E:\Share\Sushil\29-11-2021\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2_(29-11-2021)\Open_Files\1-Part A (9-59) AC\Chaps 1 (23 × 36 × 8) (Proof-4) 9-37

\ 27-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

2 ioZr izns'k esa ikol

µ lqfe=kkuanu iar

ikB dh :ijs[kk
izLrqr dfork esa dfo lqfe=kkuanu iar th us izo`Qfr dk cM+k gh ltho fp=k.k fd;k gSA dfo us o"kkZ ½rq esa ioZrksa ij izfriy
ifjofrZr euksgj :i dks ekuohdj.k 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k gSA bl dfork dks i<+dj ?kj dh pkjnhokjh osQ vanj cSBk gqvk O;fDr
Hkh fdlh ioZr dh pksVh dks eglwl dj ldrk gSA ftlus dHkh ioZr] ou] >jus ugha ns[ks] og bl vn~Hkqr dfork osQ tfj,
izo`Qfr osQ eueksgd :i dh dYiuk dj mlosQ lkSan;Z ls eksfgr gks] izo`Qfr izseh vo'; cu tk,xkA

ikB dk lkj
dfo us bl dfork esa izo`Qfr dk ,slk o.kZu fd;k gS fd yx jgk gS ekuks izo`Qfr ltho gks mBh gSA dfo dgrk gS fd o"kkZ
½rq esa izo`Qfr dk :i gj iy cny jgk gSµ dHkh o"kkZ gksrh gS rks dHkh /wi fudy vkrh gSA ioZrksa ij mxs gT+kkjksa iwQy ,sls
yx jgs gSa tSls og ioZrksa dh vk¡[ksa gksa vkSj os bu vk¡[kksa osQ lgkjs vius&vki dks vius pj.kksa esa iSQys niZ.k :ih rkykc esa ns[k
jgk gksA ioZrksa ls fxjrs gq, >jus dy&dy dh e/qj vkokT+k dj jgs gSa tks jkse&jkse dks izlUurk ls Hkj jgs gSaA ioZrksa ij mxs gq,
isM+ 'kkar vkdk'k dks ,sls ns[k jgs gSa tSls os mls Nwuk pkg jgs gksaA ckfj'k osQ ckn ekSle iwjh rjg ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA ?kuh /q¡/
osQ dkj.k yx jgk gS ekuksa isM+ dgha mM+ x, gksa vFkkZr xk;c gks x, gksa] pkjksa vksj /qvk¡ gksus osQ dkj.k yx jgk gS fd rkykc
esa vkx yx xbZ gSA lkjk uT+kkjk ,slk yx jgk gS tSls bl ekSle esa banz viuk ckny :ih foeku ysdj b/j m/j tknw dk [ksy
fn[kkrs gq, ?kwe jgs gksaA

