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Financial and Managerial
Accounting 15e
Carl S. Warren
Professor Emeritus of Accounting
University of Georgia, Athens
Jefferson P. Jones
Associate Professor of Accounting
Auburn University
William B. Tayler
Brigham Young University
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Financial and Managerial Accounting, 15e © 2020, 2018 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Carl S. Warren
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Jefferson P. Jones
WCN: 02-300
William B. Tayler
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Cover and Internal Design: Ke Design Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955049
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Preface
4 7
Chapter
Chapter
iii
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iv Preface
15
with managerial concepts and principles. Then it
Introduction to
Chapter
moves students through developing the informa-
Managerial Accounting
tion and ultimately into evaluating and analyzing
information in order to make decisions.
Principles
Chapter 15 Introduction to Managerial Accounting
Developing Information
COST SYSTEMS COST ALLOCATIONS
Decision Making
PLANNING AND EVALUATING TOOLS STRATEGIC TOOLS
748
Finally, controls for safeguarding inventory should include security measures to prevent damage
and customer or employee theft. Some examples of security measures include the following:
Best Buy ▪▪ Storing inventory in areas that are restricted to only authorized employees
▪▪ Locking high-priced inventory in cabinets
so well that in November you purchased an identical Denon sys- systems over the past year at different costs. At the end of a period, Best Buy uses scanners to screen customers as they leave the store for merchandise that has not been pur- Link to
tem on sale for $549.99 for your bedroom TV. Over the holidays, you
moved to a new apartment and in the process of unpacking discov-
some of the Denon systems will still be in inventory, and some will
have been sold. But which costs relate to the sold systems, and
chased. In addition, Best Buy stations greeters at the store’s entrance to keep customers from bringing in bags
that can be used to shoplift merchandise.
Best Buy
ered that one of the Denon surround sound systems was missing. which costs relate to the Denon systems still in inventory? Best
Luckily, your renters or homeowners insurance policy will cover the Buy’s assumption about inventory costs can involve large dollar
theft; but the insurance company needs to know the cost of the amounts and, thus, can have a significant impact on the financial Reporting Inventory
system that was stolen. statements. For example, Best Buy reported $5,051 million of inven- A physical inventory or count of inventory should be taken near year-end to make sure that
The Denon systems were identical. However, to respond to tory and net income of $897 million for a recent year. the quantity of inventory reported in the financial statements is accurate. After the quantity
may determine the amount that you receive from the insurance the inventory cost may be estimated as described in the appendix at the end of this chapter.
company.
1. Cost flow is in the order 2. Cost flow is in the reverse 3. Cost flow is an average of
in which the costs were order in which the costs the costs.
incurred. were incurred.
Link to Best Buy Pages 301, 303, 314, 315, 316 First-in, First-out Last-in, First-out Weighted Average Cost
(FIFO) (LIFO)
Why It Matters Page 308 Purchased Purchased Sold Purchased
Goods Goods Goods Goods
Analysis for Decision Making Pages 320–321
299
Sold
Goods
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
from a literary, artistic, or to exceed legal life
musical composition
Trademark Exclusive use of a name, None Impairment loss if fair
term, or symbol value less than carrying
value (impaired)
Goodwill Excess of purchase price of None Impairment loss if fair
a business over the fair value less than carrying Preface v
value of its net assets value (impaired)
(assets ] liabilities)
Pathways Challenge
This is Accounting!
Economic Activity
Verizon Communications Inc. (VZ) is the largest wireless service provider in the United States
with over 114 million retail subscribers. To deliver its products and services, Verizon must have access to
spectrum—the radio frequencies that carry sound, data, and video to wireless devices. However, spectrum
is a limited resource that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licenses to businesses for a period
of 10 years, subject to renewal. In a recent year, Verizon acquired almost $10 billion in wireless licenses.
In a recent financial statement, McDonald’s reported total property, plant, and equipment of over $34 billion, Link to
▪▪ Located
which
inconsists
eachofchapter,
land, buildings,
Why and equipment.
It M McDonald’s
atters shows students how accounting is important
to businesses with which they are familiar. A Concept Clip icon indicates which Why
It Matters features have an accompanying concept clip video in CNOWv2.
CONCEPT CLIP
Why It Matters
CONCEPT CLIP
Fixed Assets the proportion of fixed assets to total assets. Retail has the high-
est percent of fixed assets to total assets, while social media and
F
ixed assets often represent a significant portion of a company’s software are on the lower end of the scale. High-tech service com-
total assets. The table that follows shows the fixed assets as panies often use fewer fixed assets to deliver their services than
a percent of total assets for some select companies across a will companies that use stores, equipment, planes, cell towers,
variety of industries. As can be seen, the type of industry will impact or theme parks.
