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Carbon-Based Metal Free
Catalysts
Carbon-Based Metal Free
Catalysts
Preparation, Structural and
Morphological Property and
Application
Edited by
Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Anish Khan
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Suchart Siengchin
Department of Materials and Production Engineering (MPE), The Sirindhorn
International Thai e German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS),
King Mongkut’s University of Technology, North Bangkok, Thailand
Hurija Dzudzevi
c-Can car
Department of Chemistry in Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy,
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
ISBN: 978-0-323-88515-7
1. Introduction 1
2. Classification of carbon-based metal-free catalysts and their
preparation methods 2
3. Applications of carbon-based metal-free catalysts 7
4. Conclusions and perspective 13
Acknowledgments 14
References 14
1. Introduction 21
2. Catalytic methaneecarbon dioxide reforming by carbon
materials 22
3. Carbon catalyst characterization 28
4. Kinetics and reforming reaction mechanism 36
5. Conclusions 59
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
v
vi Contents
1. Introduction 111
2. Metal-free catalysts 113
3. Hydrogen sources 117
4. Hydrogen production 122
5. Characterization techniques 125
6. Conclusion 128
References 129
1. Introduction 137
2. Gas evolution by electrochemical reaction 140
3. Oxidation-reduction reaction 141
4. Catalytic dry reforming of carbon dioxide and methane 142
5. Hydrogen generation for ammonia production 143
6. Dehydrogenation reactions 143
7. Deoxygenation reaction 145
Contents vii
8. Conclusion 146
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
Further reading 150
1. Introduction 151
2. A brief introduction to carbon nitride as a metal-free
photocatalyst 154
3. Carbon-based metal-free photocatalysts 163
4. Carbon-based metal-free quantum dots in photocatalysis 176
5. Conclusion 181
References 182
1. Introduction 195
2. Catalyst: definition with classic examples 196
3. Nature, accessibility, and concentration of the active
sites of heterogeneous catalysts 198
4. Chemical reactions catalyzed by metal-free carbon 199
5. Main types of metal-free carbon-based catalysts 199
6. Conclusions 206
Acknowledgments 206
References 206
viii Contents
1. Introduction 213
2. Carbon materials 215
3. Carbon materials as metal-free electrocatalysts 221
4. Conclusions and outlook 235
Acknowledgments 235
References 235
Index 267
Contributors
ix
x Contributors
Guojie Zhang State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan
University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Coal Science
and Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan,
Shanxi, P.R. China
1
Nanocarbon-based metal-free
catalysts: types, preparation, and
applications
1. Introduction
Various noble metal and transition metal oxide-based catalysts have been extensively
developed to date. However, critical cost, activity selectivity, and stability issues remain
[1]. Over the past 20 years, carbon-based metal-free catalysts (C-MFCs) with earth
abundance, eco-friendliness, large surface areas, excellent electronic properties,
controllable structures, and good durability have been considered as alternatives to
those containing metal [2e4]. In 2009, a novel nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanofiber
(CNF) array was fabricated and applied in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for the
first time. No CO poisoning occurred, and the catalysts remained stable even after 150
reversible chargeedischarge cycles [5]. The dramatic improvement in ORR activity was
attributed to the doping of N into the CNFs, leading to charge transfer from adjacent
carbon atoms to N atoms, thereby facilitating the chemisorption of O2. Since then, (1)
various carbon materials, e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanosheets, carbon
nanospheres, graphite, or graphene, and (2) heteroatom-doped carbon materials, e.g.,
N, sulfur (S), boron (B), phosphorus (P), or iodine (I), have been developed and have
exhibited high-performance energy conversion and storage and have been used in
chemical production systems. Nevertheless, challenges remain in understanding the
catalytic mechanisms of these C-MFCs, particularly defects following heteroatomic
doping. The elemental carbon hybridization state greatly affects the nanostructures,
FIGURE 1.1 (A) Fullerenes [4]. (B) Carbon dots: (aec) Transmission electron microscopy images of carbon dots
under different magnifications, (d) the size distribution [21]. (C) Two primary approaches are adopted to prepare
carbon dots: the “top-down” splitting route from different carbon sources and “bottom-up” method from small
molecules or polymers [19].
