1 1 1 A´
By using lens formula, = − , we get Lens A
f v u

1 1 1 1 1 1 Image
= + = − = or v = 100 cm F1
v f u 50 100 100 O

B´ 2F1 F2
Case II: f = –25 cm 8 cm
1 1 1
Again using lens formula, − + = , we get 10 cm
u v f

20 cm
1 1 1 1 1 −5 1
=+ = − − = = − ⇒ v = –20 cm
v f u 25 100 100 20
NTSE & OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS
1. (b) When the object distance equals the radius of curvature, 3. (d) For an object at infinity, a concave mirror produces an
i.e., twice the focal length, the image size equals the image at its focus which is real, inverted and diminished.
object size in the case of a concave mirror. Here, focal 4. (a) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
length (f) = 15 cm.
5. (a) An inverted image can be seen in a convex mirror under
In the case of a concave mirror, the size of the image and no circumstances.
object will be the same if the object is placed at 2f. The
6. (a) The power of a convex lens is positive. Hence, focal
radius of curvature is double the focal length. i.e., 30cm
length of convex lens is also positive.
As a result, the object must be placed 30 cm in front of
7. (d) In case of a concave mirror, when the object is situated
the concave mirror.
at the principal focus, the image formed is real and
2. (c) When the object is kept at a distance less than its focal inverted, of infinite size and lies at infinity.
length, an upright, magnified image is formed behind the
8. (d) For an object at infinity, a concave mirror produces an
mirror. A concave mirror can form an image larger than
image at its focus which is real, inverted and diminished.
the actual object when the object is placed between the
focus and centre of curvature.
PHYSICS 11
9. (a) The relation between u, v and R for a spherical mirror is 21. (a) Incident ray which is passing through the focus will
2uv emerge as parallel ray to the principal axis after refracting
R= .
u+v from the convex lens. So, fig. (a) is the correct answer.
10. (b) Given: Object size h = 10 cm, image size = 5 mm, image 22. (c) A convex lens will produce an enlarged, real and inverted
distance v = – 30 cm. image beyond 2F if the object is placed between F and
h' v 2F.
From the magnification formula m = = −
h u
5 mm −30 cm −30 cm 1 23. (a) Because of refraction, when light comes out of swimming
or = ⇒ = or u = – 60 cm
10 mm u u 2 pool (dense medium), it deflects away from the normal.
Now, it can be calculated from mirror’s formula That is why a swimming pool looks shallower than it
really is.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −2 − 1
= + or + = ⇒ =
f u v −30 cm −60 cm f f 60 24. (c) The upper half of the lens is covered with a black paper
which stops refraction through it. Thus, the brightness of
1 1 the image decreases.
=− ⇒ f =−20 cm
f 20 cm
25. (a) Focus of a concave mirror is towards the left, so focal
The negative sign confirms that the calculated focal length is negative.
length is of a concave mirror.
26. (a) The student sitting on the last bench can read the letters
11. (c) We find that the child’s image in the magic mirror has written on the blackboard but is not able to read the
(i) Head bigger and hence the mirror must be a concave
letters written in his text book because he is suffering
mirror. A concave mirror here is producing an from hypermetropia or far sightedness. He can see
enlarged and erect mirror. distant objects clearly but cannot seen earby objects
(ii) The middle portion unaltered and hence the middle

distinctly.
part of the mirror must be a plane mirror.
27. (a) When the person cannot see distinctly objects kept
(iii) The bottom part of the mirror produces a smaller

beyond 2m, then he is suffering from myopia. In this

image of the legs. The image is smaller since it is condition, the person cannot see the objects that are
produced by a convex mirror. The convex mirror
placed far away but can clearly see the objects that
produced the erect and diminished image.
are nearly placed, and the condition is termed as
12. (d) A point-sized object placed at infinity of a concave mirror nearsightedness. This defect can be corrected by using
will produce a real & inverted, highly diminished image the concave lens of the power – 0.5 D.
at its focus. 28. (b) As per Snell’s law when a ray of light travels from a rarer
f
13. (a) The linear magnification m = medium to a denser medium, then it bends towards the
f −u
normal and when the light travels from a denser medium
14. (b) It is continuously decreasing.
to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.
15. (a) A convex mirror provides a large field of view because
it forms a highly diminished image. Therefore, its 29. (d) Negative value of image distance signifies that the image
magnification is always less than 1. is formed on the same side of the object. It is possible
only when the image formed is virtual and erect. Such
16. (d) A convex mirror always produces a diminished, virtual
image is formed when the object is between focus and
and erect image behind the mirror.
optical center in case of convex or any position of the
17. (b) When a ray of light passes from an optically denser object in case of concave lenses.
medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the
30. (d) Speed of light in medium I < Speed of light in medium II.
normal.
and light travels from denser medium to rarer medium.
18. (b) For a concave mirror, when an object is placed at its
31. (b) A convex mirror converges all the rays coming from the
focus, after reflection from the mirror, it reflects a parallel
distant object on its focus. According to given conditions,
beam of light that goes to infinity. Hence, in torches,
we can say if a sharp image is obtained at f1, then f1
searchlights, and headlights of vehicles, the bulb is
must be the focal point of the lens. Now if the distance
placed very near to the focus of the reflector.
between the screen and the lens is varied then beyond
19. (c) A convex lens will produce a diminished, real and the focus f1, the image obtained would be large and
inverted image between F and 2F if the object is placed blurred and behind the focus f1, the image would be
at 2F. smaller and blurred.
20. (b) Now by Snell’s law of refraction, we know that constant
32. (b) (A) - (r); (B) - (t); (C) - (p); (D) - (u); E - (q); F - (s)
is nothing but refractive index of medium, hence the
slope of graph would be refractive index. 33. (a) (A) - (r); (B) - (s); (C) - (p); (D) - (u); E - (q); F - (t)
34. (b) (A) - (q); (B) - (p); (C) - (r) 48. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
35. (d) (A) - (r); (B) - (s); (C) - (q); (D) - (p)
49. (a) We know that the refractive index of water is more
36. (b) Yes light can travel through vacuum. It is because light
than that of the air. So, from the relation l 1/ m the
waves consists of magnetic field which is perpendicular
wavelength of light in water must be less than that in
to electric field which results in creation of potential
the air. So, the wavelength of light will decrease when it
difference between two points and light wave propagates.
enters from air to water.
37. (c) The focal length of a spherical mirror has a smaller
50. (a) A terrestrial telescope is a refracting telescope that works
magnitude than that of its radius of curvature.
on the principle of refraction. It uses three convex lenses
38. (c) The law of reflection is exactly the same for curved called the objective lens, the erecting lens and the eye
mirrors as for plane (flat) mirrors i.e., ‘The angle of lens. The combination of these lenses forms an enlarged
reflection equals the angle of incidence’ image of the object.
39. (a) Ray of light while travelling from air to water slows down 51. (c) Convex lens forms an enlarged image of an object if the
because velocity of light is slower in water than in air. object is placed between the focus and optical centre of
40. (b) (i) The values of u and f for a concave lens are always the lens.
negative by convention. sin i
52. (a) The correct formula = 1µ 2
sin r
(iii) A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and
smaller image. 53. (a) The mirror formula is a relationship among u, v & f.
41. (a) The centre of the sphere of which the spherical mirror 54. (c) Plane mirror have the following properties:
forms a part is called centre of curvature. (i) Image formed is virtual and erect
42. (b) The focus of a concave mirror is virtual.
(ii) Size of image formed is equal to size of object
43. (c) A converging mirror is known as concave mirror.
(ii) The right side of the object appears as the left of its
44. (a) An image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, image and vice-versa.
erect and diminished.
55. (b) Concave lens have the following properties:
45. (c) Ladies use concave mirrors for doing make up because
(i) It is also known as diverging lens.
the image formed by concave mirror is enlarged when
the object (say a face) is in between the pole and faces of (ii) This lens diverges rays of light.
the concave mirror. 56. (c) Convex and concave lenses are curved and have lens
46. (c) Convex mirror forms an erect and diminished image of 1 1 1
formula = − .
an object. f v u
47. (c) Convex mirror diverges light over a large area than by
the plane mirror.
❑❑❑
1. (c) Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the size of 7. (a) Different wavelengths of light combine together to form
the pupil. white light. Because the sun is overhead at noon, there
2. (a) When we are looking at distant objects, the ciliary is the least amount of scattering, therefore it appears
muscles are relaxed and the eye lens becomes thin. white. When it is overhead, there is less air to travel
Consequently, the focal length of the eye lens becomes
through, and dust and other particles scatter, which will
maximum.
be reduced if the distance travelled in the air is reduced.
3. (a) The corrective lens should form the image of a far off
object at the far point of the myopic person. So, by using 8. (c) A rainbow is caused by dispersion, refraction and internal
lens formula, reflection of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the
1 1 1 1 1 atmosphere and always formed in a direction opposite
= = – –
f v u – 1.2 ∞ to that of the sun. The water droplets act like small
1 prisms. They refract and disperse the incident sunlight,
⇒ f = – 1.2 m ⇒ P = = – 0.83 D
f then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it
comes out of the raindrop.
4. (d) Focal length of lens is,
1 1 100 9. (b) The danger signals installed at the top of tall buildings
f = = × 100 = cm are red in colour because among all other colours, red
P 3 3
By lens formula, colour is scattered the least by smoke or fog. Thus it can
be easily seen from a long distance.
1 1 1 3 1 1
= ⇒ =
1
– –
f v u 100 v – 25 MARK QUESTIONS
v = – 100 cm = – 1 m.
5. (a) According to the given condition the student is suffering 1. Human eye lens are convex in nature and form real and
from hypermetropia or far sightedness. He can see
inverted images and when the object is kept before the focus
distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects
point and the centre of the lens it form virtual and erect
distinctly. i.e., the near point of his eyes has receded
away. images.
6. (b) Generally, in case of a prism, the formation of spectrum 2. Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells on the retina.
is shown below: Cones are sensitive to bright light and are capable of colour
vision. Rods are sensitive to dim light and give twilight vision.
They convert light waves into electrical impulses which are
read by the brain.
ght Red
un li
te S Orange 3. (i) Myopia is corrected using spectacles containing concave
W hi Yellow
Green lenses.
Blue
Indigo (ii) Presbyopia defect is corrected using the spectacles
Violet containing convex lenses.
4. When we look at nearby objects, the focal length decreases.
Fig. Glass prism
5. Five surfaces bound a prism.
The colour of sky is blue. The colour having the maximum
6. In a triangular prism, there are two triangular and three
wavelength is deviated the least. The deviation is towards
the base of the prism. The white light consist of seven rectangular surfaces. A white light passing through a prism
colours red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet suffers two refractions
.violet is deviated the most and red the least. Blue is the
third colour starting from violet. So we see that image (II) 7. Deviation of light in a medium depends on the wavelength
has based on the top hence having colours in such an of light which is inversely proportional to the corresponding
order that blue is the third. Hence option (b) is correct. refractive index for that light in medium.
14 Chapter 10 : Human Eye and The Colourful World
3
8. (i) The angle of deviation while passing through the glass
prism is maximum for violet colour since it has minimum MARKS QUESTIONS
wavelength.
1. The figure below shows the labelled diagram of the human
(ii) The angle of deviation while passing through the glass
eye. The main parts of eye are : Cornea , Iris , Pupil , Ciliary
prism is minimum for red colour since it has maximum muscles , Eye lens , retina and optical nerves etc.
wavelength
Sclera
9. (i) Violet colour has minimum speed in the glass, since it lris Retina
has the minimum wavelength. Cornea Optic nerve
Pupil
(ii) Red colour has the minimum frequency. Macula
Lens
Ciliary body Retinal blood vessels
2 MARKS QUESTIONS and muscle

Conjuctiva Vitreous body
Image Formation by Eye: The light rays coming from object

1. (i) Iris of an eye is equivalent to the diaphragm in a camera.
enter through of eye , pass through the pupil of the eye and fall
(ii) Retina is equivalent to a photographic plate in a camera. on the eye lens . the eye lens is a convex lens , so it produces real
and inverted image of object. The optical nerve conveys the
2. Sense of vision is carried as electrical signals via the optic
image formed on retina to brain and we get sensation of vision.
nerves from the eye to the brain.
2. (i) In a camera, the distance between the lens and the
3. Blind spot is a point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. It screen can be adjusted but not the focal length of the
contains no rods or cones, so when an image is formed at this lens. However, in the eye, the ciliary muscles adjust the
point, it is not sent to the brain. focal length keeping the distance between the lens and
the retina constant.
4. When you are looking at objects closer to the eye, the ciliary (ii) The image formed on the retina is temporary and its
muscles contract. This increases the curvature of the eye lens. impression is recorded in the brain as memory. However,
The eye lens then becomes thicker. Consequently, the focal the image formed on the film camera is a permanent
length of the eye lens decreases. This enables us to see nearby record.
objects clearly.
3. It is because of atmospheric refraction. When the Sun is slightly
5. The image formed at the retina of the human eye is real and below the horizon, the light coming from it travels from less
inverted. It is due to the presence of a convex lens in the eye. dense to more dense air and is refracted downwards. Thus,
the Sun appears to be raised and can be seen 2 min before
6. In bifocal lens ,the upper part of lens consist concave (to actual sunrise and 2 min after actual sunset.
5
correct myopia) and lower convex (to correct hypermetropia).
MARKS QUESTIONS
concave is used in upper portion of distant vision and convex
in lower vision.
1. A ray of light which is incident on the surface of a glass prism
7. When you touch the spectacles, if the lens is bulging out, goes from rarer to denser medium.
it is a convex lens. Hence, the person is suffering from A
hypermetropia. And if the lens is thinner from the centre, it Rarer Medium
means it is a concave lens. Hence, the person is suffering from
myopia. Em
t ray erg
en en
8. The retina of bees contains cone cells that are sensitive to id t ra
Inc y
ultraviolet light. So the bees are able to see ultraviolet light. Denser Medium
9. (i) The retinal cones of bees are sensitive to the ultraviolet B C

light which we cannot see with our eyes. So, the ray will bend towards the normal after refraction. Again
the ray of light is going from denser to rarer medium. So, the
(ii) Chicks wake up earlier in the morning than humans ray of light will bend away from the normal while coming out
because their retinas have mostly cones which are very the glass prism.
sensitive to bright light and rods are very few. An angle of deviation will be formed between the incidence
10. If the size of the pupil doesn’t change it would be difficult for us ray and emergent ray. The different direction represents the
to see in conditions where there is too much or too little light. incident ray and the emerging ray after going through the
When the size of the pupils increases or decreases it makes it prism. The emerging ray still bends at an angle with the
easier to see. When there’s a lot of bright light, your pupils will incident ray, called the angle of deviation, when refracting a
become smaller (constrict). ray of light through the prism. The emerging ray bends at an
angle to the direction of the incident ray.
PHYSICS 15
2. (a) (i) Rectangular slab: The incident beam of light after

(iii) Two adjacent prisms: When the incident beam

refraction through a glass slab emerges out parallel passes through the first prism, it gets spitted into
to the incident beam but laterally shifted. But no the band of seven colours. But those coloured rays
dispersion takes place in this case. are incident on an identical inverted prism. Then
(ii) Single prism: The incident beam of light after

recombination of the coloured rays takes place. This
refraction through the prism splits into a band of emergent light is parallel to the incident beam but
slightly shifted outward.
seven colours which are violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange and red. These coloured rays emerge (b) The emergent beam in the case (i) and (iii) are similar. As
out of the prism along different directions and in both the cases, the beams emerging are parallel to the
become distinct. Therefore, dispersion of white light incident beam and are slightly shifted.
takes place.
HOTS QUESTIONS
1. Power of lens, P = 5.5 D. Now, since this lens is used for 4. When we are underwater, incoming light rays are hardly bent,
myopic eyes, it will be a concave lens and hence the sign will or focused, at all. Our eye lens is designed to see in air. The
be negative. So, P = – 5.5 D eye lens bends the rays a little, but due to the lost corneal
Now, for near vision power is to be increased by + 1 D. refraction, the light that reaches the retina isn’t focused and
Therefore, power = – 5.5 D + 1 D = – 4.5 D thus cannot see very clearly underwater even if the water is
1 1 absolutely clear. Hence diver observes a blurred vision.
Now, we know, =
f = = – 22.22 cm.
P 4.5 5. (i) No, the image of all letters will not be in the same place.
2. Angle of incidence, i = 0°, Angle of refraction, (ii) The letter V will be raised maximum. This is because the
r = sin(i) × n (Here n is the refractive index) refractive index of a material is inversely proportional to
Let, r1 be the angle of refraction at PQ, r2 be the angle of the wavelength of light. On the other hand the shift in the
incidence from inside on side PR and A is the angle of the image depends directly on the refractive index. Since the
prism. So, r1 = 0°. We know that, A = r1 + r2 . refractive index of a material is maximum for violet light,
r2 = A – r1 = 60° – 0° = 60°. therefore letter V which is written with the colour violet is
the most raised.
3. Since red light is deviated the least and violet is deviated the
most, we can deduce that the wavelength of blue is less than 6. Infrared radiation has the maximum wavelength and minimum
that of red. Wavelength and frequency have inverse relation. frequency. Energy is directly proportional to frequency, i.e.,
c E ∝n
ν=
λ Hence, energy associated with them is also low. Thus,
Since the red light is deviated the least and the violet is infrared radiation gets the least scattered by tiny particles
deviated the most so we can devise that the wavelength of in the fog. That is why infrared waves are preferred over
blue is less than that of red. Wavelength and frequency have all others which have a higher frequency and get scattered
inverse relation. Hence red light has minimum frequency and making it difficult to focus.
frequency keeps on increasing as we go towards blue light. 7. (a) Power of the corrective lens is negative shows that, she is
suffering from Myopia i.e., Nearsightedness.
d It is a vision condition in which you can see objects near
to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry.
1 1
(b) P= ⇒f= . Where f is the focal length in meter.
f P
red blue 1
f== −0.22 m = −22 cm.
Frequency n −4.5D
(c) The negative sign of focal length shows that it is a

concave lens.

