Preface

Quantitative Aptitude is one of the most omnipresent sections in every Online Aptitude test. Ultimately, cracking
Quantitative Aptitude comes down to mastering fundamental concepts and performing four basic operations -
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division. How you perform these operations forms the crux of
Quantitative Aptitude.

This FREE FACE Prep Quantitative Aptitude Ready Reckoner will help you with key terms, relations and
formulae across the key topics in Quantitative Aptitude.

Content
Topic name Page number
Number system 2
Percentages, Simple Interest and Compound
5
Interest
Time and Work 7
Time, Speed and Distance 8

Profit & Loss, Partnerships, Averages and Mixtures

10
& Alligations

Ratios, Proportions and Equations 11

Logarithms 13
Progression 14

Geometry 15
Mensuration 16
Permutation, Combination and Probability 18
Statistics 20

Page | 1
 Number system
Important terms:
Factors: Factors of a number are the numbers which will divide the given number without leaving any remainder.

Multiples: Multiples of a number are generated by multiplying other integers with the given number.

Highest Common Factor (HCF): The highest common factor of two numbers is the largest number that will
divide both the numbers without leaving a remainder. It is also called as the greatest common divisor or GCD.

Least Common Multiple (LCM): The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest number that is a
multiple of both the numbers.

Co-prime numbers: The set of numbers which do not have any common factor other than 1 are called co-prime
numbers.

Important formulae:
Multiples and Factors:

Let the prime factorized form of a number N = ap × bq × cr

Number of factors of N = (p + 1) × (q + 1) × (r + 1)

Number of prime factors of N = (p + q + r)

Number of unique prime factors of N = 3 (In this case a, b, c)

Power cycle:

The following tables gives the list of power cycle for all the possible unit’s digit of a number:

Number Repeating pattern (Power cycle)

0 0
1 1
2 2, 4, 8, 6
3 3, 9, 7, 1
4 4, 6
5 5
6 6
7 7, 9, 3, 1
8 8, 4, 2, 6
9 9, 1

Page | 2
Divisibility rule:
The following table gives the list of divisibility rules for some of the frequently used numbers:
Number Condition
The last digit should be even
2
(0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
The sum of the digits should
3
be divisible by 3
The last two digits should be
4
divisible by 4
5 The last digit should be 0 or 5
The number should be
6
divisible by both 2 and 3
Double the last digit and
subtract it from the rest of the
7 number and the answer
should either be 0 or a number
divisible by 7
The last three digits should be
8 153190 (190 is not divisible by 8) is not divisible by
divisible by 8
The sum of digits should be
9
divisible by 9
10 The last digit should be 0
The difference between the
sum of digits in odd places
11 and the sum of digits in even
places should be either 0 or a
number divisible by 11
The number should be
12
divisible by both 3 and 4
Page | 3
Example
256 is divisible by 2
257 is not divisible by 2
471(4 + 7 + 1 = 12, 12/3 = 4) is divisible by 3
322 (3 + 2 + 2 = 7) is not divisible by 3
2516 (16/4 = 4) is divisible by 4
2414 is not divisible by 4
465 is divisible by 5
716 is not divisible by 5
78 (is even and 7 + 8 = 15, 15/3 = 5) is divisible by
6
80 (is even but 8 + 0 = 8, 8 is not divisible by 3) is
not divisible by 6
343 (twice 3 is 6, 34 – 6 = 28 and 28/7 = 4) is
divisible by 7
192 (twice 2 is 4, 19 – 4 = 15 ≠ 0 nor a multiple of
7) is not divisible by 7
102192 (192/8 = 24) is divisible by 8
8
6561 (6 + 5 + 6 + 1 = 18 and R(18/9) = 0) is
divisible by 9
611 (6 + 1 + 1 = 8 and R(8/9) ≠ 0) is not divisible by
9
150 is divisible by 10
141 is not divisible by 10
12364 ((1 + 3 + 4) – (2 + 6) = 0) is divisible by 11
4234 ((4 + 3) – (2+4) = 1, ≠ 0 or 11) is not divisible
by 11
144 (1 + 4 + 4 = 9, 9/3 = 3 also last two digits 44 is
divisible by 4) is divisible by 12
164 (1 + 6 + 4 = 11, 11 is not divisible by 3 but last
two digits 64 is divisible by 4) is not divisible by 12
HCF and LCM:

Type Approach

Find the greatest number that will

HCF (a, b, c)
exactly divide a, b and c.