The 0-D carbon dot was first reported in 2004, in which sp3-hybridization state
carbon atoms exist in an amorphous structure [17,18]. Generally, carbon dots can be
regarded as spherical nanoparticles with diameters of 2e10 nm (Fig. 1.1B). Two typical
methods, i.e., top-down and bottom-up, are applied to prepare carbon dots [19]. As
shown in Fig. 1.1C, CNTs/CNFs, graphite, and even coal can be broken down into 0-D
carbon dots with a size of 5e10 nm using the top-down method [20e22]. However,
using this method, other carbon materials of large size are inevitably produced, so the
production of carbon dots is relatively low. Conversely, the bottom-up route focuses on
the reassembly of small carbon-contained molecules to effectively produce the required
carbon dots. Furthermore, functional groups or doping sites could easily appear on the
surface of carbon dots during the synthesis process [23,24]. Avoiding aggregation is still
the main challenge, however.
FIGURE 1.2 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images (A) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), (a) single-walled
CNTs, (b) double-walled CNTs, (c) triple-walled CNTs, (d) quadruple-walled CNTs, and (e) a bundle of double-walled
CNTs (inset is its schematic model) [27]. (B) Carbon nanofibers, (aed) various magnifications [97]. (C) Carbon
nanohorns, (a) close-up of individual nanohorns, (b) aggregates of nanohorns clusters, and (c) zoom-in on a few
aggregates of nanohorns [34].
FIGURE 1.3 (A) (a) Direct image of a single-layer graphene membrane (atoms appear white). (b) Contrast profile
along the dotted line in panel a (solid) along with a simulated profile (dashed). (c) show the experimental profile
with the simulated contrast scaled down by a factor of 2. (d) Step from a monolayer (upper part) to a bilayer
(lower part of the image), showing the unique appearance of the monolayer. (f) show the same image with an
overlay of the graphene lattice (red) and the second layer (blue), offset in the Bernal (AB) stacking of graphite.
(f) Numerical diffractogram, calculated from an image of the bilayer region. The outermost peaks, one of which is
indicated by the arrow, correspond to a resolution of 1.06 Å. The scale bars are 2 Å [35]. (B) Transmission electron
microscopy images of multilayer graphitic nanosheets [37]. (C) (a) Scanning electron microscopy and (b) atomic
force microscopy images of graphene (GN) nanoribbons obtained from a fragment of monolayer GN [38].
conductivity and modulating the electronic and chemical properties of C-MFCs based
on differences in electronegativity, thereby enhancing catalytic performance. Two
strategies can be employed to achieve heteroatom doping into C-MFCs, i.e., during
synthesis and after synthesis in posttreatment [38], which are described in the following.
2.2.1 Monodoping
To date, a series of heteroatoms (mainly N, P, S, and B) have been applied to substitute
the carbon atom to prepare C-MFCs with desirable properties. Among them,
N-substitution is the application most frequently investigated. The N atom possesses an
atomic size similar to that of the C atom, but its electronegativity of N (3.07) is higher than
that of C (2.55). As such, N doping can induce defects and redistribute charges in
materials, thereby improving adsorption and electron-transfer ability when used as an
electrocatalyst. For instance, Liu et al. [39] doped N into graphene nanoribbons by in situ
polymerization and pyrolysis of a mixture of polyaniline and graphene nanoribbons to
form a conductive network (Fig. 1.4A) applied for oxygen reduction. To date, various
N-containing polymers, such as polypyrrole [40], polyacrylonitrile [41], and polydopamine
[42], have been identified as promising materials for incorporating N into C-MFCs.
Herein, doped N falls into three categories: (1) pyridinic, (2) pyrrolic, and (3) graphitic
(Fig. 1.4B) [43], and the configuration of N bonding in C-MFCs can directly affect the
electronic structure and catalytic activity.
FIGURE 1.4 (A) Schematic illustration of the synthetic procedure for nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbon (N-GNR)
materials [39]. (B) Various forms of N-functionalized carbon. C gray, N blue, and O red [43]. (C) A schematic
representation for the edge expansions of XGnPs (X ¼ Cl, Br, or I) caused by edge-halogens [48]. PANI, polyaniline.