(2) (a) The increasing order of wavelengths in the visible
I. (1) (c) All the colours of the white light move with the spectrum is:
same speed. Their wavelengths and frequency are Violet < Indigo < Blue < Green < Yellow < Orange < Red
different. Therefore, the order is: Red > Green > Blue.
(3) (c) Greater the wavelength, the greater the speed. (14) (a) During sunrise and sunset, blue light gets scattered

Therefore, vV < vG <vR . more due to their shorter wavelengths and the red
(4) (b) Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength. light reaches our eyes.
Since violet has the smallest wavelength it has the (15) (c) Red light scatters the least and red has the greatest
greatest frequency. wavelength. This is why danger signs are made in
(5) (b) The light which have more wavelength will scatter red colour.
less and will have less dispersion. When white light
IV. (16) (b) There will be two refractions in the prism. One on
undergoes dispersion from prism then red colour
will deviate least and violet deviate most. the interface of air-glass when light is incident on the
prism and second on the glass-air interface when
II. (6) (a) Due to atmospheric refraction, the length of the day the light emerges out of the prism.
increases by 4 minutes.
(17) (d) Two refractions on passing through the prism occur
(7) (a) Apparent position of the star appears raised due to
at E and F.
atmospheric refraction.
(18) (a) Angle of deviation is ∠ MLF.
(8) (c) The sun spears oval shaped or flattened due to
atmospheric refraction only. (19) (a) The ray FRS is emergent ray.
(9) (d) Atmospheric refraction alone explains the rainbow (20) (b) The correct relation is, A + d = i + e.
formation.
V. (21) (b) The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal
(10) (b) If there is no atmosphere, there will be no scattering
particle is called Tyndall effect.
of sunlight at all. In that case, no scattered light will
enter our eyes from the sky and the sky will look (22) (c) Colour of scattered light depends on the size of
dark. scattering particles.
III. (11) (b) Light is scattered by the air molecules. Since blue (23) (b) The colour of scattered light depends upon the
has the shortest wavelength, it gets scattered the wavelength of the scattered particles.
most making the sky appear blue to the astronauts.
(24) (b) If the size of the scattering particles is large enough,
(12) (a) The distance between the earth and sun is maximum
then, the scattered light may even appear white.
during sunrise and sunset.
(25) (a) Solutions used for studying the scattering of light are
(13) (c) Blue light gets scattered the most by the air
molecules. known as colloidal solution.
NCERT QUESTIONS
1. (b) Accommodation is the ability of eye lens to focus both Given, power, P =– 5.5D
near and distant objects by adjusting its focal length.
Thus, focal length,
2. (d) Retina is the light sensitive surface of eye on which the
1 1
image is formed. f = ⇒ f =− =−0.181m= − 18 cm
P 5.5
3. (c) The minimum distance at which an object can be seen – ve sign shows that we need to use concave lens.
most distinctly without any strain is 25 cm.
1 1
4. (c) Ciliary muscles contract and expand in order to change (ii) Focal length f = = = 0.67 m =67 cm
P +1.5
the lens shape for focusing image at retina.
+ ve sign shows that we need to use convex lens.
5. The capacity of the eye lens to adapt its focal length throughout
8. For correcting myopia, concave lens is required. The image
the order to clearly concentrate rays from a distant and a close
of a distant object should be formed at 80 cm by the concave
object here on the retina is called the eye’s accommodating
lens.
power. Human eye lenses are translucent and crystalline.
∴ u = – ∞, v, = –80 cm
6. Since, the child cannot, see distant objects, it means that he is
suffering from myopia. The image is formed before the retina 1 1 1 1 1 1
By lens formula, =− = − =−
in case of myopic eye. It can be corrected by using concave f v u − 80 ∞ 80
lens.
f = – 80 cm = – 0.8 m.
7. (i) The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by the
1 1 10
1 Power = = = − = – 1.25 D .
relation, P = . f ( in m ) – 0.8 8
f
PHYSICS 17
9. Hypermetropia is corrected by convex lens. 100 1

So, f = cm = m
The ray diagram is as follows: 3 3
Eye lens 1
Power of the =
lens, P = 3D
Convex lens Retina f ( in m )
f
O Image is 10. A normal eye is unable to clearly see the objects placed closer
O´ formed than 25 cm because the ciliary muscles of eyes are unable to
Object on the contract beyond a certain limit.
retina
25 cm 11. The image is formed on the retina even on increasing the
distance of an object from the eye. For this eye lens becomes
thinner and its focal length increases as the object is moved
Now, according to question, away from the eye.
Given values are, image distance, v = –1m = –100 cm 12. The prescribed spectacles are of negative power which means
Object distance, u = –25 cm the lenses are concave (diverging). The concave lens is used
when a person cannot see the distant objects clearly because
[For correction, image should be at 1m]
the image received by the eye is focused in front of the

1 1 1 retina. This disease is called myopia and also known as Near-
− =
From lens formula,
v u f sightedness.
1 1 1 100
= − ⇒=f cm
f −100 −25 3
1. The near and far points for a normal eye are 25 cm and 6. (i) The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its
infinity respectively. constituent colours is called dispersion of light. It is
2. The main function of iris, pupil, and cornea are as follows: caused because different constituent colours of light
travel with different speeds in the medium other than air/
(i) Iris controls the size of pupil. vacuum and bend through different angles.
(ii) Pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. A D
(iii) Cornea provides 67% of eye’s focusing power.
3. (i) The eye suffering from myopia, has long eyeball than Q
that of normal eye due to which the retina is at a larger ght Red
n li
distance from the eye lens. This results in the formation e Su Orange
hit Yellow
of the image before retina. W
P Green
(ii) The eye suffering from hypermetropia has short eyeball Blue
Indigo
than that of normal eye due to which the retina is at
Violet
smaller distance from the eye lens. This results in the
formation of the image behind the retina. E
B Glass prism C
4. Two main causes of a person developing near sightedness are Fig. Dispersion of White Light
(i) Excessive curvature of eye lens (ii) In nature, this phenomenon is observed in formation of
(ii) Elongation of eyeball rainbow.
(iii) Based on phenomenon of dispersion, we can conclude
Correction of myopia by concave lens.
that,
(a) White light consists of seven colours.
O (b) Violet light suffers maximum deviation and red light

suffers minimum deviation.
Fig. Correction of myopia 7. (i) It is because different colours have different wavelengths
and the more wavelength a colour has , the less it bends.
5. (i) No, because 3 refers to yellow and 5 to blue colours of So, the seven colours bend by different amounts due
the spectrum. to the difference in their wavelengths and so different
colours get separated.
(ii) (a) 7 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2

(ii) X = violet, Y = red
8. Light rays of different colours travel with the same speed in (ii) Given, v = –60 cm, u = ∞ ,
vacuum and air. But in any other medium, they travel with the
different speeds and bend through the different angles, which Using lens formula, 1 − 1 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 1
v u f (−60) f
leads to the dispersion of light. f = – 60 cm.
(i) Newton showed that the reverse of dispersion of light is 12. (i) It happens because the least distance of distinct vision is
also possible. He kept two prisms close to each other, one 25 cm.
in erect position and the other in an inverted position. (ii) Given, v = – 25 cm, f = 5 cm, m = ?
The light gets dispersed when it passes through the first 1 1 1 1 1 1
prism. The second prism receives all the seven coloured From lens formula, = − ⇒ = −
f v u u v f
rays from the first prism and recombines them into the
1 1 1 −1 − 5 −6 – 25
original white light. This observation shows that sunlight = − = = ⇒ u= cm
is made up of seven colours. u −25 5 25 25 6
(ii) Any light that gives a spectrum similar to that of sunlight v − 25 × 6

We know that, m = = cm ⇒ m = 6
is called white light. u − 25
B' Second Prism C' 13. (i) The three common refractive defects of vision are
Patch of (a) Myopia (or near sightedness): This defect arises
white light when a person suffering from it can see nearby
ht
te lig
R R´
R Whi objects clearly but can’t see the far objects.
ht
te lig
Whi V V Correction: It is corrected by using concave lenses
V´ of appropriate power.
Screen
(b) Hypermetropia (or far sightedness): In this de-
B First Prism C A'
fect, a person can see far objects clearly but is un-
Fig. Recombination of the Spectrum of White Light able to see nearby objects clearly.
9. Rainbow can be seen rainfall. It is always formed in a direction Correction: It is corrected by using convex lenses
opposite to that of the Sun. It is formed by the dispersion of of appropriate power.
sunlight by the tiny water droplets present in the atmosphere, (c) Presbyopia: Presbyopia is the condition when the
which acts like small prisms. They refract and disperse the person can’t see distant as well as nearby objects.
Correction: It is corrected by using bifocal lenses of
incident light, then reflect it internally and refract it again when
appropriate power in which the upper part consists
it comes out of the drop. Due to this, different colours reach
of a concave lens (to correct myopia) and lower part
observer eyes.
Raindrop consists of convex lens (to correct hypermetropia)
Sunlight (ii) We see advertisements for eye donation on television or

in newspapers that if cornea of the eyes are removed
within 6 hours duration of death of a person, then the
cornea can be transplanted to the patients who are
suffering with corneal blind. If people takes initiatives of
donating their eyes . they can save two corneal blind
Fig.: Formation of rainbow
person by donating an eye to each. These advertisements
10. (i) He is suffering from myopia because the focal length are to be promoted so that people are encouraged to
required for the lens is negative. take the step of eye donation and also awareness should
be created regarding it.
(ii) Given, P = –1.2 D
14. (i) To understand how white light of the Sun is made of
1  where, P=power of lens 
∴f= and f=focal length  seven colours, let us take a thick sheet of cardboard and
P   make a small hole or narrow slit in its middle. Allow
1 10 sunlight to fall on the slit. This gives a narrow beam of
= =– = – 0.83 m
– 1.2 12 white light. Now, take a glass prism and allow this white
(iii) The lens will be diverging because power is negative. light to fall on one of its faces as shown in figure. Turn the
11. (i) The defects arise due to the gradual weakening the prism slowly until the light that comes out of it appears
ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. on a nearby screen.
Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia We see a beautiful band of seven colours on a screen
and hypermetropia. This condition of defect is called called visible spectrum. The sequence of colours seen
presbyopia. Such people often require bi-focal lenses to from the lower part of the screen is violet(V), indigo(I),
correct this defect. blue(B), green (G), yellow (Y), orange (O) and red (R).
The acronym for this is VIBGYOR.
PHYSICS 19
The light rays starting from the Sun travel from rarer to
denser layers. They bend more and more towards the
normal.
White light R However, an observer on earth sees an object in the