dkO;ka'kksa dh O;k[;k
1- ikol ½rq Fkh] ioZr izns'k]
iy&iy ifjofrZr izo`Qfr&os'kA
O;k[;kµ ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol* dfork dh izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dfo lqfe=kkuanu iar th us o"kkZ ½rq dk o.kZu djrs gq,] ioZrksa osQ
Åij izo`Qfr esa iy&iy gks jgs cnyko osQ ckjs esa crk;k gSA muosQ vuqlkj] o"kkZ ½rq esa igkM+ksa osQ Åij dHkh /wi f[ky tkrh
gS] rks dHkh mUgha igkM+ksa dks ?kus dkys ckny ?ksj ysrs gSa] vFkkZr mUgsa Nqik ysrs gSaA vk'p;Z dh ckr rks ;g gS fd ;s lc gksus
esa {k.k Hkj dk Hkh le; ugha yxrkA
2- es[kykdj ioZr vikj uhps ty esa fut egkdkj]
vius lgÏ n`x&lqeu iQkM+] µftlosQ pj.kksa esa iyk rky
voyksd jgk gS ckj&ckj niZ.k&lk iSQyk gS fo'kky!
O;k[;kµ izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dfo us ioZr dks ,d djèkuh (dej esa igus tkus okyk xguk) osQ :i esa crk;k gSA ioZr ij f[kys
gq, gT+kkjksa iwQy ioZr osQ us=k dh rjg yx jgs gSaA ioZr osQ Bhd uhps iSQyk rkykc fdlh niZ.k dk dke dj jgk gS] ftlesa ioZr
viuh iq"i :ih vk¡[kksa ls viuk fo'kky :i fugkj jgk gSA
3- fxfj dk xkSjo xkdj >j&>j eksrh dh yfM+;ksa&lh lqanj
en esa ul&ul mRrsftr dj >jrs gSa >kx Hkjs fu>Zj!
O;k[;kµ dfork dh bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo us fdlh ioZr ls fxjrs >jus dh lqanjrk dk c[kku fd;k gSA >juk mlesa mBus okys
>kx osQ dkj.k eksfr;ksa dh yM+h dh Hkk¡fr yx jgk gSA mlosQ fxjus ls iSnk gksrh dy&dy dh xw¡t ekuks ,slh gS] tSls >juk
ioZr dk xq.kxku dj jgk gksA fxjrs gq, >jus dh èofu dks lqudj ys[kd dh ul&ul esa ekuks ÅtkZ dk lapkj gksus yxrk gSA
ioZr izns'k esa ikol 17
E:\Share\Sushil\29-11-2021\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2_(29-11-2021)\Open_Files\1-Part A (9-59) AC\Chaps 1 (23 × 36 × 8) (Proof-4) 9-37
\ 27-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

4- fxfjoj osQ mj ls mB&mB dj gSa >k¡d jgs uhjo uHk ij

mPpkdka{kkvksa ls r#oj vfues"k] vVy] oqQN fparkijA
O;k[;kµ blesa dfo Å¡ps ioZr osQ Åij mxs gq, o`{kksa dk o.kZu dj jgk gSA ftUgsa ns[kdj dfo dks ,slk izrhr gks jgk gS fd
;s isM+ ioZr osQ ân; ls mxs gSa vkSj lnSo Åij mBus dh dkeuk ls ,dVd Åij vkdk'k dh vksj gh ns[k jgs gSaA mudh Åij
mBus dh bPNk oqQN bl izdkj dh izrhr gks jgh gS fd os vius bl y{; dks ikdj gh jgsaxs] mUgsa Åij mBus ls dksbZ jksd ugha
ldrkA lkFk gh] dfo dks ,slk Hkh izrhr gks jgk gS ekuks ;s isM+ fdlh xgjh fpark esa Mwcs gksaA
5- mM+ x;k] vpkud yks] Hkw/j jo&'ks"k jg x, gSa fu>Zj!
iQM+dk vikj ikjn osQ ij! gS VwV iM+k Hkw ij vacj!
O;k[;kµ vpkud cnyrs bl ekSle esa tc vkdk'k esa ckny Nk tkrs gSa] rks ioZr Hkh <d tkrk gSA blhfy, dfo us dgk gS
fd vpkud ioZr vius pedhys ia[k iQM+iQM+kdj dgha mM+ x;k gSA og vc dgha u”kj ugha vk jgkA pkjksa vksj oqQN Hkh fn[kkbZ
ugha ns jgk] fliZQ >jus osQ fxjus dh vkokT+k lqukbZ ns jgh gSA ,slk izrhr gks jgk gS] ekuks vkdk'k i`Foh ij vk fxjk gksA
6- /¡l x, /jk esa lHk; 'kky! µ;ksa tyn&;ku esa fopj&fopj
mB jgk /qvk¡] ty x;k rky! Fkk banz [ksyrk banztkyA
O;k[;kµ bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo us dgk gS fd ?ku?kksj ckfj'k gks jgh gSA bl ewlyk/kj cjlkr osQ dkj.k okrkoj.k esa pkjksa vksj
dksgjk iSQy x;k gSA ftldh otg ls 'kky osQ fo'kky isM+ Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgs gSaA blhfy, dfo us dgk gS fd 'kky osQ isM+
Mjdj /jrh esa ?kql x, gSaA bl fujarj mBrs dksgjs dks ns[kdj ,slk izrhr gks jgk gS] ekuks rkykc esa vkx yx xbZ gksA izo`Qfr osQ
fofHkUu :iksa dks ns[kdj dfo dks ,slk yx jgk gS] tSls banz cknyksa esa ?kwe&?kwedj viuk [ksy [ksy jgs gksaA