Find the greatest number that will divide a, b and c

HCF (a-x, b-y, c-z)
leaving remainders of x, y and z respectively.

Find the greatest number which when it divides a, b

HCF (a-b, b-c, c-a)
and c will leave the same remainder in each case.

Find the least number which is exactly divisible by a,

LCM (a, b, c)
b and c.

Find the least number which when divided by a, b

LCM (a, b, c) + r
and c leaves the same remainder ‘r’ in each case.

Find the least number which when divided by a, b Check if a-x = b-y = c-z = K. If this
and c leaves the remainders x, y and z respectively. is the case, then LCM (a, b, c) – K

Page | 4
 Percentages, Simple Interest and Compound Interest
Important terms:
Percentage: Value per 100 equal parts.

Principal (P): Initial sum value that has been lent or deposited.

Term period (N): Total period for which the sum is deposited or lent.

Rate of interest (R): Percentage of principal amount to be paid as interest. Usually given per annum.

Simple Interest: Simple Interest is calculated only on the principal amount.

Compound Interest: Money is said to be lent at Compound Interest (C.I.), when at the end of a year or other
fixed period the interest that has become due is not paid to the lender, but is added to the sum lent and the
amount thus obtained becomes the principal for the next period.

Important formulae:
The following table gives the relation between a fraction value and the corresponding percentage value:

Fraction Percentage
1/1 100%
1/2 50%
1/3 33.33%
1/4 25%
1/5 20%
1/6 16.67%
1/7 14.28%
1/8 12.5%
1/9 11.11%
1/10 10%
1/11 9.09%
1/12 8.33%

PNR
Simple Interest =
100

R N
Compound Interest (when compounded annually) = P (1 + )
100

Page | 5
 R 2N
Compound Interest (when compounded semi-annually) = P (1 + )
200

R 4N
Compound Interest (when compounded quarterly) = P (1 + )
400

Amount = Principal + Interest

Relation between Simple Interest and Compound Interest:

Year Simple Interest Compound Interest

1 PR PR

2 PR PR + PR2

3 PR PR + 2PR2 + PR3

4 PR PR + 3PR2 + 3PR3 + PR4

5 PR PR + 4PR2 + 6PR3 + 4PR4 + PR5

Page | 6
 Time and Work
Important relations:
The number of days taken to complete a task is inversely proportional to the efficiency of the person

1
Number of days ∝
Efficiency
The number of people working is inversely proportional to the number of days worked

1
Number of people ∝
Number of days
The number of people working is directly proportional to the amount of work done

Number of people ∝ Amount of work done

The number of days worked is directly proportional to the amount of work done

Number of days ∝ Amount of work done

Important formulae:
Work Equivalence (Man days):
N 1 × D1 × H1 N2 × D2 × H2
=
W1 W2

where N1 and N2 represent the number of people working in the first and the second group respectively

D1 and D2 represent the number of days taken by the first and the second group respectively

H1 and H2 represent the number of hours each person works per day in the first and the second case respectively

W1 and W2 represent the quantity of work completed by the first and the second group respectively

Division of wages:

Let E1 and E2 be the efficiency of two people who worked for N1 and N2 days respectively.