beam White light direction of the rays reaching his eyes. The Sun which
spectrum
Glass prism V is actually in a position S below the horizon, appears
in the position 'S' above the horizon for him. Thus, the
(ii) Red light has the maximum wavelength and violet light Sun appears to rise early by about 2 min and set late
has the minimum wavelength, so in any medium, red by about 2 min. This increases the length of the day by
light bends least while violet light bends the most. about 4 min.
1 16. (i) The reflection of light from an object in all directions is
As, wavelength ∝
deviation ( for bending ) called scattering of light.
15. Atmospheric refraction: The density of the atmosphere,
The colour of scattered light depends on the size
as we know goes on decreasing as the distance above the sea
of scattering particles and wavelength of light. i.e.,
level increases. Hence, the refractive index of a layer of air at a 6
Scattering ∝ d [where, d =diameter of particle] and
particular level goes on changing. Due to this refraction takes
place when light passes through the earth’s atmosphere. This scattering is proportional to l. [Where, l = wavelength
phenomenon is called as atmospheric refraction. of particle]
(i) Twinkling of stars: It is due to atmospheric refraction (ii) During the day time, sky appears blue. This is because
of star light. The density of the atmosphere goes on the size of particles in the atmosphere is smaller than the
decreasing as the distance above the sea level increases. wavelength of visible light, so they are more effective in
Thus, the refractive index of a layer of air at a particular scattering the light of shorter wavelengths, i.e., blue light.
level goes on changing. Due to these variations in the (iii) The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut
refractive indices of the various layers of air, the light because there is no atmosphere in the outer space that
from a star passing through the atmosphere changes its can scatter the sunlight. Hence, no sunlight is scattered
path from time to time and therefore the amount of light out, no scattered light reach to the eyes of astronaut.
reaching the eye is not always the same. This increase or Therefore, sky appears dark instead of blue to an
decrease in the intensity of light reaching the eye results astronaut.
in the change in apparent position of the star. Hence, the 17. (i) At sunrise and sunset, the sun and the sky appears red.
stars appear to be Twinkling. Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through
thicker layers of air and covers larger distance in the
Apparent
Star star position atmosphere before reaching our eyes. Near the horizon,
most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are
scattered away by the particles. Therefore, the light that
Ray
reaches our eyes is of longer wavelengths. This gives
path
rise to the reddish appearance of the Sun and the sky.
However, at noon, the sun is overhead would travel
Refractive relatively shorter distance, hence, sky appears white.
index
increasing Sun nearly
overhead
(ii) Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset: The figure Blue scattered away
below shows the actual position of the sun ‘S’ at the Sun appears reddish Less blue
time of sunrise and ‘S’ the apparent position of sun. scattered
The advanced sunrise and delayed sunset is because of
atmospheric refraction.
ition Sun near
re n t pos horizon
a
App sun
o f the Fig: Reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset
Observer Horizo
n
(ii) Since, moon has no atmosphere, thus the sky would
Earth look dark and black. Hence this phenomenon will not be
observed by an astronaut on the moon.
Atmosphere
18. The condition of the eye lens becoming cloudy is called cataract.
Fig.: Refraction effect at sunset and sunrise It results in blurred vision. It gradually leads to loss of sight.
19. The image of the object formed by the eye lens is at the 26. The person is suffering from both myopia and Hypermetropia.
retina of the eye. The image formed on die retina is real and The far point of the person is 300 cm that’s less than infinity
hence myopic. The near point of the person is 50 cm that
inverted. The image is sent to the brain with the help of the
is more than 25 cm hence the person is suffering from
optic nerve. Hypermetropia. The person needs a bifocal lens to clearly see
20. Ciliary muscles help us to focus near and distant objects. The the object. The upper part of this bifocal lens is concave to
correct myopia and the lower part is a convex lens to correct
ciliary muscles can change the thickness of the soft and flexible
Hypermetropia.
eye lens and hence its focal length which, in turn, change the
27. (i) The pupil is the perforation in the iris. It is the pupil (or
converging power of the lens. aperture of the eye) through which light enters our eyes.
21. Focal length = f =– 60 cm (Given) = – 0.60 m The relaxation and contraction of the muscular fibres
of the iris regulate the opening and closing of the pupil.
The negative sign of focal length indicates that the lens used Hence, it is the pupil that controls the amount of light
is concave hence the boy is suffering from myopia (short entering our eyes.
sightedness). (ii) The retina is the “film” of the eye like the film of a
1 1 camera. The retina is the light-sensing part of the eye.
Power of the lens P = = = −1.667D It converts the incident light into electrical signals and
f (in m) 0.60
sends them to the brain.
22. Distant: The parallel rays of light coming from distant tree
(iii) Eyes of a dead person can be donated to a person having
needs a convex eye-lens of low converging power to focus then corneal blindness. It will help him/her to see the world.
to form an image on the retina. When looking at the distant We can also register ourselves to donate our eyes. The
tree, ciliary muscles are fully relaxed and the eye lens is very organisations that put up eye donation camps preserve
our eyes after our death and donate them to the needy.
thin. Its focal length is maximum in this position and converging
28. The student is suffering from the Near-sightedness or Myopia.
power is minimum to focus the parallel rays on the retina.
That’s why he is able to see blackboard writing when he is
Nearby: The diverging rays of light coming from book needs nearby the blackboard, but he is unable to see the blackboard
a convex eye-lens of high converging power to focus then to writing clearly when he is sitting far at the last desk.
form an image on the retina. When looking at the nearby object, (i) When he is sitting at the last desk, the image of the
ciliary muscles get stretched and the eye lens becomes thick. blackboard writing is forming in front of the retina due
Its focal length is minimum in this position and converging to myopia effect. That’s why he is seeing a blurred and
unclear image. The following ray diagram explains the
power is maximum to focus the diverging rays on the retina.
defect of the student.
23. When a light ray passes obliquely through the atmosphere
in an upward direction its path generally changes due to O´
O
refraction. When the light ray enters the earth’s atmosphere, it
undergoes refraction due to the varying optical densities of air
at various altitudes. The atmosphere is continuously changing
(due to which the optical densities of air at different levels in (ii) When the student is sitting on the front desk, he is able
the atmosphere keep on changing). to see the writing on the blackboard because his eye is
The air higher up in the sky is rarer but that nearer to forming the image of the nearby object on the retina.
the earth’s surface is denser .The continuously changing That’s why he is able to see the blackboard clearly. The
atmosphere refracts the light. Hence the path generally following diagram shows the image formation by his eye
changes. when he is sitting on the front desk:
24. Power of eye lens = P = 40 D, Focal length = f
O
1 1
=
f = = 0.025m
= 2.5 cm
f (in D) 40
Radius of curvature R= 2f = 5 cm.
(iii) The student must use a concave lens to correct the defect
The eye ball has the radius of 5 cm.
of his eye. The concave lens will diverge the rays coming
25. The image of an object is focused behind the retina in the
from the blackboard and will form an image on the
eye of a person having Hypermetropia. Hypermetropia is the
retina when he will be seeing the blackboard from a far
defect of vision due to which a person is not able to see the
distance. i.e., Last desk of this class. The following figure
nearby objects clearly. It is caused
shows, how a concave lens can help him to see clearly.
(i) Due to the low converging power of the lens.
(ii) Due to eye-ball being too short. Hence the image of
O
nearby objects is formed behind the retina due to which
the eye cannot see the nearby objects clearly.
PHYSICS 21
1. (b) Option (b) shows the correct path. 21. (d) The focal length of the eye lens is too great or the eye
2. (a) The middle vascular coat that darkens the eye chamber ball has shrunk. The image is formed behind the retina
and prevents refraction by absorbing the light rays is and the person faces difficulty in seeing the near objects
choroid. clearly. Use of convex lens is advised for correcting the
3. (a) The eye lens converges light rays to form real, inverted defect.
and highly diminished image on the retina. 22. (b) Hypermetropia is also known as far sightedness because
4. (a) The surface of retina has about 125 million light sensitive the person is able to see clearly the distant objects, but
rods only. not near objects.
5. (b) While looking at nearby objects, the ciliary muscles 23. (a) Presbyopia is a condition in which a person is suffering
contract the eye lens so as to decrease its focal length. from both myopia and hypermetropia. It can be
corrected by using bifocal lenses in which upper portion
6. (c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.
is a concave lens and the lower portion is a convex lens.
7. (d) The figure (d) correctly shows the bending of a
24. (c) The inclined surfaces of the triangular prism makes
monochromatic light inside the prism.
the emergent ray bend at angle to the direction of
8. (a) At a particular minimum value of angle of deviation, the
the incident ray. The angle between the incident ray
refracted ray becomes parallel to the base of the prism.
produced and the emergent ray produced is called the
9. (a) The angle d is known as angle of deviation. angle of deviation.
10. (d) Different constituents of white light have different 25. (c) Dispersion of white light takes place because different
wavelengths. So, they travel with different speeds after colours of light travel with different speeds in the same
refraction, though they are traveling with the same speed medium. They bend at different angles with the incident
in air. ray. The red light bends the least and the violet light
11. (a) Colour of an object is determined by the colour of light bends the most.
reflected by it. The reflected light causes the sensation of 26. (a) Placement of another identical prism in an inverted
the colour in the eye. position with respect to the first and allowing the colours
12. (d) In Glycrine a ray of light incident obliquely at same angle of spectrum to pass through it will change the spectrum
would bend the most. into white light.
13. (d) The angle formed by the incident ray and the normal to 27. (a) The path of light passing through a clear solution is not
the rectangular slab is taken as the angle of incidence and visible because of small particle size do not come its way.
the angle formed by the emergent ray and the normal is But the path of light becomes visible through a colloid
taken as the angle of emergence. According to this, the because light is scattered by relatively larger particles.
only figure showing the correct angle of incidence and
28. (c) (A) - (r); (B) - (s); (C) - (p); (D) - (q)
emergence is figure (d).
29. (a) When light rays are incident on the eye, maximum
14. (d) Working of the human eye as a camera makes it one
deviation takes place at the cornea.
of the most valuable and sensitive organ of the body.
It is only because of the eye that we are able to see the 30. (a) The near point of a hypermetropic eye is farther away
wonderful world and colours around us. than normal near point (25 cm).
15. (a) The ray diagram (a) correctly shows the image formation 31. (c) The following statements are correct,
in his eye. (i) The sun looks red at sunset because most of the blue
16. (c) Atmospheric refraction cause splitting of white sunlight light in sun rays is scattered leaving behind red and
when refracting through water droplets. yellow lights.
17. (c) The ray diagram (c) is correct for image formation in a (ii) Clouds look white because water droplets of clouds
hypermetropic eye. scatter all colours of light equally.
18. (c) In the given figure for a parallel beam of light incident on 32. (d) There is no cure for colour blindness at present.
face AB of slab the emergent beam through face CD will Astigmatism is the defect, in which a person suffering is
be a diverging beam. unable to see in all directions equally well.
19. (a) Light sensitive cells get activated on illumination enabling 33. (b) For a normal eye, the far point is at infinity.
formation of image. 34. (b) The change in focal length of an eye lens to focus the
20. (d) Iris is the muscle that contracts the pupil in bright light so image of objects at varying distances is done by the
as to allow less light to enter. action of ciliary muscles.
35. (b) The fluid between the retina and the lens is called 40. (a) Total internal reflection is defined as returning back of
vitreous humour. the light, coming from denser medium and incident at an
36. (d) The part of the eye where optic nerves enter the eye is angle greater than the critical angle, in the same medium
blind spot. 41. (a) Hypermetropia have the following features:
37. (c) The inner back surface of the eyeball is called retina. (i) A person not able to see the near objects clearly.
(ii) This defect is corrected by using convex lens.
38. (a) Since, d = i + i' – A. So there exits two angles of
incidence, the same magnitude of deviation except 42. (d) Astigmatism have the following features:
minimum deviation (where both i and i' are equal). Since (i) This defect arises when the cornea of the eye has
it is true from law of reversibility. different curvatures in different directions.
(ii) This defect is corrected by using a cylindrical lens.
39. (a) Dispersion of light is defined as splitting of white light
into seven colours.

PHYSICS 23
1. (d) I = 4.8 A, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C 8. (a) We know that,

ne n 4.8 H 100
We know that, I = ⇒ = =3 × 1019 H= I 2 Rt ⇒ =
I = = 5A
t t 1.6 × 10 –19 Rt 4 ×1
2. (a) Volume of the wire does not change when the wire is Potential difference across the resistor is:
melted and recast. If l and A are the original length and
V = IR = 5 × 4 = 20 V.
area of cross-section and l´ and A´ are their corresponding
A 1 9. (b) P1 = 40 W, P2 = 20 W, V1 = 220 V, V2 = 110 V
values on recasting then: Al = A′ l′ ⇒ =
A′ 2 V2 V2
New resistance is, We know that, P = ⇒ R=
R P
l′ R′ ρl′ /A′ l ′ A 1 R R1 V12 P2 220 2 20 2
R′ = ρ ⇒ = =× = ⇒ R′ = Therefore, = × = × =
A′ R′ ρl /A l A′ 4 4 R2 V22 P1 110 2 40 1
3. (b) The minimum resistance is obtained when resistors are
10. (d) Power, P = 1 kW = 1000 W
connected in parallel combination. Thus, equivalent
R 1/5 1 Voltage, V = 220 V
resistance, R= P = = Ω
n 5 25 P 1000
Current can be found as, =
I = = 4.5 A
4. (b) The maximum resistance is obtained when resistors V 220
are connected in series combination. Thus equivalent Thus, the rating of fuse wire of 5 A should be chosen,
resistance which is greater than 4.5 A.
1
RS =n × R =5 × =1 Ω
1
5
MARK QUESTIONS
5. (c) We know that the slope of V and I tells us about the
resistance and (slope of V and I).
V 1 1. We can connect a battery in series with the resistor and a
= =
R
I Slope of of I - V graph voltmeter parallel to the resistor. Also connect an ammeter in
So, R3 > R2 > R1. series with the resistor. The voltmeter gives the voltage across
the ends of the resistor and the ammeter gives the current
6. (c) Power before and after the increase in current can be
passing through it. Now simply using Ohm’s law, the resistance
written as: P1 = I 2 R ⇒ P2 = I ′ 2 R can be found as:
And since, V
R=
100 I
I ′ =+
I I= 2I ⇒ P2 = (2I )2 R =4 I 2R 2. Tungsten has a very high melting point which makes it an
100
ideal material to be used as a filament in electric bulbs.
Increase in power dissipated is:
3. If a body has positive charge it means that it has less no. of
P2 – P1 = ( 4 – 1) ⇒ I 2 = 3I 2R
electrons than the no. of protons. Due to this imbalance of the
P2 – P1 charges, the body will attract the negative charged body.
% increase in power = = 300%
P1
4. The direction of an electric current is by convention the
7. (d) In case (i), R = 2 Ω
direction in which a positive charge would move.
Case (ii), R = 2 + 2 = 4 Ω
5. Q = ne. Where, n, is an integral multiple can take values 1, 2,
1 1 1 3.... and e- is the charge on the electron.
Case (iii), = + ⇒ R=1
R 2 2
W
q ne
V2 1 And, i = ⇒i=
Since, H= t ⇒ H∝ t t
R R 1× t 2×1
Thus, n = ⇒n =
As voltage in the three cases for equivalent resistance is t 1.6 × 10 −19
the same, therefore heat produced is maximum in case = 1.25 × 1019
∴n
(iii).
24 Chapter 11 : Electricity
6. Ammeter is a device that is connected in series so as to measure 2. The circuit is given below:
the current through the circuit. It has a very low resistance so
3 3
that maximum current passes through it and thus the correct
W W
amount of current through the circuit can be measured. Rheostat
7. We know that work done in moving a charge Q in a potential

Plug key Battery
V is given by: W = Q × V + –
W 15J
∴V = ⇒ V = . 3. The V - I graphs are given below:
Q 20 × 10 −3
Since, Q= 200 mC =20 × 10-3C I I I
V 7.5 × 10 2 C.
=
8. Electric resistance (R) is defined as the ratio of the voltage
applied (V) to the current(I) flowing through the circuit. It is Ohmic V Non ohmic V
given by the formula: R = V / I. SI unit: Ohm (Ω). 4. Resistance is equal to the slope of the V-I graph. Resistance
V of a material increases with increasing temperature. Here, the
9. We know that by Ohm’s Law: V = I × R ⇒ I = slope of the graph for temperature T2 is higher, so resistance
R
75 V for temperature T2 is higher. This also means that T2 > T1.
=
Here: V = 75V, R=30 Ω .Hence I = 2.5A
30Ω 1
5. We know that, R ∝
10. Resistance is directly proportional to length and inversely A
proportional to the cross-sectional area. So if the length is Lower surface area means greater resistance. The area of Q is
less than that of P and therefore, it has a greater resistance.
halved and the cross-sectional area doubled, the resistance
6. Since the effective resistance is less than both of the resistances
will become one-fourth of the original value.
given to us, they are connected in parallel.
11. Resistivity is defined as the resistance offered by a conductor
1 1 1 3
having unit length and unit cross-sectional area. It is denoted = + = ⇒ R =2 Ω
R 6 3 6
by ρ (rho). The SI unit of resistivity ρ in Ωm.
7. The 6 Ω and 2 Ω resistors are connected in parallel as can be
12. When different resistors are connected in series combination seen in the figure.
the current passing through them remains the same. 6 W
Veq = V1 + V2 + V3 +… +Vn)
6 W
Since, V= IR Putting the value in the above equation.

