JAMMU AND KASHMIR

THE TURMOILS OF A PRINCELY STATE

RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL

UNIVERSITY OF LAW, PUNJAB

HISTORY PROJECT SEMESTER - 1

JAMMU AND KASHMIR - TURMOILS OF A PRINCELY
STATE

Submitted by: Supervised by:

Pranav Chadha DR. RACHNA
SHARMA
Semester – 1st Asst Professor of
HISTORY

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Roll no. – 22273 Rajiv Gandhi National University of

Law,
Punjab

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Research project on “JAMMU AND KASHMIR -

TURMOILS OF A PRINCELY STATE ”, submitted to Rajiv Gandhi
National University of Law, Punjab, Patiala is an outcome of my original
work carried out under the supervision of Dr. RACHNA SHARMA. The
project is entirely based on my own research work and has not been submitted
elsewhere. All the ideas and references have been duly acknowledged. To best
of my understanding, the project is free from plagiarism

Pranav Chadha
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab,
Patiala
Date

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

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This is to certify that the Research Project on “JAMMU AND KASHMIR -

TURMOILS OF A PRINCELY STATE ” submitted to Rajiv Gandhi
National University Of Law , is a research work carried out by “Pranav
Chadha” under my supervision and guidance for further evaluation.

Dr. RACHNA SHARMA

Assistant professor of Histroy
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab
Patiala
Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every humble being should always first honor and thank those who have
helped him throughout their journey. With that, I would like to express my
gratitude towards Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, which has allowed
me to pursue good and structured academic schemes and has added to my level

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of skills. Every opportunity I get here, every work that I undertake or intend to
undertake I will always be grateful to my University.

Further, I would like to thanks our respected Vice-Chancellor Dr. G.S. Bajpai
for steering the university towards growth based and efficient academic
curriculum which allows one to explore and implore their skills and work upon
them to a greater extent.

Further, I would like to thank my teacher Dr . Rachna Sharma, for allowing

me to choose a Topic of my choice and then guiding me from the first rough
draft to this extremely researched final draft. In this journey and afterwards, I
would always be indebted to you.

Lastly, I would like to extend my letter of thanks to my friends and family for
showing faith in me in the journey of this research project, they are the
backbone of this project and have motivated me when I felt like I cannot do it
anymore. And God, without your eyes on me and inner strength this project
would have always remained an idea.

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Table of Contents

S. No. Description Page No.

1. Geographical Profile of Jammu and Kashmir 3-4
2. Demographic Profile 4
3. The Ethnic Composition 4
4. Historical Background – Ruling Dynasties 6
5. The Dev Kings – an Forgotten Dynasty 6-8
6. Sikh Kingdoms of Jammu & Kashmir 8-9
7. Prominent rulers of Jammu Kashmir under Sikh Empire 9
8. Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir (1846-1947) 9-10
9. The State of Turmoils and the issues 10-11
10. Rebellion in Pooch Area 11
11. Communal Violence in Jammu 11-12
12. War of 1947-48 12
13. Role of United Nations 13
14. Efforts in Integrating Jammu & Kashmir 13
15. Role of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel 13-15

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16. Role of VP Menon 15-16

17. Role of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 16
18. Jammu & Kashmir Instrument of Accession 16-18
19. Indo – China Was 1962 18
20. Indo – Pak War 1965 18-19
21. Indo – Pak Was 1971 19
22. Indo – Pak Kargil War 1999 19-20
23. Re-Organization of Jammu and Kashmir 20
24. Article 370 21
25. Article 35-A 21
26. Internet ban in Jammu and Kashmir 21-22
27. Analysis and Conclusion 22-24
28 The Impact 24-26
29. References 26

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A formal statement of acknowledgment will hardly meet the end of justice in

the matter of expressing my deep sense of gratitude to all those who help me in
completion of my project. I would like to give special thanks to DR. Rachna
Sharma Assistant Professor of History, Department of law, RGNUL for guiding
me from time to time right for giving direction to the research to prepare the
report. He provided with valuable suggestion and information related to the
project and really co-operated a lot during project. She was deeply concerned
and involved for wellbeing. I also would like thank Almighty GOD, present for
their blessing and also to friends, who were a source of inspiration during the
project work.

PRANAV CHADHA
CLASS: BA LLB 1ST YEAR
SECTION: C
ROLL NO.:

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1. Geographical Profile of Jammu and Kashmir

“Jammu and Kashmir is a region with a unique personality in comparison to
other parts of the world.The history of Jammu and Kashmir spans several eras,
and the territory is split into numerous valleys and regions, each of which has its
own special importance. Morphologically, it is divided into three regions viz.
Ladakh, Jammu and the Kashmir valley – all of which are rich in natural
landscapes, religions as well as diversity in people and each having distinct
features of its own. Nevertheless, keeping in view the physiography of the state,
it is divided into six physical divisions i.e. the Outer Plains, the Shivaliks, the
Middle Himalayas, the Valley of Kashmir, the Great Himalayas and the Plateau
Of Ladakh.”1

i)
Kashmir Division
“The region, which is both beautiful and contentious, is bordered by
the Pir Panjal Range in the southwest and the Himalayan Range in the
northeast. The valley's 15,520.3 km2 of area is divided from the
Tibetan plateau by the Himalayas and is approx. 6070 ft above the sea
level. Most of Kashmir valley is covered with thickly forested
mountains and the basin of Kashmir spans about 100 kilometers wide
areas. The River Jhelum, along with its tributaries, flows through this
Kashmir valley. A few other major rivers flowing through this region
include the Indus and the Chenab

Many scholars say that the name Kashmir came from a lake drained
by the great Saint of ancient India Kashyap.”2
1
“Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory).” Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2022,

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)#:~:text=The%20southern%20Jammu%20region%20is,flowing

%20through%20the%20Jammu%20region.

2
“Kashmir Valley.” Wikipedia, 1 Sept. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valley.

