Lines & Angles

180o
360o

Vertically Opposite
angles are equal
a
b b
a

Corresponding angles are equals (F)

 Alternate angles are equals (Z)

Interior angles are supplementary =180o

 Comparing segments on the same straight line

A C B D

AC + BC = AB

A C B D

𝐶𝐵 < 𝐶𝐷
 Triangles
(1) (4) Isosceles triangle
a
a a

c b
b b
a + b + c =180

(5) Equilateral triangle

(2) a

30 30

b c
60 60
c=a+b 𝟑
Area = 𝟒
𝒔𝟐
𝟑
(3) Hight = 𝒔
𝟐
a

B (6) Maximum area of any

C 1
triangle = ab 2

c
a
b
A
A–B<C<A+B b
(7) Pythagorean theorem: (9) 45 – 45 – 90 triangle &
30 – 60 – 90 triangle:

b c
45

X X 𝟐
a

c = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
45
a= 𝑐2 − 𝑏2
X

(8) Pythagorean inequality:

60
2X
c X
b
30
a X 𝟑

c > 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (10) Some famous right

triangles

b
c
5X
4X 13X
12X
a
3X
c< 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
5X
(11) Area of triangle without (13) Triangles with common bases
height: or common height
If base1 = base2 , then h1 : h2 =
Area1 : Area2

b c

If height1= height2 ,
then b1 : b2 = Area1 : Area2
a
𝑝=𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
Area = ( − 𝑎)(2 − 𝑏)(2 − 𝑐)
2 2
(14) The order of the lengths of
the sides of a triangle is
(12) Similar triangles proportional with the
measures of their
corresponding angles
b1 c1 b2 c2
A
a1 a2
b c

a1 : a2 = b1: b2 = c1:c2 =𝑃1 : 𝑃2

(s1)2 : (s2)2 = Area1 : Area2 C B
a
If m L(A)< m L(B)< m L(C)
Then: a<b<c

(Similarity and common base or height

in at last page of triangles)
(15) Area of triangle= 1 𝑏 × ℎ (16) Congruent Triangles
2

𝑏2 ℎ1
𝑏3

𝑏1

𝑏2
𝑏3
ℎ1
ℎ3

𝑏1 ℎ2

𝑏1
ℎ2
ℎ1

𝑏2
(17) Similarity in details

b1
d1 b2
b1 c1 c2 h1
h2 d2

a1 a2

a1 : a2 = b1: b2 = c1:c2 a1 : a 2 = b 1 : b 2
=𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟1 : 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟2 = diagonal1:diagonal2
(s1)2 : (s2)2 = Area1 : Area2 =𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟1 : 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟2
(s1)2 : (s2)2 = Area1 : Area2

r1
r2

(r1)2 : (r2)2 = Area1 : Area2

h1
h2
r1 r2

r1: r2= h1: h2

L1 : L2 = w1: w2= h1: h2 (r1)2 : (r2)2 = Area1 : Area2
= diagonal1:diagonal2 (h1)2 : (h2)2 = Area1 : Area2
(s1)2 : (s2)2 = Area1 : Area2 (r1)3 : (r2)3 = 𝑣1 : 𝑣2
(s1)3 : (s2)3 = 𝑣1 : 𝑣2 (h1)3 : (h2)3 = 𝑣1 : 𝑣2
(A1)1.5 : (A2)1.5 = 𝑣1 : 𝑣2 (A1)1.5 : (A2)1.5 = 𝑣1 : 𝑣2
2 2 2 2
(𝑣1 )3 : (𝑣2 )3 = 𝐴1 : 𝐴2 (𝑣1 ) : (𝑣2 )3
3 = 𝐴1 : 𝐴2
(18) Common dimensions

Triangles with common bases Quadrilaterals with common

or common height bases or common height
If base1 = base2 , then h1 : h2 = If base1 = base2 , then h1 : h2 =
Area1 : Area2 Area1 : Area2

If height1= height2 , If height1= height2 ,

then b1 : b2 = Area1 : Area2 then b1 : b2 = Area1 : Area2

In solid shapes

h1
h2
r1 r2

If base1 = base2 , then h1 : h2 If r1 = r2 , then h1 : h2 = v1:v2

= v1:v2
 Quadrilaterals
Sum of the measures of the interior angles of any
quadrilateral= 360o
Perimeters and areas:

W h W

L L=B
Perimeter = 2(L+W) Perimeter = 2(L+W)
Area = LW Area = BH

S
Perimeter = 4S or 2 2 𝑑 Perimeter = 4S
𝑑2 𝑑 ×𝑑
Area = S2 or Area = 1 2 2
2
𝑏2
S
h

𝑏1 L

Perimeter = sum of all sides Perimeter =2S + 2L

𝑏 +𝑏 𝑑 ×𝑑
Area = 1 2 2 × h Area = 1 2 2
Link to triangles:

2 60𝑜
𝐷 𝑊 1
30𝑜
𝐿 3
𝐷= 𝐿2 + 𝑊 2

𝐿= 𝐷2 − 𝑊 2

2 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎

1 𝑏 𝑏

𝑐= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

𝑎= 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2

𝟒𝟓𝒐
2 30𝑜
2
3 1
𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝟒𝟓𝒐

1 1

𝟒𝟓𝒐
2 30𝑜
2
3 1
𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝟒𝟓𝒐

1 1
 Other polygons:

1-Sum of the measures of all the interior angles of any

polygon: (n-2) X 180.
2- measure of one interior angle of a (regular,
𝑛−2 𝑋 180
equiangular, equilateral) polygon: .
𝑛
3- Sum of the measures of all exterior angles of any
polygon = 360o
4- measure of one exterior angle of a (regular,
360
equiangular, equilateral) polygon: 𝑛 .
360
5- number of angles any regular = 180−θ
 𝑇
𝐶

𝑇
𝑟

𝑐 = 𝑇2 + 𝑟2
𝑟 = 𝐶2 − 𝑇2

180 − 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

180 − 𝑥
 Trigonometry

∝ 𝐵

𝑂𝜃
𝐴∝
𝜃 𝐴
𝐴𝜃 𝑂∝
𝑂 𝑖𝑓 ∠𝐴𝑜 + ∠𝐵𝑜 = 90𝑜 ,
sin 𝜃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝐻
And if sin𝐴𝑜 = cos 𝐵𝑜 ,
𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∠𝐴𝑜 + ∠𝐵𝑜 =90𝑜
cos 𝜃 =
𝐻
𝐴
tan 𝜃 =
𝐻

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎 (degree⟺ 𝜋)

60
45 2 2
1 1

45 30
1 3

The 2 above triangles are available at the first page of the exam
1 1
sin45𝑜 = 2 sin 30𝑜 = 2 sin 60𝑜 =
3
2
1 3 1
cos 45𝑜 = cos 30𝑜 = cos 60𝑜 =
2 2 2
1 1
tan45𝑜 = 1 tan 30𝑜 = tan60𝑜 =
3 3
 𝑎
𝑐 sin 𝑥 𝑜 = 𝑎
𝑐 𝑜 c=
𝑎 a = c sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑜
𝑏
cos 𝑥 𝑜 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝑥 𝑜 𝑏
𝑥 𝑐 𝑐=
a = 𝑏 tan 𝑥 𝑜 cos 𝑥 𝑜
𝑏 𝑎
tan 𝑥 𝑜 = 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏=
tan 𝑥 𝑜

S A
sin(180 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥
− cos(180 − 𝑥) cos 𝑥
− tan(180 − 𝑥) tan 𝑥

− sin(180 + 𝑥) − sin(360 − 𝑥)
− cos(180 + 𝑥) cos(360 − 𝑥)
tan(180 + 𝑥) − tan(360 − 𝑥)
T C

A C D F

if △𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∽ △𝐷𝐸𝐹

Then the trigonometric ratios of △𝐴𝐵𝐶 are = to those of △𝐷𝐸𝐹

Ex: sin(A)=sin(D), sin(B)=sin(E)
 Trigonometry of none right angled triangle

Sine rule”
𝐶

𝑏 𝑎 =?

𝐴 𝐵
𝑐 𝐴 =?

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐶)

𝑏 𝑎

𝐵
𝐴 =? 𝑐

sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐶)

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 Cosine rule:
𝐶 𝐶

𝑏 𝑎 =? 𝑏 𝑎

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝑐 𝑐
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑎= 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) ∠𝐴 = cos−1 ( )
2𝑏𝑐
𝐶

𝑏 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
∠𝐵 = cos −1 ( )
2𝑎𝑐
𝐴 𝐵
𝑐 =?

𝑐= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2
𝐶 ∠𝐶 = cos−1 ( )
2𝑎𝑏

𝑏 =? 𝑎

𝐴 𝐵
𝑐

𝑏= 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏)
 Co-ordinate Geometry

⋅ 7,10

⋅ 1,2

𝑑= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

(7 − 1)2 +(10 − 2)2 = 10

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 20
10
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 20
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =5
𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 4

𝑦 −𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1
10−2 8 4
as in figure 1, =6=3
7−1
 Some special problems on slope equation:

ex1: points (1,2) , (4.6) , and (X,10) lie on the same straight line, what
is the value of X?

6−2 10−2
= ,X=7
4−1 𝑋−1

ex2: points (1,2) , and (4,y) lie on the same straight line whose slope
4
is , what is the value of y?
3
𝑦−2 4
= , y=6
4−1 3
ex3: points (1,2) , and (4,6) lie on the same straight line which of the
following points lies also on the same line?
a) (5,7)
b) (7,10)
c) (6,8)
d) (7,-3)

6−2 4
1st =
4−1 3
𝑦−6 𝑦−2
2nd either or
𝑥−4 𝑥−1
rd
3 substitute by the x and y coordinate of the points of the answers.