Fixed assets have important properties that require management ▪ Fixed assets need to be maintained during use. Managers need to
attention: develop maintenance programs to keep the investment in fixed as-
▪ Fixed assets require a long-term commitment. Mistakes in acquir- sets productive.
ing fixed assets can be very costly and difficult to reverse; thus, ▪ Fixed assets often require significant funds to purchase. Managers
managers must take special care in acquiring fixed assets. must acquire funding internally or by other sources to finance the
▪ Fixed assets wear out over time and need to be replaced. Managers purchase of fixed assets.
must monitor fixed assets and know when to replace fixed assets
due to wear and tear or obsolescence.
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Preface
238 238 Chapter
Chapter
5 Accounting
5 Accounting
for Retail
forBusinesses
Retail Businesses
▪▪ To aid comprehension and to demonstrate the impact of transactions, journal entries
UnderUnder
includethethe
perpetual
the
netperpetual
inventory
effect inventory
of system,
the system,
cash purchases
transactioncashon
purchases
theof accounting
merchandise
of merchandise
are recorded
are recorded
equation. as follows:
as follows:
20Y8 20Y8
A 5 A L 51 L E 1 E Jan. 3Jan. Inventory
3 Inventory 2,510 2,510
12 12 Cash Cash 2,510 2,510
Purchased
Purchased
inventory
inventory
from Bowen
from Bowen
Co. Co.
Purchases
Purchases
of inventory
of inventory
on account
on account
are recorded
are recorded
as follows:
as follows:
The terms
The terms
of purchases
of purchases
on account
on account
are normally
are normally
indicated
indicated invoice
on theon the invoice
or billor
that
billthe
that
seller
the seller
▪sends
▪ The link
sends
the between
buyer.
the buyer. Anthe
An example journal
example
of an of entry
invoice
an and
invoice
sent the
tosent to accounting
NetSolutions
NetSolutions equation
by Alpha
by Alpha is also
Technologies included
Technologies
is shown in in
is shown in
the
Exhibit accompanying
Exhibit
3. 3. CengageNOWv2 course in the accounting cycle chapters, reminding
students of the link—but not requiring them to actively make the link.
Exhibit
Exhibit
3 3
AlphaAlpha
Technologies
Technologies InvoiceInvoice
Invoice
Invoice 1000 Matrix
1000 Matrix
Blvd. Blvd. 106-8 106-8
San Jose,
SanCA
Jose,
95116-1000
CA 95116-1000
Made inMade
U.S.A.in U.S.A.
dATE ShIppEd
dATE ShIppEd how ShIppEd
how ShIppEd
ANd RoUTE
ANd RoUTE TERMSTERMS INvoICE INvoICE
dATE dATE
Jan. 5, 20Y8
Jan. 5, 20Y8 US Express
US Express
Trucking
Trucking
Co. Co. 2/10, n/30
2/10, n/30 Jan. 5, 20Y8
Jan. 5, 20Y8
WhyWhy
It It
Matters
Matters Cash terms, terms,
then the
then
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
eratingerating
company
the company
95,000
240,000
cycle. For
cycle.
example,
is ableistoable
For example, Apple
use to
Apple
suppliers
(AAPL)
use suppliers
(AAPL)
to finance
to finance
is ableistoable
the op-the op-
collect
to collect
on on
Loss on Sale of Equipment 5,000
sales within
sales within
an average
an average
of approximately
of approximately
30 days.
30 However,
days. However,
Apple Apple
Apple’s
Apple’s
CreditCredit
Terms Terms Equipment
uses anuses
average
an average
340,000
of approximately
of approximately 100 days100todays
paytoitspaysuppliers.
its suppliers.
WW
orkingorking
capitalcapital
efficiency
efficiency
is influenced
is influenced
by theby relationship
the relationship Thus, Apple
Thus, AppleSelling
collects Price
collects
faster – Book Value
faster
than =
itthan
pays,it allowing
pays,Accumulated
allowing
Apple Apple
to use tothe
use the
$95,000 – $100,000 Depreciation at
between
between
the suppliers’
the suppliers’
and customers’
and customers’
credit credit
terms. terms. suppliers’
If the If the suppliers’
moneymoney
as an interest-free
as an interest-free
loan forloan
the for
70-day
the 70-day
(100 days(100–days –
b. Equipment sold for $105,000: the End of Year 3
suppliers’
suppliers’
credit terms
credit are
termslonger
are longer
than the
thancustomers’
the customers’
credit credit30 days)
30difference.
days) difference.
Source: Apple®
Source: Apple® Cash 105,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 240,000
Equipment 340,000
Gain on Sale of Equipment 5,000 Selling Price – Book Value =
$105,000 – $100,000
Check Up Corner
98169_ch05_rev03_232-297.indd
98169_ch05_rev03_232-297.indd
238 238 16/08/17 16/08/17
5:10 pm 5:10 pm
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Note to Financial Statements:
Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,465.0
Buildings and improvements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,207.1
Equipment and other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,771.3
Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34,443.4 Preface vii
Source: Adapted from McDonald’s Corporation’s 2016 annual report.