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ii) Jammu Division

““Jammu was founded by Hindu King Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th
century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the
Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same
place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his
name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and
became “Jammu“.” 3The south most Hilly regions of Kashmir valley
formed the Jammu province; this region borders Kashmir to the north,
Ladakh to the east and Punjab, Himachal to the south. There are
several low lying basins in the region; for instance, the Poonch Valley,
Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, and the Liddar Valley are some of the
notable ones. The most important rivers of the Jammu region are Tawi
River and Chenab River that flows towards Pakistan. The Pir Panjal
range separates Jammu from Kashmir.

iii) Ladakh Division

Coming onto Ladakh, it accounts for nearly two-thirds of the area and
is essentially a cold desert. This region is encompassed by several
oasis villages and a couple of ancient Buddhist monasteries.

Ladakh region forms the northern and eastern parts of the state. It is an
arid tableland with an average altitude of 5000 meters. It is a cold
desert having very low rainfall and scanty vegetation. Indus River
passes through this region

The Greater Himalayas in the region are called ‘Zanskar.’ The average
height of Zanskar range is about 5940 meters and Some of the coldest
places like Drass and Rangdom located in Greater Himalayas.

iv) BOUNDARIES
The erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir shares its borders with China in the
east, Pakistan in the west, Afghanistan in the north and plains of
Punjab and Himachal in the south and south-east.

3
“List of Kashmir Kings Since 3450 BCE January 19, 2017.” Booksfact, 19 Jan. 2019, www.booksfact.com/history/list-kashmir-

kings-since-3450-bce.html.

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2. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
The detailed analysis of Population Census 2011 published by Govt. of India for
Jammu and Kashmir state reveal that population of Jammu and Kashmir is
12,541,302 (males and females are 6,640,662 and 5,900,640, respectively), and
increased by 23.64% in this decade compared (2001-2011) to past decade
(1991-2001) with a dynasty of 124 persons per sq. Km. The population of
Jammu and Kashmir forms 1.04 percent of India in 2011.

3. ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

According to the 2011 census, Islam is practiced by about 68.3% of the state
population, while 28.4% follow Hinduism and small minorities
follow Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%). Division
Wise Ethnic Composition is detailed below:

i) Kashmir:
About 96.4% of the population of the Kashmir valley are Muslim, followed
by Hindus (2.45%) and Sikhs (0.98%) and others (0.17%) Shias live in the
district of Budgam, where they are a majority. The Shia population is
estimated to comprise 14% of the state's population.

ii) Jammu:
In Jammu, Hindus constitute 62.55% of the population, Muslims 33.45%
and Sikhs 3.3%.

iii) Ladakh:
In Ladakh (comprises Buddhists-dominated Leh and Shia Muslim-
dominated Kargil), Muslims constitute about 46.4% of the population, the
remaining being Buddhists (39.7%) and Hindus (12.1%).

4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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The past of Jammu and was also relied upon the geography of these regions,
J&K came under the rule of emperor Akbar after the Afghan occupancy ended
in 1756 and after Mughals, it came under the direct control of Sikh empire from
1819 and from 16th of March 1846, Jammu and Kashmir became a different
political and geographical entity with the establishment of treaty of Amritsar
between Sikh and British, The British under this treaty sold Kashmir to the Raja
of Jammu for 75 lakh rupees. After this treaty, the Kashmir was united with the
Jammu province and the Single entity known as “Jammu and Kashmir”
originated. From this treaty till Indian Independence, Jammu and Kashmir was
rules by the Dogra dynasty. The excavations near the city center of Jammu also
tell us about Jammu being a part of Harrapan civilization to know more about
the past history of Jammu and Kashmir, we need to start from the Dev Dynasty.
It can also be called the forgotten dynasty of Jammu and Kashmir which ruled
Jammu for 984 years from 840CE to 1816CE.”4

A) Dynasties
 Utpala Dynasty (855 – 939 AD)
 Gupta Dynasty (948 – 1003 AD)
 Lohara Dynasty (1003 – 1171)
 Deva Dynasty (1171 – 1339)
 Shah Mir Dynasty (1339 – 1555)
 Chak Dynasty: (1555 – 1586)
 Mughal Rule in Kashmir (History) (1587 – 1752)
 Afghan Rule in Kashmir (1752 – 1819)
 Sikh Rule in Kashmir (1819 – 1846)
 Dogra Dynasty:
 Gulab Singh (1846 – 1857)
 Ranbir Singh (1877 – 79)
 Pratap Singh (1885 – 1925)
 Hari Singh (1925- 1948)

5. THE DEV RULERS – A FORGOTTEN DYNASTY

The dev dynasty has been forgotten by the government of India as the
Vansavalis was the only source to study the developments of dev dynasty in
Jammu and Kashmir and the historian can be said to rely upon the different
autobiographies like the autobiography of Timūr Gurkānī who was a Turco-
Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day
Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid
dynasty. The founder of the Dev dynasty was Suraj dev who repulsed Bajr Dhar
to conquer the Land of Jammu and Kashmir. During this period, there was a rise
of Muslim population in the northwestern area of Indian Subcontinent and there
was a rise of Muslim powers in the Western world after the origin of Islam in
610 following the first revelation to the prophet Muhammad at the age of 40.
4
“Jammu and Kashmir (State).” Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state).

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Muhammad and his followers spread the teachings of Islam throughout the
Arabian Peninsula i.e., Middle East.

Some prominent tribes like Khokhars and Gujjars were also coming into power
in the area of Kashmir during the rise of Suraj Dev in Jammu & Kashmir. This
Dynasty remained under the power of other kingdoms most of the time but in
1816, it was annexed by Sikh empire of Lahore under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
and Dev dynasty came to an end. It is still the most mysterious dynasty that has
ruled a large area for a whole 984 years and there are still very few sources to
study about their developments.

