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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Laong Laan" redirects here. For the railway station, see Laon Laan station.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Mercado and the second or
maternal family name is Realonda.
 José Rizal

Rizal c. 1890s

Born José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso

Realonda[1]

June 19, 1861[2]

Calamba, Laguna, Captaincy General of

the Philippines, Spanish Empire[2]

Died December 30, 1896 (aged 35)[3]

Bagumbayan, Manila, Captaincy General

of the Philippines, Spanish Empire[3]

Cause of death Execution by firing squad

Resting place Rizal Monument, Manila

 Daet, Camarines Norte

Monuments
 Manila
  Calamba, Laguna

Other names Pepe, Jose (nicknames)[4][5]

Alma mater  Ateneo Municipal de

Manila (BA)
 University of Santo Tomas
 Universidad Central de
Madrid (MD)

Organization(s) La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Notable work  Noli Me Tángere (1887)

 El filibusterismo (1891)

Movement Propaganda Movement

Josephine Bracken[6]
Spouse

(m. 1896)

Parents  Francisco Rizal Mercado (father)

 Teodora Alonso
Realonda (mother)

Relatives  Saturnina Hidalgo (sister)

 Paciano Rizal (brother)
 Trinidad Rizal (sister)

Signature

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda[7] (Spanish: [xoˈse riˈsal, -

ˈθal], Tagalog: [hoˈse ɾiˈsal]; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino
nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of
the Philippines. He is considered a national hero (pambansang bayani) of the
Philippines.[8][9] An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key
member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the
colony under Spain.

He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after
the Philippine Revolution broke out; it was inspired by his writings. Though he was not
actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which
eventually resulted in Philippine independence.
Rizal is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been
recommended to be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee.
However, no law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero.[9] He wrote the novels Noli
Me Tángere (1887) and El filibusterismo (1891), which together are taken as a national
epic, in addition to numerous poems and essays.[10][11]

Early life

José Rizal's baptismal register

Francisco Rizal Mercado (1818–1898)

Teodora Alonso Realonda (1827–1911)

Rizal's parents
 José Rizal in ₱2 note
José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonso
Realonda y Quintos in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters
and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying
rice farm held by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the additional
surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849 after Governor General Narciso Clavería y
Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for census
purposes (though they already had Spanish names).

Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mestizo origin. José's patrilineal
lineage could be traced to Fujian in China through his father's ancestor Lam-co,
a Hokkien Chinese merchant who immigrated to the Philippines in the late 17th century.
[12][13][note 1][14]
Lam-co traveled to Manila from Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid the famine or
plague in his home district, and more probably to escape the Manchu invasion during
the transition from Ming to Qing. He decided to stay in the islands as a farmer. In 1697,
to escape the bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that existed in the Philippines, he converted
to Catholicism, changed his name to Domingo Mercado and married the daughter of
Chinese friend Augustin Chin-co.

On his mother's side, Rizal's ancestry included Chinese and Tagalog. His mother's
lineage can be traced to the affluent Florentina family of Chinese mestizo families
originating in Baliuag, Bulacan.[15] He also had Spanish ancestry. Regina Ochoa, a
grandmother of his mother, Teodora, had mixed Spanish, Chinese, and Tagalog blood.
His maternal grandfather was a half-Spanish engineer named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.
[16]
José Rizal's maternal great-great-grandfather, Eugenio Ursua, was of Japanese
ancestry.[17][18]

From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from
his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5.[13] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila, he dropped the last three names that made up his full name, on
the advice of his brother, Paciano and the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as
"José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My family never paid much attention [to
our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an
illegitimate child!"[19] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his
brother, who had gained notoriety with earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza), who had
been accused and executed for treason.

José, as "Rizal", soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his
professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in
writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial
Philippine societies. By 1891, the year he finished his second novel El filibusterismo, his
second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my
family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means
persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name..." [19]

Education

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was sent
to Manila.[20] He took the entrance examination to Colegio de San Juan de Letran, as his
father requested, but he enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He graduated as
one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He
continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor
and assessor's degree and simultaneously at the University of Santo Tomas, where he
studied a preparatory course in law and finished with a mark of excelente, or excellent.
He finished the course of Philosophy as a pre-law.[21]

Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine at
the medical school of Santo Tomas, specializing later in ophthalmology. He received his
four-year practical training in medicine at Ospital de San Juan de Dios in Intramuros. In
his last year at medical school, he received a mark of sobresaliente in courses
of Patologia Medica (Medical Pathology), Patología Quirúrgica (Surgical Pathology) and
Obstretics.

Although known as a bright student, Rizal had some difficulty in some science subjects
in medical school such as Física (Physics) and Patología General (General Pathology).
[22]
 Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas
Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his
brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid in May 1882 and studied medicine at
the Universidad Central de Madrid. There he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine.
He also attended medical lectures at the University of Paris and the University of
Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society
and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of pathologist Rudolf
Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the
Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. He
wrote a poem to the city, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and
a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between
East and West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal completed his eye specialization in 1887 under the
renowned professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly
invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) to later operate on his
mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend half of the day in the
study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to the
bierbraueriei, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends." He lived in a
Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl
Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld. There he wrote the last few chapters
of Noli Me Tángere, his first novel, published in Spanish later that year.

Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and
made sculptures and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose
most famous works were his two novels, Noli Me Tángere (1887) and its sequel, El
filibusterismo (1891).[note 2] These social commentaries during the Spanish colonial
period of the country formed the nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful reformists
and armed revolutionaries alike.

Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in twenty-two languages.[note 3][note 4][23][24]

Rizal's numerous skills and abilities was described by his German friend, Adolf
Bernhard Meyer, as "stupendous."[note 5] Documented studies show Rizal to be a polymath
with the ability to master various skills and subjects.[23][25][26] He was an ophthalmologist,
sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian, playwright and journalist. Besides poetry
and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in
architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics,
martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. Skilled in social settings, he became
a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in Spain; he became a Master
Mason in 1884.[27]

Personal life, relationships and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-

imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011)
José Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th-century Filipinos due to the vast
and extensive records written by and about him.[28] Almost everything in his short life is
recorded somewhere. He was a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, and much of this
material has survived. His biographers have faced challenges in translating his writings
because of Rizal's habit of switching from one language to another.

Biographers drew largely from his travel diaries with his comments by a young Asian
encountering the West for the first time (other than in Spanish manifestations in the
Philippines). These diaries included Rizal's later trips, home and back again to Europe
through Japan and the United States,[29] and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in
Hong Kong.

Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila
University), Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, visited
Rizal's maternal grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister,
Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas.

It was the first time Rizal had met her, whom he described as
"rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others,
rosy-cheeked, with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful
teeth, and the air of a sylph; her entire self diffused a mysterious charm."
His grandmother's guests were mostly college students and they knew that Rizal had
skills in painting. They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of Segunda. He
complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. Rizal referred to her as his first
love in his memoir Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila, but Katigbak was already
engaged to Manuel Luz.[30]

Business card showing José Rizal is an ophthalmologist

in Hong Kong
From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2
of Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street,
Central district, Hong Kong Island, as his ophthalmology clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. In this
period of his life, he wrote about nine women who have been identified: Gertrude
Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill, Camden, London; wealthy and high-minded
Nelly Boustead of an English-Iberian merchant family; Seiko Usui (affectionately called
O-Sei-san), last descendant of a noble Japanese family; his earlier friendship with
Segunda Katigbak; Leonor Valenzuela, and an eight-year romantic relationship
with Leonor Rivera, a distant cousin (she is thought to have inspired his character
of María Clara in Noli Me Tángere).

Affair
In one account detailing Rizal's 1887 visit to Prague, Maximo Viola wrote that Rizal had
succumbed to a 'lady of the camellias'. Viola, a friend of Rizal's and an early financier
of Noli Me Tángere, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about
a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While noting Rizal's affair, Viola provided no
details about its duration or nature.[31][32][note 6]

Association with Leonor Rivera

 A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by José Rizal
Leonor Rivera is thought to have inspired the character of María Clara in Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo.[33] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was
14 years old and Rizal was 16. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was
16 years old. Their correspondence began after Rizal left a poem for her.[34]

Their correspondence helped Rizal stay focused on his studies in Europe. They
employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. In a letter
from Mariano Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, she referred to Rivera as Rizal's
"betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera as having been greatly affected by Rizal's
departure, and frequently sick because of insomnia.

Before Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had
moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal's father forbade the young man to see
Rivera in order to avoid putting her family in danger. Rizal was already labeled by
the criollo elite as a filibustero or subversive[34] because of his novel Noli Me Tángere.
Rizal wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because she had been
so faithful to him. Rizal asked permission from his father one more time before his
second departure from the Philippines, but he never met her again.

In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year, although he continued to
write to her. Rivera's mother favored an Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway
engineer who fell in love with Rivera.[34][35] The news of Leonor Rivera's marriage to
Kipping devastated Rizal.

His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on
pieces of paper. He had visited Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Pérez, and impressed
the man's daughter, Consuelo, who wrote about Rizal. In her diary, she said Rizal had
regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his
research on Antonio de Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home
of Reinhold Rost of the British Museum, who referred to him as "a gem of a man."[28][note
7]
The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts in Germany
saved even napkins that Rizal had made sketches and notes on. They were ultimately
bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia.

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he

reportedly married shortly before his execution.
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong.
She had accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes
checked by Rizal.[36] After frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love. They applied to
marry but, because of Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance, the local
priest Father Obach would hold the ceremony only if Rizal could get permission from
the Bishop of Cebu. As Rizal refused to return to practicing Catholicism, the bishop
refused permission for an ecclesiastical marriage.[6]

After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before
heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of
Rizal's family in Manila. His mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be
a lesser sacrament but less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political
retraction in order to gain permission from the Bishop.[37] Rizal and Josephine lived as
husband and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in Dapitan. The couple had a
son, but he lived only a few hours. Rizal named him after his father Francisco.[38]

In Brussels and Spain (1890–1892)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his
annotations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the
boarding house of the sisters, Catherina and Suzanna Jacoby, who had a niece
Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide says that Rizal had "his romance
with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros
Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance with the 17-year-old niece,
Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all with young women.[39] He found records
clarifying their names and ages.
Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a
box of chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the
chocolate. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting. Don't delay too long
writing us because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if
there is a letter from you. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in
that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come back…"[39] In 2007,
Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at
the house.[39]

He published Dimanche des Rameaux (Palm Sunday), a socio-political essay, in Berlin

on November 30, 1886. He discussed the significance of Palm Sunday in socio-political
terms:

"This entry [of Jesus into Jerusalem] decided the fate of the jealous priests,
the Pharisees, of all those who believed themselves the only ones who had the right to
speak in the name of God, of those who would not admit the truths said by others
because they have not been said by them. That triumph, those hosannas, all those
flowers, those olive branches, were not for Jesus alone; they were the songs of the
victory of the new law, they were the canticles celebrating the dignification of man, the
liberty of man, the first mortal blow directed against despotism and slavery".[40]
Shortly after its publication, Rizal was summoned by the German police, who suspected
him of being a French spy.[41]

The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous
novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in Berlin in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in
Ghent in 1891. For the latter, he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings
angered both the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their
symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the Church. Rizal's
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, a professor and historian born in Austria-Hungary, wrote
that the novel's characters were drawn from life and that every episode could be
repeated on any day in the Philippines.[42]

Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-
Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade
him from writing the preface of El filibusterismo, after he had translated Noli Me
Tángere into German. As Blumentritt had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being
prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was eventually tried by the military,
convicted, and executed. His books were thought to contribute to the Philippine
Revolution of 1896, but other forces had also been building for it.
 Leaders of the reform movement in Spain. Left to right:
Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).
As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed
essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La
Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used pen names, "Dimasalang", "Laong
Laan" and "May Pagasa"). The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive
ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He
shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: Rizal wrote that the
people of the Philippines were battling "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad
government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda:[note 8]

 That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (The Philippines was a

province of New Spain – now Mexico, administered from Mexico City from
1565 to 1821. From 1821 to 1898, it was administered directly from Spain.)
 Representation in the Cortes
 Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars – Augustinians, Dominicans,
and Franciscans – in parishes and remote sitios
 Freedom of assembly and speech
 Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)
The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish
intellectuals as Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.

In 1890, a rivalry developed between Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar for the leadership
of La Solidaridad and the reform movement in Europe.[43] The majority of the expatriates
supported the leadership of del Pilar.

Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an

insulting article in La Epoca, a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that Rizal's family and
friends had been evicted from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents.
The incident (when Rizal was ten) stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's
mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but she said she was trying to
help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she was ordered
to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was forced to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court.
[26]
In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year
led them to speak out against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated litigation
that resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them and the Rizal family from their homes.
General Valeriano Weyler had the tenant buildings on the farm torn down.

Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel.
Retana published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers.
He wrote the most important biography of Rizal, Vida y Escritos del José Rizal.[44][note 9]

Return to the Philippines (1892–1896)

Exile in Dapitan

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal Rizal's

pencil sketch of Blumentritt
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina.
The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was
disbanded by the governor. At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the
state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novel.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was
deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[45] There
he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in
farming and horticulture.[46]

The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language
(considered a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and
antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency
in young men.[47] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest
government officials.[48][49][50] One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, José Aseniero,
who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga.
[51][52]
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray
Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task
was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells,
Rizal sails close to the deism familiar to us today.[53][54][55]

We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt His when I
am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt
God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt
everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a
ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither
believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to Him; before theologians' and
philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find
myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be';
but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in
(revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to
possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one
cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they
were written... No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a
distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may
be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished,
and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I
believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in
that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the
being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us
from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the
goodness of God, His love, His providence, His eternity, His glory, His wisdom? 'The
heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork.[56]

Statue of Pio Valenzuela's June 15, 1896 visit to José Rizal

in Dapitan
His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European
friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch,
French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal.
Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine
Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court
which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[28] He condemned the uprising,
although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and
had used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[57]
He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the
incoming revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further
suffering in the country and loss of Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider
myself happy for being able to suffer a little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...].
I believe further that in any undertaking, the more one suffers for it, the surer its
success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor judgment does not see
it as such."[58]

In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with
questions and answers for which a wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul
Verstraeten traced this book and the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch,
spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial

The statue of Rizal's trial at the Rizal Shrine in Fort

Santiago
By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become
a full-blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising.[59][self-published source?] Rizal had
earlier volunteered his services as a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-
General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal and
Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of recommendation from Blanco.

Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on
October 6, 1896. He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was
implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan.
During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had
many opportunities to escape but refused to do so.

While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the current

revolution in its present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their
achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.

Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy, and was
convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to
Rizal, had been forced out of office. The friars, led by then-Archbishop of Manila
Bernardino Nozaleda had 'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead as the new
Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring Queen-Regent Maria
Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.
Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's

execution in what was then Bagumbayan
Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896, by a squad of Filipino soldiers of
the Spanish Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot
the executioners should they fail to obey orders.[60] The Spanish Army Surgeon General
requested to take his pulse: it was normal. Aware of this, the sergeant commanding the
backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the highly
partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. His last words were those
of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est" – "it is finished."[23][61][note 10]

A day before, Rizal's mother pleaded with the authorities to have Rizal's body placed
under her family's custody as per Rizal's wish; this was unheeded but was later granted
by Manuel Luengo, the civil governor of Manila. Immediately following the execution,
Rizal was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery (now Paco Park) in Manila with no
identification on his grave, intentionally mismarked to mislead and discourage
martyrdom.

His undated poem Mi último adiós, believed to have been written a few days before his
execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his
few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests.[62]: 91 During
their visit, Rizal reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it", referring
to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his
execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was
followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was secreted.

Rizal's execution, as well as those of other political dissidents (mostly anarchist) in

Barcelona was ultimately invoked by Michele Angiolillo, an Italian anarchist, when he
assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Canovas del Castillo.[63]

Exhumation and re-burial

 An undated photo of Rizal's original grave in Paco Park.

Note the date written in Spanish. The grave in Paco Park

after its renovation. Note the date repainted in English and the bust added with some
lampposts.
Rizal's sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites only for her efforts to end in vain. On
one day, she visited Paco Cemetery and discovered guards posted at its gate, later
finding Luengo, accompanied by two army officers, standing around a freshly-dug grave
covered with earth, which she assumed to be that of her brother's, on the reason that
there had never been any ground burials at the site. After realizing that Rizal was buried
in the spot, she made a gift to the caretaker and requested him to place a marble slab
inscribed with "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.

In August 1898, a few days after the Americans took Manila, Narcisa secured the
consent of the American authorities to retrieve Rizal's remains. During the exhumation,
it was then revealed that Rizal was not buried in a coffin but was wrapped in cloth
before being dumped in the grave; his burial was not on sanctified ground granted to the
'confessed' faithful. The identity of the remains further confirmed by both the black suit
and the shoes, both worn by Rizal on his execution, but whatever was in his shoes had
disintegrated.