Chapter 1 Nanocarbon-based metal-free catalysts 7
Apart from N doping, more active defect sites on the surface can be induced by
doping with the P atom owing to its lower electronegativity and larger atomic size than
the carbon atom. Peng et al. [44] successfully synthesized P-doped graphite layers by
pyrolysis of toluene with triphenylphosphine under Ar atmosphere. The obtained
P-doped graphite layers displayed enhanced electrochemical performance for O2
reduction. Meanwhile, when positively polarized B atoms are introduced into C-MFCs, a
bridge between p electrons of graphitic carbon and oxygen was established to enhance
electron transfer, thereby improving catalytic activity [45]. The B content could be
adjusted by tuning the concentrations of the B source (triphenylborane) when using
chemical vapor deposition [46]. Compared with N-doping of C-MFCs, S doping is more
difficult because of its larger atomic size; moreover, the similar electronegativity (2.58)
results in negligible charge transfer by S doping [47]. In addition, Choi et al. [48] used Cl,
Br, and I to modify graphene nanoplatelets to achieve edge-selective halogenation
(Fig. 1.4C) and found that participation by the I atom is most beneficial for charge
polarization, thereby boosting catalytic performance.
atoms because sp2-hybridization has more available coordination numbers for bonding
[53]. Chattopadhyay et al. [54] reported a series of N-doping graphene and graphdiyne
with excellent ORR activities based on first-principles calculations. The promotion of
ORR efficiency caused by the work function of carbon nanomaterials was decreased via
an increase in the positive charge of the adjacent C1 after N doping [55]. Qu et al. [56]
prepared N-doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on graphene with oxygen-rich sites
for ORR, as shown in Fig. 1.5A(a). The ORR had a reduction peak of ca. 0.27 V (starting
from ca. 0.16 V) in 0.1 M KOH solution, which was comparable to the performance of
commercial Pt/C catalysts (Fig. 1.5A(b)) and other N-containing carbon-based catalysts
[57,58]. The obtained current density in Fig. 1.5A(c) revealed typical promotion and an
increased rotation rate, which is considered derived from the accelerated electrolyte
diffusion and followed the first-order reaction. Furthermore, the durability of N-GQDs/
graphene was observed to have no obvious decrease during 2 days in an O2-saturated
0.1 M KOH solution (Fig. 1.5A(d)).
N and S codoped graphite foam (NSGF) was shown to be a high-performance
electrocatalyst for OER by Shi et al. [59]. NSGF catalysts showed an extremely low
overpotential of 0.38 V in 0.1 M KOH solution under the standard current density of
10 mA/cm2, which was lower than the graphite foam electrode without N and S doping
(0.410 V), and much lower than the oxidized carbon cloth (0.428 V) [60], 3-D N-doped
carbon film (G-C3N4) (0.415 V) [61], and N-doped graphene/carbon (0.4 V) [62].
Herein, the difference in electronegativity between N (3.04) and C (2.55) resulted in
increased positive charge densities on the adjacent C atoms. Meanwhile, the similar
electronegativity of C and S (2.58) resulted in charge redistribution, thereby dramatically
improving activity [63].
Dai et al. [5] fabricated a novel N-doped coral-like carbon nanofiber (VA-NCCF) array
on the surface of stainless steel cloth. They found that the VA-NCCF array can serve as a
bifunctional catalyst for the ORR and OER in Lieair batteries, displaying a high energy
efficiency of 90%, a low overpotential of 0.3 V, and a reversible chargeedischarge process
of 150 cycles (Fig. 1.5B). The excellent performance was attributed to three factors [1]:
doping with N atoms achieved both reduced the charging voltage and hindered
electrolyte decomposition [2]; the ion diffusion path and charge transfer resistance of
electrons and Liþ were reduced via the well-ordered array structure; and [3] a large space
was provided by the corallic structure for uptake of Li2O2. In addition, other N-doped
C-MFCs can improve the electrochemical kinetics of ORR and OER for Li or Zn batte-
ries when used as the air electrode [64,65].
C-MFCs have been applied as high-performance photocatalysts or electrocatalysts for
HER. In 2014, N-doped C-MFCs prepared by coupling graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4)
and N-doped graphene were used for HER for the first time [66]. The measured polar-
ization curve showed an overpotential of w0.24 V at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with
a Tafel slope of 51.5 mV/dec, which is comparable to the performance of metallic
carbon-based catalysts [67e69].