2
Veq = I(R1 + R2 + R3…+ Rn) ⇒I Req = I (R1 + R2 + R3…+ Rn)
W
Req= (R1 + R2 + R3…+Rn). Thus, we can say that the

1 1 1 3
current remain constant in series connection. = + ⇒ R′ = Ω
R′ 6 2 2
13. When different resistors are connected in parallel combination Now this is in series with the 6 Ω resistor.
the voltage drop remains the same
3
R = R′ + 6 = + 6 = 7.5 Ω
14. When an electric current passes through a conductor (like a 2
high resistance wire) the conductor becomes hot after some 8. Electric iron and electric bulb are two examples for application
time and produces heat. This is called heating effect of electric of heating effect of electric current.
current. 9. Fuse is a safety device connected in series in an electric circuit
which melts when the circuit gets overloaded or short circuited.
15. Factors - Square of the current, the resistance of the given
Its symbol is shown below:
conductor, time on which the current flows.
Application - electric heating devices like electric iron or any
other / electric bulb / electric fuse. 10. Rubbing the glass rod with silk strips the rod from electrons.
This makes the glass rod positively charged. Rubbing the wool
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
11.
rod with wool transfers electrons from the wool to the rod,
making the rubber rod negatively charged.
Silver is not used to make electric wires even though it is the
1. When two ends of a metallic wire are connected across the best conductor of electricity because it is very expensive. This
terminals of a cell, then some potential difference is set up makes it cost inefficient to be used. Instead, copper is used to
between its ends. The electrons in the conductor flow from the make electric wires because it is a lot cheaper than silver and
higher potential end to the lower potential end. is a good conductor of electricity.
PHYSICS 25
12. We know that the formula of heat is given by: H = I 2 Rt 5. The circuit is shown as the figure:
4
Where, t = 30 min = 30 × 60 sec = 1800sec,
W
+ – 2 W
I = 15A, R = 500Ω A 4 W
2
∴ H= (15) × 500 × 1800J
V –
= 225 × 500 × 1800J +
Cell Key
= 20.25 × 107 J .
∴H
13. P = V × I = 13 A × 230V = 2990W = 2.9 kW
Effective resistance of combination of two resistors (4 Ω
14. Here; P = 60W , t = 1s, each) in parallel is
E =P × t = 60W × 1sec = 60 J.
1 1 1
= + ⇒ Reff = 2 Ω
3
Reff 4 4
MARKS QUESTIONS Since, the resistance of 2 Ω and parallel combination of two
4 Ω resistors are in series, the same current will flow through
1. (a) Wire C has maximum resistance because it has maximum these. Hence, the potential difference across the 2 Ω resistor
length, least thickness and highest resistivity. is same as that across the parallel combination of two resis-
(b) Wire F has minimum resistance, since it has least length, tors.
maximum thickness and least resistivity.
6. R1 and R2 are in series,
(c) R3 > R5 > R1
RS1 = R1 + R2 = 3 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω
l RS1 and R3 are in parallel,
All three answers are based on the formula: R = ρ .
A
2. Diameter, d = 0.25 mm, Radius, r = 0.125 mm, 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + ⇒ RP = 2 Ω
–8
Resistivity, = 0.8 × 10 Ω m. RP RS1 R3 6 3
(i) Resistance, R = 5 Ω R4, RP and R5 are in series,
l RA 5 π × (0.125 × 10 ) –3 2
RS = RP + R4 + R5 = 0.5 Ω + 2 Ω + 0.5 Ω = 3 Ω
We know that, R =ρ ⇒l= =
A ρ 0.8 × 10 –8 V 3
−8
Then, current is, =
I = = 1A
5 π × 1.56 × 10 RS 3
=⇒l = 30.62m
0.8 × 10 −8 7. R2 and R3 are in series. Thus, for this combination, R´ = R2 + R3
l l Similarly, R4 and R5 are in series.
(ii) New resistance, R′ = ρ =ρ
A′ π(d / 2)2
So, R´´ = R4 + R5
2
R′ ρl/π d 1
= =
Now, R´ and R´´ are in parallel.
R 4 ρl/π d 2 4
Thus, resistance will decrease by 4 times. 1 1 1 R′ R′′ (R + R3 )(R4 + R5 )
= + ⇒ R′′′ = = 2
R′′′ R′ R′′ R′ + R′′ (R2 + R3 ) + (R4 + R5 )
3. The brightness of the glow of bulb P will increase and brightness
R1 and R´´´ are in series.
of glow of bulb Q will decrease. This is because, on closing S,
bulbs Q and R will be in parallel and the combination will (R2+ R3 )(R4 + R5 )
Req =R1 + R′′′ =R1 +
be in series with bulb P. Hence, the total resistance of the (R2 + R3 ) + (R4 + R5 )
circuit will decrease and the current flowing in the circuit will 8. In the given circuit, R1 and R2 are in parallel. So, their
increase. Therefore, the glow of bulb P will increase.
equivalent resistance R´ is given by:
Also, bulbs Q and R will be in parallel in this case. So, the
1 1 1 1 1
current gets divided and lesser current flows through Q and = + = + ⇒ R′ =Ω
1
hence the glow of bulb Q decreases. R′ R1 R2 2 2
Similarly, equivalent resistance R´´ of R4 and R5 is given by
4. (i) Two resistors are in parallel combination.
1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Current through 10 Ω resistor is: = + = + ⇒ R′′ =Ω
1
R′′ R4 R5 2 2
V 3
=
I1 = = 0.3 A Now, R´, R3 and R´´ are connected in series. So, equivalent
R1 10
resistance of the circuit,
Current through 15 Ω resistor is:
R´ = R2 + R3 + R´´ = 1 + 3 + 1 = 5 W
V 3 9. R1 = 2 , R2 = 5 , R3 = 10 , V = 10 V
=
I2 = = 0.2 A W W W
R2 15
(i) Total effective resistance as the combination is in parallel,
(iii) Ammeter reading = Total current flowing through the
circuit = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5 A. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
= + + = + + ⇒=
R = 1.25 Ω
R R1 R2 R3 2 5 10 8
V 10 14. When resistors are connected in parallel, the equivalent

(ii) Total current is, =
I = = 8A resistance is very small. Therefore, the current in the circuit
R 1.25
would be very large since:
(iii) Current through each resistor,
V
V 10 V 10 I=
=
I1 = = 5A ⇒ =I2 = = 2A R
R1 2 R2 5
The loss of energy will also be less due to the conductor. This is
V 10 why it is advantageous to connect electrical devices in parallel
⇒=
I3 = = 1A
R3 10 instead of in series.
10. (i) (a) For obtaining minimum current, the two resistors
5

should be connected in series. MARKS QUESTIONS

(b) For obtaining maximum current, the two resistors
should be connected in parallel.
1. Consider the given circuit in which a series combination of
(ii) R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 , V = 6 V
three resistors of resistances R1, R2 and R3 are shown to be
W W
For parallel combination, connected to a battery of V volts. An ammeter is also shown

1 1 1 1 1 10 to be connected in the circuit.
= + = + ⇒ RP = Ω
RP R1 R2 5 10 3 R1 R2 R3
For series combination,

+
RS = R1 + R2 = 5 + 10 = 15 W
A
(iii) Total current in the circuit for the parallel combination: V –
+ –
V 3
I = =6 × =1.8 A
RP 10
The key K is closed and the ammeter reading is recorded.
Total current in the circuit for the series combination:
Now, the position of the ammeter is changed to anywhere in
V 6 between the resistors again, the ammeter reading is recorded
=
I = = 0.4 A
RS 15 each time. It’s observed that there was identical reading each
11. Resistance, R = 2 W , Maximum power, Pmax = 18 W time, which shows that same current flows through every part
2 of the circuit containing three resistances in series connected
As we know, P = I R
to a battery.
P 18
=I = = 3A 2. (i) Let us assume that the resistance of each bulb is R. The
R 2 circuit diagram in two cases may be drawn as given
Maximum current that can flow through the 2 resistors is
W
below:
3 A. This current divides along B and C because they are in B1
parallel combination. Voltage across B and C remain same
1 A1
and hence, I ∝ . Since, B and C have the same resistance, B2
R
the same current flows through them which is equal to: B1 B2 B3 A2
A B3
3
I BC= = 1.5 A A3
2 V K K
V
P + – + –
12. We know that power input is: P = V × I ⇒ I =
V
840 Equivalent resistance in series combination
When heating is at the maximum rate, = I = 3.82 A
220 RS = R + R + R = 3R
And the resistance of the electric iron is,
Let current through each bulb in series combination be
V 220 V
=
R = = 57.59 Ω IS. By Ohm’s law, V = IS × 3R ⇒ I S =
I 3.82 3R
360 Power consumption of each bulb in series combination,
When heating is at the minimum rate,
= I = 1.64 A
220 2 2
And the resistance of the electric iron is  V  V
P=
S I S2 (3 R=
)   × 3=
R
V 220  3 R  3 R
=
R = = 134.15 Ω For parallel circuit, power consumption of each bulb in
I 1.64
13. The cord of an electric heater is made of copper which has V2

parallel combination is given by PP =
very low resistance and since heat is directly dependent upon R
the resistance, negligible heat is produced in the cord. The PP V 2 /R
Then, = ⇒ PP = 3PS
PS V 2 /3 R

heating element on the other hand is made of nichrome. This

has a very high resistance, and therefore produces a lot of heat Therefore, each bulb in parallel combination is 3 times
which makes it glow. brighter than that of each bulb in series combination.
PHYSICS 27
(ii) When one bulb gets fused then in series combination, the (i) When bulb B1 gets fused, then the currents in B2 and B3
circuit gets broken and current stops flowing, whereas in remain the same, I2 = I3 = 1A, so their glow remains
parallel combination. Same voltage continues to act on unaffected.
the remaining bulbs and hence other bulbs continue to (ii) When the bulb B2 gets fused, then the current in B2
glow with the same brightness. becomes zero and currents in B1 and B3 remain 1 A.
3. Resistance of combination of three bulbs in parallel, Total current, I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 A
V 4.5 Current in ammeter A1, I1 = 1 A
= =
Req = 1.5 Ω
I 3 Current in ammeter A2, I2 = 0
If R is the resistance of each wire, then Current in ammeter A3, I3 = 1 A
1 1 1 1 Current in ammeter A, I = 2 A
= + +
Req R R R (iii) When all the three bulbs are connected, then power
V 2 4.5 2
R = 3Req = 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 dissipated,=
P = = 13.5 W
Req 4.5
W
V 4.5
Current in each bulb, =
I = = 1A
R 4.5
HOTS QUESTIONS
V 2 200 2 3. The potential is 3V, since they are both in parallel. The
1. (i) Power of heater,=
P = = 500 W equivalent resistance of the 2 resistors in parallel is,
R 80
1 1 1 4
(ii) Heat produced by water is given by H = mCDT = + ⇒ R= Ω
R 4 2 3
Here, C is the heat capacity of water. Its value is 4200 The total resistance of the circuit is,
J/ kg°C and T is the change in temperature. Therefore,
Δ
RS = 0.5 + 1.33 = 1.83 W
The total current in the circuit can now be found as:

H = 1 × 4200 × (60 – 20)= 168000 J = 168 kJ
V 3
(iii) From the formula of energy consumed by heater, =I = = 1.64 A
RS 1.83
P E 168 × 10 3 Since the 2 Ω and 4 Ω resistors are in parallel. The voltage
E= ⇒ t= = = 336 s across both will be the same. Potential across 0.5 Ω resistor is:
t P 500
2. The current in all three cases across the arm AB will be the V´ = IRS = 1.64 × 0.5 = 0.82 V
same. Now, the potential across the 4 Ω resistor can be found as:
A R R R V´´ = V – V´ = 3 – 0.82 = 2.18 V
V ′′
I ′′
Therefore, the current across 4 Ω resistor is:= = 0.55 A
E 2R 2R 2R R 4
4. Let us assume that each interval is of 1s. Then the total heat
B (I) produced in 3s will be the sum of the heat produced in each
A R R R R R R second.
For AD, H1 = I12 Rt1 = 32 × 2 × 1 = 18 J
E 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R R For DG, H2 = I22 Rt2 = (–2)2 × 2 × 1 = 8 J
For GJ: H3 = I32 Rt3 = 12 × 2 × 1 = 2 J
B
(II) Total heat produced is:
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 18 + 8 + 2 = 28 J
A R R R R R R R R
5. The statement is correct. This is because the motion of
charges through a material requires a high potential and a low
E 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R R potential. The electric cable acts as the high potential and the
ground acts as the low potential. As long as your feet are not
B (III) touching the ground, the circuit is incomplete and the current
will not flow through you. The minute your feet touch the
The last two resistors R and R in both circuits are in series
making a resistor of 2R. This resistor is in parallel with the 2R ground, the current has a path to flow through and you will
resistor. This process continues all the until the arm AB. When get electrocuted.
done for all the three circuits, we can see that the equivalent An example of this observed in everyday life is birds sitting on
resistance will be 2R in all three cases. Since, the external
electric cables. They do not get electrocuted because they are
voltage is the same in all three cases, the current across the
arm AB will be equal in all three cases. not in contact with the ground.
I. (1) (b) The electrical wire should have low resistance. (12) (c) An electric fuse has a high resistance and low
melting point to protect other appliances by melting
(2) (b) The slope of a V - I graph gives us the resistance. More
itself and cutting off the supply.
is the temperature, more will be the resistance. The
resistance of A is more, so the temperature of A is (13) (a) We know that, H = I 2 Rt
more. t
⇒ H= ′ (2I )2 × R × = 2I 2 Rt= 2H
(3) (c) The resistances are: 2
(14) (b) Let r be the new radius. We are given that the current
l 2l
R1 =ρ ⇒ R2 = ρ ⇒ R2 = 4 R1 is 5 A. Let R be the resistance of the wire. Now,
A A /2

(4) (a) In summers, temperature is more, so resistance is H = I2 Rt ⇒ H´ = I´2 Rt

more.
Using the formula for resistance and substituting the
(5) (a) Since the wires are cut up into pieces, their total values given to us, we have:
resistance must add up to the resistance of the
original wire. That will happen when they are 1 1
52 × ρ ×=t 10 2 × ρ 2 × t
connected in series. Therefore, πr 2 πr ′
r´2 = 4r , r´ = 2r
R 20
′
R= = = 4Ω
The heat dissipated will be the same in both cases

5 5
II. (6) (b) Household appliances are connected in parallel so since the same material of wire needs to be melted
that if one appliance stops working the others are at a higher current.
not affected by it. (15) (c) The heat produced is,
(7) (c) In a series combination the resistance is maximum H = I 2 Rt = (0.5)2 × (5 × 60) = 750 J.
and in a parallel combination the resistance is
minimum. IV. (16) (a) The conductor C shows the maximum resistance.
(8) (c) We know that, (17) (d) All the three statements (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
r1 r2 (r1 + r2 )2 (18) (c) The correct sum of least resistances are Curve A
R1
R1 = r1 + r2 ⇒ R=
2 ⇒ = + Curve F.
r1 + r2 R2 r1 r2

(19) (d) The resistances shown by curve A and curve E are

(9) (c) The 3 Ω resistors are connected in parallel.
Therefore, RS = 3 + 3 = 6 2 3
Ω+ Ω = 0.5Ω + 0.75Ω= 1.25Ω
W W W
4 4

This is in parallel with the 6 Ω resistor:

(20) (a) Both are non-ohmic conductors.
1 1 1
= + ⇒ R=3 V. (21) (a) T2 > T1; Slope of V - I graph at T2 is greater than
R 6 6
W
slope at T1.
(10) (a) The voltage(emf) supplied by the battery is equal
to the voltage in 3 ohm resistor and that in 10 ohm (22) (b) At temperature T2 the resistance is higher.
resistor. The voltage in 10 ohm resistor will be: (23) (a) Length, Area of cross section, Temperature, Nature
V = I × R =10 × 0.2 = 2 V of the material.
Since both resistors are connected in parallel, the (24) (d) Resistance of the wire will get increased due to
voltage drop across both will be the same. joule’s heating effect.
III. (11) (b) A heating element has a low resistance and high (25) (d) The graph (D) is correct.
melting point so that it can produce maximum heat.
NCERT QUESTIONS
1. A closed and continuous path of electric current is known as 1

1 coulomb charge =  6 × 1018 electrons
electric circuit. 1.6 × 1019
2. The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). 4. Electric cell or battery is a device that helps to maintain a
The current flowing through a conductor is said to be 1A, if a potential difference across a conductor.
charge of 1 coulomb (C) flows through it in 1 second (s) 5. The potential difference between two points is said to be 1 V
3. We know that, charge on one electron = 1.6 × 10 C –19 if 1 J of work is done in moving 1 coulomb of electric charge
from one point to another point.
⇒ 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb charge in 1 electron.
PHYSICS 29
6. Given, charge, q = 1 C, potential, V = 6 V, W – ? 13. (i) 1 W (ii) 1 W
As we know, W = qV = 1 × 6 = 6J When resistors are connected in parallel, then the equivalent

6 J is given to each coulomb if charge passing through a 6V resistance is less than the least resistance connected in
battery. the combination. In both the above cases, the equivalent
7. The resistance if a conductor depends on the following factors: resistance is less than 1 but is approximately 1 .
W W
(i) Length of the conductor. 14. Let resistance of lamp be R1 = 100 W
(ii) Area of cross–section of the conductor. Resistance of taster be R2 = 50 W
(iii) Nature of material of the conductor. Resistance of filter be R3 = 5200 W
8. Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross– R1 100

section of the wire. Since, thick wire has a large area of cross–
W
section, its resistance will be less. Thus, current will flow more R2 50
easily through the thick wire.
W
9. Let resistance be R, Potential difference V across the two ends I R3 500 I

becomes V/2. Since, I = V/R W
200 V
V 1 + –
As=I = I
2R 2
In other words, current through the component becomes half
of its original value.
1 1 1 1
Net resistance, = + +
10. Alloys have a higher resistivity than their constituent metals. R R1 R2 R3
They do not oxidise or burn at higher temperatures as they
[  R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel]
have high melting point. Thus, they are used to make coils of
electrical toasters and electric irons rather than pure metals. 1 1 1 1 16 500
= + + = or R = = 31.25 Ω
11. The schematic diagram is shown as below: R 100 50 500 500 16
+ – + – + – So, resistance of iron take same current as much current drawn
by all the appliances should be 31.25 . Current through
2V 2V 2V
W
circuit,
V 220
I= = = 4.04 A
R 31.25
5 W 5 W 5 W
Thus, current through iron is 7.04 A.