Following the exhumation, the remains were brought to the Rizal household in Binondo,
where they were washed and cleaned before being placed in an ivory urn made by
Romualdo Teodoro de los Reyes de Jesus. The urn remained in the household until
December 28, 1912.
On December 29, the urn was transferred from Binondo to the Marble Hall of
the Ayuntamiento de Manila, the municipal building, in Intramuros where it remained on
public display from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., guarded by the Caballeros de Rizal. The
public was given the chance to see the urn. The next day, in a solemn procession, the
urn began its last journey from the Ayuntamiento to its last resting place in a spot in
Bagumbayan (now renamed as Luneta), where the Rizal Monument would be built.
[26]
Witnessed by his family, Rizal was finally buried in fitting rites. In a simultaneous
ceremony, the corner stone for the Rizal monument was placed and the Rizal
Monument Commission was created, headed by Tomas G. Del Rosario.

A year later, on December 30, 1913, the monument, designed and made by Swiss
sculptor Richard Kissling, was inaugurated.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua franca of the Spanish East Indies, though
some of his letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in
Tagalog. His works have since been translated into a number of languages including
Tagalog and English.

Novels and essays

 "El amor patrio", 1882 essay[64]
 "Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo", 1884 speech given at Restaurante
Ingles, Madrid
 Noli Me Tángere, 1887 novel (literally Latin for 'touch me not', from John
20:17)[65]
 Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. José
Rizal[66]
 "Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga-Malolos" (To the Young Women of Malolos),
1889 letter[67]
 Annotations to Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1889[68]
 "Filipinas dentro de cien años" (The Philippines a Century Hence), 1889–90
essay
 "Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" (The Indolence of Filipinos), 1890
essay[69]
 "Como se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands), 1890
essay
 El filibusterismo, 1891 novel; sequel to Noli Me Tángere[70]
 Una visita del Señor a Filipinas, also known as Friars and Filipinos, 14-page
unfinished novel written in 1889[71]
 Memorias de un Gallo, two-page unfinished satire[71]
 Makamisa, unfinished Tagalog-language novel written in 1892[72]
 The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal
Poetry
 "Felicitación" (1874/75)
 "El embarque"[73] (The Embarkation, 1875)
 "Por la educación recibe lustre la patria" (1876)
 "Un recuerdo á mi pueblo" (1876)
 "Al niño Jesús" (c. 1876)
 "A la juventud filipina" (To the Philippine Youth, 1879)
 "¡Me piden versos!" (1882)
 "Canto de María Clara" (from Noli Me Tángere, 1887)
 "Himno al trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa, 1888)[74]
 "Kundiman" (disputed, 1889) - also attributed to Pedro Paterno
 "A mi musa" (To My Muse, 1890)
 "El canto del viajero" (1892–96)
 "Mi retiro" (1895)
 "Mi último adiós" (1896)
 "Mi primera inspiracion" (disputed) - also attributed to Antonio Lopez, Rizal's
nephew
Plays
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods)[75]
 Junto al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[76]: 381
 San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the Martyr)[77]
Other works
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work
was The Triumph of Science over Death, a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with
overflowing hair, standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman
symbolized the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore
symbolized the enlightenment science brings over the whole world. He sent the
sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, together with another one
named The Triumph of Death over Life.
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the
humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific
advancements. The original sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine at Fort
Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. It has replicas inside the University of the Philippines
Manila campus and in Alabang, Muntinlupa.

Rizal is also noted to be a carver and sculptor who made works from clay, plaster-of-
Paris, and baticuling wood, the last being his preferred medium. While in exile in
Dapitan, he served as a mentor to three Paete natives including José Caancan, who in
turn taught three generations of carvers back in his hometown.[78]

Rizal is known to have made 56 sculptural works, but only 18 of these are known to be
still existing as of 2021.[78]

Reactions after death

An engraving of the execution of Filipino

insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta) Historical

marker of José Rizal's execution site
Retraction controversy
Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document
which stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications
and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church." [note
11]
However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there is no certificate [clarification
needed]
of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.[79] Also there is an allegation that
the retraction document was a forgery.[80]

After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the
retraction document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's
handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the
Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a retraction is not in keeping with
Rizal's character and mature beliefs.[81] He called the retraction story a "pious
fraud."[82] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[23] a Protestant
minister; Austin Coates,[35] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National
Archives.[83]

Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine
historians such as Nick Joaquin,[note 12] Nicolas Zafra of UP[84] León María Guerrero III,[note
13]
Gregorio Zaide,[86] Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[83] John N. Schumacher,
[87]
Antonio M. Molina,[88] Paul Dumol[89] and Austin Craig.[26] They take the retraction
document as authentic, having been judged as such by a foremost expert on the
writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting
experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and José I. Del
Rosario, both of UP.[84]

Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss
the crucifix before his execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman,
cites that Rizal's 4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses,
7 newspapers, and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and
anti-clericals.[90] One witness was the head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of
his notarized declaration and was highly esteemed by Rizal for his integrity.[91]

Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of
the historical method, in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence, UP
professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact
of history."[84] Guzmán attributes the denial of retraction to "the blatant disbelief and
stubbornness" of some Masons.[90] To explain the retraction Guzman said that the
factors are the long discussion and debate which appealed to reason and logic that he
had with Fr. Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and friends from the Ateneo, and the
grace of God due the numerous prayers of religious communities.[90]

Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes," [86][note
14]
his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[91] and a return to the
"ideals of his fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the
contrary, it increased that stature to greatness."[94] On the other hand, lawyer and
senator José W. Diokno stated at a human rights lecture, "Surely whether Rizal died as
a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino...
Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the hero who courted death 'to prove to those
who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'." [95]

"Mi último adiós"

Main article: Mi último adiós
The poem is more aptly titled "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved
Fatherland"), by virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line
of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when
a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided
to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly
admired Rizal, wanted a good facsimile of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in
London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under "Mi último
pensamiento," a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus,
the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to
Josephine was published in Barcelona before word of the poem's existence had
reached him and he could revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate for
Rizal to have had time to write "Adiós."

Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in
the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an
English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what
clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?"[96] Subsequently, the US
Congress passed the bill into law, which is now known as the Philippine Organic Act of
1902.[97]

This was a major breakthrough for a U.S. Congress that had yet to grant the equal
rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the U.S. Constitution and at a time
the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature,
appointed two Filipino delegates to the U.S. Congress, extended the U.S. Bill of Rights
to Filipinos and laid the foundation for an autonomous government. The colony was on
its way to independence.[97] The United States passed the Jones Law that made the
legislature fully autonomous until 1916 but did not recognize Philippine independence
until the Treaty of Manila in 1946—fifty years after Rizal's death. This same poem,
which has inspired independence activists across the region and beyond, was recited
(in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian soldiers of
independence before going into battle.[98]

Later life of Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day,[99] promptly joined
the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud
across enemy lines, and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under
the revolutionary General Pantaleón García. Imus came under threat of recapture that
the operation was moved, with Bracken, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in
Cavite.[100]
She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned
by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could
not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married
another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the
Philippines. She died of tuberculosis in Hong Kong on March 15, 1902, and was buried
at the Happy Valley Cemetery.[100] She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi
Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While
visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's
last verses, his portrait, and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the
Philippines to Spain.[101] Ramon Blanco later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal
family as an apology.[102]

Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between freethinker
and Catholic, have kept his legacy controversial.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna, the ancestral

house and birthplace of José Rizal, is now a museum housing Rizal memorabilia.
National hero status
The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the
sometimes bitter question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero.[103][104] But then
again, according to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no
Filipino historical figure, including Rizal, that was officially declared a national hero
through law or executive order,[105][106] although, there were laws and proclamations
honoring Filipino heroes.

Made national hero by colonial Americans

Some[who?] suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American
forces occupying the Philippines. In 1901, the American Governor General William
Howard Taft suggested that the U.S.-sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a
national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable to the
American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent, a favourable quality which, if
emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the American rule or change the status quo of
the occupiers of the Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate independence for the
Philippines either.[107] Subsequently, the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. 346
which set the anniversary of Rizal's death as a “day of observance.”[108]

Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was

promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the
Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American War. The United States
promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political advocacy (in fact, repudiation of
violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire
resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Andrés Bonifacio who was
viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[109]

Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo

On the other hand, numerous sources[110] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo,
and not the second Philippine Commission, who first recognized December 30 as
"national day of mourning" in memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. As
per them, the first celebration of Rizal Day was held in Manila on December 30, 1898,
under the sponsorship of the Club Filipino.[111]

The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain.
However, most historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during
his lifetime,[112] as he was a member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent
family, had lived abroad for nearly as long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote
primarily in an elite language (at that time, Tagalog and Cebuano were the languages of
the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom (the masses were more concerned about
day to day issues like earning money and making a living, something which has not
changed much today).[113]

Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other
countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andrés
Bonifacio not replace Rizal as national hero, as some have suggested, but that be
honored alongside him.[114]

Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies regarding
Rizal.[115] The historian Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a
consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the Bonifacio's revolver
produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting
achievement.[116]

Critiques of books
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the
Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down
desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair.”[117] His critics
assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence
in Noli Me Tángere and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to
Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is
struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure
and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable.[118]

Many thinkers tend to find the characters of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me Tángere)
poor role models, María Clara being too frail, and young Ibarra being too accepting of
circumstances, rather than being courageous and bold.[119]

In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: “...our liberty will (not) be secured
at the sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a
people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered,
tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first
dawn.”[118] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is also debated, not only based on
his own writings, but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts of Pío Valenzuela, a
doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan.

Role in the Philippine Revolution

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the
Spanish authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an
armed struggle for independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had
even refused him entry to his house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a
coward for his refusal.[note 15]

However, years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising
as long as the Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had
suggested that the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on
their side, or at least ensure they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his
friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary forces since he had studied military
science.[note 16] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered prematurely, they should
fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to historian Teodoro
Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true stance
toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him.[120]

Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as
noted by historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza
which equates his coming execution and the rebels then dying in battle as
fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their country.[121]

Legacy and remembrance

See also: List of places named after José Rizal
Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated
liberty through peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding with the
appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in
poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical
possibility in Asia. In Noli Me Tángere, he stated that if European civilization had
nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that
Gandhi or Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal, nor have they mentioned him in
any of their memoirs or letters. But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin
Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned,
specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter Indira.[122][123]

As a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization
that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret
society which would start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the
foundation of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent
of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather
than through violent revolution, and would only support "violent means" as a last resort.
[125]
Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government
was the restoration of the dignity of the people,[note 19] saying "Why independence, if the
slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"[126] However, through careful
examination of his works and statements, including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals
himself as a revolutionary. His image as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early
reverence to him.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial
image of Spain's early relations with his people.[127] In his writings, he showed the
disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices
giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English
biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the
Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his
standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a
national identity to nation-building.[35][note 20]

The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose
Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like
Rizal (published by the National Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over
the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of
Unselfishness". He received an award from the president of the Philippines "in
recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and his invaluable contribution to engender the
teachings and ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". One of the
greatest researchers about Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael.

Rizal enjoys a contemporary following from various groups collectively known as the
Rizalistas.[129] The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts
of dozens of chapters all over the globe.[130][131] There are some remote-area religious
sects who venerate Rizal as a Folk saint collectively known as the Rizalista religious
movements, who claim him as a sublimation of Christ.[132] In September 1903, he
was canonized as a saint in the Philippine Independent Church, however, it was
revoked in the 1950s.[133]

Species named after Rizal

José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished
at Dapitan where he plunged himself into studying nature. He was then able to collect a
number of species of various classes:
insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, shells, snakes, and plants.