If both of them worked with same efficiency (E1 = E2) then the wage should be divided in the ratio of the number
of days they worked. (i.e.) N1 : N2

If both of them worked for equal number of days (N1 = N2) then the wage should be divided in the ratio of their
efficiencies (i.e.) E1 : E2

If neither the efficiency nor the number of days worked is constant then the wage should be divided in the ratio
of their work done. (i.e.) E1 × N1 = E2 × N2

Page | 7
 Time, Speed and Distance
Important terms:
Relative speed: The speed of a body B as seen from another body A is called the relative speed of B with respect
to A.

Effective speed: When the speed of one object is directly affected by the speed of another object, then the
resultant speed is termed as effective speed.

Problems on races:

Scenario Description

X beats Y by 10 m in a 100 m race X covered 100 m in the same time when Y covered 90 m.

X took t seconds to cover 100 m whereas Y took t + 10

X beats Y by 10 seconds in a 100 m race
seconds to cover the same.

X gives a head start of 10 seconds to Y Y starts 10 seconds before X.

X gives a head start of 10 m to Y Y is ahead of X by 10 m at the start of the race.

Dead heat in a race means all the runners reach the

The race between X and Y ends in a dead heat
finishing line at the same time.

Important relations:
When distance covered is constant, speed is inversely proportional to time taken.

1
Speed ∝
Time taken
When time taken is constant, distance covered is directly proportional to speed.

Speed ∝ Distance
When speed is constant, distance covered is directly proportional to time taken.

Distance ∝ Time taken

Page | 8
 1000 meter 𝟓
1 km/h = = m/s
60 × 60 second 𝟏𝟖

1
kilometer 60 × 60 kilometer 𝟏𝟖
1 m/s = 1000
1 =
1000 hour
= 𝟓
km/h
hour
60 × 60

Important formulae:
Distance
Speed =
Time

Average speed: When a person travels two equal distances at two different speeds X and Y then average speed
2XY
=
X+Y

Relative speed:

When two objects are travelling in opposite directions, relative speed, SR = (S1 + S2)

When two objects are travelling in the same direction, relative speed, SR = (S1 - S2)

where S1 and S2 are the respective speeds of two objects.

Effective speed:

If the stream and the boat are moving in same direction, effective speed SE = SB + SS

If the stream and boat are moving in opposite directions, effective speed, SE = SB – SS

SB and SS are the respective speeds of the boat and the stream.

Problems on races:

1. In races involving circular tracks, if two runners start at the same time and from the same point in the same
direction, when they meet for the first time, the faster runner would have a completed one round more than
the slower runner.
Track length
The time taken for the first meeting =
Relative Speed

2. If two runners start at the same time and from the same point, the time taken for them to meet at the starting
point for the first time is the LCM of the time taken by each of them to complete one round.

3. When three runners start from the same point at the same time, the time taken for their first meeting is the
LCM of the time taken by the fastest runner to get a lead of one complete round over each of the other two.

Page | 9
 Profit & Loss, Partnerships, Averages and Mixtures &
Alligations
Important terms:
Selling Price (SP): Price at which an article is sold

Cost Price (CP): Price at which an article is bought (or) manufactured

Marked Price (MP): Initial price quoted for the article

Important formulae:
1. Profit = SP – CP
2. Loss = CP – SP
3. Mark-up amount = MP – CP
4. Discount = MP – SP
Profit/ Loss amount
5. Profit/Loss percentage = × 100
CP
Mark up amount
6. Mark-up percentage = × 100
CP
Discount amount
7. Discount percentage = × 100
MP

8. If a seller sells his goods at cost price, but uses false weight, then the profit percentage earned =
Error
× 100
True value − Error

9. If the investments are in the ratio a : b : c for a time period, of x, y, z respectively, then the profit should be
divided in the ratio of ax : by : cz.