▪▪ Analysis for Decision Making highlights how companies use accounting information to
The
make cost and related accumulated
decisions depletion
and evaluate of mineral
their rights are
business. normally
This shown asstudents
provides part of the with context of why
“Fixed assets” section of the balance sheet. The mineral rights may be shown net of depletion on
accounting
the face is sheet.
of the balance important to companies.
In such cases, a supporting note discloses the accumulated depletion.
To illustrate, the following data (in millions) were taken from a recent financial statement
of McDonald’s Corporation (MCD):
Sales $24,621.9
Fixed assets (net):
Beginning of year 21,257.6
End of year 23,117.6
McDonald’s fixed asset turnover ratio for the year is computed as follows (rounded to one
decimal place):
Sales
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio =
Average Book Value of Fixed Assets
$24,621.9
=
($21,257.6 + $23,117.6) ÷ 2
$24,621.9
= = 1.1
$22,187.6
Is 1.1 efficient? To answer this question, McDonald’s fixed asset turnover ratio can be com-
pared to other quick-service restaurant companies, as shown in Exhibit 14. Yum! Brands (YUM)
operates KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell quick-service restaurants. The other restaurants are likely
familiar by name.
▪▪ Make a Decision in the end-of-chapter material gives students a chance to analyze real-world
business decisions.
98169_ch09_ptg01_442-493.indd 469 25/09/17 5:20 PM
Make a Decision
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
a. Compute the fixed asset turnover ratio for each company. Round to one decimal place.
b. Which company is more efficient in generating sales from fixed assets?
c. Interpret your results.
MAD 9-2 Analyze and compare Alaska Air, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines Obj. 7
Alaska Air Group (ALK), Delta Air Lines (DAL), and Southwest Airlines (LUV) reported
the following financial information (in millions) in a recent year:
REAL WORLD
a. Determine the fixed asset turnover ratio for each airline. Round to one decimal place.
b. Based on the fixed asset turnover ratio, which airline appears to be the most ef-
ficient in the use of its fixed assets?
c. The most important fixed asset to an airline is the aircraft. Given this, what factors
might influence the efficient use of fixed assets for an airline?
▪▪ At the end of each chapter, Let’s Review is a new chapter summary and self-assessment
feature that is designed to help busy students prepare for an exam. It includes a summary
of each learning objective’s key points, key terms, multiple-choice questions, exercises, and
a sample problem that students may use to practice.
▪▪ Sample multiple-choice questions allow students to practice with the type of assessments
they are likely to see on an exam.
▪▪ Short exercises and a longer problem allow students to apply their knowledge.
▪▪ Answers provided at the end of the Let’s Review section let students check their knowl-
edge immediately.
▪ Take It Further in the end-of-chapter activities allows instructors to assign other special
activities related to ethics, communication, and teamwork.
▪ NEW! Certified Management Accountant (CMA®) Examination Questions help students
prepare for the CMA exam so they can earn CMA certification.
CengageNOWv2
CengageNOWv2 is a powerful course management and online homework resource that pro-
vides control and customization to optimize the student learning experience. Included are
many proven resources, such as algorithmic activities, a test bank, course management tools,
reporting and assessment options, and much more.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface ix
SHOW ME HOW
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Preface
MindTap eReader
The MindTap eReader for Warren/Jones/Tayler’s Financial and Managerial Accounting is
the most robust digital reading experience available. Hallmark features include:
▪▪ Fully optimized for the iPad.
▪▪ Note taking, highlighting, and more.
▪▪ Embedded digital media.
▪▪ The MindTap eReader also features ReadSpeaker®, an online text-to-speech application that
vocalizes, or “speech-enables,” online educational content. This feature is ideally suited
for both instructors and learners who would like to listen to content instead of (or in
addition to) reading it.
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Preface xi
Chapter 3 Chapter 6
▪▪ New Check Up Corner on weighted average inventory
▪▪ Exhibit 1 (Accruals) has been revised to make it con-
method has been added.
sistent with Exhibit 2 (Deferrals).
▪▪ New exhibit on weighted average flow of costs has
▪▪ The chapter has been changed so that accruals are
been added.
discussed and illustrated first, followed by deferrals.
▪▪ Weighted average illustration has been added to
Accruals are the simplest adjustment (no entry has
Check Up Corner 6-3.
been made). Thus, the chapter discussion now goes
▪▪ Added an illustration of the lower of cost or net real-
from simple to complex, which facilitates student
izable for inventory applied by different classes of
understanding of this complex topic.
inventory (Exhibit 10).
Chapter 4
Chapter 7
▪▪ New learning objectives for Appendices 1 and 2.
▪▪ Presentation of bank reconciliation has been refor-
▪▪ The statement of stockholders’ equity replaces the
matted.
retained earnings statement. This is consistent with
the financial reporting of publicly held companies
Chapter 9
that report a statement of stockholders’ equity rather
than a retained earnings statement. ▪▪ New Check Up Corner on selling fixed assets was
▪▪ Exhibit 1 revised to show the interrelationships of added.
the statement of stockholders’ equity with the income ▪▪ Lease discussion was modified to reflect the latest
statement and balance sheet. accounting standard.