'kCnkFkZ
i`"B&27&28
ikolµ o"kkZ ½rq] ifjofrZrµ cnyk gqvk] izo`Qfr&os'kµ izo`Qfr dk :i] es[kykdkjµ djèkuh osQ vkdkj dh igkM+ dh <ky]
lgϵ g”kkj] n`x&lqeuµ iq"i :ih vk¡[ksa] voyksdµ ns[kuk] egkdkjµ fo'kky vkdkj] rkyµ rkykc] niZ.kµ vkbZuk]
fxjhµ igkM+] enµ eLrh] >kxµ isQu] mjµ ân;] mPpkdka{kkµ Å¡pk mBus dh dkeuk] r#ojµ isM+] uhjo uHkµ 'kkar
vkdk'k] vfues"kµ ,dVd] Hkw/jµ igkM+] ikjn osQ ijµ ikjs osQ leku /oy ,oa pedhys ia[kA jo&'ks"kµ osQoy vkokT+k dk
jg tkuk] lHk;µ Hk; osQ lkFk] 'kkyµ ,d o`{k dk uke] tyn&;kuµ ckny :ih foeku] fopjµ ?kweuk] banztkyµ tknwxjhA
vH;kl iz'uksRrj
I. cgqfodYih; iz'u
1- izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa fdl ½rq dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS\
(i) olar (ii) xzh"e (iii) ikol (iv) gsear
2- dkSu iy&iy viuk os'k cny jgk gS\
(i) rky (ii) ioZr (iii) izo`Qfr (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3- ioZr dh vk¡[kksa tSls dkSu gSa\
(i) ioZr ij meM+rs&?kqeM+rs ckny (ii) ioZr ij f[kys iwQy
(iii) ioZr oQh c-iZQ (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
4- uhps fLFkr ty esa dkSu vius fo'kky vkdkj dks fugkj jgk gS\
(i) ckny (ii) isM+ (iii) ioZr (iv) mi;qZDr lHkh
5- dkSu fxfj osQ xkSjo dk xku djrk gqvk izrhr gks jgk gS\
(i) rky (ii) isM+ (iii) iq"i (iv) fu>Zj
18 fganh ^c*&10
D:\working folder\Term-2 (All Books) 23×36×8 Size Mein\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2 (1-116) (23×36×8) Proof-4 (26-11-2021)\Open_Files\1-Part A (9-59) AC\Chaps 1 (23 × 36 × 8) (Proof-4) 9-37 (AC)
\ 27-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