Chapter 1 Nanocarbon-based metal-free catalysts 9
FIGURE 1.5 (A) (a, b) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of (a) Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs)/graphene
and (b) commercial Pt/C on a GC electrode in N2-saturated 0.1 M KOH, O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH, and O2-saturated 3 M
CH3OH solutions. (c) Rotating disk electrode (RDE) curves for N-GQDs/graphene in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH with
different speeds. The inset shows the KouteckýeLevich plots derived from the RDE measurements. (d) Electrochemical
stability of N-GQDs/graphene as determined by continuous cyclic voltammetry in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH [56]. (B) (a)
TEM image of an individual VANCCF; The sketch of Li2O2 grown on a coral-like carbon fiber, which has an advantage
to tightly hold the Li2O2 deposit by the rugged surface; Rate performance of the N-doped coral-like carbon nanofiber
(VA-NCCF) electrode under current densities of 100 mA/g. (b) Cycling performance of the VA-NCCF array on the SS
cloth substrate [5].
Recently, due to their large specific surface areas, outstanding electronic conductivity,
and stability, C-MFCs have been considered promising candidates for electrode mate-
rials in supercapacitors (SCs). The method is supposed to follow traditional electrical
double-layer capacitor mechanisms. For example, Liu et al. [70] prepared a hierarchical
porous carbon using an interpenetrating polymer as the precursor (Fig. 1.6A), which
10 Carbon-Based Metal Free Catalysts
FIGURE 1.6 (A) Schematic illustration for synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs). (B) Galvanostatic
chargeedischarge curves of HPC electrodes at 1.0 A/g. (C) Cycle stability of HPC-1.5 electrode at 2.0 A/g in 6 M
KOH electrolyte solution [70].
demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 283 F/g at 1.0 A/g based on a specific
surface area of porous carbon as high as 1371 m2/g (Fig. 1.6B). Meanwhile, the reversible
electrochemical stability test at 2.0 A/g indicated that 95.86% retention was achieved
after 10,000 cycles (Fig. 1.6C). Other carbon materials such as nanotube, graphene, and
graphdiyne have also been widely applied as electrode materials in SCs [71e73]. In some
cases, the electroactivity was even higher than for transition metal oxide catalysts and
noble metal catalysts [74,75].
Three-dimensional NG foams have been supported on fluorine-doped tin oxide
(FTO) electrode as the counter electrode to reduce I
3 to I in dye-sensitized solar cells,
achieving a power conversion efficiency of 7.07%, which is comparable to that of the
Pt/FTO counter electrode (7.44%) [76]. Kim et al. [77] found that edge-carboxylated
graphene can be used as an oxygen-rich electrode to decrease charge transfer resis-
tance (RCT) and increase the electrochemical stability of Co(bpy)2þ/3þ
3 , which showed
higher electrochemical performance than Pt in the one based on Co(bpy)2þ/3þ 3 .
Meanwhile, for the production of H2 and O2 from water splitting, a carbon-dot/C3N4
nanocomposite achieved 16% and 6.3% quantum efficiencies under wavelengths (l) of
420 20 nm and 580 15 nm, respectively, which are much higher than those of other
similar water-splitting photocatalysts [78].
Chapter 1 Nanocarbon-based metal-free catalysts 11
FIGURE 1.7 (A) Schematic of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants over g-C3N4 under light irradiation.
(B) Schematic of the of photoinduced charge transfer of graphene/g-C3N4 heterojunction. A, electron acceptor;
D, electron donor; and Ef, Fermi level [88].
12 Carbon-Based Metal Free Catalysts
FIGURE 1.8 (A) (a) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for CO2 reduction in the Ar-saturated (black curve) and
CO2-saturated pure EMIM-BF4 on the carbon film electrode (blue curve) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrode
(red curve), respectively. The scan rate was 10 mV/s for both experiments. The vertical pink dashed line represents
the potential at which highest CO2 reduction in the case of CNF electrode occurs. (b) Absolute current density for
CO2 reduction at different (bulk Ag, Ag nanoparticles, and CNF) electrodes in pure EMIM-BF4 electrolyte. CNFs
show the highest current density at one order of magnitude higher than the bulk Ag electrode [79]. (B) Density
functional theory modeling of CO2 electrocatalysis on N-doped graphene (NG). (a) Free energy diagram of
electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO on NG. (b) Schematic of N configuration and CO2 reduction pathway [90].
FIGURE 1.9 Organic transformations catalyzed by carbon-based metal-free catalysts (C-MFCs). Carbon materials
are widely applied in many catalytic transformations, including selective oxidation, nucleophilic addition, and
olefin/nitrobenzene reduction. C-MFCs are being developed for alcohol amination via the borrowing-hydrogen
reaction mechanism [92].