12. + – 15. (i) If 3 and 6 are connected in parallel, thus equivalent
V
W W
resistance of parallel combination

1
= (1/3) – (1/6) = 2Ω
5 W 8 W 12 W
6V I If this combination is connected in series with 2 W
resistance, then total equivalent resistance
A =2 W +2 W =4 W .
The resistor connections are as shown below:
Resistance in parallel 3 W
Equivalent resistance of the circuit, A 2 W
B
R = R1 + R + R3 = 5 + 8 + 12 = 25 [ R1, R2 and R3
6
W
connected in series] W
In series combination, current flowing through all the

resistances is same and equal to the total current flowing (ii) Since, equivalent resistance is less than the least value of
through the circuit. resistance (i.e. 2 ), it means that all three resistors are
W
connected in parallel.
∴ Current in the resistors,
2 W
V 6
=
I= = 0.24 A
R 25 A 3 W
B
∴ Ammeter reading = 0.24 A
Potential across 12 W resistance,
V = I R = 0.24 × 12 = 2.88 V 6 W
∴ Voltmeter reading is 2.88 V. 1

Equivalent resistance = (1/3) – (1/6) = 2Ω
16. (i) Resistance is maximum when resistors are connected in Equivalent resistance,
series.
1
A B R´ =
 1   1   1   1   1 
4 8 12 24  R /5  +  R /5  +  R /5  +  R /5  +  R /5 
         
W
W W W
1 R R R
Rmax = 4 + 8 +12+24 = 48 = = ∴ Ratio, = = 25
25 25 R′ R
W
(ii) Resistances is minimum when resistors are connected in R 25

parallel.
23. (b) ∴ Electric power = VI = IR × I = I 2 R
[ V = IR ]
4
A B V V2  V
W
or VI = =  I= 
8 W
R R  R
2
12 W
So, I R does not represent electric power.
24. (d) Given, V = 220 V, P = 100 W

24 W
2
∴ Resistance of bulb, R = V / P
1 1 1 1 
Rmin = 1  + + + = =2 = (220)2 / 100 = 484
4 8 12 24
W
  W
17. The cord of and electric heater has lesser resistances than its Now, when V= 110V, then power consumed,
heating element. So, more heat is produced in the heating
element than the cord and it glows. V2
P= = (110)2 / 484 = 25 W
R
18. Given, Charge, q = 96000 C, Time, t = 1 h = 3600s
25. (c) Let R be the resistance of each wire. The resistance of
Potential difference, V = 50 V both the wires will be same because they are of same
material and have same length and same cross–sectional
 q
We know that, Heat generated, H = VIt =  I =  area. Equivalent resistance in series
 t
= R + R = 2R
= Vq = 50 × 96000 = 4800000 J = 4800 kJ
V2 t
4800kJ is generated while transferring 96000 C of charge. Heat produced, H =
R
19. Given, Resistance, R = 20 , Current, I = 5A, Time, t = 30s V2 t
W
If wires are connected in series, then H s =

2 2R
We know that, Heat developed, H = I Rt R
2 Equivalent resistance in parallel =
= (5) × 20 × 30 = 5 × 5 × 20 × 30 = 15000J = 15kJ 2
15kJ heat is developed in 30 s.
20. Electric power determines the rate at which energy is delivered V2 t
Heat produced, H p =
by a current. R
21. Given, I = 5 A, V = 220 V, t = 2h V2 t
Hs 2R
∴ Power of motor, Ratio of heat produced, = =1 : 4
Hp 2 V 2 t
P = VI = 220 × 5 = 1100 W = 1.1 kW R
∴ Energy consumed = Pt = 1.1 × 2 = 2.2 kWh Thus, the ratio of Hs and Hp is 1 : 4.
Thus, the power of the motor us 1.1 kW and energy consumed 26. A voltmeter is always connected in parallel in the circuit to
is 2.2 kWh. measure the potential difference between two points.
22. (d) Resistance of complete wire is R. If it is cut into 5 equal 27. Given, radius of wire = diameter/2
R
parts, then resistance of each part will be . Five parts 0.5
5 = = 0.25 mm = 0.25 × 10–3 m,
R 2
of resistance each are connected in parallel as shown
= 1.6 × 10–8 –m
5 r W and R = 10 W
in the figure (i) We know that, resistance,

R/5
ρl ρl
 2
R/5
R= =
A πr 2  A = πr  -
Rπr 2 10 × 3.14 × 0.25 × 10 –6

R/5 or 1= = = 122.66 m
A B ρ 1.6 × 10 –8
1
R/5 (ii) Resistance, R α
d2
If diameter is doubled, then resistance becomes one–
R/5
fourth of its original value.
PHYSICS 31
28. y-axis Equivalent resistance (R)

5 Individual resistance (R)
=
4 Number of bulbs (n)
Current (A)
B
3 4840
2 ⇒ R= Ω , V = IR ⇒ 220 = = (5 × 4840) / 220
n
A
1 5 × 4840
⇒ n= = 110 bulbs
220
0 2 4 6 8 1012 14 x-axis
33. Given, V = 220 V, RA = RB = 24 W
Resistance = Slope of graph (i) Current in plates when used separately,

Y – intercept (10.2 – 0) V V V 220
= = = 3.4 I= = = = 9.16 A
X – intercept (30 – 0) A
W
RA RB 24

Thus, the resistance of the resistor is 3.4 .

(ii) Current in plates when connected in series.
W
29. Given, V = 12 V, I = 2.5 m A = 2.5 × 10–3 A, R= ? Equivalent resistance in series,

∴ Resistance, R = V [by Ohm’s law] R = RA + RB = 24 + 24 = 48 W
I
∴ V 220
12 3
=
Current flowing, I = = 4.58 A
⇒ R= = 4.8 × 10 R 48
2.5 × 10 –3 (ii) Current in plates when connected un parallel.
W
30. Given, V = 220 V, I = 5 A Equivalent resistance in parallel,

1 1 R
= = RA RB 24 × 24
Resistance of the wire, 1 1 1 n n R= = = 12 Ω
+ + RA + RB 48
R R R
The net resistance 44 is less than the individual resistance 176, V 220
Current flowing, I = = = 18.2 A
so individual resistances are to be connected in parallel order. R 12
In parallel connection, equivalent resistance 34. (i) The circuit shown right has resistance connected in series
combination:
1 1 R
= = = V 6
1 1 1 n n I= = =2 A
+ + R1 + R2 3
R R R
176 Ω 176 ∴ Power used = I 2 R = 22 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 W
44 = or n = = 4 resistors
n 44 1 2
31. (i) If two 6 resistors are connected in parallel, the
W W
6
equivalent resistance is   = 3 Ω
 2
6V
+ –
6 W
6 W
6 W
(ii) The circuit shown as right:
In parallel combination, potential cross each resistor is
A B same and equal to the potential applied to the circuit.
Potential across 2 resistor, V = 4 V
W
This combination is connected in series with a

V2 4 × 4
6 resistor to get overall equivalent resistance of Power used, = =8 Ω
R 2
W
(6 + 3) = 9 . W
Power used in both cases is same.

(ii) Equivalent resistance of two 6 W resistances connected in
series, R’ = 6 + 6 = 12 .
12
W
Now, 12 W and 6 W resistors are connected in parallel.

12 × 6 72 2 W
Equivalent resistance, Req=

= = 4Ω
12 + 6 18
32. Given, Potential difference, V = 220 V
+ –
Power, P = 10 W; Current, I = 5 A 4V
V 2 220 × 220 35. Given, potential, V = 220 V, Power, P1 = 100 W
R′
Resistance of bulb, = = = 4840 Ω
P 10
P1 100
Since, connected in parallel, Power, P2 = 60 W ∴ Current, I1 = = = 0.45 A
V 220
P2 Q1 = P1t1 = 250 × 3600 = 900000 J = 900 kJ

Current, I 2 = = 0.27 A
V and Q2 = P2t2 = 1200 × 600 = 720000 J = 720 kJ
100 W
Thus, TV set uses more energy.
60 W 37. Given, R = 8 W , Current, I = 15 A
Time, t = 2 h = 7200 s
2
∴ Heat developed, H = I Rt
200 V = 15 × 15 × 8 × 7200 J
∴ Total current drawn, ∴ Rate of heat developed,
I = I1 + I2 = 0.45 + 0.27 = 0.72 A H 15 × 15 × 8 × 7200

P= = = 1800 W or 1800J/s
t 7200
36. Given, P1 = 250 W, P2 = 1200 W, Thus, the rate at which heat is developed in the heater is 1800
t1 = 1 h = 3600 s, t2 = 10 min = 600 s joule per second.
∴ Energy,
1. (i) Tungsten has a high melting point (3380°C). It does melt 4. Electrical resistance of a conductor may be defined as the
at high temperature. It retains as much of generated, property of any substance t oppose the flow of current through
so that it becomes very hot and emits light. That is the it.
reason why tungsten is used as filament of electric lamps. (i) The resistance of the conductor will increase when a low
(ii) Conductors of electric heating devices are made of alloys current pass through it for a short duration.
because alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high (ii) The resistance if the conductor will decrease when a
temperature unlike metals. Also, alloys have a greater heavy current pass through it.
resistivity (generally) as compared to their constituent 5. Given, diameter = 0.25 mm, Resistivity, = 0.8 × 10–8 W m
pure metals. (i) Resistance, R = 5 W
(iii) There are 2 reasons for not using series connections for ρl
We know that, R =
domestic circuits. A
2
• Devices of different current ratings cannot be  0.25 
5 × π × × 10 −32 
connected as he current is constant in series circuit. ⇒ RA  2 
l= =
• If one device fails, the circuit is broken and all ρ 0.8 × 10 −8
devices stop working.  2 D
=  A = π r and r =
(iv) Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross-  2 
section of the wire. Thus, if the wire is thick (large area 5 × π × 1.56 × 10 −8
= = 30.62 m
of cross-section), then resistance is less. If the wire is then 0.8 × 10 −8
(less area of cross-section), then resistance is large.
ρl ρl ρl 4
(v) Copper and aluminium wires are used for transmission (ii) Resistance, R
= = = × 2
A π ( D / 2) 2
π D
of electricity because they have low resistivity. So, the
conduct the electric current without heavy heat losses.  2 D
Also, they are quite cost effective, as compared to silver.  A = π r and r =
2 

2. Resistivity of wire remains the same, as depends on the nature
ρl ρl
of material. R′ = = 2
[ D has become 2D]
A  2D 
π 
3. Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge  2 
through any cross-section of a conductor.
ρl
SI unit of electric current is ampere(A). =
πD 2
Given, I = 5A, t = 2 min = 2 × 60 s = 120s, q = ?
We know that, charge, q = I × t R' ρl ρl × 4 ρl π D2 1
Now, = 2 + 2
= 2
× =
R πD πD πD ρl × 4 4
⇒ q = 5 × 120 = 600 C
Thus, the amount of charge flowing through conductor is 600 R
 R′ =
C. 4
Thus, resistance will decrease by 4 times.
PHYSICS 33
6. To get and equivalent resistance of 13.5 W we connect resistor 11. Electric energy consumed by heater in one day
as,
= Power × Time = 2 kW × 2 h = 4 kWh
R=9 W
Electric energy consumed by heater in one month

A B R=9 W
C = 4 × 30 = 120 kWh [∴ September has 30 days]

= 120 units [∴ 1 unit = 1kWh]
R=9 W
Cost of using the heater = 120 × 4 = Rs. 480
12. (i) Resistance of a wire depends on,
1 1 1 2 9 (a) length of wire : R ∝ l
= = + =
⇒ Rp =4.5
Rp 9 9 9 2 1
(b) area of cross-section of wire : R ∝
∴ Req = 9 + 4.5 = 13.5 W
A
Here, RS = 9 + 9 = 18 W
(c) resistivity of material of wire : R ∝ r
l
1 1 1 3 ∴ R= ρ
∴ =+ = ⇒ Req =Ω
6 A
Req 9 18 18
(ii) Metals are good conductor as their resistivity is very; low
V2 whereas glass is a bad conductor as is resistivity is very
7. We know that, power, P =
R high.
Tus, higher resistance is inversely proportional to power,
(iii) Alloys are used as heating elements as their resistivity ad
i.e. higher power less will be resistance and vice-versa. So,
the electric lamp with power rating 40 W will have a higher melting points both are very high.
resistance as compared to 60 W lamp. 13. Scale At x-axis, 1 div (1 cm) = 0.1 A
Lamps with higher power will glow brighter. At y-axis, 1 div (1 cm) = 0.5 V
8. The potential difference between two terminals of an electric
5.0
iron (V) = 220 V, current flowing through its element (I) = 5 A 4.5
4.0
V 220
=
Therefore, resistance, R = Ω ⇒ R = 44 3.5
I 5
W
3.0
We know that, power, P = V × I = 220 × 5 = 1100 W
2.5
9. (i) According to Joule’s law of heating, amount of heat 2.0
2.5 – 2.0
Slope =——— = 5
V (volts)
produced in a resistor is 0.5 – 0.4

1.5
(a) directly proportional to square of current flowing 1.0

through the resistor. 0.5

∴ H ∝ I2
0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(b) directly proportional to resistance of the resistor. I (amperes)
∴H∝R
(c) directly proportional to time for which the current V
∴ Resistance = R = Slope of graph =
flows through the resistor. I
∴ H ∝ t ⇒ H = I 2 Rt y2 – y1 1.5 – 1.0 0.5
∴ =
R = = = 5 V Lon
(ii) Here, potential, V = 220 V x 2 – x1 0.3 – 0.2 0.1
Power, P1 = 100 W, P2 = 60 W 14. (i) for definitions of R and . r
As, current drawn is given by Resistance depends on the length and area of a
Power ( P ) substance.
I= [From P = VI]
Voltage ( V ) Resistivity depends on the nature and temperature of
100 60 the substance.
So, I1 = = 0.45 A and I2 = = 0.27 A
220 220 (ii) Given, r = 1.63 × 10–8 W m
10. Given, P = 40 W, V = 220 V, I = 6 A A = 10.3 × 10 cm = 10.3 × 10–4 × 10–4 m2
–4 2
We know that, R = V 2 / P R = 20 W ,l=?

