Introduction

Manila Bay, located along the western shores of Luzon in the Philippines, is a historically

significant body of water that has faced persistent challenges due to urbanization, industrial

activities, and insufficient waste management practices. Once celebrated for its breathtaking

sunsets and diverse marine life, the bay has suffered from decades of pollution and

environmental degradation. These issues have not only compromised the bay's ecological

integrity but also posed threats to the health and livelihoods of nearby communities and the

sustainability of economic activities dependent on its resources.

In response to these pressing environmental concerns, the Philippine government, in

collaboration with diverse stakeholders and international partners, launched the Manila Bay

Clean Up, Rehabilitation, and Restoration Program. This ambitious initiative aims to address the

cumulative impacts of human activities on the bay's ecosystem, restore its natural balance, and

promote sustainable practices for future generations. The Manila Bay rehabilitation program

adopts a comprehensive approach that includes extensive cleanup efforts, stringent enforcement

of environmental regulations, community engagement initiatives, and sustainable urban planning

strategies. Key priorities include reducing pollution from industrial, residential, and agricultural

sources, improving solid waste management systems, and rehabilitating critical coastal habitats

essential for the bay's biodiversity.

This paper examines the multifaceted aspects of the Manila Bay Clean Up,

Rehabilitation, and Restoration Program, exploring its objectives, strategies, challenges, and
initial outcomes. By analyzing these components, this research aims to offer insights into the

complexities of large-scale environmental restoration projects in urban coastal areas and evaluate

their implications for sustainable development and environmental governance.

Through a critical assessment of the Manila Bay rehabilitation efforts, this study

contributes to ongoing dialogues on effective environmental management strategies,

emphasizing the importance of integrated approaches, stakeholder collaboration, and governance

frameworks in achieving sustainable ecological recovery. Ultimately, the rejuvenation of Manila

Bay serves as a testament to the potential of concerted actions to rehabilitate degraded

ecosystems and preserve the environmental heritage of coastal communities for future

generations.
Budget issue

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has proposed a

substantial budget of over 1.6 billion Philippine pesos for the Manila Bay rehabilitation program

in 2022. This budget request comes amidst ongoing debates and criticisms regarding the

utilization of funds, particularly in light of previous expenditures such as the controversial

dolomite beach project.

In 2020, around 389 million PHP was allocated for the dolomite sand covering, aimed at

enhancing the bay's aesthetic appeal. However, this expenditure sparked controversy and public

scrutiny, with concerns raised about its effectiveness in addressing the bay's environmental issues

compared to alternative investments in infrastructure like sewage treatment facilities and

mangrove reforestation. Critics argue that the focus on cosmetic enhancements like the dolomite

beach detracts from more pressing needs, including sustainable water quality management and

comprehensive pollution reduction strategies. They question whether allocating a significant

portion of the proposed 1.6 billion PHP budget to similar projects will effectively address the

root causes of Manila Bay's degradation and benefit local communities in the long term.

As the DENR seeks approval for its budget allocation, the debate over prioritization of

expenditures continues, with stakeholders emphasizing the importance of transparency,

accountability, and maximizing the impact of every peso spent on the rehabilitation and

restoration of Manila Bay.

Objectives

Reclamation's ultimate goal is ecosystem restoration, which includes restoring any

natural resources at an oil and gas site, surface disturbances from building and operation have an

impact on the flora, hydrology, and wildlife habitats. (Sengupta and associates, 2018) Land

reclamation is becoming more common in the region as a means of meeting growing need for

building space. According to Katsumi (2015), land reclamation is also done to decrease the

effects of natural disasters like floods and tsunamis. Nations can lessen the likelihood that natural

disasters will destroy the homes and workplaces of their residents by reclaiming formerly

unusable territory. Reclaiming land also has the ability to greatly strengthen the regional

economy. The opportunities this may present could be advantageous for tourism, fishing, and

other businesses. Additionally, the procedure might boost local economic activity and generate

new employment opportunities.