▪▪ Simplified and updated the closing process so that two
Chapter 10
rather than four closing entries are required. Doing so
eliminates the temporary (clearing) account Income ▪▪ Simplified Exhibit 1 by removing cash/sales discounts.
Summary, which students have difficulty understanding.
▪▪ Exhibit 8 (Accounting Cycle) revised and made more Chapter 11
readable. ▪▪ Present value formulas have been added to Appendix
1, “Present Value Concepts and Pricing Bonds Pay-
Chapter 5 able.”
▪▪ Chapter has been retitled as “Accounting for Retail
Businesses.” Using Retail in the title rather than Mer- Chapter 12
chandising is more current terminology that students ▪▪ Added brief discussion of different classes of common
can identify with. stock (Classes A, B, and C).
▪▪ Schema revised to only focus on the financial state-
ments and the key accounts that will be discussed Chapter 15
within the chapter. ▪▪ “Managerial Accounting in the Organization” section
▪▪ New learning objective and separate discussion for significantly revised to discuss horizonal and vertical
the adjusting process of a retail business. business units; McAfee, Inc., is used as an illustration.
▪▪ New learning objective and Appendix “Gross Method ▪▪ New Why It Matters features the IMA and CMA.
of Recording Sales Discounts.” This gives instructors ▪▪ New Why It Matters features vertical and horizontal
flexibility as to whether to cover the net or gross functions for service companies.
methods of accounting for sales discounts. ▪▪ Discussion of sustainability and accounting moved to
▪▪ Chart of Accounts for NetSolutions as a Retail Busi- new Chapter 28.
ness (Exhibit 2) has been moved earlier in the chapter
so that students can focus on the new accounts spe- Chapter 16
cific to retail businesses.
▪▪ Discussion of sustainability and accounting moved to
▪▪ Customer refunds, allowances, and returns discussion
new Chapter 28.
has been simplified to progress from simple to com-
▪▪ Added one new Analysis for Decision Making item.
plex, as summarized in Exhibit 7.
▪▪ Closing process for a retail business has been revised
to use a two-entry closing process. Chapter 17
▪▪ The statement of stockholders’ equity replaces the ▪▪ Why It Matters feature (Sustainable Papermaking)
retained earnings statement. This is consistent with moved to Chapter 28.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xii Preface
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Acknowledgements
The many enhancements to this edition of Financial and Managerial Accounting are the direct result of reviews,
surveys, and focus groups with instructors at institutions across the country. We would like to take this opportunity
to thank those who have helped us better understand the challenge of the financial accounting course and provided
valuable feedback on our content and digital assets.
John Alpers, Tennessee Wesleyan Dave Fitzgerald, Jackson College Dr. April Poe, University of the
Anne Marie Anderson, Raritan Valley Kenneth Flug, St. Thomas Aquinas Incarnate Word
Community College College Francisco Rangel, Riverside City
Rick Andrews, Sinclair Community John Giles, North Carolina State College
College University Jeffery Reinking, University of
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College Central Florida Jenny Resnick, Santa Monica College
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North Carolina at Charlotte State University College
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Carolina at Charlotte Melanie Hicks, Liberty University Arkansas
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David Deboskey, San Diego State Allison McLeod, University of North Jan Workman, East Carolina University
Daniel De La Rosa, Fullerton College Texas Glen Young, Texas A&M University –
Heather Demshock, Lycoming College Rodney Michael College Station
Scott Dotson, Tennessee Wesleyan Shawn Miller, Lone Star College Mellissa Youngman, National Technical
University Jill Mitchell, Northern Virginia Institute for the Deaf, RIT
Hong Duong, Salisbury University Community College – Alexandria Mustafa Younis, Tulane University
Desiree Elias, Florida International DeeAnne Lynn Peterson-Meyer, Fang Zhao, Florida International
University University of Wisconsin – Eau University
James Emig, Villanova University Claire Terri Ziegler, Ohio State University
Valerie Evans, Kansas State University
xiii
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xiv Acknowledgements
Reb Beatty, Anne Arundel Steven Hegemann, University of Don Minyard, University of Alabama
Community College Nebraska – Lincoln Micki Nickla, Ivy Tech Community
Amy Bourne, Oregon State University Todd Jensen, Sierra College College – Gary
Rachel Brassine, East Carolina Sergey Komissarov, University of John Robertson, Arkansas State
University Wisconsin – La Crosse University
Gregory Brookins, Santa Monica Anthony Kurek, Eastern Michigan Philip Slater, Forsyth Technical
College University Community College
Marci Butterfield, University of Utah Joseph Larkin, Saint Joseph’s University Bob Urell, Irvine Valley College
Lawrence Chui, University of St. Gary Laycock, Ivy Tech Community Alycia Marie Winegardner, University
Thomas College – Terre Haute of Tennessee – Knoxville
Jerrilyn Eisenhauer, Tulsa Kristy McAuliffe, San Jacinto College
Community College – Southeast Melanie McCoskey, University of Akron
Shari Fowler, Indiana University – East Allison McLeod, University of North
Micah Frankel, California State Texas
University – East Bay
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About the Authors
Carl S. Warren
Dr. Carl S. Warren is Professor Emeritus of Accounting at the University of Georgia, Athens.