2
= (220) /40 = 48400/40 = 1210 W
By the formula of resistance we have
Now, V = IR e q ⇒ Req = V/I = 220/6 = 36.66 RA 20 × 10.3 × 10 −4 × 10 −4 m2
⇒ l= =
W
ρ 1.63 × 10 −8 Ω −m

Suppose, there are × number of bulb in parallel 36.66 =

1210 /x 20 × 10.3 × 10 −8
= = 126.38 m
∴ x = 1210/36.66 = 33.006 = 33 1.63 × 10 −8
15. (i) Alloys are used for making electrical heating devices due (b) parallel connection is helpful when each device has
to the following reasons: different resistances and requires different current for
They have a higher resistivity as compared to pure its operation as in this case the current divides itself
metals. through different devices unlike series connection.
They do not oxidise readily at high temperatures.) (ii) Electrician has made series connection of all the lamps
(ii) The resistance between points A and B is given by in electric circuit of house because of which, if one lamp
gets fused, all the other lamps stop working.
This is due to the fact that when devices are connected in
series, then if one device fails, the circuit gets broken and
all the devices in that circuit stop working.
18. When an electric charge Q moves against a potential difference
1 1 1 1
R= = = = =3 V, then the amount of work done is given by
1 1 1 1 3+1 4
W
+ + W=V×V
4 4 + 4 + 4 4 12 12 12
We also know that,
16. (i) The potential difference across a conductor is measured
by means of an instrument called the voltmeter. I = Q/t
(ii) The electric power P is given by P = I R

2 So, Q = I × t …(ii)
The resistance if the heating element is very high. Large and from Ohm’s law,
amount of heat generates in the heating element and it V = IR …(iii)
glows. Putting the values of Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in Eq. (i),
The resistance if connecting cord is very low. Thus, we get W = I × t × I × R
negligible heat generated in the connecting cord and it
∴ Work done, W = I2Rt
does not glow.
Assuming that all the electrical work done or all the electrical
(iii) (a) Silver is a better conductor due to its lower resistivity.
energy consumed is converted into heat energy.

(b) Nichrome should be used in electrical heating

devices due to very high resistivity. W = H =I2Rt
17. (i) Parallel connection is a better way to connect lights and Heating effect of electric current is desirable because it as useful
other appliances in domestic circuit. for the functioning of electrical bulbs, etc., and undesirable
It is because because it leads to unnec essary loss of energy in the form of
(a) when we connect a number of devices in parallel heat.
combination, each device gets the same potential
as provided by the battery and it keeps on working
even, of other devices stop working.
1. (a) A discharge lamp uses a discharge tube which is filled 7. (a) The proper representation of series combination of cells
with a gas at a very low pressure. obtaining maximum potential is
2. (a) Among identical spheres A and B having charges as – 5
C and – 16 C the – 5 C is at higher potential.
3. (b) Slope = ( 2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) = (9 – 0)/ (15 – 0) = (3/5) W
8. (d) Electric potential difference between two points on a
4. (b) Direction of conventional current is opposite to the current carrying conductor is defined as the work done
to move a unit charge from one point to the other.

direction of flow of current, i.e. from positive terminal to

negative terminal. 9. (d) We know that power p is given by P=VI ⇒ I= P/V
5. (c) As the length of wire gets doubled, the cross-sectional So current in cooler is 1500 /200 =7.5 A and power
area will become half of its previous value because drawn by fan is 500 /200=2.5 A.
volume of wire remains constant. Hence, we can see that
So the total current drawn is 7.5+2.5=10A. Hence the
the new resistance is four times the previous resistance.
fuse should be 10A
6. (b) The correct figure is;
10. (d) A fuse wire repeatedly gets burnt when used with a good

+ –

(•) heater. It is advised to use a fuse wire of more radius.
– 11. (b) Rheostat is a device used to vary current.

A
R V 12. (b) Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length
+

and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section.

PHYSICS 35
13. (c) Electric iron uses wires of alloy as they do not oxidise 24. (a) In parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ----
at high temperatures and they do not burn at high 25. (a) Use I = Q/t = ne/t.
temperatures.
26. (a) Electric potential = Work done / (Current × Time).
14. (d) The amount of electrical energy required to be used is

0.01 kWh as 1 Joule = (1/3600000)kWh 27. (b) The voltage across each resistor of a parallel combination
15. (b) To increase the resistance in a network, one has to is the same and is also equal to the voltage across the
connect any given resistor in series. whole combination. Total current is the sum of currents
16. (d) The amount of heat generated is directly proportional flowing in the individual resistors.
to the square of current, resistance of the conductor and 28. (b) i1 < i2 ; V1 =V2
the time for which current is passed. Quantity of heat 29. (b) A student did the experiment to find the equivalent
generated in t seconds, H = I2 R t. On substituting V =

resistance of two given resistor R1 & R2. First when

IR, I = V/R or R = V/I, we get these equations. they are connected in series and next when they are
17. (c) By formula,W=QV connected in parallel. The two values of the equivalent
where, W is the work done, V is the voltage or the resistance obtained by him were RS and RP respectively.
potential difference and Q is the charge He would find that: RS > RP
4000=10×V ⇒ V =400V 30. (a) It is correct because in this experiment of determining
Now we will calculate the current. the dependence of the current on the potential difference
From Ohm’s law, we can write, across a resistor, the voltmeter is connected in parallel to
V=IR (where, I is the current) the resistor and the ammeter is connected in series with
⇒ I= V/R ⇒ I= 400/50 = 8 ampere the resistor.
Hence, the current passing through a resistor of 50Ω is 8 31. (a) A - (r); B - (s); C - (t); D - (p); E - (q)
ampere 32. (a) A - (s); B - (r); C - (t); D - (p); E - (q)
18. (b) The two forms of energy released by a tungsten filament 33. (d) A - (q); B - (p); C - (s); D - (r)
used in a bulb are light and heat.
34. (c) If you connected a voltmeter in series all you are doing
19. (a) The effective resistance between A and B is 4 .

is measuring the difference in potential across a strand

W
20. (a) In series, R = R1 + R2 + R3----

of wire which will be zero (or very near). To measure

21. (c) For air conditioner, Power P = VI = 2000 W voltage you connect the voltmeter in parallel so that you
V = 220 V measure the voltage from the – to the + or the voltage
Current drawn I = P/V = 2000 W/220 V = 9.09 A drop across a load. For a voltmeter the higher the
resistance the more accurate it is.
The current drawn by the air conditioner is 9 A , which is
much greater than the capacity of the fuse in the circuit, 35. (a) There is a relationship between voltage across and
i.e., 5 A. So when a high current of 9 A flows through the current through a conductor. This relationship is called
5 A fuse, the fuse wire will get heated to such an extent Ohm’s law.
that it melts and breaks the circuit, cutting off the power V / I = Constant = R
supply. Hence when an air conditioner of rating 2000 W; Those conductors which obey ohm’s law are called
220 V is operated in a domestic circuit that has a current ohmic conductors. The ohm’s law is true only for ohmic
rating of 5 A, the fuse will blow off cutting off the power conductors.
supply in the circuit.
36. (d) The only correct statement is resistivity is measured in
Again, ohm-metre.
Total power consumption is, P= 2000+500+40+30= 37. (a) The only correct statement is the resistance of a wire is
2570 W directly proportional to length.
So, current drawn I = P/V = 2570/220= 11.6818182 38. (b) The only correct statement is the electric conductors
The power rating of the fuse to be used in this case is contain a large number of free electrons.
more than 11.682 A or nearly to 12 A. 39. (d) Current is a scalar quantity. As we know, if two currents
22. (a) A fuse is always connected in series because when meet at a junction, the total current of the resultant
fuse melts, it breaks down the entire home circuit and current will be the algebraic sum of the two current and
no current flows. In series connection the current for the not the vector sum. The SI unit of quantity of electric
entire house pass through the fuse charge is the coulomb. The coulomb is defined as the
23. (d) Hint: Find the power produced in each circuit after the quantity of charge that has passed through the cross-
equivalent resistance is evaluated and then compare the section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere
three cases. Power P = V2/R within one second.
+ 40. (d) Current = Potential difference/ resistance
2 2

W
W
12 V
– 41. (a) The unit of current is ampere.

42. (b) The potential difference required = 0.2 A × 20 W = 4V.

43. (a) Two resistances of 100 W and zero ohm are connected in 47. (a) Silver is a good conductor of electricity but it is not used
parallel. The overall resistance will be R = 100+0 to make electric wires because it is expensive.
44. (a) If three resistors 2 , 3 and 4 are connected in series
W W W
48. (c) Alloys have higher resistivity than constituents metals.
than equivalent resistance = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
W W W W
49. (a) In the absence of an electric field , the motion of the
45. (d) The resistance depend on the material of which it is electrons in a metal is random. There is no net flow of
made and can be expressed as: charge across any section of the conductor. So no current
flows in the metal.
R= r l/A
50. (a) Electric current is amount of charge flowing per unit
where, R = resistance (ohm)

time.
= resistivity coefficient (ohm m)
51. (a) Tin-lead alloy have the following properties:
r
l = length of wire (m)

(i) It has low melting point.
A = cross sectional area of wire (m2)
(ii) It acts as a safety device.
The factor in the resistance which takes into account the 2 2
52. (d) Electric power P = VI = I R = V /R.
nature of the material is the resistivity.

46. (a) Resistivity is constant for a particular material, it is the

property of material, and it is independent of shape
and size of the object. So it does not matter what size
and shape of object you have if the material is same the
resistivity will be same if they have same temperature.

1. (c) The parallel lines of a magnetic field represent a uniform 10. (b) The most important safety method used for protecting
magnetic field. Hence, option (c) is incorrect. home appliances from short circuiting or overloading is
the electric fuse. This is a safety device having thin wire
2. (b) According to the right hand thumb rule, when the
of short length made of tin (25%) and lead (75%) alloy
conductor is held in the right hand, keeping the thumb
having a low melting point around 200°C. Whenever
from east to west as shown in the figure, the curve of the
current through the fuse exceeds the set limit, the fuse
finger will be from north to south at a point lying directly
wire melts and breaks the circuit. This saves the main
below the wire.
circuit components from damage.
3. (c) Magnetic field due to a current through a straight
11. (c) To avoid risk of electrical shock, the metal body of an
conductor depends on the current (I) and distance from
appliance is earthed. Earthing means to-connect the
the wire (r) i.e,
metal case of the appliance to earth by means of a metal
I wire called earth wire. One end of the metal wire is
B∝
r buried in the earth.
I B 2r B 0.4
4.
5.
(a)
(a)
As, B∝
r
. Then, 1 =
B2 r
⇒ B2 = 1 =
2 2
=0.2 T
The N-pole of the resultant magnet is on the face close to

1 MARK QUESTIONS
A because the magnetic field lines enter in a loop from B 1. The properties of magnetic field lines are as follows:
and come out from A. Also, as a matter of fact magnetic
• Magnetic field lines do not intersect with each other.
lines come out of the N-pole of the magnet. Therefore,
the face close to A represents the N-pole. The currents in • They emerge from the North Pole and terminate at the
A and B are the same. South Pole.
• Inside the magnet, the direction of the field lines is from
6. (c) The strength of the magnetic field lines inside a long
the South Pole to the North Pole.
current carrying straight solenoid is same at all points
because the magnetic field lines are straight, equi-spaced 2. Fleming’s Left hand rule states that if we arrange our thumb,
and parallel to the axis of solenoid and hence uniform forefinger and middle finger of the left hand at right angles to
magnetic field exist inside the solenoid. each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of
the magnetic force, the forefinger points towards the direction
7. (c) The direction of force on the conductor depends on
of magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the
(i) direction of current direction of current.
(ii) direction of magnetic field 3. Split ring plays the role of commutator in an electric motor.
The commutator reverses the direction of the current flowing
Force on the conductor is maximum when the direction
through the coil after each half rotation of the coil. Due to this

of current is at right angle to the direction of magnetic
reversal of current, the coil continues to rotate in the same
field.
direction.
8. (c) Here, option (c) is incorrect as the pattern of magnetic
4. The current drawn by the electric oven can be calculated using
field inside a solenoid is uniform and similar to that of
the formula P = V × I ⇒ I = P/V
bar magnet.
Substituting the values, we get I = 2000 W/220 V = 9.09 A
9. (c) Commercial electric motors do not use permanent
magnets to rotate the armature because permanent The current drawn by the electric oven is 9.09 A which exceeds
magnets are weak and do not produce strong magnetic the safe limit of the circuit. This causes the fuse to melt and
fields in the region. break the circuit.
38 Chapter 12 : Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
3
5. A few of the precautions to be taken to avoid the overloading
of domestic electric circuits are as follows: MARK QUESTIONS
• Connecting too many devices to a single socket should

be avoided 1. The straight current carrying conductor should be placed in
• Using too many appliances at the same time should be the plane of paper, so that it passes through A. This produces
avoided a magnetic field in a plane perpendicular to the plane of paper.
The compass needle remains undeflected due to the vertical
• Faulty appliances should not be connected to the circuit
magnetic field produced by wire, since the compass needle is
6. Following are the methods of producing magnetic fields: free to rotate only in the horizontal plane.
• By using a permanent magnet we can produce magnetic The deflection in the compass needle is maximum when the
field and it can be visualized by spreading iron fillings on conductor through A is perpendicular to the plane of paper
a white paper and keeping a magnet beneath the paper. and the magnetic field due to the straight current carrying
• A current carrying straight conductor produces magnetic conductor lies in the plane of paper.
field.
2. (i) The existence of this field can be detected by using a
• Different types of conductors such as solenoid and
magnetic compass needle. The direction of the magnetic
circular loop can be used to see the presence of magnetic
field is predicted by using Maxwell’s right hand thumb
field.
rule.
7. When the direction of the current is perpendicular to the
(ii) It states that, if you hold a current carrying conductor
direction of the magnetic field is when the force experienced is
the largest. in your right hand, such that the thumb points in the
direction of electric current, then the direction in which
8. The direction of the magnetic field can be determined using fingers encircle, gives the direction of magnetic field.
the Fleming’s Left hand rule. The direction of the magnetic
3. We know that the magnetic field is stronger near the current
field will be perpendicular to the direction of current and the
carrying conductor and weaker as we move away from the
direction of deflection, i.e., either upward or downward. The
conductor. In case of a current carrying circular loop, the
direction of the current is from the front wall to the back wall
magnetic field is weaker near the outer edge but stronger near
because negatively charged electrons move from the back
the centre of the loop. Due to this, the magnetic field lines
wall to the front wall. The directed of the magnetic force is
rightward. Hence, using Fleming’s left hand rule it can be appear as straight lines near the centre.
concluded that the direction of the magnetic field inside the As we move towards the outer edge of the circular loop, the
chamber is downward. magnetic field lines appear to be diverging, so that they can be
circular around the wire of the loop.
2 MARK QUESTIONS 4. According to right hand thumb rule,
N
1. Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field is uniform. The Power line
magnetic field lines are shown below:
W E
I I
S
S N (i) The direction of the magnetic field at a point above the

power line is from South to North.
l (ii) The direction of the magnetic field at a point below the

power line is from North to South.
2. The divergence of magnetic field lines indicates the increase in 5. According to the right hand thumb rule, the magnetic field at
strength of magnetic field near the ends of the solenoid. P is into the plane of paper and at Q it is out of the plane of
paper.
3. Alternating current can be transmitted over long distances
without much loss of electrical energy. This is why it is The strength of the magnetic field at Q will be larger as
considered to be advantageous over direct current for long strength of the field reduces as we move further away from
range transmission of electric energy. the conductor.
4. For this place a compass near the wire. As the current starts to 6. The conditions to obtain permanent electromagnet, if a
flow through the wire, the needle gets deflected. This shows current carrying solenoid is used are given:
that a magnetic field exists.
(i) The current through the solenoid should be direct current.
5. (a) Alternating current (AC)
(ii) The rod inside is made up of a magnetic material such as
(b) Direct current (DC) steel.
PHYSICS 39
(iii) The magnetic material should be of high retentivity and (ii) If P is moved away from Q, then the field associated with
should not lose it easily. Q will decrease and a current will be induced but in the
Solenoid opposite direction.
(iii) Some of the methods of inducing current in the coil are
as below:
Steel (a) Moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.
bar
– + K (b) Moving a coil towards or away from a magnet.
(c) Rotating a coil within a magnetic field.
DC Source
(d) By changing the current through a nearby coil.
7. The magnetic field lines due to a solenoid are shown below:

11. (i) The direction of rotation of the coil when viewed from
the front is anti-clockwise.
A B
(ii) He is trying to achieve the rotation of the coil in one
S N direction. As the current in the coil reverses for every half
turn, the coil rotates in one direction.
12. (i) The induced current increases at a higher speed.
(ii) The induced current is reversed.