Chronology of the Dev Dynasty Rulers:

1. Suraj Dev (840 AD – 912 AD)

2. Bhoj Dev (912 AD – 982 AD)
3. Avtar Dev (982 AD – 1020 AD)
4. Jas Dev (1020 AD – 1053 AD)
5. Samgram Dev (1053 AD – 1094 AD)
6. Jaskara Dev (1094 AD – 1164 AD)
7. Bijay Dev (1164 AD – 1215 AD)
8. Narsingh Dev (1220 AD)
9. Arjan Dev (1250 AD – 1310 AD)
10. Jodh Dev (1310 AD – 1361 AD)
11. Mal Dev (1361 AD – 1400 AD)
12. Hamir dev (1400 AD – 1423 AD)
13. Ajeeb Dev (1423 AD – 1454 AD)
14. Biram Dev (1454 AD – 1489 AD)
15. Geoghar Dev (1500 AD – 1530 AD)
16. Kapur Dev (1530 AD – 1571 AD)
17. Jagdev (1571 AD – 1590 AD)
18. Sangram Dev (1594 AD – 1626 AD)
19. Hari Dev (1656 AD – 1692 AD)
20. Gaja Singh (1692 AD – 1707 AD)
21. Dhiruv Dev (1707 AD – 1733 AD)

 SOME PROMINENT RULERS UNDER DEV DYNASTY

Suraj Dev – He was the founder of Dev dynasty and he rules Jammu when
there was a chaos all round and it was very difficult for any small ruler to rule
this territory and the power of the region was in the hands of Balor i.e., modern
day Baddubalor in Jammu Divion. Suraj Dev was a friend of Hindu shahi of
Kabul, Afghanistan and He died while fighting the Muslim invaders, Suraj
Dev’s Wife Neela performed “Sati” after the death of her husband. Suraj dev
was an efficient ruler and a competent administrator who ruled Jammu for 72
years from 840AD – 912AD.

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Suraj Dev’s empire was divided into seven departments and every department
had a head called “Vakeel” and the systemization of work is said to be
introduced by Suraj dev in the area of Jammu.

Bhoj Dev – Bhoj Dev was also very closely related to the Hindu shahi of Kabul.
He ruled this region for about 70 years and he also died while fighting the
Muslim invaders. He fought very bravely against the father of Mahmud of gazni
i.e., Subuktijin.

Avtar Dev – He also supported the hindu shahi, He sent his brother Prahlad to
support jaipal against Mehmud but unfortunately, Both were killed in the fight,
Different historians have their own opinion on the Legacy of Avtar singh.

Jass Dev – Founder of jasrota town, gave a new town to his brother karan dev
whose decedents came to be known as Jasrotia.

Jaskara Dev or Chakar Dev – He was another prominent ruler of Dev dynasty
unlike some of the rulers. He faced the problems with Khokars in the Hilly
regions of Jammu and Kashmir. He invited Mohd. Ghori to fight with the
Khaokars and shifted his loyalty towards Mohdghori.

His wife parmeshwari ended her life in the river ganga, after her death the raja
made a temple known as dhakkiparmeshwari in the bank of Tawi river. The
other rulers had very few records left to be presented in the documentations.

We can say that the dev dynasty was under the protection of Kashmiri rulers, at
that time, Kashmir was under the Lohara dynasty.

6. SIKH KINGDOM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR (1820-1846)

When we talk about the kingdoms of Jammu and Kashmir, then Sikh empire
plays the most important part in the developments of Jammu and Kashmir.
Following the Battle of Shopian in 1819, Kashmir was conquered by the Sikh
army led by Ranjit Singh of Punjab after four centuries of Muslim rule.
Kashmiris at first greeted the new Sikh rulers with open arms since they had
suffered under the Afghans. But the Sikh governors proved to be strict
taskmasters, and Sikh administration was commonly regarded as oppressive.
This perception may have been reinforced by Kashmir's distance from Lahore,
the Sikh Empire's capital. The Sikhs implemented a variety of anti-Muslim
laws, including the death penalty for cow slaughter, the closure of the Jamia
Masjid in Srinagar, and the outlawing of the azaan, the Muslim call to prayer in
public. The kingdom of Jammu (located south of the Kashmir valley) was also
taken by the Sikhs and became a tributary earlier, in 1780, following the death
of Ranjit Deo. Gulab Singh, the grandnephew of Ranjit Deo, eventually applied
for employment at the court of Ranjit Singh, excelled in following battles, and

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was chosen to become the Raja of Jammu in 1820. Gulab Singh soon won
control of Ladakh and Baltistan for the Sikhs with the aid of his officer Zorawar
Singh.

7. PROMINENT RULERS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR UNDER

SIKH EMPIRE
Raja Ranjit Singh - The first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which governed the
northwest Indian subcontinent in the first part of the 19th century, was Ranjit
Singh, also known as Sher-e-Punjab or the "Lion of Punjab" or Sher-e-Punjab
who conquered Jammu and Kashmir.

Gulab Singh - Gulab Singh Jamwal was the first Maharaja of Jammu and
Kashmir, the second-largest princely state under the British Raj, which was
established following the collapse of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh
War. He was also the founder of the Dogra dynasty.

8. PRINCELY STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR (1846-1947)

Gulab Singh participated in the First Anglo-Sikh War, which began in 1845
"managed to keep a low profile until the Battle of Sobraon 1846, when he
emerged as Sir Henry Lawrence's go-to mediator and valued advisor. There
were two treaties signed. By the first the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab)
handed over to the British, as equivalent for (rupees) ten million of indemnity,
the hill countries between Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over
to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 7.5 million all the hilly or mountainous country
situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i.e. the Vale of Kashmir) (i.e. the
Vale of Kashmir).Gulab Singh became the Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir
when the Treaty of Amritsar released him from his responsibilities to the Sikhs.
During the 1857 rebellion against British authority in India, the Dogra’s'
devotion to the British was advantageous to them. While allowing English
women and children to seek safety in Kashmir and sending Kashmiri soldiers to
fight for the British, the Dogra’s refused to offer refuge to mutinous soldiers. In
exchange, the British ensured that the Dogras would dominate Kashmir in the
future. The emirates of Hunza, Gilgit, and Nagar were incorporated into the
monarchy not long after Gulab Singh's passing in 1857. In existence between
1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was then
known) was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully
coherent identity, partly as a result of its disparate origins and partly as a result
of the autocratic rule which it experienced on the fringes of Empire." It
combined various regions, beliefs, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh's
inhabitants primarily ethnically and culturally Tibetan and embraced Buddhism;
to the south, Jammu's population was a mix of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs;In
the densely populated central Kashmir valley, the majority of the population
was Sunni Muslim, but there was also a small but significant Hindu minority,
the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan
had a population that was related to Ladakh ethnically but practiced Shia Islam;