6- fduosQ Lojksa ls ul&ul esa mRrstuk Hkj tkrh gS\

(i) if{k;ksa osQ (ii) rky osQ (iii) cgrh gok osQ (iv) >juksa osQ
7- >kx Hkjs fu>Zj fduosQ leku yxrs gSa\
(i) dj/uh osQ leku (ii) iktsc osQ ?kq¡?k:vksa osQ leku (iii) eksrh dh yfM+;ksa osQ leku (iv) ek[ku osQ leku
8- ioZr dh Nkrh ij mxs m¡Qps o`{kksa dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZ gS\
(i) >jus osQ fxjrs ikuh ls (ii) unh osQ cgrs ty ls
(iii) rky osQ fLFkj ty ls (iv) eu esa mBus okyh m¡Qph vkdka{kkvksa ls
9- dfo dks D;ksa yxk fd igkM+ mM+ x;k gS\
(i) ?ku?kksj c"kkZ gksus osQ dkj.k (ii) cknyksa n~okjk ioZr osQ <d tkus osQ dkj.k
(iii) ioZr dks mldh txg ij u ikdj (iv) mi;qZDr lHkh
10- dfo us ioZr osQ ia[k dks oSQlk crk;k gS\
(i) ikjs osQ leku lisQn ,oa pedhyk (ii) dkty osQ leku dkyk
(iii) dkyk ,oa lisQn (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
11- ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol* ½rq esa dkSu&dkSu u”kjksa ls vks>y gks x,\
(i) ioZr (ii) >jus (iii) 'kky o`{k (iv) mi;qZDr lHkh
12- fdldh ek=k vkok”k gh 'ks"k jg xbZ gS\
(i) fpfM+;ksa dh (ii) >juksa dh (iii) ufn;ksa dh (iv) rky dh
mRrjµ 1- (iii) 2- (iii) 3- (ii) 4- (iii) 5- (iv) 6- (iv)
7- (iii) 8- (iv) 9- (ii) 10- (i) 11- (iv) 12- (ii)
II. y?kq mRrjh; iz'u (2 vad)
1. ioZr viuk izfrfcac rkykc esa D;ksa ns[k jgk gS\ (CBSE 2016)
mñ ikol ½rq osQ vkus ij ioZr dk lkSan;Z nqxquk gks x;k gSA ml ij gT+kkjksa iwQy f[ky mBs gSaA ioZr ekuks Lo;a ij eksfgr gks
x;k gSA og vius pj.kksa esa iM++s rkykc esa vius izfrfcac dks fugkj jgk gS D;ksafd rkykc niZ.k dh Hkk¡fr yx jgk gSA rkykc
osQ LoPN ty esa ioZr dks Lo;a dh ijNkb± Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA og g”kkjksa iq"i :ih vk¡[kksa ls rkykc esa viuh Nfo
fugkj dj izlUu gks jgk gSA
2. ikol ½rq esa ioZr izns'k dk :i D;ksa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS\ (CBSE 2015)
mñ ikol ½rq esa ioZrh; izns'k dh izo`Qfr izfriy viuk u;k os'k /kj.k djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA {k.k esa cknyksa dk f?kjuk] o"kkZ
gksuk rFkk iqu% okrkoj.k dk lkiQ&LoPN gksuk] /wi f[kyuk] ioZrksa ij vke ?kVuk,¡ gSaA vR;f/d Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k ekSle dk
ifjorZu ogk¡ ,d lkekU; fozQ;k gS tks o"kkZ esa vkSj vf/d rhozrk ls gksrk gSA
3. ioZr izns'k esa ikol osQ vk/kj ij ^gS VwV iM+k Hkw ij vacj* iafDr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A(CBSE 2014, 2016)
mñ ^Hkw ij vacj VwVus* dk vFkZ gSµ cknyksa n~okjk /jrh ij vkozQe.k djuk vFkkZr ewlyk/kj o"kkZ gksukA ioZrh; vapy esa vpkud
cknyksa osQ f?kj vkus ls ioZr vn`'; gks x,] osQoy >juksa dk 'kksj 'ks"k jg x;k gSA i`Foh vkSj vkdk'k ekuks ,d&ls gks x,
gSaA vpkud rs”k o"kkZ gksus ls dfo dks yxrk gS ekuks i`Foh ij vkdk'k VwV iM+k gksA
4. ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol* dh lkFkZdrk ij vius fopkj izdV dhft,A (CBSE 2013)
mñ ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol* dfork izo`Qfr osQ ifjorZu ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSA izo`Qfr iy&iy viuk :i cnyrh gSA ;gk¡ izo`Qfr
osQ lqanjre :i dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gS vkSj mlosQ Hk;kud :i dk Hkh fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA bl dfork dh lkFkZdrk
;g gS fd ge bZ'oj n~okjk iznRr izo`Qfr dks laHkky dj j[ksa] bls iznwf"kr u gksus nsa] vU;Fkk bldk fouk'k gks tk,xk vkSj
gekjk thou [krjs esa iM+ tk,xkA

ioZr izns'k esa ikol 19

D:\working folder\Term-2 (All Books) 23×36×8 Size Mein\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2 (1-116) (23×36×8) Proof-4 (26-11-2021)\Open_Files\1-Part A (9-59) AC\Chaps 1 (23 × 36 × 8) (Proof-4) 9-37 (AC)
\ 27-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