+ –
(iii) The induced current increases.
In case of an ideal solenoid, magnetic field strength is
maximum at point A and is minimum or zero at point B. This 13. When the gaps of the split ring commutator are in alignment
is because the magnetic field is strong, where magnetic field with the carbon brushes, then contacts are broken and the
lines are crowded and weak, where magnetic field lines are far current is temporarily cut-off.
apart. At the point C, the density of the field lines is less than
that of point A but greater than that of point B. So, the order of However, the coil keeps on rotating in the same direction due
magnetic field at points A, B and C is: BB < BC < BA to its inertia until the split ring commutator and the carbon
8. (i) No induced current will be produced in the loop as the brushes are in contact again.
constant current flowing in the straight wire produces a
14. Fuse should be placed in the live wire because the live wire
constant magnetic field. Hence, no induced current is
produced in the loop. carries large current. During short circuit or overloading a
large current is produced, then the fuse needs to be in this
(ii) Since, current in the straight wire is changing, hence
part of the circuit, so that it can blow off. If the fuse was on
induced current will be produced in it. Applying Fleming’s
neutral wire and a fault occurred on the line, it would not be
right hand rule, the current flowing in the loop will be in
clockwise direction. sensed by the fuse and the circuit would not blow off.
Induced current direction
Clockwise 5 MARK QUESTIONS
1. (i) Take a straight conductor XY and pass it through the

A B centre of a cardboard. Connect the ends of the conductor
Current direction
to the terminals of a battery through a rheostat Rh, a key
9. (i) When the North pole is pushed into the coil, then
K and ammeter A, so that the current flows from Y to X
momentary deflection is observed in the galvanometer.
as shown in the figure below:
This deflection indicates that momentary current is
produced in the coil. The direction of current in the coil X
is anti-clockwise.
A
(ii) When the magnet is held at rest, then there is no Ammeter Cardboard
deflection in the galvanometer. It indicates that no current + – sprinkled
is produced in the coil in this case. with iron
(iii) While pulling the magnet out of the coil, a deflection in Battery Y filings
the opposite direction is observed. It indicates that the
current produced in the coil is in the opposite direction. Sprinkle some iron filing on the cardboard. When the cardboard
is tapped, then the iron filings will arrange themselves in
10. (i) When coil P is moved towards Q, then current will be
induced in coil Q. This is because on moving P the concentric circles. These concentric circles represent the
magnetic field associated with Q increases and so a magnetic field lines. This shows that around a straight current
current is induced. This phenomenon is electromagnetic carrying conductor, there exists a magnetic field. Also, it is in
induction. the form of concentric circles with the conductor as the centre.
(ii) The direction of the magnetic field line can be given by (ii) (a) No, it will not experience any force. As, the magnetic

the right hand thumb rule. According to this rule, if we field exerts force on a moving charged particle only.
imagine the linear wire conductor to be held in the grip of (b) No, it will not experience any force because the magnetic
the right hand, so that the thumb points in the direction field exerts a force in a perpendicular direction to the
of current, then the curvature of the fingers around the motion of the particle.
conductor will represent the direction of magnetic field
(c) Yes, it will experience a force in a direction perpendicular
lines. If the current flows from Y to X in the straight
to the direction of its own motion and the direction of
conductor, then the direction of magnetic field lines will
magnetic field can be determined by Fleming’s left hand rule.
be anti-clockwise and if the current flows from X to Y
in the straight conductor, then the direction of magnetic 3. Electric power is transmitted at high voltages and low currents
field will be clockwise. to distant places because:
(iii) The magnitude of the magnetic field is directly (i) Wire resistance causes losses in electric power
proportional to the current through the conductors. transmission. If you keep resistance constant, losses are
2. (i) The magnetic field lines due to a circular loop is shown directly proportional to voltage and the square of the
below: current.
(ii) If you double the voltage, for the same power the current
Circular is halved and power dissipation is effectively halved for
loop the same power.
carrying
(iii) Another reason is that cable required for transmitting low
current
currents has less cross-sectional area and is lighter. So, it
is less expensive than heavier cable. Also, the number of
towers required a certain distance is also reduced.
Magnetic Magnetic
field lines field lines
(Anticlockwise) (Clockwise)
+ Key
–
HOTS QUESTIONS
1. (i) A is the North Pole and B is the South Pole because 4. A circuit breaker is a solenoid. The core of a solenoid must be
magnetic field lines originate from the North Pole and made of some soft type of magnetic material which can be
end at the South Pole. strongly magnetized but does not retain induced magnetism.
(ii) C and D are both South Poles because the magnetic field From the information given to us, we can see that metal rod
lines end at the South Pole and the same type of poles (c) shows these properties.
repel each other.
5. The reason could be a short circuit which is resulting in a higher
(iii) E and F are both South Poles because the magnetic field
level of currents to pass through the MCB which is resulting in a
lines end at the South Pole and the same type of poles
trip every time.
repel each other.
2. When magnetic field lines are drawn over the horizontal Another reason could be that the MCB itself is faulty and needs
plane, when the circuit is open, then the magnetic field lines to be replaced.
will be in the form of concentric circles. This is because when 6. (i) False, electric motor converts electrical energy into
the key is open, no current is flowing through the circuit and mechanical energy.
no magnetic field is present. The only magnetic field at the
point O is the Earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetic (ii) True
field lines will be in the form of concentric circles. (iii) True
(iv) False, the wire with green insulation is the earth wire not
3. None of the compass needles will change direction. The
the live wire.
magnitude of the current affects the strength of the magnetic
field. The compass needle gives us the direction of the
magnetic field, which will not change.
PHYSICS 41
I. (1) (d) The deflection in the galvanometer can be seen if III. (11) (d) Split rings are used to reverse the direction of
the bar magnet moves towards or away from the the current in the coil. They are also known as
coil parallel to the axis of the coil. commutators.
(2) (c) If the needle of the galvanometer deflects, it (12) (b) The direction of the current has no effect on the
means there is a change in the magnetic field and size of the turning effect on the coil.
the current is induced.
(13) (b) An electric fan works on the principle of the electric
(3) (a) The emf induced in a conductor directly depends motor. It converts electrical energy to mechanical
upon the rate of change of the magnetic field. energy.
Therefore, the more quickly the magnet is pushed,
(14) (b) The device that makes contact with the rotating
the magnetic field will change that quickly. This rings and through them to supply current to the
will result in a larger induced emf and hence a coil are the brushes.
larger deflection of the meter.
(15) (c) After every half rotation, the direction of the
(4) (d) There must be a relative motion between the current in the coil changes in an electric motor.
coil of wire and a magnet for electromagnetic
induction to take place. IV. (16) (d) Fleming’s left hand rule is used to determine
the direction of force on electron i.e., in south
(5) (d) Resistivity of the coil will determine the resistance direction.
of the coil and induced current through it, as:
(17) (d) The angle between velocity and magnetic field is
Emf
Induced current = ————— zero. Therefore, magnetic force on the particle is

Resistance zero.
II. (6) (c) No two magnetic field lines are found to cross (18) (a) A magnetic field exerts no force on a stationary
each other. If two field lines crossed each other, it electric charge.
would mean that at the point of intersection, the
(19) (a) As the direction of current is taken opposite to the
compass needle would point in two directions at
direction of motion of electrons, therefore, current
the same time, which is not possible.
from the motion of electron and proton is in the
(7) (d) The magnetic field and hence, the magnetic same direction, i.e., from bottom to top. Now,
lines of force exist in all the planes all around the according to Fleming’s left hand rule, the electron
magnet. and the proton experience forces both pointing
into the plane of paper.
(8) (d) The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown
by the degree of closeness of the field lines and (20) (a) The direction of force acting on the electron beam
the direction of the magnetic field is obtained by will be
tangent to the field lines at the point of intersection. V. (21) (c) Electrical to Mechanical
(9) (d) The magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet (22) (b) The bar will be magnetised as long as there is
are closed continuous curves directed from N to current in the circuit.
S outside the magnet and directed from S to N
inside the magnet. Hence option (d) is correct. (23) (a) A bar magnet
(10) (d) Inside a bar magnet, the direction of field lines is (24) (d) Only II
from south pole to north pole. (25) (a) For a current of 0.8A the magnetic field is 13 mT.
NCERT QUESTIONS
1. The compass needle gets deflected due to the magnetic field No two magnetic field lines cross each other.
around a bar magnet.
2. The figure shows magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

S N
Properties of magnetic lines of force:
The magnetic field lines form a closed loop.
3. Three methods of producing magnetic field are as given 12. An electric motor works on the principle that when a
below: rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and a current
is passed through it, a force acts on the coil which rotates
(i) Passing electric current through a straight conductor/
it continuously. Hence, electrical energy is converted into
circuit.
mechanical energy.
(ii) Passing electric current through a circular loop.
(iii) Passing electric current through a solenoid. 13. Split rings act as commutator and its function is to reverse the
direction of current flowing through the coil.
4. If two magnetic lines of force intersect each other it would
mean that there are two directions of the magnetic field at the 14. Current is induced in a coil in the following ways:
point of intersections which is not possible. (i) When a magnet is moved towards or away from coil or
5. Applying the right hand thumb rule, the magnetic field inside there is a relative motion between coil and magnet, a
the loop is in vertically downward direction and outside the current is induced in the coil circuit.
loop, it is in vertically upward direction. (ii) When a current passing through a coil changes, then a
current is induced in a coil placed near it.
6.
15. Based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction,
Magnetic field lines
electric generator are prepared. In an electric generator,
Mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic
field to produce electricity. This is the principle of an electric
S N generator.
16. Some sources of direct current are electrochemical dry cells,

In a uniform magnetic field, the magnetic field lines of force solar cells, lead acid accumulator batteries, DC generators,
are parallel and equidistant from each other as shown in the etc.
diagram.
17. Some sources that produce alternating current are AC
7. (d) Magnetic field inside a solenoid is same at all the points. generators, thermal power stations, car alternators, etc.
8. (d) Proton is a charged particle. When it moves in a magnetic 18. (c) After half revolution, the direction of motion of
field, a magnetic force is applied due to its velocity and rectangular coil changes. Thus, the direction of induced
hence the momentum changes. current changes.
9. The force acting on a current carrying conductor rod when 19. Electric fuse and earth wire are two safety measures commonly
placed in a magnetic field. used in electric circuits.
(i) When current in rod AB is increased, the displacement 20. The following precautions should be taken to avoid the
of rod is increased, as force acting on rod is directly overloading domestic electric circuits as given below:
proportional to the current flowing through it. On
increasing the current, force on the conductor increases. (i) The circuits should be of proper current rating and
appliances should be connected accordingly.
(ii) If a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used, then the strength
of magnetic field will increase leading to greater force on (ii) Wires should be checked from time to time and those
the rod. Due to this, the displacement of rod will increase. wires whose insulation is worn, should be immediately
replaced.
(iii) Displacement of conductor is increased with an increase
in length of the conductor. On increasing the length, (iii) Connection of too many appliances in a single socket
more force will act on the conductor. must be avoided.
10. (d) The positively charged particle is moving towards West, 21. (d) The magnetic field lines due to a straight current carrying
i.e. the direction of current is towards West (current flows wire are concentric circles with centre on the wire.
in the direction of the motion of positive charge). The
22. (c) The process of producing induced current in a coil due to
particle is deflected towards North, so the direction of
relative motion between a magnet and the coil is known
force is towards North. Thus, from Fleming’s left hand
as electromagnetic induction.
rule, the direction of magnetic field is in upward direction.
23. (a) Generator converts mechanical energy to electrical
11. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb,
energy.
forefinger and middle finger of the left hand perpendicular to
each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of the 24. (d) AC generator has slip rings while DC generator has
magnetic force, the forefinger points towards the direction of split rings as commutator. Due to slip rings, the current
the magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the produced by AC generator flows in both directions
direction. while current produced by DC generator flows in single
direction.
PHYSICS 43
25. (c) Increases heavily. More the number of turns in the field coil, more the magnetic
field. Therefore, the suitable field coil sizes are used for various
26. A solenoid behaves like a magnet when electric current passes
commercial purposes.
through it.
One end of a solenoid behaves as a North pole and the other B C

end behaves as a South pole. We can use a bar magnet to
N S
determine the North and South poles of a current carrying
solenoid by using the property i.e. like poles repel and unlike A D
PQ
poles attract each other. Split rings
(P and Q) Y X Brushes
The end of solenoid which attracts North pole of a bar magnet Axle (X and Y)
is magnetic South pole of the solenoid. The end of solenoid
which repels the North pole of a bar magnet is the magnetic + –
North pole of the solenoid.
A simple electric motor
27. The force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed
29. Some devices in which electric motors are used are electric
in a magnetic field is the largest when conductor is kept
fans, refrigerator, mixers, washing machines, computers, MP3
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
players, etc.
28. Principle of a simple electric motor is when a rectangular
30. (i) The galvanometer shows a deflection which means
coil carrying current is placed in a magnetic field, a torque
current is induced in the coil. Current is induced in the
acts on the coil which rotates it continuously. When the coil
coil due to the relative motion between coil and magnet.
rotates, the shaft attached to it also rotates and thus it is able
to do mechanical work. The main parts of electric motor are (ii) The galvanometer shows a deflection in opposite
the magnets, armature, split ring commutators and brushes. direction which means current is induced in opposite
The armature consists of a rectangular coil made of insulated direction. In this case, the direction or motion is in the
copper wire wound on a soft iron core. The coil is mounted on opposite direction w.r.t. coil.
an axle and is placed between the cylindrical concave poles (iii) There is no deflection in galvanometer as no current is
of a magnet. The commutator is used to reverse the direction induced in the coil. This is because there is no relative
of flow of current. It is a copper ring split into two parts P and motion between coil and magnet.
Q. The split rings are insulated from each other and mounted
on the axle of the motor. The two ends of the coil are soldered 31. Yes, current will be induced in coil B. When the current in coil
to these rings. They rotate along with the coil. Commutator A is changed, the magnetic field around it changes. As the
rings are connected to a battery. The wires from the battery coils are close to each other the magnetic field around coil B
are not connected to the rings but to the brushes which are changes and hence induces a current in coil B.
in contact with the rings. The brushes are two small strips of 32. (i) Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule.
carbon, which press slightly against the two split rings, and the
split rings rotate between the brushes. The carbon brushes are (ii) Fleming’s left hand rule.
connected to a D.C. source. (iii) Fleming’s right hand rule.
Working of the Electric motor: 33. An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The principle of working of an electric generator is that
When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around when a loop is moved in a magnetic field, an electric current
the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away is induced in the coil. It generates electricity by rotating a coil
from the left magnet and drawn towards the right, causing in a magnetic field. The following figure shows a simple AC
rotation. When the coil turns through 90 degrees, the brushes generator.
lose contact with the commutator and the current stops flowing
through the coil. However, the coil keeps turning because of
its own momentum. Now when the coil turns through 180 C B
degrees, the sides get interchanged. As a result the commutator N S
ring P is now in contact with brush Y and commutator ring Q D A
is in contact with brush X. Therefore, the current continues to R2
flow in the same direction. Brushes
Rings
R2 B2 (B1 and B2
Difference between simple electric motors and commercial (R1 and R2
electric motors:
In commercial electric motors, field coils are used for

producing magnetic fields and not a permanent magnet as in
simple electric motors. These coils become magnetized when MNST → Rectangular coil, A and B → Brushes
current is passed through them. Field coils give a stronger,
C and D → Two slip rings, X → Axle, G → Galvanometer
more easily shaped magnetic field than permanent magnets.
If axle X is rotated clockwise, then the length MN moves 34. An electric short circuit occurs when the insulation of wires
upwards while length ST moves downwards. Since the lengths is damaged or there is a fault in the appliance. Due to this
MN and ST are moving in a magnetic field, a current will be the live wire and neutral wire come in direct contact and the
induced in both of them due to electromagnetic induction. current in the circuit increases abruptly.
Length MN is moving upwards and the magnetic field acts
35. The earth wire is connected to a metallic plate buried deep
from left to right. Hence, according to Fleming’s right hand
inside the earth. In this way, the metallic body of appliance
rule, the direction of induced current will be from M to N.
is connected to the earth, which provides a low resistance
Similarly, the direction of induced current in the length ST will
conducting path for electric current. Hence, any leakage of
be from S to T. The direction of current in the coil is MNST.
current to the metallic body of appliance flows to the earth
Hence, the galvanometer shows a deflection in a particular
through the earth wire. The user might not get a severe electric
direction. After half a rotation, length MN starts moving down
shock on touching such an appliance in case of a fault.
whereas length ST starts moving upward. The direction of
the induced current in the coil gets reversed as TSNM. As
the direction of current gets reversed after each half rotation,
the produced current is called an alternating current (AC).
Brushes are used to maintain contact between rotating rings
and the circuit
1. Magnetic field is a region around a magnetic material or a 10. Potential difference between live wire and neutral wire in
moving electric charge in which the force of magnetism acts. domestic circuit is 220 V and frequency of AC is 50 Hz.
2. The direction of magnetic field at a point is determined by 11. The imaginary lines representing magnetic field around a
placing a small compass needle at that point. magnet are known as magnetic field lines.
3. The poles of a magnet are marked in the figure below: (i) If two field lines intersect each other, this would mean
that at the point of intersection the direction of magnetic
field is in two directions, which is not possible.
N S N S