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to the north, similarly sparsely populated Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse,
mostly Shi'a groups; and to the west, Punch. Muslims were subjected to harsh
tyranny during Hindu rule, including exorbitant taxes, unpaid forced labor, and
discriminatory laws, despite being the majority. Because of the hunger and the
Dogra kings' policies, a large number of Muslims from Kashmir moved from
the Valley to Punjab. A Hindu aristocracy reigned over a sizable, poor Muslim
peasants. The Muslim peasants were chronically in debt to landowners and
moneylenders, lacked education, were unaware of their rights, and did not
organise politically until the 1930s.

9. THE STATE OF TUMOILS AND THE ISSUES

Mughals in 1586, Afghans in 1751, Sikhs in 1819 and British installed Dogra
rule from 1846. After all these developments in the region of Jammu and
Kashmir, World saw a sun rise of freedom and sunset of Partition of Indian
Subcontinent. During our independence, the last Dogra ruler of Jammu &
Kashmir Maharaja Hari Singh decided to stay neutral and not to join either
Pakistan or India.

Maharaja Hari Singh had a vision to make Jammu Kashmir as Switzerland of

Asia by being neutral in every war and conflicts and he had a vision to develop
Jammu & Kashmir in terms of Education, Health etc. when the talks of
neutrality were ongoing, the national conference party that was working under
Sheikh Abdullah led a struggle for self-rule against the maharaja in 1931.

The major objective of the national conference party in 1931 led by sheikh
Abdullah was the establishment of democracy in Jammu& Kashmir and
abolishment of monarchy system of Dogras.

They even demanded establishment of constitutional monarchy in Jammu &

Kashmir.

The Indian subcontinent was then divided into three sections in 1947: India,
Pakistan, and East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh). Jinnah developed a
notion known as the "Two Nation Theory" during the partition, according to
which there should be a separate nation for Muslims since they cannot exist in
an India with a Hindu majority. Jinnah had an opinion about Kashmir that, “As
Kashmir is having 77% population of Muslims, Kashmir Should be a part of
Pakistan”. In order to maintain the "Status Quo" for Jammu and Kashmir, the
Maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan's dominion. This
arrangement allowed for the movement of people and goods between Pakistan
and J&K as well as transportation over the border of Independent Jammu and
Kashmir. Maharaja also want to sign this standstill deal with India, but several
circumstances prevented this from happening.

10. REBELLION IN POONCH AREA

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Some former British Indian Army troops began a mutiny against the maharaja's
forces. In response, the maharaja's army opened fire on the rebels, killing some
of them instantly. This incident transformed the relatively modest insurrection
in the Poonch region into a significant uprising.

To protest Maharaja Hari Singh's activities in the Poonch region, the populace
assembled, and the uprising there quickly descended into violence.

11. COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN JAMMU

There were riots everywhere during the partition of India and Pakistan, and in
the same way, there were occurrences of communal violence in the Jammu
region. Numerous Muslims were massacred during the period of partition in
communal violence in both India and Jammu; as a result, thousands of Muslims
in Jammu left their homes and migrated to Pakistan.

These two justifications were provided by the Pakistani government, who then
sent tribal Pashtun fighters from the NWFP to invade Jammu and Kashmir on
October 22, 1947. These tribes originated in Pakistan's northwest, which
borders Afghanistan. They received weaponry from the Pakistani government to
attack Jammu and Kashmir.

As a result, Maharaja Hari Singh requested military assistance from India to

counter Pakistani operations in Jammu and Kashmir. However, India
maintained a demand in front of him and gave the Maharaja a condition to offer
military assistance to counter Pashtun tribes supplied by Pakistan. If the
Maharaja wants military assistance to defend his realm, He must join the Indian
Union by Instrument of accession. Finally on 26th October, Instrument of
Accession was signed for Jammu and Kashmir by Maharaja Hari Singh and
Indian Union.

As it was signed under duress and does not represent the will of the people of
Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan rejected this instrument of accession. Pakistani
Government officially said that “the will of public is not represented”

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12. INDO – PAK WAR OF 1947-48

The first Indo-Pak conflict started shortly after Maharaja Hari Singh and the
Union of India signed the instrument of accession. India moved its army to
Srinagar to defend Jammu and Kashmir from attacks by Pashtun tribal groups
sponsored by Pakistan. Since there were no roads leading to Srinagar, India's
Army was sent there by airplane. On higher ground, there was fierce combat
amongst the soldiers. Attackers were pushed by the Indian army toward Jammu
and Kashmir's northern regions. However, with Pakistan's assistance, a
temporary government was founded in Jammu and Kashmir's western region
during this conflict, and the region that was governed by that provisional
government became known as Azad Jammu & Kashmir. This region afterwards
joined Pakistan as an "Independent Part."

The reader can refer to this map to better understand the positions of India,
Pakistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir.

13. ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS

The Kashmir issue was then brought up to the United Nations in 1948, and the
organization established the UNCIP commission as a result (United Nations
Commission for India and Pakistan) and security council resolution was
adopted.

Resolution 47 of United Nations Security Council

1. Pakistan should withdraw all nationals and irregulars from Jammu and
Kashmir
2. India should withdraw its army and only keep minimum force in Jammu
and Kashmir
3. A Plebiscite to ascertain the will of people

But Pakistan didn’t withdraw its forces and stalemate continues till now and the
line where the soldiers were situated by Pakistani government came to be
known as Line of control (A De Facto Border) from 1948 between India and
Pakistan.

14. EFFORTS IN INTEGRATING JAMMU AND KASHMIR

When India got independence on 15th August 1947, over 500 princely States
Joined the Indian Union but three States still refused to join the union of India,
Junagadh, Hyderabad and the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and
Pakistan had a dream to get Jammu and Kashmir into their territory.