Jefferson P. Jones
Dr. Jefferson P. Jones is an Associate Professor of Accounting in the School of Accountancy
at Auburn University where he teaches financial accounting and applied financial research
courses. He received his Bachelor’s in Accounting and Master of Accountancy degrees
William B. Tayler
Dr. William B. Tayler is the Robert J. Smith Professor of Accountancy in the Marriott
School of Business at Brigham Young University (BYU). Dr. Tayler is an internationally
renowned, award-winning accounting researcher and instructor. He has presented his
research as an invited speaker at universities and conferences across the globe. Dr. Tayler
earned his Ph.D. and master’s degree at Cornell University. He teaches in BYU’s Executive
MBA Program and in BYU’s School of Accountancy, one of the top ranked accounting
programs in the world. Dr. Tayler has also taught at Cornell University and Emory Uni-
versity and has received multiple teaching awards. Dr. Tayler is a Certified Management
© EMORY UNIVERSITY
xvi
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Contents
1 Introduction to Accounting
and Business 2
Analysis for Decision Making 80
Horizontal Analysis 80
3
Opportunities for Accountants 7
2
Take It Further 155
Pathways Challenge 128, 157
Analyzing Transactions 56
Using Accounts to Record Transactions 59
Chart of Accounts 60
xvii
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xviii Contents
Illustration of the Accounting Cycle 178 Financial Statements and Closing Entries for a Retail
Step 1. Analyzing and Recording Transactions Business 254
in the Journal 178 Multiple-Step Income Statement 254
Step 2. Posting Transactions to the Ledger 179 Single-Step Income Statement 256
Step 3. Preparing an Unadjusted Trial Balance 179 Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 256
Step 4. Assembling and Analyzing Adjustment Data 179 Balance Sheet 257
Step 5. Preparing an Optional End-of-Period Spreadsheet 181 The Closing Process 258
Step 6. Journalizing and Posting Adjusting Entries 182
Step 7. Preparing an Adjusted Trial Balance 182 Analysis for Decision Making 259
Step 8. Preparing the Financial Statements 182 Asset Turnover Ratio 259
Step 9. Journalizing and Posting Closing Entries 185 Appendix 1 Gross Method of
Step 10. Preparing a Post-Closing Trial Balance 185
Recording Sales Discounts 260
Analysis for Decision Making 188 Transactions 260
Working Capital and Current Ratio 188 Adjusting Entry 261
Subsequent Period 262
Appendix 1 End-of-Period Spreadsheet 190 Comparison with the Net Method 262
Step 1. Enter the Title 190
Step 2. Enter the Unadjusted Appendix 2 The Periodic Inventory System 263
Trial Balance 190 Chart of Accounts Under the Periodic Inventory System 263
Step 3. Enter the Adjustments 191 Recording Merchandise Transactions Under the
Step 4. Enter the Adjusted Trial Balance 192 Periodic Inventory System 264
Step 5. Extend the Accounts to the Income Statement and Adjusting Process Under the Periodic Inventory System 265
Balance Sheet Columns 193 Financial Statements Under the Periodic Inventory System 266
Step 6. Total the Income Statement and Balance Sheet Closing Entries Under the Periodic Inventory System 266
Columns, Compute the Net Income or Net Loss, and
Complete the Spreadsheet 194 Comprehensive Problem 2 291
Preparing the Financial Statements Make a Decision 293
from the Spreadsheet 195
Take It Further 294
Appendix 2 Reversing Entries 195
Pathways Challenge 242, 297
Comprehensive Problem 1 226
Make a Decision 227
Take It Further 229
Pathways Challenge 175, 231 6 Inventories 298
5
Control of Inventory 300
Accounting for Retail Safeguarding Inventory 300
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Contents xix
Analysis for Decision Making 320 Allowance Method for Uncollectible Accounts 400
Inventory Turnover and Number of Days’ Sales in Inventory 320 Write-Offs to the Allowance Account 401
Estimating Uncollectibles 403
Appendix Estimating Inventory Cost 322
Retail Method of Inventory Costing 322 Comparing Direct Write-Off and Allowance
Gross Profit Method of Inventory Costing 323 Methods 409
Make a Decision 345 Notes Receivable 410
Characteristics of Notes Receivable 410
Take It Further 346 Accounting for Notes Receivable 412
Pathways Challenge 317, 348 Reporting Receivables on the Balance Sheet 414
Analysis for Decision Making 415
7
Accounts Receivable Turnover and Number of Days’ Sales in
Receivables 415
Internal Control and Cash 350 Make a Decision 437
Take It Further 439
Sarbanes-Oxley Act 352
Pathways Challenge 413, 440
Internal Control 354
9
Objectives of Internal Control 354
Elements of Internal Control 354 Long-Term Assets: Fixed and
Control Environment 355