(ii) The direction of field lines outside a magnet is from North
pole to South pole while it is from South to North pole
inside the magnet and thus forms closed curves.
(a) (b)
12. (i) When the coil is kept in the North-South plane and the
4. current is flowing in the anti-clockwise through the loop,
then the magnetic field is in the East to West direction.
S N (ii) When the coil is in vertically East-West plane and current
through the coil is in anti-clockwise direction, then the
magnetic field is in the South to North direction.
Magnetic field. due to a bar magnet
(iii) When a circular coil carrying current is placed horizontally
5. The conclusion that can be drawn is that magnetic field exists and the direction of the current is clockwise, then the
around a current carrying conductor. direction of the field for the observer positioned below
the coil is in the downward direction.
6. The rule that gives the direction of induced current is called
Fleming’s right hand rule. 13. From diagram, we can see that current is entering from A and
emerging out from B.
7. When current in primary coil changes, then a current is
induced in the secondary coil.
⇒
8. Alternating current can be transmitted to long distant A B A B
places without much loss of electric energy. That’s why it is
considered to be advantageous over direct current for long
range transmission of electric energy. Thus, using right hand thumb rule, direction of magnetic field
lines is from B to A. We know that, magnetic field lines move
9. The current that we receive in domestic circuit is alternating from North to South direction. Thus, B represents North pole
current (AC), while that which runs a clock is direct current or A represents South pole.
(DC).
PHYSICS 45
14. Magnetic field lines due to a solenoid (ii) Electric motor is device which is used to convert electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The working of electric
Variable resistance
– + motor depends upon the interaction of magnetic field
A with current.
Current
(iii) (a) Armature: It is coil wound over a soft iron core.

etic
It rotates in magnetic field when a current flows
gn
P P through it.
ld
Ma
Fie
– + (b) Brushes: They provides a sliding contact and
facilitates current through armature while it rotates
in field.
Fig.: (1) Magnetic Fig.: (2) Concentric
field around a straight circles indicate the (c) Split ring: It ensures unidirectional current
conducting wire. field lines through armature as it rotates in field.
In case of an ideal solenoid, magnetic field strength is
19. The word “electromagnetic” is related to the interrelation
maximum at point A and is minimum or zero at point B. This
between electric currents (or fields) and magnetic fields.
is because the magnetic field is strong, where magnetic field
“Induction” is the process of giving rise to something.
lines are crowded and is weak, where magnetic field lines are Therefore together, they mean the process of generation of an
far apart. At the point C, the density of the field lines is less electric current in a closed circuit from magnetic effects, i.e. by
than that of point A but greater than that of point B. So, the changing magnetic fields.
order of magnetic field at points A, B and C is BB < BC < BA
Three factors on which the value of induced current in a coil
15. (i) Right hand thumb rule is used to find the direction of the in presence of a magnet depends upon are:
lines of magnetic force in a current carrying conductor.
(i) The number of turns in a coil circuit.
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule gives the direction of magnetic (ii) The strength of magnet used.
force acting on a conductor.
(iii) The speed with which magnet is pushed into (or pulled
(iii) Fleming’s right hand rule shows the direction of induced outside) the coil.
current when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.
Fleming’s right hand rule is used to determine the direction of
16. (a) Overloading occurs when an electric circuit draws more induced current.
current than the permitted value and short circuiting
occurs when the ends of a circuit are connected by a Electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic
conductor of very low resistance as compared to that of induction.
circuit. 20. (i) An electric current produced in a closed circuit by a
(b) The coils of electric toaster made of an alloy rather than changing magnetic field is called an induced current. This
pure metal because:− phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. An
electric generator works on the basis of electromagnetic
(i) resistivity of alloys is generally higher than its induction.
constituent metals.
(ii) Three different ways to produce induced current in a coil
(ii) It has high melting point. of wire are as following:
(iii) It does not oxidise i.e., burn. (a) If a magnetic field is changed around a coil, then an
induced current is set up in it. Lt can be done by taking
17. Fuse wire is used in electric circuits to prevent the excess a bar magnet and bringing it closer to the coil or taking it
current flowing into the circuit and therefore preventing the away from the coil.
appliances from getting damaged. (b) If a coil is moved in a magnetic field, then an induced
current is set up in the coil.
Fuse should be placed in the live wire because the live wire
carries large current. During short circuit or overloading a (c) By changing the magnitude of current flowing through
large current is produced, then the fuse needs to be in this part another coil kept close to the coil.
of the circuit, so that it can blow off. If the fuse was on neutral 21. Advantages of alternating current (AC) over direct current
wire and a fault occurred on the line, would not be sensed by (DC):
the fuse and circuit does not blow off. (a) AC is easy and cheaper to generate than DC.
18. (i) Fleming’s Left Hand Rule: (b) AC can be transferred to long distance as compared to
DC.
According to this rule, if thumb, fore-finger and middle (c) Power loss in AC is less as compared to DC during
finger of left hand are stretched mutually perpendicularly transmission.
to each other then, fore-finger gives direction of magnetic (d) AC can be easily converted into DC.
field, and middle finger gives direction of current in
conductor, then thumb points in the direction of force Source of DC - Batteries
acting on the conductor. Source of AC - Power plants
Advantages of alternating current over direct current are as If you double the voltage, for the same power the current
follows: is halved and power dissipation is effectively halved for the
(i) Alternating voltages can be stepped up or stepped down same power.
as per requirement, using a transformer.
Another reason is that cable required for transmitting low
(ii) Alternating voltages can be transmitted over long
currents has less cross-sectional area and are lighter. So, it is
distances with small loss of power.
less expensive than heavier cable. Also, the number of towers
22. Wire resistance causes losses in electric power transmission. If required a certain distance is also reduced.
you keep resistance constant, losses are directly proportional
to voltage and the square of the current.
1. (a) A small rod is wound round with certain coils and current 15. (b) The force experienced with doubled current is maximum
is allowed for sometime. When the rod was taken out, i.e., F = BIL = 10 N
it was found not to attract iron. The material of the rod
16. (a) The deflection in the needle becomes opposite when the
may be copper.
direction of the current is reversed.
2. (b) It remains stationary. i.e.,1 : 4
17. (d) The magnetic field at that point is proportional to zero.
3. (b) The potential difference that can be produced using an
18. (a) A magnet having a pole strength m is cut along its length
AC generator be doubled by doubling the area of the coil
into two equal parts. The strength of the pole of each of
A.
the magnets is m/2
4. (a) Power rating of an appliance indicates the amount of
19. (c) Energy can not be produced or can not be lost.
energy consumed by it in one hour.
20. (c) At every point of a current carrying circular loop, the
5. (b) A circular coil of area A is rotated about its diameter with
concentric circles representing the magnetic fields
an angular velocity w. The potential difference produce
around it would become larger and larger as we move
is NABw (Here, N – Number of turns).
away from the wire and so large at the centre of circular
6. (c) The incorrect statement is leaving both the planes. loop that they look like straight lines.
7. (d) A moving charge experiences maximum force when the 21. (b) In order to find the direction of induced current one uses
angle between its velocity and magnetic field is 90º Fleming’s right-hand rule.
8. (c) Alloys are usually used in electrical heating devices 22. (b) MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
because resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than
23. (d) Flux meter is used to measure magnetic field.
that of constituent elements. Alloys do not oxidize readily
at high temperature. 24. (d) Magnetic field produced by the passage of current
through a straight wire is not permanent.
9. (c) Magnetic field lines caused by a solenoid due to closed
loops. 25. (d) The direction of magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet
is from south to north pole inside the magnet and from
10. (c) A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a
north to south pole outside the magnet.
galvanometer forming a loop and a magnet is
26. (b) The lines of force due to earth’s horizontal magnetic field
B: moved away along its axis
are concentric circles.
C: moved towards along its axis
27. (a) The heat generated in the 4 ohm resistor is 2 cal/s.
11. (d) A horizontal power line carries current from east to west.
28. (b) Each turn of a coil forms its own magnetic field.
The direction of magnetic field at a point below the wire
is directed towards south. 29. (a) An electromagnet consists of a core of soft iron wrapped
around with a coil of insulated copper wire.
12. (a) Magnetic field is the region around a magnet where the
magnetic force is experienced. 30. (d) One bar is placed flat horizontal on the table and the
other bar is held vertical with its one end on the middle
13. (d) A coil of rectangular dimension is rotated in a magnetic
of first bar. If there is attraction between the two, the
field. The flux associated, changes due to the change in
vertical bar is magnet otherwise ordinary iron.
Angle between strength of field B and Area A.
31. (d) Magnetic filed at both the points is outwards
14. (a) The magnetic force experienced is 12 × 10–12 N.
PHYSICS 47
32. (c) On increasing the number of turns in coil, current 46. (d)
decreases.
(ii) Right hand thumb rule can be employed to know the
33. (c) Fleming’s left hand rule. direction of magnetic field produced by a current
carrying wire.
34. (a) The magnitude of the force experienced by a current-
carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field will (iii) Melting point of the material of fuse wire should be
be maximum if the directions of current and magnetic extremely low.
field are perpendicular to each other.
47. (d) An electric generator actually acts as a converter of
35. (c) An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy
energy to mechanical energy.
48. (b) Production of current by relative motion between a
36. (d) ‘The coil and the axle continuously rotate in one magnet and a coil
direction’ is not related, all other statements describe the
49. (a) The Brushes used in electric generator is made of carbon.
construction.
50. (c) A DC motor and a DC generator
37. (d) Wires with red insulations are conventionally used as live
wires, whereas the wires with black insulations are used 51. (c) Magnetic field inside a long solenoid is uniform. This
as neutral (or negative) wires and the wires with green magnetic field magnetises the iron bar.
insulations or steel wires are used as earth wires. It is not
a rule. 52. (a)
38. (a) Parameters of electricity supply are different in different 53. (d) Force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field B is
 
countries. In India they are: Potential Difference of 220 given by F = QvBsinθ is angle between v and B when
V, Frequency of 50 hertz and Current Rating of 5A/15A. charged particle move parallel to magnetic field θ = 0°.
39. (c) Only earth’s magnetic field will be present. \ F = QvBsin0o = 0 ( sin 0° = 0)
40. (c) A - (q); B - (s); C - (r); D - (p) 54. (c)
41. (c) A - (s); B - (r); C - (p); D - (q) 55. (a) Electric generator is a device which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
42. (a) A - (s); B - (r); C - (q); D - (p)
56. (c) Electromagnet is soft iron bar placed inside a solenoid
43. (b) North & South poles of a magnet can not be separated. carrying current.
44. (b) An electric generator is a device that converts electrical 57. (c) Transformer have the following properties:
energy into mechanical energy.
(i) It is use to step up a.c. potential difference.
45. (c) Magnetic field lines form in concentric circles around a
cylindrical current-carrying conductor, such as a length (ii) It is use to transmit a.c. to distant places.
of wire. The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of
58. (a) Direct current
a circular coil carrying current is inversely proportional to
the radius of the circular coil i.e. the field strength reduces (i) Its magnitude is either constant or variable.
as the radius of the coil increases.
(ii) Direction of flow in a conductor remains the same.

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PHYSICS

YOUR FOCUS BECOMES YOUR FUTURE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Since light travels in a straight line, any obstacle obstructing

(ii) When lenses of 10 D and –5 D are taken, total power is:

Therefore, from III observation, radius of curvature,

1. Distance of object, u1 = – 60 cm Ray 1

1 1 1 1 1 Speed of light in water, vw = 2.2 × 108 ms–1

5. If h1 and h2 are the sizes of the images formed in two conjugate 3u = 20 + u ⇒ 2u = 20 ⇒ u = 10 cm

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

the frequency of the wave remains constant. This

− (v)  object is placed  1 1

O B´ 25. Given, object size, ho = 5cm, Object distance, u = – 20 cm

Screen should be placed at 54 cm in front of mirror.

CBSE PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

In the above figure,

(ii) Given, m = –1, u = –50 cm  It is known that, 1 ×2 =1

Therefore, the image is real and inverted and of same 1 2

4 3 12. Given, height of object, ho = 5 cm, focal length, f = –10 cm,

B´ Now, object is moved 20 cm towards the lens.

(ii) For shaving purpose, mirror B(f = 15 cm) would be −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −2+1

(ii) Given, there is a divergent lens. It means that the given

Given, focal length, f = – 20 cm

(iii) Given, magnification, m = –1 v

The negative sign indicates that it is a diversing or concave

NTSE & OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS

beyond 2m, then he is suffering from myopia. In this

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

2 MARKS QUESTIONS and muscle

Image Formation by Eye: The light rays coming from object

9. (i) The retinal cones of bees are sensitive to the ultraviolet B C

2. (a) (i) Rectangular slab: The incident beam of light after

(c) The negative sign of focal length shows that it is a

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

9. Hypermetropia is corrected by convex lens. 100 1

CBSE PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

O (b) Violet light suffers maximum deviation and red light

(ii) Any light that gives a spectrum similar to that of sunlight v − 25 × 6

Sunlight (ii) We see advertisements for eye donation on television or

White light R However, an observer on earth sees an object in the

NTSE & OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS

11 ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (d) I = 4.8 A, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C 8. (a) We know that,

amount of current through the circuit can be measured. Rheostat

7. We know that work done in moving a charge Q in a potential

Since, Q= 200 mC =20 × 10-3C I I I

Since, V= IR Putting the value in the above equation.

Req= (R1 + R2 + R3…+Rn). Thus, we can say that the

V 10 14. When resistors are connected in parallel, the equivalent

should be connected in series. MARKS QUESTIONS

For parallel combination, connected to a battery of V volts. An ammeter is also shown

For series combination,

13. The cord of an electric heater is made of copper which has V2

heating element on the other hand is made of nichrome. This

The total current in the circuit can now be found as:

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

(4) (a) In summers, temperature is more, so resistance is H = I2 Rt ⇒ H´ = I´2 Rt

(19) (d) The resistances shown by curve A and curve E are

C = 4 × 30 = 120 kWh [∴ September has 30 days]