150 h and reach 80% acetylene conversion, exhibiting excellent catalytic performance.
While it is well known that low energy efficiency limits the development of oxidative
dehydrogenation for hydrocarbons, much effort has been made to develop C-MFCs in
such a dehydrogenation process [94]. Furthermore, C-MFCs have been developed for
selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols [95,96].
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Hirosaki University and ZiQoo Chemical Co. Ltd., Japan. Ms P. Wang
gratefully acknowledge China Scholarship Council (CSC), P.R. China.
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Hän tarttui rouvaansa hyväillen vyötäisiin ja vei hänet sekä lapset
kamariinsa vieraan luo.
Nyt oli hän kuin aivan toinen mies. Hän oli vilkas ja hauska eikä
muuta tehnytkään kuin mitä rakastettavimmalla tavalla tulkitsi
rouvaansa vieraalle ja päin vastoin. Rouva myös oli muuttunut.
Häntä olisi tavallisissa oloissa luullut hiljaiseksi ja umpimieliseksi,
vaan nyt hän oli mitä puheliain ja hauskin. Lapset olivat kadottaneet
ujoutensa ja arkuutensa ja rupattelivat vapaasti; heitä myös
kauppaneuvos tulkitsi ja kertoili heistä vieraalleen. Että rouva
täydellisesti voisi olla heidän mukanaan ruvettiin nyt
kauppaneuvoksen ehdotuksesta juomaan krimiläistä viiniä, josta
kauppaneuvos erittäin piti.
Oli aivan outoa tässä talossa tuollainen iloinen seura, mikä nyt oli
kauppaneuvoksen kamarissa. Sitä ei tapahtunut monta kertaa
vuodessa, mutta sitä suuriarvoisempia ne hetket rouvalle olivat.
Täytyi kuukaudet pitkät, jotka tuntuivat vuosilta, elää kuin linnassa,
jonka ankaran, umpimielisen herran edessä kaikki vapisivat, ei
mitään vierailuja kaupungilla, sillä niistä ei kauppaneuvos pitänyt;
olla pelonalainen kotivanki, jonka ilona ja huvituksena toki olivat
omat lapsensa, vaan joitten kanssa hän aniharvoin uskalsi antautua
iloisiin leikkeihin pelossa että niistä tulisi liika vallattomia, josta
kauppaneuvos ei pitänyt — tämän kaiken jälkeen tuntui rouvasta
kuin juhla- ja riemupäivältä saada olla muutama hetki vapaasti ja
luonnollisesti omassa kodissaan ja nähdä kauppaneuvosta
rinnallaan hellänä, hauskana aviomiehenä, joka hyväili häntä ja
haasteli hänen kanssaan. Hän oli siitä suuresti kiitollinen tuolle
saksalaiselle vieraalle, jonka tulon jälkeen hän jo kohta oli saanut
hyviä toiveita.
Joka oli nähnyt kauppaneuvosta tavallisessa olossaan, ei olisi
voinut tuntea samaksi sitä iloista, puheliasta miestä, joka hän nyt oli.
— Minun pikku vaimoni ei ole suurta eikä rikasta sukua, kertoi hän
vieraalleen, ottaen vaimonsa käden omaansa — onpahan vaan
pienen talon tyttö maalta, mutta hän on sitä parempi minusta:
hänessä ei ole oikkuja niin kuin ensimäisessä vaimossani, vaan hän
on hyvyys itse, oikea enkeli! Milloinkaan ei ole hänessä ollut syytä,
se on aina minussa, jos joskus on väittelyä sattunut. Minä olen ollut
monta kertaa paha, alituisesti paha ja hyvin ikävä puoliso, mutta
minun pikku Almani se on sittekin aina niin kiltti ja hyvä. Hän on
lahjoittanut minulle näin kauniita lapsiakin.
— Miksi sinä Alma niin harvoin käyt täällä konttoorissa? torui hän
hellästi. Täällä on muutenkin niin ikävää ja yksitoikkoista, että olisi
hauskaa kun sinä aina kävisit täällä.