Risk Assessment 356 Intangible 442
Control Procedures 356
Monitoring 358 Nature of Fixed Assets 444
Information and Communication 358 Classifying Costs 444
Limitations of Internal Control 359 The Cost of Fixed Assets 446
Cash Controls over Receipts and Payments 360 Leasing Fixed Assets 447
Control of Cash Receipts 360 Accounting for Depreciation 448
Control of Cash Payments 362 Factors in Computing Depreciation Expense 448
Bank Accounts 363 Straight-Line Method 449
Bank Statement 363 Units-of-Activity Method 451
Using the Bank Statement as a Control over Cash 365 Double-Declining-Balance Method 453
Comparing Depreciation Methods 454
Bank Reconciliation 366 Partial-Year Depreciation 457
Special-Purpose Cash Funds 370 Revising Depreciation Estimates 457
Repair and Improvements 458
Financial Statement Reporting of Cash 371
Disposal of Fixed Assets 460
Analysis for Decision Making 372 Discarding Fixed Assets 460
Days’ Cash on Hand 372 Selling Fixed Assets 461
Make a Decision 392 Natural Resources 462
Take It Further 394 Intangible Assets 464
Patents 464
Pathways Challenge 372, 395
Copyrights and Trademarks 465
Goodwill 465
8
Financial Reporting for Long-Term Assets:
Fixed and Intangible 468
Receivables 396
Analysis for Decision Making 469
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio 469
Classification of Receivables 398
Accounts Receivable 398 Appendix Exchanging Similar Fixed Assets 471
Notes Receivable 398 Gain on Exchange 471
Other Receivables 399 Loss on Exchange 472
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xx Contents
10 Liabilities: Current,
Installment Notes, and
Contingencies 494
Appendix 1 Present Value Concepts and
Pricing Bonds Payable 556
Present Value Concepts 556
Pricing Bonds 559
Computing Present Values 560
Current Liabilities 496 Appendix 2 Effective Interest Rate Method
Accounts Payable and Accruals 496 of Amortization 561
Short-Term Notes Payable 497 Amortization of Discount by the Interest Method 561
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt 498 Amortization of Premium by the Interest Method 562
Payroll Liabilities 499 Make a Decision 577
Liability for Employee Earnings 499
Deductions from Employee Earnings 500 Take It Further 578
Computing Employee Net Pay 501 Pathways Challenge 553, 579
Employer’s Payroll Taxes 501
Recording Payroll 502
12
Paying Payroll 504
Internal Controls for Payroll 504 Corporations: Organization,
Employees’ Fringe Benefits 504 Stock Transactions, and
Vacation Pay 504
Pensions 505 Dividends 580
Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions 506
Installment Notes 507 Nature of a Corporation 582
Issuance 507 Characteristics of a Corporation 582
Periodic Payments 507 Forming a Corporation 583
Contingent Liabilities 510 Paid-In Capital from Stock 585
Probable and Estimable 510 Characteristics of Stock 585
Probable and Not Estimable 510 Types of Stock 586
Reasonably Possible 511 Issuing Stock 588
Remote 511 Premium on Stock 589
No-Par Stock 590
Reporting Liabilities 513
Analysis for Decision Making 513 Accounting for Dividends 591
Cash Dividends 592
Quick Ratio 513
Stock Dividends 593
Comprehensive Problem 3 534
Stock Splits 594
Make a Decision 536
Treasury Stock Transactions 595
Take It Further 539
Reporting Stockholders’ Equity 597
Pathways Challenge 512, 541 Stockholders’ Equity on the Balance Sheet 597
Reporting Retained Earnings 598
11
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 600
Reporting Stockholders’ Equity for Alphabet 601
Analysis for Decision Making 602
Liabilities: Bonds Payable 542 Earnings per Share 602
Comprehensive Problem 4 619
Nature of Bonds Payable 544
Bond Characteristics and Terminology 544 Make a Decision 621
Proceeds from Issuing Bonds 545 Take It Further 622
Accounting for Bonds Payable 547 Pathways Challenge 588, 625
Bonds Issued at Face Amount 547
Bonds Issued at a Discount 547
13
Amortizing a Bond Discount 548
Bonds Issued at a Premium 550 Statement of Cash
Amortizing a Bond Premium 551 Flows 626
Bond Redemption 552
Reporting Bonds Payable 554 Reporting Cash Flows 628
Analysis for Decision Making 555 Cash Flows from Operating Activities 629
Times Interest Earned 555 Cash Flows from Investing Activities 631
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Contents xxi
15
Make a Decision 680
Introduction to Managerial
Take It Further 683
Accounting 748
Pathways Challenge 642, 684
Managerial Accounting 750
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xxii Contents
16
Examination Questions (Adapted) 893
Pathways Challenge 858, 895
Job Order Costing 792
Cost Accounting Systems Overview 794
Job Order Cost Systems 794
Process Cost Systems 794
18 Activity-Based
Costing 896