5. ^es[kykdkj* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ dfo us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;gk¡ D;ksa fd;k gS\ (CBSE 2010)
mñ es[kykdkj dk vFkZ gSµ djèkuh osQ vkdkj dkA ;gk¡ bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ioZrksa dh Üka`[kyk osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA ;s ikol
½rq esa nwj&nwj rd djèkuh dh vko`Qfr esa iSQys gq, gSaA
6. ^lgÏ n`x&lqeu* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ dfo us bldk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k gksxk\ (CBSE 2010)
mñ ^lgÏ n`x&lqeu* ls dfo dk rkRi;Z igkM+ksa ij f[kys gT+kkjksa iwQyksa ls gSA dfo dks iwQy igkM+ksa dh vk¡[kksa osQ leku yx jgs
gSa] blhfy, dfo us bl in dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
7. ioZr osQ ân; ls mBdj Å¡ps&Å¡ps o`{k vkdk'k dh vksj D;ksa ns[k jgs Fks vkSj os fdl ckr dks izfrfcafcr djrs gSa\
mñ Å¡ps&Å¡ps ioZr ij mxs o`{k vkdk'k dh vksj fparkeXu ns[krs izrhr gks jgs gSaA tSls os vkleku dh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nwuk pkgrs
gksaA blesa ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dks crk;k x;k gS fd euq"; lnk vkxs c<+us dk Hkko vius eu esa j[krk gSA
8. 'kky osQ o`{k Hk;Hkhr gksdj /jrh esa D;ksa /¡l x,\ (CBSE 2017)
mñ ?kuh /q¡/ osQ dkj.k yx jgk gS ekuks isM+ dgha mM+ x, gksa vFkkZr xk;c gks x, gksaA ,slk yx jgk gS fd iwjk vkdk'k gh
/jrh ij vk x;k gks] osQoy >jus dh vkokT+k gh lqukbZ ns jgh gSA izo`Qfr dk ,slk Hk;kud :i ns[k dj 'kky osQ isM+ Mj
dj /jrh osQ vanj /¡l x, gSaA
III. mPp ¯pru {kerk ,oa vfHkO;fDr vk/kfjr iz'u (4 vad)
1. o"kkZ Írq esa dfo us ioZrh; izns'k esa ,slk D;k ns[kk fd mls yxk tSls banz] banztky dk [ksy fn[kk jgk gS\ vius
'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
mñ ioZrh; izns'k esa o"kkZ Írq esa vpkud vkleku esa dkys&dkys ckny f?kj vk, vkSj bruh rs”k o"kkZ gksus yxh ekuks vkleku
/jrh ij VwV iM+k gksA yxus yxk fd 'kky osQ m¡Qps&m¡Qps o`{k Hk;Hkhr gksdj èkjrh esa Nqi x, gSaA rs”k o"kkZ osQ dkj.k rkykc
esa mBus okyk /qvk¡ ,slk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS] ekuks rkykc esa vkx yx xbZ gksA o"kkZ osQ dkj.k igkM+ ij iy&iy cnyrk n`';
ns[kdj dfo dks ,slk yxus yxk ekuks banz ckny :ih foeku esa ?kwe&?kwedj viuk tknqbZ [ksy fn[kk jgk gksA
2- o"kkZ Írq esa igkM+ ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ djrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol* dfork osQ vk/kj ij fyf[k,A
mñ ioZrksa ls f?kjs Hkw&Hkkx osQ chp NksVs&cM+s tks lery Hkw&Hkkx gksrs gSa] os o"kkZ Írq esa o"kkZ dk ikuh tek gksus ls rkykc dk
vkdkj ys ysrs gSaA muesa ,d=k LoPN ikuh viuh fueZyrk osQ dkj.k niZ.k dk dke djus yxrk gSA dfo dks blh fo'kky
niZ.k esa ioZr viuh lqeu :ih lglz vk¡[kksa ls viuk fo'kkydk; izfrfcac fugkjrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA blh rjg ls ioZr
ij mxs gq, o`{kksa dks ns[kdj dfo dks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;s o`{k ioZr dh vkdka{kk,¡ gSa tks mQij mBus dh dkeuk ls