Sum of terms
10. Average of N items =
Number of terms

Sum of deviations
11. Average (by deviations) = + Assumed value
Number of terms

12. Weighted Average: If there are ‘n’ items with an average of ‘a’ and another ‘m’ items with an average of ‘b’,
an + bm
then the overall average will be =
n+m

13. Alligation Rule: If two solutions of concentration P1 and P2 are mixed in ratio of Q1 : Q2 then by the rule of
P2 − P Q1
alligation, =
P − P1 Q2
Page | 10
 Ratios, Proportions and Equations
Important terms:
Ratio: Ratio is a mean of comparison used to relate quantities of same unit.

Proportion: An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If a : b = c : d, then a, b, c & d are said to be in
proportion. It is also written as a : b : : c : d where a & d are called the extremes (or extreme terms) and b & c are
called the means (or middle terms) of the proportion.

Direct variation: We say that a quantity A varies directly as a quantity B, when a change in B causes a similar
change in A in the same ratio.

Direct variation is represented as A ∝ B

A proportional B, or as A = kB, where ‘k’ is a constant of proportionality

Inverse variation: The relationship between two quantities is said to be in inverse variation, if their product is a
constant. When one of the quantities increases, the other decreases such that the product remains unchanged.
1 k
Indirect variation is represented as A ∝ or as A = where ‘k’ is a constant of proportionality.
B B

Problems on ages: The difference between the ages of individuals will always remain constant.

Important formulae:
1. If a : b = c : d, then
• b:a=d:c
• a:c=b:d
• (a + c) : c = (b + d) : d
• (a - c) : c = (b - d) : d
• (a + c) : (a - c) = (b + d) : (b - d)

2. If a > b, a : b is greater than unity

3. If a < b, a : b is less than unity
4. If a = b, a : b is equal to unity
a c
5. If = , then a × d = c × b
b d

Product of extremes = Product of means

Page | 11
Quadratic equations:

1. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,

Sum of the roots, α + β = -b/a

Product of the roots, αβ = c/a

2. If the sum and the product of the roots of an equation are known, then the quadratic equation can be formed
as,

x2 - (Sum of the roots) x + (Product of the roots) = 0

x2 - (α + β) x + αβ = 0

−b ± √b2 − 4ac
3. To find the roots of a quadratic equation, x =
2a

Value of the discriminant Nature and number of solutions

Positive square discriminant

Both the roots are real, rational.
b² − 4ac > 0

Positive non-square discriminant

Both the roots are real, but irrational.
b² − 4ac > 0

Discriminant is zero
Both the roots are real and equal.
b² − 4ac = 0
Negative discriminant
Both the roots are imaginary.
b² − 4ac < 0

Page | 12
 Logarithms
Important formulae:
If ax = N, then loga N = x

1. loga a = 1

2. loga 1 = 0

3. loga (m × n) = loga m + loga n

4. loga (m/n) = loga m - loga n

5. loga mp = p × loga m

6. alog b = blog a
loga m
7. logn m =
loga n

1
8. loga b =
logb a

1
9. log ak b = log a b
k

10. loga b = log ak bk

11. Number of digits of N = (Characteristic value of log N) + 1

Page | 13
 Progression
Important terms:
Arithmetic Progression (AP): The terms a1, a2, a3, .... an are said to be in AP when a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = a4 – a3 (i.e.)
when they increase or decrease continuously by a common value. This common value is called the common
difference (d) of the AP.
a2 a3 a4
Geometric Progression (GP): The terms a1, a2, a3, .... an are said to be in GP when = = = r, where ‘r’ is
a1 a2 a3
the common ratio and ‘n’ is the number of terms of the GP.

Harmonic Progression (HP): A series of terms are said to be in HP when their reciprocals are in arithmetic
progression.