Rizal sent many specimens of animals, insects, and plants for identification to the
(Anthropological and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden[134]), Dresden Museum of
Ethnology. It was not in his interest to receive any monetary payment; all he wanted
were scientific books, magazines and surgical instruments which he needed and used
in Dapitan.

During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe.
He believed that they were a new species. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck
named them Draco rizali after Rizal. However, it has since been discovered that the
species had already been described by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert
Boulenger in 1885 as Draco guentheri.[135]

There are three animal species that Rizal personally collected specimens of and that
were posthumously named after him:

 Draco rizali – a small lizard known as a flying dragon

 Apogonia rizali – a very rare kind of beetle with five horns
 Rhacophorus rizali – a peculiar frog species, now synonymized
with Rhacophorus pardalis.[136]
There are also other species discovered afterward in the Philippines that have been
explicitly dedicated to the memory of Rizal:

 Aedes rizali – a mosquito[137]

 Conus rizali – a sea snail[138]
 Hogna rizali – a spider[139]
 Kalayaan rizali – a mite[140]
 Spathomeles rizali – a beetle[141]
 Pachyrhynchus rizali – a weevil[142]
Apart from these, entomologist Nathan Banks applied the specific epithet rizali to a
number of insect species from the Philippines (Chrysopa rizali, Ecnomus
rizali, Hemerobius rizali, Hydropsyche rizali, Java rizali, Psocus rizali, etc.). Though he
did not explain why, it was probably intended as a homage to Rizal as well.

Historical commemoration
 Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts
and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist.
Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him
with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Rudolf
Virchow delivering the eulogy.[143]
 The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the Luneta in
Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal Park, a national park in Manila. The
monument, which also contains his remains, was designed by
the Swiss Richard Kissling of the William Tell sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.[note 21] The
monument carries the inscription: "I want to show to those who deprive
people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice
ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for
those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him."[28]
 The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act No. 137 creating the
Province of Rizal out of the old District of Morong and Province of Manila.
Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns,
streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor.[145]
 Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law, was passed in 1956 by the
Philippine legislature requiring all high schools and colleges to offer courses
about his life, works and writings.
 Yearly on June 19, a special non-working holiday in commemoration of his
birth is observed at his home province of Laguna.[146]
 Rizal monument in Uptown,
ChicagoMonuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;[147] Cádiz,
Spain;[148] Tokyo;[149] Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, China; Chicago;
[150]
Jersey City, New Jersey; Cherry Hill, New Jersey;[151] Honolulu;[152] San
Diego;[153] Los Angeles, including the suburbs of Carson and West
Covina (both near the headquarters of Seafood City); Mexico City;[154] Lima,
Peru;[155] Litoměřice, Czech Republic;[156] Toronto;[157] Markham;[158] and Montreal,
Canada.[159]
 Monuments sculpted in honor of Rizal are also built at various town plazas or
city parks in various towns and cities in the Philippines, usually found in
the poblacion.[160]
 A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabián de la Rosa on one
side and a bronze bust relief of him by Philippine artist Guillermo
Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations Museum Green marking his visits
to Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and 1896.[161]
 A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina District, Lima, Peru, designed
by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop a pedestal base with four
inaugural plaque markers with the following inscription on one: "Dr. José P.
Rizal, Héroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political,
Escritor, Lingüistica y Poeta, 1861–1896."[162][163]
 A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino American Council of Chicago,
celebrating a one-day visit Rizal made to Chicago on May 11, 1888, as seen
below.
 A plaque marks the Wilhelmsfeld building where he trained with Professor
Becker. There is a small park in Wilhelmsfeld named after Rizal with a bronze
statue of Rizal, and the street where he lived on was also renamed after him.
Wilhelmsfeld's local government gifted the sandstone fountain in Pastor
Ullmer's house garden where Rizal lived to the Philippine government and is
now located at Rizal Park in Manila.[164]
 In Heidelberg, a small stretch along the Neckar River is named after Rizal. In
2014, a commemorative sandstone plaque was placed there in Rizal's honor.
[165]

 Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other institutions

organized several activities commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of
Rizal, which took place on June 19 of that year.
 The London Borough of Camden placed a Blue Plaque at 37 Chalcot
Crescent, where Rizal lived for some time, with the words: "Dr. José Rizal,
Writer and National Hero of the Philippines".
 A monument in honor of Rizal was planned, and built in Rome.[166][167]
 In the City of Philadelphia, the 'City of Murals' first Filipino mural in the US
east coast honoring José Rizal was to unveiled to the public in time for Rizal's
Sesquicentennial year-long celebration.[168]
 The Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo, Sri Lanka has a suite named after
Jose P. Rizal as he had stayed there in May 1882.[169]
 The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after Rizal by
the United States Navy and launched on September 21, 1918.
 The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are dedicated to
Rizal.[170]
 On 19 June 2019, on Rizal's 158th birthday, he was honored with a Google
Doodle.[171]
 A bronze bust of Rizal by F.B. Case was gifted to the City of Toronto by the
Government of the Philippines in 1998. It is located at Earl Bales Park in the
neighborhood of Lansing.[157]
 A monument by Mogi Mogado was unveiled at Luneta Gardens (a similar
name as that of the park where Rizal is buried—Luneta Park or now as Rizal
Park) in 2019 as a gift from the Filipino Canadian community of Markham to
the City of Markham. It is located in the Box Grove area of Markham, Ontario,
near Rizal Avenue, which is also named for him.[172]
 A Jose Rizal-class frigate of the Philippine Navy was built by Hyundai Heavy
Industries. Two ships were ordered in 2016. They are the first guided missile
frigate to enter service with the Philippine Navy. The lead ship, BRP Jose
Rizal, arrived in the Philippines on May 22, 2020.[173]
 In the 9th arrondissement of Paris, Place José Rizal is a small square named
after Rizal. In 2022 a bust of Rizal (by sculptor Gérard Lartigue) was erected
in the square which is in the Rue de Maubeuge, a street frequented by Rizal.
[174][175]
 

Close-up image of Rizal's statue at the Rizal Monument in Manila

Rizal Monument, Manila

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970 Philippine peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

 

The Portrait of Rizal, painted in oil by Juan Luna

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

 

The National Historical Institute logo for the 150th birth anniversary of José Rizal

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside José Rizal's residence in
Hong Kong.

BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) during the launching ceremony

Rizal in popular culture
Adaptation of his works
The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than
a century after his birth. In the 10th Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences
Awards ceremony, Rizal was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo de León's
adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere. The recognition was repeated the following
year with his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him the only person to win
back-to-back FAMAS Awards.[176]
Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de
León: Noli Me Tángere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939
overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired by Rizal's tale of the same name.[177]

Ang Luha at Lualhati ni Jeronima is a film inspired by the third chapter of Rizal's El
filibusterismo.[178]

Biographical films / TV series

 Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956 film Ang Buhay at Pag-ibig ni Dr.
Jose Rizal
 Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997 film Rizal sa Dapitan
 Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar Montano in the 1998 biographical
film José Rizal
 Portrayed by Eric Quizon in the ABS-CBN educational series, Bayani
 Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999 mockumentary film Bayaning 3rd World
 Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV series Katipunan
 Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden Richards in the 2014 TV
series Ilustrado.
 Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the 2014 film Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo
 Portrayed by Tony Labrusca in the 2019 iWant original series Ang Babae sa
Septic Tank 3: The Untold Story of Josephine Bracken
 Portrayed by Alexandre Lucas Martin and Khalil Ramos in the 2023
film GomBurZa
Other
 Rizal appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as a secret
character in multiplayer, alongside other historical figures such as William
Shakespeare and Winston Churchill. He can be unlocked by completing the
single-player mode, or through cheat codes.[179][180]
 The Tekken series introduced a character by the name of Josie Rizal in
acknowledgment of José Rizal.[181]
Ancestry
showAncestors
of José Rizal

See also
 Bust of José Rizal, Houston, Texas
 José Rizal University
 José Rizal's Global Fellowship
 Makamisa
 José Martí, Cuban national hero also executed by the Spanish in 1895
  Religious views of José Rizal
 Rizal Shrine (Manila)
 Rizal Shrine (Calamba)
 Rizal Technological University
 Rizal Without the Overcoat
Notes and references
Explanatory notes
1. ^ When José was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal
Mercado and Teodora Realonda."José Rizal's Lineage"
2. ^ His novel Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and
China and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial rebellion. Read Benedict
Anderson's commentary: [1].
3. ^ He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, German, Portuguese,
Italian, English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also made translations from Arabic,
Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit. He translated the
poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some
knowledge of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun.
4. ^ In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino", (La Solidaridad, c. 1888), he wrote:
"Man is multiplied by the number of languages he possesses and speaks."
5. ^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840–1911) was a
German ornithologist and anthropologist, and author of the book Philippinen-
typen (Dresden, 1888)
6. ^ Ocampo rescued Rizal's third novel Makamisa from oblivion.
7. ^ Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the British Museum and a
renowned 19th-century philologist.
8. ^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states: Reforms,
if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for reforms that come from
below are upheavals both violent and transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)
9. ^ According to Laubach, Retana more than any other supporter 'saved Rizal for
posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)
10.^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day.
Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned
utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard", "...profoundly and intimately
Spanish, far more Spanish than those wretched men—forgive them, Lord, for
they knew not what they did—those wretched men, who over his still warm body
hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva España!'" Miguel
de Unamuno, epilogue to Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. José
Rizal. (Retana, op. cit.)
11.^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y
conducta ha habido contrario á mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Católica: Jesus
Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of
Dr. José Rizal (Manila: 1983)
12.^ Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine National Centennial Commission,
1996:""It seems clear now that he did retract, that he went to confession, heard
mass, received communion, and was married to Josephine, on the eve of his
death".
 13.^ "That is a matter for handwriting experts, and the weight of expert opinion is in
favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that the retraction does not prove
Rizal's conversion; the language of the document is unmistakable."[85]
14.^ The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is the end of a process which started
with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili.[92][93]
15.^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Fort
Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)
16.^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but became a general under Emilio
Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the Philippine–American War.
17.^ Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The Philippines: A Century Hence", The batteries
are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not
provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will
be generated. (read etext at Project Gutenberg)
18.^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and exile, it
was disbanded and the group splintered into two factions; the more radical group
formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm of the insurrection.[124]
19.^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he
copied word for word from the British Museum and had published, called
attention to an antiquated book, a testimony to the well-advanced civilization in
the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The Indolence of the
Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the
advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression', and the
Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence
of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement, the
demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from his carabao', the endless
wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracy—all these factors,
according to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio 'on a
level with the beast'. (Read English translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project
Gutenberg.)
20.^ According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist
thinking.[128] (See also Nitroglycerine in the Pomegranate, Benedict
Anderson, New Left Review 27, May–June 2004 (subscription required))
21.^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886.[144]