Job Order Cost Systems for Manufacturing
Product Costing Allocation Methods 898
Businesses 795
Materials 796 Single Plantwide Factory Overhead Rate
Factory Labor 798 Method 899
Factory Overhead 800
Work in Process 806 Multiple Production Department Factory Overhead
Finished Goods 807 Rate Method 901
Sales and Cost of Goods Sold 807 Department Overhead Rates and Allocation 902
Period Costs 808 Distortion of Product Costs 903
Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars 808 Activity-Based Costing Method 906
Job Order Cost Systems for Service Businesses 810 Activity Rates 908
Types of Service Businesses 810 Allocating Costs 909
Flow of Costs in a Service Job Order Cost System 810 Distortion in Product Costs 911
Dangers of Product Cost Distortion 911
Analysis for Decision Making 812
Analyzing Job Costs 812 Activity-Based Costing for Selling and Administrative
Expenses 913
Make a Decision 832
Activity-Based Costing in Service Businesses 914
Take It Further 835
Analysis for Decision Making 919
Certified Management Accountant (CMA®) Using ABC Product Cost Information to Reduce Costs 919
Examination Questions (Adapted) 838 Make a Decision 945
Pathways Challenge 805, 839 Take It Further 947
Certified Management Accountant (CMA®)
17
Examination Questions (Adapted) 948
Pathways Challenge 917, 949
Process Cost Systems 840
Process Manufacturers 842
Comparing Job Order and Process Cost Systems 843
Cost Flows for a Process Manufacturer 844
19 Support Department and
Joint Cost Allocation 950
Cost of Production Report 847 Support Departments 952
Step 1: Determine the Units to Be Assigned Costs 848
Step 2: Compute Equivalent Units of Production 848 Support Department Cost Allocation 953
Step 3: Determine the Cost per Equivalent Unit 852 Single Plantwide Rate 954
Step 4: Allocate Costs to Units Transferred Multiple Production Department Rates 954
Out and Partially Completed Units 853 Activity-Based Costing 955
Preparing the Cost of Production Report 855
Allocating Support Department Costs to Production
Journal Entries for a Process Cost System 858 Departments 956
Direct Method 957
Using the Cost of Production Report 862
The Sequential Method 959
Analysis for Decision Making 862 The Reciprocal Services Method 963
Analyzing Process Costs 862 Comparison of Support Department Cost Allocation Methods 967
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Contents xxiii
The Market Value at Split-Off Method 969 Operating Income: Absorption and Variable
The Net Realizable Value Method 970 Costing 1050
Comparison of Joint Cost Allocation Methods 971 Absorption Costing 1050
By-Products 973 Variable Costing 1051
Effects of Inventory 1053
Analysis for Decision Making 973
Using Support Department and Joint Cost Allocations for Analyzing Operating Income Using
Performance Evaluation 973 Absorption and Variable Costing 1056
Make a Decision 989 Using Absorption and Variable Costing 1061
Controlling Costs 1061
Take It Further 991 Pricing Products 1061
Certified Management Accountant (CMA®) Planning Production 1062
Examination Questions (Adapted) 992 Analyzing Market Segments 1062
Analyzing Market Segments 1062
Pathways Challenge 967, 993 Sales Territory Profitability Analysis 1064
Product Profitability Analysis 1065
20
Salesperson Profitability Analysis 1065
Cost-Volume-Profit Variable Costing for Service Businesses 1067
Analysis 994 Reporting Income 1067
Analyzing Segments 1068
Analysis for Decision Making 1070
Cost Behavior 996 Segment Analysis and EBITDA 1070
Variable Costs 997
Fixed Costs 998
Make a Decision 1092
Mixed Costs 1000 Take It Further 1094
Summary of Cost Behavior Concepts 1002 Certified Management Accountant (CMA®)
Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships 1004 Examination Questions (Adapted) 1095
Contribution Margin 1004 Pathways Challenge 1060, 1096
Contribution Margin Ratio 1004
22
Unit Contribution Margin 1005
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xxiv Contents
Analysis for Decision Making 1122 Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers 1210
Nonmanufacturing Staffing Budgets 1122
Responsibility Accounting for Profit Centers 1214
Make a Decision 1150 Support Department Allocations 1214
Take It Further 1151 Profit Center Reporting 1216
23
Transfer Pricing 1225
Evaluating Variances Market Price Approach 1226
Negotiated Price Approach 1226
from Standard Cost Price Approach 1229
Costs 1156 Analysis for Decision Making 1229
Franchise Operations 1229
Standards 1158 Make a Decision 1250
Setting Standards 1158
Types of Standards 1159 Take It Further 1252
Reviewing and Revising Standards 1159 Certified Management Accountant (CMA®)
Criticisms of Standard Costs 1159