Important formulae:
Arithmetic Progression (AP): When three terms are in AP then the middle one is called as the arithmetic mean
a+c
of the other two. If a, b and c are three terms in AP then b =
2

n-th term of an AP, Tn = a + (n - 1)d

n n
Sum of n terms of an AP, Sn = 2 [2a + (n − 1)d] (or) 2
[First term + Last term]

Geometric Progression (GP): When three terms are in GP then the middle one is called as the geometric mean
of the other two. If a, b and c are three terms in GP then b = √𝑎𝑐

n-th term of a GP, Tn = ar n−1

Sum of n terms of a GP,

a (rn − 1) a (1 − rn )
Sn = (r − 1)
when r > 1 (or) (1 − r)
when r < 1
a
Sum of an infinitely long decreasing GP, S∞ = (1 − r)

2ac
Harmonic Progression (HP): If three terms a, b, c are in HP then b =
a+c
1
n-th term of a HP, Tn = a + (n − 1)d

n (n + 1)
Sum of first n natural numbers = Σn =
2
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers = Σn2 =
6

Sum of first N odd numbers = N2

Page | 14
 Geometry
Important relations and formulae:
1. An angle between 180° and 360° is called a reflex angle.

2. Two angles whose sum is 90° are said to be complementary to each other and two angles whose sum is
180° are said to be supplementary to each other.

3. The sum of an interior and its corresponding exterior angle of any polygon will always be 180˚

4. The sum of all interior angles of an n-sided polygon = (n - 2) × 180˚

5. The sum of all exterior angles of any polygon = 360˚

n (n − 3)
6. Number of diagonals of an n-sided polygon =
2
2A
7. Radius of the incircle of a triangle = where a, b and c are the three sides and A is the area of the
(a + b + c)
triangle.

abc
8. Radius of the circumcircle of a triangle = where a, b and c are the three sides and A is the area of the
4A
triangle.

Page | 15
 Mensuration
Important formulae:
2-D shapes:

Perimeter (or)
2-D shapes Area
Circumference

d2
Square a2 (or) 4a
2

Rectangle L×B 2(L + B)

Parallelogram Base × Height 2(a + b)

1
Rhombus × d1 × d2 4a
2

h
Trapezium × (a + b) (a + b + c + d)
2

Circle πr2 2πr

θ θ
Arc × πr2 × 2πr
360 360

1
× Base × Height
2
(or)
Triangle (a + b + c)
√S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c)
(a + b + c)
where S = 2

Equilateral √3
× a2 3a
Triangle 4

3√3
Hexagon × a2 6a
2

Page | 16
3-D solids:

Surface areas
3-D solids Volume
(TSA and CSA)

Cube a3 TSA = 6a2

Cuboid l×b×h TSA = 2(lb + bh + lh)

Right circular CSA = 2πrh

πr2h
cylinder TSA = 2πr(r + h)

1 CSA = πrL
Right circular cone × πr2h
3 TSA = πr(r+L)

4
Sphere × πr3 SA = 4 πr2
3

2 CSA = 2 πr2
Hemisphere × πr3
3 TSA = 3 πr2

1
1 CSA = × Perimeter × L
Pyramid × Base area × Height 2
3 1
TSA = Base area + (2 × Perimeter × L)

Page | 17
 Permutation, Combination and Probability
Important terms:
Permutation: Permutation means arrangement of things. The word arrangement is used if the order of things
is considered.

Combination: Combination means selection of things. The word selection is used when the order of things has
no importance.

Probability: Probability is the science of predicting the likelihood of occurrences. Probability is a fraction
between 0 and 1 that represents the likelihood of occurrence of an event in an experiment.

Independent events: Two events are said to be independent, if the outcome of one doesn’t affect the outcome
of the other. Example: When tossing a coin twice, the result of the first toss doesn’t affect the probability of the
outcome of the second toss.

Collectively exhaustive events: Two or more events are said to be collectively exhaustive if at least one of the
events must occur. In other words, their union must cover all the events within the entire sample space. Example:
When rolling a six-sided die, the outcomes of getting an odd number and getting an even number are collectively
exhaustive, because they encompass the entire range of possible outcomes.