vkdk'k dks ,dVd ns[k jgs gSaA igkM+ blh izdkj dh ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ djrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
3- dfo dks o"kkZ Írq esa ,slk D;ksa yxus yxk fd iwjk igkM+ gh vkleku esa mM+us yxk gS\ ^ioZr izns'k esa ikol*
dfork osQ vk/kj ij vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
mñ o"kkZ Írq esa ioZrh; izns'k esa vkleku dkys&dkys cknyksa ls f?kj tkrk gSA ;s ty/j brus uhps vk tkrs gSa fd ioZr dh
pksfV;k¡ vkSj ckny ,dkdkj gks tkrs gSaA vc ioZr vkSj dkys cknyksa esa cgqr de -iQoZQ jg tkrk gSA ,slk yxus yxrk gS
tSls lewpk ioZr gh ckny :ih ia[kksa osQ lgkjs vkleku esa mM+ jgk gksA cjlrs cknyksa dks ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS ekuks igkM+
vius ckny :ih ia[k iQM+IkQM+k jgk gks vkSj mlosQ Hkhxs ia[kksa ls ikuh Vid jgk gksA
4- igkM+ ij mxs m¡Qps&m¡Qps r#oj D;k lans'k nsrs izrhr gksrs gSa\
vFkok
ioZr ij mxs m¡Qps&m¡Qps r#ojksa ls vki dkSu&lh izsj.kk xzg.k dj ldrs gSa\
mñ ioZrh; izns'k esa igkM+ osQ lhus ij m¡Qps&m¡Qps o`{k mxs gSaA ;s m¡Qps&m¡Qps o`{k ekuo eu esa mBus okyh vkdka{kkvksa osQ leku
gh m¡Qps gaSA bUgsa ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS] ekuks ;s o`{k 'kkar vkdk'k dks viyd fugkj jgs gSaA ;s vVy jgdj fdlh ekSu fparu
esa Mwcs gq, fdlh jgL; dks lqy>kus esa yxs gSaA bu r#ojksa ls gesa ;g izsj.kk feyrh gS fd gesa Hkh viuh vkdka{kk,¡ m¡Qph
j[kuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa iwjk djus osQ fy, fujarj iz;kljr jguk pkfg,A
❑
20 fganh ^c*&10
D:\working folder\Term-2 (All Books) 23×36×8 Size Mein\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2 (1-116) (23×36×8) Proof-4 (26-11-2021)\Open_Files\1-Part A (9-59) AC\Chaps 1 (23 × 36 × 8) (Proof-4) 9-37 (AC)
\ 27-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

vH;kl iz'u i=k

ukeµ --------------------------------------------- jksy ua- ---------------------------------------------
le;µ 20 feuV oqQy vadµ 8
1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha nks iz'uksa osQ mRrj 25&30 'kCnksa esa nhft,A [2×2¾4]
(d) >jrs gq, >jus dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ^mM+ x;k vpkud yks Hkw/j*µ bl iafDr n~okjk dfo dh dYiuk dks Li"V dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) dfo us rkykc dh rqyuk fdlls dh gS vkSj D;ksa dh gS\ dfork osQ vk/kj ij Li"V dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d iz'u dk mRrj 60&70 'kCnksa esa nhft,A [4×1¾4]
(d) ioZr izns'k esa ikol ½rq esa gksus okys izko`Qfrd ifjorZuksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj ;g crkb, fd igkM+h yksxksa dks bl
½rq esa fdu&fdu dfBukb;ksa ls lkeuk djuk iM+rk gksxk\ dfork osQ dF; dks è;ku esa j[kdj fyf[k,A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ioZr ij mxs m¡Qps&m¡Qps r#ojksa ls vki dkSu&lh izsj.kk xzg.k dj ldrs gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
❑

ioZr izns'k esa ikol 21