An enormous tract of land is to be transformed into a vibrant urban development through

the massive Manila Bay Reclamation Project. The project, which takes up 106 hectares in the

Manila Bay territorial waters of Pasay City, involves a thorough investigation that covers urban

planning, engineering, socioeconomic analysis, environmental impact assessment, and financial

-viability. A thorough development plan, site surveys, legal frameworks, cost analysis, and

preliminary engineering designs were the main topics of the urban planning component. In an

effort to successfully handle any obstacles, engineering studies evaluated technical elements such

as soil testing, geotechnical investigations, geohazard assessment, construction planning, and

cost estimation. Environmental assessments examined the effects on air pollution, water quality,
and marine life with the goal of reducing negative consequences through sustainable practices.

To guarantee beneficial regional effects, socioeconomic studies examined advantages including

job prospects, housing, tourism possibilities, and community development. In order to support

the project's economic sustainability, financial viability assessments carefully examined

investment costs, income projections, profitability, and identified financing mechanisms.

Challenges and Issues

The Manila Bay rehabilitation project has faced multifaceted challenges and

controversies, particularly concerning the allocation of funds and the environmental impact of its

initiatives. One of the most debated aspects has been the installation of a dolomite beach along a

section of the bay's shoreline, part of efforts to improve its aesthetic appeal and draw tourists.

Critics have raised significant concerns about the sustainability and effectiveness of the dolomite

beach project. Dolomite, a type of carbonate mineral, is known to be soluble in water, especially

when exposed to rain and seawater. This solubility raises worries about the long-term stability of

the artificial beach, as continual erosion and dissolution of the dolomite particles could lead to

environmental contamination and potential harm to marine life.

Moreover, the budget allocated for the dolomite beach — approximately 389 million PHP — has

been questioned in terms of its cost-effectiveness and prioritization relative to other urgent

environmental needs. While the project aimed to beautify Manila Bay and boost tourism, critics

argue that the funds could have been better directed towards addressing more pressing issues,

such as improving water quality through sewage treatment upgrades, restoring mangrove

ecosystems, and implementing sustainable waste management practices.

Furthermore, Manila Bay itself faces extensive environmental challenges beyond aesthetic

concerns. These include pollution from untreated sewage and industrial discharge, habitat loss

due to urban development, and the impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems. The

rehabilitation efforts need to address these complex issues comprehensively to achieve lasting

environmental improvements and ensure the bay's ecological integrity and resilience.
The controversy surrounding the dolomite beach underscores the importance of robust

environmental planning and stakeholder engagement in large-scale rehabilitation projects.

Moving forward, there is a clear imperative for the DENR and other stakeholders to prioritize

evidence-based, sustainable solutions that mitigate environmental risks, enhance biodiversity,

and improve the overall health of Manila Bay for the benefit of both ecosystems and local

communities.
Outcome Of The Project

The introduction of dolomite as part of the Manila Bay rehabilitation project aimed to

enhance the bay's aesthetic appeal and potentially boost tourism. However, the dolomite

initiative has been surrounded by controversy and faced significant criticism. Concerns have

been raised about the environmental impact of using dolomite sand on Manila Bay's ecosystem.

Critics argue that the focus on aesthetics detracts from addressing more critical environmental

issues, such as water quality improvement and habitat restoration. The project has also sparked

debates regarding the allocation of resources, with some stakeholders questioning whether funds

could have been better utilized for more essential aspects of the rehabilitation program.

Moreover, the dolomite project has encountered public health concerns. Questions have

been raised about the safety of dolomite sand, particularly regarding potential health risks

associated with the inhalation of fine particles. This has prompted calls for thorough risk

assessments and transparent communication regarding potential health impacts to ensure public

safety.

Despite these controversies and criticisms, the Manila Bay rehabilitation program has

shown some positive outcomes. Efforts to reduce pollution have led to improvements in water

quality, with reductions observed in levels of heavy metals, fecal coliforms, and solid waste.

Ecological restoration initiatives, such as the rehabilitation of mangrove forests and seagrass

beds, have also shown promising results in enhancing biodiversity and coastal resilience.
Community engagement efforts have fostered increased awareness and participation in

environmental stewardship among local residents.

Moving forward, addressing the challenges and criticisms surrounding the dolomite

project requires careful consideration of environmental, health, and social factors. It underscores

the importance of balancing aesthetic improvements with comprehensive and sustainable

measures to achieve long-term environmental recovery and ensure the well-being of Manila

Bay's ecosystem and communities.

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