Mutually exclusive events: Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the
same time. Example: When tossing a coin, getting a head and getting a tail are mutually exclusive as they can’t
happen simultaneously.

Important formulae:
1. If a1 can be done in p1 ways, a2 can be done in p2 ways, ... and an can be done in pn ways, then the events a1,
a2, a3 ... and an can be done in (p1 × p2 ×... × pn) ways.
𝐧!
2. Number of ways of arranging ‘n’ items in ‘r’ places is given by nPr =
(𝐧 − 𝐫)!
3. The total number of permutations of ‘n’ different things taken all at a time = n!
4. The total number of arrangements of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time, in which a particular thing always
occurs = r × (n - 1)P(r - 1)
5. The total number of permutations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time in which a particular thing never
occurs = (n - 1)Pr
6. The total number of permutation of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time with repetitions = nr
7. The number of permutations of ‘n’ things taken all at a time when ‘p’ of them are alike and of one kind, ‘q’ of
𝐧!
them are alike and of second kind, all other being different, is
𝐩! × 𝐪!
8. If clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are different, then the total number of circular-permutations is given
by (n - 1)!

Page | 18
9. If clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are taken as not different, then the total number of circular-
(𝐧 − 𝟏)!
permutations is given by where n is the no. of objects.
𝟐
𝐧!
10. Number of ways of selecting ‘r’ items out of ‘n’ items is given by nCr =
𝐫! ×(𝐧 − 𝐫)!
11. Number of combinations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time in which ‘p’ particular things will always
occur is (n - p)C(r - p)
12. Number of combinations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time in which ‘p’ particular things will never
occur is (n - p)Cr
13. nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n
14. The number of ways in which ‘(m + n)’ things can be divided into two groups containing m & n things
(𝐦 + 𝐧)!
respectively is
𝐦! × 𝐧!
𝐧(𝐄)
15. The probability of an event E is denoted by P(E) =
𝐧(𝐒)
16. If E & F are two mutually exclusive events, then the probability that either event E or event F will occur in a
single trial is given by P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F)
17. If the events are not mutually exclusive, then P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E ⋂ F)
18. If the events E & F are independent then P(E & F) = P(E) × P(F)
19. If ‘p’ is the probability that an event will occur and ‘q’ = (1 – p) is the probability of the non-occurrence of the
event, then we say that the odds in favour of the event occurring are p : q and the odds against its occurring
are q : p
20. The number of ways of distributing:
a. ‘n’ identical items to ‘r’ distinct groups, such that one or more groups can be empty = (n + r - 1)C(r - 1)
b. ‘n’ identical items to ‘r’ distinct groups, such that no group is empty = (n - 1)C(r - 1)
c. ‘n’ distinct items to ‘r’ distinct groups, such that one or more groups can be empty = rn

Page | 19
 Statistics
Important formulae for ungrouped data:

∑x
Mean (𝒙
̅)
n

Middle term (or) Average of middle 2 terms of a set of

Median
numbers arranged in ascending/ descending order

Mode Element with the highest frequency

∑(x − x̅)2
n

Variance (𝝈𝟐 ) (or)

2
∑ x2 ∑x
− ( )
n n

∑(x − x̅)2
√
n

Standard deviation (𝝈) (or)

2
∑ x2 ∑x
√ − ( )
n n

Page | 20
Important formulae for grouped data:

∑ fx
Mean (𝐱̅)
f

n
−c
l+ 2 ×i
f

where, l = lower limit of the median class

Median
n = total frequency
c = cumulative frequency before the median class
f = frequency of the median class
i = length of the class interval

fm − f1
l+ ×i
2fm − f1 − f2

Mode where, l = lower limit of the modal class

fm = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency before the modal class
f2 = frequency after the modal class
i = length of the class interval

n/2 lies, when n is even

Median class The class in which: {
(n + 1)/2 lies, when n is odd

Modal class The class with the highest frequency

Page | 21