Citations
1. ^ Valdez 2007, p. 57
2. ^ Jump up to:a b Valdez 2007, p. 59
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Valdez 2007, p. 7
4. ^ Nery, John (2011). "Revolutionary Spirit: Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia", p. 240.
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4.
5. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 31.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008, p. 21.
7. ^ Biography and Works of the Philippine Hero. Jose Rizal (June 20, 2014).
Retrieved on 2017-07-07.
8. ^ Szczepanski, Kallie. "Biography of Jose Rizal, National Hero of the
Philippines". ThoughtCo. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws
Honoring Filipino Historical Figures" (PDF). Reference and Research Bureau
 Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Archived from the
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10.^ Zaide, Gregorio F.; Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and
Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City: All-
Nations Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8. Archived from the
original on September 23, 2013.
11.^ "Rizal y Alonso, José Protasio, 1861–1896". Virtual International Authority File
(VIAF). Retrieved May 18, 2013.
12.^ "Jose Rizal [Rizal Family]". joserizal.ph.
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Philippines". About.com Education. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014.
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14. ^ Grouped references:
 Remarks on the occasion of the 114th death anniversary of Jose
Rizal, 30 December 2010, Berlin Archived August 26, 2016, at
the Wayback Machine, Embassy of the Philippines in Berlin
 http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2010c-3.shtml Archived August
27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
 The Mercado - Rizal Family, joserizal.ph
 Rizal's Family Tree and Ancestry, allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com
 Genealogoy of Jose Rizal, xhellephyeom23.files.wordpress.com
 Family Tree, akosimendozaabby.files.wordpress.com
15.^ Austin Craig (January 8, 2005). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life
and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine Patriot. Retrieved July 1, 2016 – via
www.gutenberg.org.
16.^ ""Lola Lolay of Bahay na Bato" | OurHappySchool". ourhappyschool.com.
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Inc. p. 156. ISBN 978-971-23-5128-0.
18.^ Rizal, José (1918). Rizal's Own Story of His Life. National Book Company.
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19.^ Jump up to:a b Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo, University of
Washington, Dept. of History.
20.^ Valdez 2007, p. 77
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Publishers, 1936).
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36.^ Fadul 2008, p. 17.
37.^ Craig 1914, p. 215.
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General sources
 Craig, Austin (1914). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine
Patriot. Yonker-on-Hudson World Book Company.
 Fadul, Jose (ed.) (2008). Google Books. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu
Press. ISBN 978-1-4303-1142-3
 Guerrero, León Ma. (1974) [1963]. The First Filipino: A Biography of José
Rizal. Manila: National Historical Commission.
 Valdez, Maria Stella S. (2007). Doctor Jose Rizal and the Writing of His
Story. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-4868-6.
Further reading
 Catchillar, Chryzelle P. (1994). The Twilight in the Philippines
 Fadul, Jose (2002/2008). A Workbook for a Course in Rizal. Manila: De La Salle
University Press. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing. ISBN 978-971-584-648-6
 Gripaldo, Rolando M. Rizal's Utopian Society (1998, 2014), C& E Publishing, Inc.,
2009 (slightly revised, 2014)
 Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2007). The First Filipino. Manila: National Historical Institute of
The Philippines (1962); Guerrero Publishing. ISBN 971-9341-82-3
 Hessel, Eugene A. (1965). Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate. Silliman
University
 Joaquin, Nick (1977). A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key
figures of Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum.
 Jalosjos, Romeo G. (Compiler). The Dapitan Correspondence of Dr.José Rizal and
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. City government of Dapitan: Philippines, 2007. ISBN 978-
971-9355-30-4.
 Mapa, Christian Angelo A. (1993). The Poem of the Famous Young Elder José Rizal
 Medina, Elizabeth (1998). Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a
Revolution. Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia. ISBN 956-7483-09-4
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2008).Rizal Without the Overcoat. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2001).Meaning and history: The Rizal Lectures. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993). Calendar of Rizaliana in the Vault of the National
Library. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1992). Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Pasig:
Anvil Publishing.
  Quirino, Carlos (1997). The Great Malayan. Makati City: Tahanan Books. ISBN 971-
630-085-9
 Rizal, Jose. (1889)."Sa mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos Politicos y
Historicos de José Rizal (1961). Manila: National Centennial Commission.
 José Rizal (1997). Prophecies of Jose Rizal about the Philippines: From the Pen of
the Visionary National Hero, Phenomenal Revelations and Coded Messages about
Events Past, Present and Future: Destiny of the Philippines ... Rex Bookstore,
Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-2240-2.
 Runes, Ildefonso (1962). The Forgery of the Rizal Retraction'. Manila: Community
Publishing Co.
 Thomas, Megan C. Orientalists, Propagandists, and "Ilustrados": Filipino
Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism (University of Minnesota Press;
2012) 277 pages; explores Orientalist and racialist discourse in the writings of José
Rizal and five other ilustrados.
 Tomas, Jindřich (1998). José Rizal, Ferdinand Blumentritt and the Philippines in the
New Age. The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic. Publishing House Oswald Praha
(Prague).
 Venzon, Jahleel Areli A. (1994). The Doorway to hell, Rizal's Biography
 Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003). José Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore. ISBN 971-08-0520-7

External links
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 Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal
 The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal Archived June 9, 2013, at the Wayback
Machine
 Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "José Mercado Rizal" . Catholic
Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
 Works by José Rizal at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about José Rizal at Internet Archive
 Works by José Rizal at Open Library
 Works by José Rizal at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
 Jose Rizal Website
 Rizal's Little Odyssey
 Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
 Comparison between Jose Rizal and Jose Marti (Spanish)
  Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet
 Chevaliers de Rizal (in French) at French Wikipedia
 Poems written by José Rizal
 Philippine Literature and José Rizal Archived March 23, 2009, at
the Wayback Machine, articles by José Tlatelpas, Edmundo Farolán and
others. Published in Spanish by La Guirnalda Polar, webzine, Canada, 1997.
 Songs written by José Rizal
 How the Spanish Government executed Jose Rizal by firing squad as
narrated by a direct eyewitness to a journalist of Sunday Times Magazine in
1949
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