With About 84471 Square Km in Area, it was the most crucial point between
both India and Pakistan and was much bigger than other princely States as
compared to Hyderabad, Junagadh etc. but the population of Jammu and
Kashmir was less as compared to other parts of the Union.

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Before the Partition of Sub-Continent, Muslims were in slight majority (53%) in

the Area of Jammu but due to mass migration during the communal violence in
the area of Jammu, Muslims saw a huge drop of population in the Jammu region
while Kashmir had a substantial Muslim population.

15. ROLE OF SARDAR VALLABH BHAI PATEL

Despite his deteriorating health and advanced age, Sardar Patel never lost sight
of the main reason for establishing United India. Sardar Patel, who served as
India's first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, was crucial in bringing
the country's approximately 565 princely kingdoms into the Indian Union. A
few princely States, like Kashmir, Travancore, Hyderabad, Junagadh, and
Junagadh, were opposed to joining the Indian State. While Sardar Patel put forth
a lot of effort to reach an understanding with the princely kingdoms, he did not
hold back when it came to using the Sama, Dama, Dand, and Bhed tactics.

For the purpose of integrating Jammu and Kashmir Patel dispatched Guru
Golwalkar, the head of the RSS, to Srinagar in order to persuade the Maharaja
of the futility of an independent Kashmir and to warn him that Pakistan will
never accept his independence and will instigate a revolution. Guruji gave
Maharaja his word that Sardar Patel will take care of Kashmiris. Guruji returned
to Delhi on October 19 and informed Sardar of the developments after Maharaja
indicated his willingness to sign the instrument of accession. The Kashmiri PM
appealed to the British PM on October 15, 1947, about a paucity of supplies and
Pakistani border raids, but the British did little.

The two national personalities in the valley had divergent opinions. Patel has
unfavorable thoughts on Sheikh Abdullah due to his vision and ambitious
attitude, whilst Nehru had an antipathy to him.

The Maharaja informed Patel in a letter dated October 23, 1947 that almost the
whole military of a certain village had either fled or refused to cooperate. Patel
volunteered to assist the Maharaja at the meeting of the Indian cabinet's defence
committee on October 25, but Nehru's response was, "Maharaja must associate
Abdullah without resistance." Mahajan and Abdullah argued for the urgent
necessity for Indian soldiers during a critical meeting on October 26 at Nehru's
home. Mahajan was instructed by Patel to go back to Kashmir and inform the
Maharaja about the arrival of the Indian troops. The Maharaja made a written
appeal for military support on the same day he signed the Instrument of
Accession in Jammu. So, Patel first time visited in Srinagar on 3 rd November
1947, studied the situation and ordered the enemy to be drive out.

Abdullah met Nehru when Ambedkar declined to create Article 370 giving
Kashmir a special status. Nehru ultimately told Ayyangar, another member of
the Drafting Committee, to frame it. All of the constitutional assembly's leaders,

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with the exception of Maulana Azad and Ayyangar, including Ambedkar and
Patel, opposed it. They believed that the restricted application of Central
legislation to J&K would lead to more issues than it would resolve. However,
because of Nehru's naive persistence, nobody steps in.

The son of Maharaja Hari Singh and afterwards Sadar-e-Riyasat of the State,
Dr. Karan Singh, said that "Sardar Patel continued on the contact with my
father, which ultimately led to seamless political transition in J&K," even while
Pandit Nehru was dealing directly with Jammu & Kashmir.

16. ROLE OF SHRI V.P. MENOM (UNSUNG ARCHITECT OF

MODERN INDIA)
Menon, who had grown to trust Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, was appointed
secretary of the Ministry of the States when India attained independence. Patel
admired Menon's political acumen and work ethic, and Menon received from
his political superior the respect for his job that a civil worker needed.

Menon and Patel collaborated closely on the political integration of India,

during which more than 565 princely states were incorporated into the union of
India. Menon served as Patel's ambassador and managed the diplomacy between
the States Ministry and the different Indian princes. Patel valued Menon's
diplomatic creativity and frequently did not object when Menon deviated from
the rules.

The Patiala and East Punjab States Union Agreement was signed by VP Menon.
Menon also collaborated with Patel in the military campaign against Junagadh
and Hyderabad, two adversarial republics, and provided Nehru and Patel with
advice on their dealings with Pakistan and the Kashmir dispute. Menon had
been sent by the Cabinet in 1947 to secure Kashmir's admission to India.

Menon visited Jammu & Kashmir, one of the states, to obtain its admission. The
Afridi tribesmen's invasion reached Srinagar's outskirts by October 25, 1947,
causing the Maharaja of J&K to flee the capital and move to Jammu.

The Indian government's defense committee met on October 26 to consider

whether a military involvement in J&K would be effective. Lord Mountbatten,
who attended this summit, noted that J&K was an independent nation because it
had not acceded to either India or Pakistan.

Mountbatten believed that if the Maharaja joined India, soldiers might be

dispatched to save the state. Menon then took off for Jammu and obtained the
Maharaja's signature on the document.

After securing accession, Menon and his staff at the Ministry of States had to
focus on ensuring comprehensive integration. Regarding the majority of

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princely states, this was a politically uncomplicated issue despite being legally
difficult. Sheikh Abdullah, then the prime minister of J&K, and officials of the
Indian government failed to reach an agreement on the position of J&K inside
India.Thus, it was determined that the status under the 1947 IoA would be
reflected in the Indian Constitution.

Based on this knowledge, the final version of Article 370, which was included
in the Indian Constitution, was created.

17. ROLE OF PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

In order to grant J & K a unique status, Nehru Ji and Sardar Patel added an
additional item at the conclusion of the Indian constitution, which is now known
as Article 370. A new point, designated 35A in Article 35, was introduced in
light of the implementation's challenges. In addition to the Indian National
Congress and its leaders, Hari Singh disliked both. Even though King Hari
Singh continued to serve as the nominal head of state till 1952, Nehru Ji
compelled him to anoint his son as Yuvraj. One of the few educated young
people in Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah founded a party to fight for Kashmiris'
rights.