Forms of equation of straight line:

Y=m x + c ax+by=c (y-yp)=m(x-xp)

−𝑎
m= slope Slope = 𝑏 Slope =m
c = y intercept. 𝑐 y intercept at x=0
−𝑐 y intercept = 𝑏.
= X intercept. 𝑐
X intercept at y =0
𝑚 X intercept = 𝑎. Ex: a line has a slope
of 3 and passes
through the point
(2,5)
(y-5)=3(x-2)
 Mid point:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
= 𝑥𝑚 , = 𝑦𝑚
2 2

7+1 10+2
Ex: from fig 1 =4, = 6 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 4,6
2 2

To find a end point:

2𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥𝑟𝑒𝑞.𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
2𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑞.𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Ex: from fig. 1 points A(1,2) , M(4,6) and B (x , y) lie on the

same straight line, find the coordinates of point B ?
2(4)-1=7 , 2(6)-2=10 , so point B(7,10)

Finding the equation of straight line:

1st from 2 collinear points:

Ex: if points (2,1) & (4,7) lie on the same straight line, write
down the equation of that line?

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦2 −𝑦1 7−1 6
𝑚= = = =3
𝑥2 −𝑥1 4−2 2

𝑐 = 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑚𝑥𝑝

𝑐 = 1 − 3 2 = −5

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5
2nd from two points on a line and a point perpendicular on that
line.

Ex: if line L is perpendicular to line M, and Line M contains the

points (2,1) , (4,7); while line M contains the point (3,5), find
out the equation of line M?

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 −𝑦 7−1 6
Slope of line L =𝑥2−𝑥1 = 4−2 = 2 = 3
2 1

1
Slope of line M = -3
𝑐 = 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑚𝑥𝑝

1
𝑐 =5− − 3 =6
3
1
𝑦 =− 𝑥+6
3
3rd from a line and a point on a line parallel or perpendicular?
Ex: if line L is parallel to line y=3x+2, and Line L contains the
point (2,1)), find out the equation of line L?
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿 = 3

𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿 = 1 − 3 2 = −5

Equation of line L, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5
Ex2: if line L is perpendicular to line y=3x+2, and Line L contains
the point (6,1)), find out the equation of line L?
1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿 = −
3
1
𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿 = 1 − − 6 =3
3
1
Equation of line L, 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 +3
Lines reflection round “x axis” & “y axis”

1st Reflection round “x axis”

If line L1 is reflected round the “X” axis then
Y=m x + c Y=-m x - c
m= slope -m= slope
c = y intercept. -c = y intercept.
−𝑐 −(−𝑐) −𝑐
= X intercept. =𝑚= X intercept.
𝑚 −𝑚
or

ax+by=c ax-by=c
−𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎
Slope = 𝑏 Slope = −𝑏 = 𝑏
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
y intercept = . y intercept = −𝑏 = − 𝑏.
𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
X intercept = . X intercept = 𝑎.
𝑎

2nd Reflection round “Y axis”

If line L1 is reflected round the “Y” axis then
Y=m x + c Y=-m x + c
m= slope -m= slope
c = y intercept. c = y intercept.
−𝑐 −𝑐 𝑐
= X intercept. = X intercept.
𝑚 −𝑚 𝑚
or
ax+by=c -a x + b y = c
−𝑎 −(−𝑎) 𝑎
Slope = 𝑏 Slope = =𝑏
𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
y intercept = 𝑏. y intercept = 𝑏.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
X intercept = 𝑎. X intercept = −𝑎 = − 𝑎
 Point Reflections
Y

(2,3)
(-2,3) (2,3)
X

(2,- 3)

𝑋=𝑌
(-1,2)
(2,3)

(2,2)
X X
O O
(2,-1)

(-2,- 3)

𝑌 = −𝑋

(2,1)
(-1,1)
X
O

(-1,-2)
 2 4 −7=1
(5,6)

2 4 −2=6
(1,2) 𝑌=4
(7,2)

(5,2)
O O

𝑋=4
 Basic Shapes Areas

(1, 6) (9, 6)
6 – 0=6
(0, 4) (6, 4)

6-2=4

4--1=5
(1, 2) 9 -1=8 (9, 2)

Area of rectangle=8×4=32 (-1, -1) 7--1=8 (7, -1)

6+8
Area of trapezoid = × 5 = 35
2

(5,7)

7+2 (1,5)
1--1=2 (1,3) 9-1=8 (9,3)

7--1=8
5-1=4

3--2=5

(5,-1)
(-1,-2) (7,-2)
(1,-3)
Area of parallelogram =5×8=40 Area of parallelogram =4×8=32
(4, 6) (1, 6)

5 5 (7, 4)
6

(1, 1) 6 (7, 1) (1, 1)

1 1
Area of Triangle =2 6 × 5 = 15 Area of Triangle =2 5 × 6 = 15