— Siitä viisi! Minä olen itse niin jörö ja kylmä ja olen varmaankin
hyvin ikävä koko ympäristölleni. Mutta sinä, joka osaat olla niin
hilpeä ja viehättävä, sinun juuri pitäisi tulla aina tänne häiritsemään
meitä vähäsen. Se tekisi niin hyvää. Kyllä minä aina huomaan, kun
konttoristit joka puolen tunnin päästä ottavat paperikorista paperia ja
helistävät avainta… heillä on täällä niin ikävä, että pitää olla jotakin
huvitusta. Mutta minä en mahda sille mitään, minä olen niin jäykkä.
Minä olen myös liijan tarkka ja pikkumainen, kyllä minä sen monta
kertaa jälestä päin huomaan, mutta minä en mahda sillekään
mitään… Näin puheli hän rahoja lukiessaan, josta ei tahtonut oikeata
tolkkua tulla; hänen täytyi alottaa aina uudestaan. Viimein hän
hylkäsi koko toimituksen ja paiskasi kaikki rahat rouvansa syliin.
Kuningattaren romaani.
Historiallinen novelli.
Kristiina oli Kustaa Aadolfin tytär, ja kun suuri kuningas oli 1632
kuollut Lützenin kentällä, tuli 6-vuotinen tyttärensä hänen
seuraajakseen valtaistuimella; vastaiseksi tosin "holhoojahallituksen"
turvin, mutta jo 18-vuotiaana otti hän hallitusohjakset omiin käsiinsä.
Kasvatuksensa oli ollut kerrassaan miehelle sopiva. Tähän tuli vielä
lisäksi, että hän oli hyvin lahjakas; hän kääntyi jo aikaisin erityisellä
hartaudella tieteisiin ja oppi ylenkatsomaan totiselle hengelle
arvottomana kaikkea, mikä useammalle ihmiselle iloa tuottaa tahi
sydäntä liikuttaa.
*****
Eräänä kevätpäivänä 1650 pani Tukholman mielet kuohuksiin
uutinen murhasta, joka oli tapahtunut hyvin kummallisella tavalla.
"Olen markiisi Fiilip von Roche Talmont", sanoi tämä äänellä, joka
tosin osotti kummastusta, mutta ei mitään kiivautta. "Herra Galeas
Salviuksen tunsin, mutta en ymmärrä hänen viimeisiä sanojaan,
enkä tätä hyökkäystä, sillä hän se toisen miehen kanssa minun
päälleni karkasi, vieläpä takaapäin tuosta porttikäytävästä. Että niin
onnellisesti selviysin asiasta, siitä on minun varmaankin kiittäminen
ainoastaan kaikkivaltiasta ja puhdasta omaa tuntoani. Olen tosin,
hyvät ihmiset, muukalainen, tuskin neljää viikkoa ollut Tukholmassa,
mutta en tiedä, olenko tehnyt kärpäsellekään mitään pahaa. Mikä
noin on voinut suututtaa herra Galeas Salviuksen minuun, sitä en
ymmärrä, ja mitä salaisuuteen tulee… no niin, minulla on kyllä
salaisuus — jotakin salaisuuden tapaista, mutta pahan tekijän
salaisuus se ei ole, sen voitte uskoa."
"Lapsi olet, Helena, sinua kyllä kärsii," oli hänellä tapana sanoa.
Politikoitsijat ja oppineet saivatkin vain osakseen kuningattaren
kunnioituksen ja ihmettelyn. Mutta "lapselle" taas, joka oli ainoastaan
muutamia vuosia häntä itseään nuorempi, avautui jotakin siitä tunne-
elämästä, jota kuningatar ylenkatsoi, mutta joka kuitenkin kyti hänen
povessaan.
*****
Kristiina otti kirjeen, mursi sinetin ja luki, sillä aikaa kuin vieras,
vieläkin kummastuksissaan tarkasteli nuoren kuningattaren miltei
miehenpuolista pukua ja sitte, ikäänkuin olisi äkkiä herännyt unesta
tahi kylmästä kosketuksesta tullut uuden ajatuksen valtoihin, kiinnitti
suuret tummat silmänsä kuumeentapaisella kiihkolla Kristiinan
piirteisiin. Tämä ei näyttänyt minkäänlaista liikutusta ja sanoi lopulta
välinpitämättömästi: "Olette siis Donna Luisa de — de Mendez? Se
tyttö, joka viekottelutti itsensä Roche Talmontilla, samalla miehellä,
joka pääkaupungissani on tehnyt itsensä syypääksi kammottavaan
rikokseen."
*****