Nehru Ji was always in the team for the integration of Jammu and Kashmir and
Leaded the Indian officers for the purpose of integration, It was Pandit Nehru
who with VP Menon and Sardar Patel did all the negotiations with the Princely
States for the Unification of India

18. JAMMU AND KASHMIR INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION

Meaning

“The Jammu and Kashmir Instrument of Accession is a legal document

executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of Jammu and
Kashmir, on 27 October 1947”.

Text of Instrument of accession

“The text of the Instrument of Accession, excluding the schedule mentioned in

its third point, is as follows:

Whereas the Indian Independence Act, 1947, provides that as from the fifteenth
day of August, 1947, there shall be set up an independent Dominion known as
INDIA, and that the Government of India Act, 1935 shall with such omissions,
additions, adaptations and modifications as the Governor General may by
order specify, be applicable to the Dominion of India.

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And whereas the Government of India Act, 1935, as so adapted by the Governor
General, provides that an Indian State may accede to the Dominion of India by
an Instrument of Accession executed by the Ruler thereof.

Now, therefore, I Shriman Inder Mahinder Rajrajeswar Maharajadhiraj Shri

Hari Singhji, Jammu & Kashmir Naresh TathaTibbetadi Deshadhipati, Ruler of
Jammu & Kashmir State, in the exercise of my Sovereignty in and over my said
State do hereby execute this my Instrument of Accession and:

1. I hereby declare that I accede to the Dominion of India with the intent that
the Governor General of India, the Dominion Legislature, the Federal
Court and any other Dominion authority established for the purposes of
the Dominion shall by virtue of this my Instrument of Accession but subject
always to the terms thereof, and for the purposes only of the Dominion,
exercise in relation to the State of Jammu & Kashmir (hereinafter referred
to as "this State") such functions as may be vested in them by or under the
Government of India Act, 1935, as in force in the Dominion of India, on
the 15th day of August 1947, (which Act as so in force is hereafter referred
to as "the Act').

2. I hereby assume the obligation of ensuring that due effect is given to

provisions of the Act within this State so far as they are applicable therein
by virtue of this my Instrument of Accession.

3. I accept the matters specified in the schedule hereto as the matters with
respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make law for this State.

4. I hereby declare that I accede to the Dominion of India on the assurance

that if an agreement is made between the Governor General and the Ruler
of this State whereby any functions in relation to the administration in this
State of any law of the Dominion Legislature shall be exercised by the
Ruler of the State, then any such agreement shall be construed and have
effect accordingly.

5. The terms of this my Instrument of Accession shall not be varied by any

amendment of the Act or the Indian Independence Act, 1947, unless such
amendment is accepted by me by Instrument supplementary to this
Instrument.

6. Nothing in this Instrument shall empower the Dominion Legislature to

make any law for this State authorizing the compulsory acquisition of land
for any purpose, but I hereby undertake that should the Dominion for the
purpose of a Dominion law which applies in this State deem it necessary to
acquire any land, I will at their request acquire the land at their expense,
or, if the land belongs to me transfer it to them on such terms as may be

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agreed or, in default of agreement, determined by an arbitrator to be

appointed by the Chief Justice of India.

7. Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit in any way to

acceptance of any future constitution of India or to fetter my discretion to
enter into agreement with the Government of India under any such future
constitution.

8. Nothing in this Instrument affects the continuance of my Sovereignty in

and over this State, or, save as provided by or under this Instrument, the
exercise of any powers, authority and rights now enjoyed by me as Ruler
of this State or the validity of any law at present in force in this State.

9. I hereby declare that I execute this Instrument on behalf of this State and
that any reference in this Instrument to me or to the Ruler of the State is to
be construed as including a reference to my heirs and successors.

Given under my hand this 26th day of October, Nineteen Hundred and Forty
Seven.
Hari Singh
Maharajadhiraj of Jammu and Kashmir State.”5

19. INDO - CHINA WAR 1962

“The Sino-Indian War between China and India occurred in October–November
1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main cause of the war. There had
been a series of violent border skirmishes between the two countries after
the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when India granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. India
initiated a defensive Forward Policy from 1960 to hinder Chinese military
patrols and logistics, in which it placed outposts along the border, including
several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of the Line of Actual
Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.

20. INDO – PAKISTAN WAR 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 or the Second Kashmir War was a culmination
of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965
between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation
Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to
precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. It became the immediate cause of
the war. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides
and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank
battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a
5
“Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir.” Cjp,

cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/instrument_of_accession_of_jammu_and_kashmir_state.pdf. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022.

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ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic

intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent
issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the
countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and
Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since
the Partition of India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during
the 2001–2002 military stand-off between India and Pakistan. Most of the
battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial
backing from air forces, and naval operations.

India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was
declared. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as
a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan, as it had neither succeeded in
fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful
support at an international level.

21. INDO – PAKISTAN WAR 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India
and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East
Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16
December 1971. The war began with Pakistan's Operation Chengiz Khan which
was preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the
commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for
independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces,
expanding the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani forces engaging on
both eastern and western fronts. 13 days after the war started, India achieved a
clear upper hand, the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed
the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking
the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. Approximately
93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army.

22. INDO – PAK KARGIL WAR 1999

The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought
between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil
district of Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC).
In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay, which was the
codename of the Indian military operation in the region. The role of the Indian
Air Force in acting jointly with the Indian Army was aimed at flushing out both
the Pakistan Army and irregular Pakistani troops from vacated Indian positions
along the LoC, in what was designated as Operation Safed Sagar.

The conflict was triggered by the infiltration of Pakistani troops—disguised

as Kashmiri militants—into strategic positions on the Indian side of the
LoC, which serves as the de facto border between the two countries in
the disputed region of Kashmir. During its initial stages, Pakistan blamed the

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fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind

by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of
Army Staff showed the involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led
by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air
Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LoC;
facing international diplomatic opposition, Pakistani forces withdrew from all
remaining Indian positions along the LoC.