Examination Questions (Adapted) 1254
Budgetary Performance Evaluation 1160
Budget Performance Report 1160
Pathways Challenge 1209, 1255
Manufacturing Cost Variances 1161
25
Direct Materials and
Direct Labor Variances 1162 Differential Analysis and
Direct Materials Variances 1162 Product Pricing 1256
Direct Labor Variances 1165
24
Variable Cost Method 1279
Evaluating Decentralized Make a Decision 1303
Operations 1206 Take It Further 1305
Certified Management Accountant (CMA®)
Centralized and Decentralized Operations 1208 Examination Questions (Adapted) 1307
Advantages of Decentralization 1208
Disadvantages of Decentralization 1209 Pathways Challenge 1263, 1308
Responsibility Accounting 1210
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Contents xxv
26 Capital Investment
Analysis 1310
Make a Decision 1395
Take It Further 1397
Certified Management Accountant (CMA®)
Nature of Capital Investment Analysis 1312 Examination Questions (Adapted) 1398
Methods Not Using Present Values 1313 Pathways Challenge 1365, 1399
Average Rate of Return Method 1313
Cash Payback Method 1314
Methods Using Present Values 1316
Present Value Concepts 1317
Net Present Value Method and Index 1319
Internal Rate of Return Method 1322
28 The Balanced Scorecard
and Corporate Social
Responsibility 1400
Factors That Complicate Capital
Investment Analysis 1325 Performance Measurement Systems 1402
Income Tax 1325
The Balanced Scorecard 1403
Unequal Proposal Lives 1325
Performance Perspectives 1403
Lease Versus Capital Investment 1327
Strategic Objectives 1405
Uncertainty 1327
Performance Metrics 1405
Changes in Price Levels 1328
Strategic Initiatives 1406
Qualitative Considerations 1329
Performance Targets 1407
Capital Rationing 1329
Using the Balanced Scorecard 1407
Analysis for Decision Making 1330 Strategy Maps 1407
Uncertainty: Sensitivity and Expected Value Analyses 1330 Measure Maps 1409
Strategic Learning 1411
Make a Decision 1351 Scorecard Cascading 1413
Take It Further 1353 Cognitive Biases 1413
27
Analysis for Decision Making 1420
Lean Manufacturing and Capital Investment in CSR 1420
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1 Introduction to
Chapter
Chapter 1
Transactions
ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Chapter 2
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Chapter 3
THE ADJUSTING PROCESS
Chapter 4
THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE
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Twitter, Inc.
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4 Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting and Business
What's Covered
Introduction to Accounting and Business
Nature of Business Nature of Accounting Analyzing Business Financial Statements
▪▪ Types of Business (Obj. 1) ▪▪ Managerial and Financial Transactions ▪▪ Income Statement (Obj. 5)
▪▪ Role of Accounting (Obj. 1) Accounting (Obj. 1) ▪▪ Generally Accepted Accounting ▪▪ Statement of Stockholders’
▪▪ Ethics (Obj. 1) ▪▪ Career Opportunities (Obj. 1) Principles (Obj. 2) Equity (Obj. 5)
▪▪ Accounting Equation (Obj. 3) ▪▪ Balance Sheet (Obj. 5)
▪▪ Transactions (Obj. 4) ▪▪ Statement of Cash Flows
(Obj. 5)
Learning Objectives
Obj. 1 Describe the nature of business and the role of Obj. 4 Describe and illustrate how business transactions can
accounting and ethics in business. be recorded in terms of the resulting change in the
Obj. 2 Describe generally accepted accounting principles, elements of the accounting equation.
including the underlying assumptions and principles. Obj. 5 Describe the financial statements of a corporation and
Obj. 3 State the accounting equation and define each explain how they interrelate.
element of the equation.
Types of Businesses
Three types of businesses operating for profit include service, retail, and manufacturing busi-
nesses. Some examples of each type of business follow:
▪▪ Service businesses provide services rather than products to customers.
Delta Air Lines (DAL) (transportation services)
The Walt Disney Company (DIS) (entertainment services)
▪▪ Retail businesses sell products they purchase from other businesses to customers.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (WMT) (general merchandise)
Amazon.com (AMZN) (Internet books, music, videos, ...)
▪▪ Manufacturing businesses change basic inputs into products that are sold to customers.
Ford Motor Company (F) (cars, trucks, vans)
Merck & Co., Inc. (MRK) (pharmaceutical drugs)
Link to Twitter Twitter is a service company that provides a platform for individuals to send text messages called tweets.
1
A complete glossary of terms appears at the end of the text.
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