23. RE-ORGANIZATION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 is an act of the parliament
of India containing provisions to reconstitute the Indian-administered state
of Jammu and Kashmir, a part of the larger region of Kashmir which has been
the subject of dispute among India, Pakistan, and China since 1947, into two
Indian - administered union territories (UTs) called Jammu and Kashmir,
and Ladakh, and becoming effective on 31 October 2019. A bill for the act was
introduced by the Minister of Home Affairs, Amit Shah, in the Rajya Sabha on
5 August 2019 and was passed on the same day. It was then passed by the Lok
Sabha on 6 August 2019 and it received the president's assent on 9 August
2019.

The act consists of 103 clauses, extends 106 central laws to the UTs, repeals
153 state laws, and abolishes the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative
Council among other things. The introduction of the bill was preceded by a
presidential order which indirectly amended Article 370 of the Indian
constitution and revoked Jammu and Kashmir's special status. The act has also
given powers to the central government to pass a number of executive orders in
relation to both the union territories. These orders have resulted in the
modification or repeal of over 400 state and central laws with respect to the
union territories. The act has been challenged in court through a number of
petitions.

The combination of the presidential orders and enactment of the Reorganisation

Act was followed by a security lockdown and communications blackout. After
August 2019, China and Pakistan made statements opposing India's changes.
Calls for the restoration of statehood have been made in India.”6

24. ARTICLE 370

“Article 370 of the Constitution of India is described as a “temporary provision”
that grants the state of Jammu and Kashmir a special autonomous status within
the Indian union. Under article 370(1)(b), the Union Parliament can only make
laws for the state, “in consultation with the Government of the State,” on certain
6
“The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.” Wikipedia, 27 July 2022,

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act,_2019.

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matters that were specified in the Instrument of Accession – namely defense,

foreign affairs, and communications. Other matters in the legislative subject
lists can apply to Jammu and Kashmir only with the “concurrence of the
Government of the State” through a presidential order. Article 370(1)(d)
stipulates that other constitutional provisions may be applied to the state from
time to time, “subject to such modifications or exceptions” made by the
president of India, also through a presidential order, as long as they do not fall
within the matters referred to above and except with the concurrence of the state
government.

25. ARTICLE 35-A

Saving of laws with respect to permanent residents and their rights
notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no existing law in force
in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and law hereafter enacted by the
Legislature of the State (a) defining the classes of persons who are or shall be
permanent residents of the State of Jammu and Kashmir; or (b) conferring on
such permanent residents any special rights and privileges, or imposing upon
other persons any restrictions, as respects:

i. Employment under the State Government;

ii. Acquisition of immovable property in the State;
iii. Settlement in the State; or
iv. Right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State
Government may provide shall be void on the ground that it is
inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any rights
conferred on the other citizens of India by any provision of
this Part’.

26. INTERNET BAN IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

A security lockdown and communications blackout were implemented on
August 5, 2019, to stop protests that resulted in the unlawful detention of
thousands of individuals, especially young men, in Jammu & Kashmir. The
lockdown began on August 5, 2019, following the revocation of Jammu and
Kashmir's special status by the repeal of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian
Constitution and the implementation of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization
Act, 2019. No foreign journalists have been permitted by the Indian government
to cover Kashmir since August 5th. The Indian government reported on
September 6 that almost 4,000 individuals had been detained and arrested in the
disputed area. More than 200 lawmakers were detained. To stop the
purposefully created misinformation on social media, the Indian government
banned all broadband and mobile internet services in the area in August 2019.
With no social media connectivity, 2G internet service was restarted in January
2020. Although there have been some confirmed COVID-19 infections in the
area, the 4G internet restriction has been upheld by the government, preventing
people from learning crucial information about the COVID-19 pandemic and

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associated safety precautions. Medical institutions have identified the

prohibition on 4G as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in J&K since the area
continues to lack access to information regarding WHO testing guidelines and
their associated preventative actions in a time of pandemic sickness, Amnesty
International also encouraged the government to restart 4G Internet. According
to press sources, doctors:

“According to news media, are not able to deal the corona virus due to non-
availability of 4G Internet and lack of significant information available online.
In April - May 2020, Supreme Court of India heard a batch of writ petitions
challenging the ban on 4G internet services. J&K administration opposed the
plea stating that "the right to access the internet is not a fundamental right". On
11 May 2020, Supreme Court disposed of these petitions refusing the request
for restoration of 4G internet services. Court, however, constituted a special
committee composed of senior bureaucrats to look into the issue. The
committee ironically was composed of the bureaucrats having a major hand in
imposing the censorship.”

27. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

“For the first time after seven decades, the Indian Constitution and all the 890
Central laws are fully applicable to J&K. This has meant the application of 170
more Central laws to J&K, including progressive laws such as the Scheduled
Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1954, the
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, the National Commission for
SafaiKaramcharis Act, 1993, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forests Rights) Act, 2007, the National Commission
for Minorities Act, and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act, 2009.

The follow-up after the constitution of the two Union Territories has been swift.
Simple rules have been formulated for issuing domicile certificates this will
create a much-needed level-playing field for all residents.

The J&K government has also initiated a massive recruitment drive to fill up
10,000 vacancies in the local government; another drive to fill up 25,000 posts
is in the pipeline. Also on the anvil are revised rules to enable the hitherto
disadvantaged groups like Scheduled Tribes, OBCs and economically weaker
sections to get employment.

Other measures which have ensured mainstreaming of the region are the
enforcement of the Right to Information Act, 2005, direct supervision of the
Central Vigilance Commission with regard to anti-corruption cases and the
setting up of the 18th Bench of the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) for
the UTs of J&K and Ladakh.

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New Delhi has given top priority to eliminate corruption in Kashmir. The anti-
corruption bureau of India has unearthed several large-scale financial scams in
the last year.

The Jammu and Kashmir administration has made progress in the sphere of
education. According to achievements listed by the Government of India, 50
new colleges are offering a total of 25,000 seats. Seven new medical colleges,
five new nursing colleges and one state cancer institute has been set up in
Kashmir.

Recruitment of Kashmiri youths to the security forces and army has been
opened up and over 5,000 candidates signed up for recruitment in the Indian
Army. More than 50,000 vacancies are being created in government
departments and undertakings.

Benefits of pensions have been extended to 5532 widows while 172 families
were allotted houses under the Prime Minister Awas Yojna. Government is
opening 13 Kendriya Vidyalayas in remote areas of Kashmir. Roads are being
repaired.

It is believed that the terror network has been dealt a severe blow in the last few
months, as its leadership has been taken out in operations.

The domination of the hinterland by security forces has had a crippling effect on
the terrorist tanzeems (organisations) and, resultantly, their ability to undertake
terror incidents was degraded.

Terrorist related incidents declined to 120 from 188 during this period. Between
August and December 2019, as many as 25 terrorists were killed, bringing the
total number for 2019 to 152. This year, until March end, the total number of
terrorists killed was 32, but then came the jump that has taken the total up to
148.

As many as 219 local residents had joined terror groups in 2018, while the
number dropped to 119 in 2019.

The first of these is the rehabilitation of the Kashmiri Pandits, who were
hounded out of the Valley 30 years ago by militants.

4,000 of them have got jobs in the UT and many others are listed for
employment.

Also, over 20,000 refugees from West Pakistan, who were treated as aliens in
their own country and denied all rights, have been given domicile rights and
financial assistance of Rs 5.50 lakh per family.

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28. THE IMPACT

i) How abrogation of special status has weakened the RTI regime of Jammu
and Kashmir?
ii) Jammu and Kashmir Government had constituted a committee headed by
Administrative Secretary General Administrative Department (GAD)
which had to inspect whether J&K will come under the purview of
Central Information Commission or it needs a separate Information
Commission being a Union Territory now. They were also needed to find
out whether the officers appointed as First Appellate Authorities (FAAs)
and Public Information Officers (PIO) under the repealed J&K RTI Act
2009 would be reappointed as FAAs & CPIOs. According to media the
committee have recommended applicability of Central RTI Act 2005 in
J&K which means the aggrieved RTI appellants will have to file their
appeals again before Central Information Commission, New Delhi and it
is now going to take months and years for appeal or complaint disposal in
Central Information Commission.

iii) Sudden Rise in insurgency pre Act 370 Scrapping Anniversary - The
Kashmir valley has seen a sudden rise in the number of encounters with
terrorists, ahead of the first anniversary of the scrapping of Article 370 on
5 August. The number just goes to show that terrorism continues to be the
main challenge in Jammu and Kashmir, just as it was before the special
status of the state was scrapped.

iv) Official figures show that the terrorist strength in the Kashmir valley is
now below 200.Two spells of lockdown: the first after Jammu and
Kashmir was stripped of its statehood and its special constitutional status
and the second related to COVID-19 have left the erstwhile State in
disarray.

v) With the tourism industry crippled and 4G Internet still not restored,
J&Ks economy has suffered. While terrorism considerably dipped, cross-
border infiltrations have gone up and more locals are being recruited for
terrorist activities.

vi) Internet Speed: The Internet shutdown in the J&K U.T. between August
4, 2019 and March 4, 2020 was the longest in any democracy. Even after
the shutdown ended, only 2G and broadband Internet were restored

vii) Tourism Downfall: Tourism, which forms 8-10% of J&Ks GDP, was in
a shambles after the August 5, 2019 lockdown. Less than 50,000 tourists
visited the U.T. between August and December 2019.

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viii) State of joblessness: The CMIE data show that the unemployment rate
(UR) breached the 20% mark in August 2019 after staying below the
figure for 30 months.

ix) Economy Shock: In the 120 days after August 5, 2019, the 10 districts of
the Kashmir Valley suffered a loss of ₹17,878.18 cr. according to the
Kashmir Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Here is how the figure was
arrived at;

x) Lockdown Impact: Terrorism-related deaths hit a low in 2012 after

continuously declining from 2001. However, terrorism returned to the
Valley since, peaking in 2018

xi) Fatalities Drop: According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP),
the lockdown and increase in Army presence led to a decrease in
terrorism-related deaths. Yet the fatalities post-lockdown were higher
compared to the low levels seen in 2012.

xii) Local Threat: Despite the decrease in terrorism-related deaths, the

number of local recruits increased. In 2020, until March, 87.5% of the
militants killed were locals according to SATP.

xiii) The local media in Jammu and Kashmir were one of the first services to
take a hit, the Forums report noted. With all communication suspended
and Section 144 imposed across the state, no newspapers were published
for two months.

xiv) A recent report by the Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir
has stated that there were across-the-board violation of human rights and
frequent closures, harassment at barricades and checkpoints, among
various other restrictions of basic freedoms and access to legal aid.

xv) The report noted that there had been an across-the-board violation of
human rights, including the vitiation of protections such as habeas
corpus, prevention of illegal detention and strict restrictions on arrest and
detention of children.

xvi) Mass detentions of politicians and activists, including three former chief
ministers and 144 miners were reported after 4 August. The youngest
detained child is reportedly 9-years-old.

xvii) The authorities in Jammu and Kashmir have halted the investigation in
tens of thousands of cases alleging human rights violation against the

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government and security forces before the region was converted into a
Union Territory (UT) last year August.”

xviii) The government had abolished the Jammu and Kashmir State Human
Rights Commission (SHRC) on 5 th August last year after the central
government abrogated Article 370 in the region.”

29. REFERENCES
 Drishti IAS Notes and www.drishtiias.com
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org – History of Kashmir
 https://jkplanning.gov.in
 https://jammu.nic.in
 https://census2011.co.in
 Articles in Daily English Papers – Daily Excelsior, Early Times
 https://mgstrustjammu.com
 https://byjus.com
 https://jagran.com
 https://youtube.com – History Fox, JKSSB, JKPSC, SSC online tutorials
 https://jk.gov.in
 https://jammuandkashmir.nic.in
 The Jammu and Kashmir Re-organization Act., 2019- Wikipedia,
 The Gazettee of India – Ministry of Law and Justice -
https://egazette.nic.in

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