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HYBRID AND COMBINED
PROCESSES FOR AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL
HYBRID AND COMBINED
PROCESSES FOR AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL
Methodologies, Mechanisms
and Effect of Key Parameters
Edited by
ABDELTIF AMRANE
University of Rennes 1, Institute of Chemical Sciences of
Rennes, Rennes, France
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under
copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge
in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments
described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their
own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-88449-5
Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Contributors xi
Contributors
Orlando M. Alfano
Institute of Technological Development for the Chemical Industry, National
University of the Litoral and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
Prashant Anand
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur, West
Bengal, India
A. Antony
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
Gamal Awad
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical
and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki,
Giza, Egypt
Narmina O. Balayeva
Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of
Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Muhammad Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute
of Technology, Huai’an, China
Elza Bontempi
INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia,
Brescia, Italy
xii Contributors
Antonella Cornelio
INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia,
Brescia, Italy
Abraham George
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur, West
Bengal, India
Jun He
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of
Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
Asim Hussain
Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Antonius Indarto
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Labtek
X, Jl. Ganesha no. 10 Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Bioenergy
Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Kampus ITB
Jatinangor, Indonesia
Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences,
Monterrey, Mexico
Yutang Kang
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,
National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane,
Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
B. Karthikeyan
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
N.S. Kumar
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
S.N. Kumar
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
Zamin Mamiyev
Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer,
Chemnitz, Germany
Elham Farouk Mohamed
Air Pollution Department, Environmental Research Division, National
Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Contributors xiii
Hamza Rafeeq
Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Sanju Rani
Department of Physics, SRM Institute of Science Technology, Ramapuram
Campus, Chennai, India
Yong Ren
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,
University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China; Research Group
for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo
China, Ningbo, China
Komal Rizwan
Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Somnath C. Roy
Semiconducting Oxide Materials, Nanostructures and Tailored
Heterojunction (SOMNaTH) Lab, Department of Physics, IIT Madras,
Chennai, India
H. Saini
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
Vignesh Sajeev
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur, West
Bengal, India
Federico Salvadores
Institute of Technological Development for the Chemical Industry, National
University of the Litoral and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
S. Sil
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
M. Sivanathan
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Sivasankari
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
xiv Contributors
K. Vinayakumar
Department of Environmental Protection, Defence Bioengineering &
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore, India
Jing Wang
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of
Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
Weihong Xing
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,
National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane,
Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Silvia Mercedes Zacarías
Institute of Technological Development for the Chemical Industry, National
University of the Litoral and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
Alessandra Zanoletti
INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia,
Brescia, Italy
Zhiyu Zhang
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,
University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China; Research Group
for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo
China, Ningbo, China
Zhaoxiang Zhong
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,
National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane,
Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Muhammad Anjum Zia
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Foreword xv
Foreword
Air pollution is the release of toxic fumes into the atmosphere, which
could be through natural causes or manmade events. The former re-
lates to the eruption of volcanos that can release a mixture of gases
composed of mostly CO2 , H2 S, and SO2 or natural-occurring fires in
dried vegetation that releases CO2 . The latter relates to the combustion
of fuel in car engines, factories, ships, and other similar combustion
processes. The artificial expansion of cattle raising over tall vegetation
to make room for grass and walking space for feedstock is another fac-
tor that contributes to air pollution since, during the digestive process
of ruminants, there is some release of CH4 . Even though these issues
seem localized, air pollution is present in the great majority of societies
spread around the globe; according to the World Health Organization
(WHO), 99% of the population breathes air of poor quality due to the
high concentration of pollutants. This factor contributes to the emer-
gence of respiratory diseases such as the obstruction of the lungs, acute
respiratory infection, lung cancer, and even more severe cases related
to heart diseases and stroke. There are other major environmental
implications of air pollution, which include acid rain from the release
of NO2 and SO2 . Also, global warming caused by the excess of CO2 , CH4 ,
and other gases in the atmosphere is widely debated as it can lead to
climate change due to the increment of the greenhouse effect. Based
on that, addressing the causes of air pollution is a much-desired need
for society to live healthily and sustainably. Several technologies are
arising to address this situation. Chemical and biological air remedia-
tion processes are getting scientific and industrial attention. The most
common one relies on the use of highly porous materials to absorb
such toxic gasses. Even though it is a low-cost and convenient alter-
native, the processing technology of these compounds often requires
aggressive chemical treatments. A follow-up type of technology for that
is the use of metal oxides to synthesize hybrid nanomaterials that are
gaining visibility on the air purification matter. These hybrid materials
can be functionalized to selectively capture specific gases, which cover
commonly known toxic substances as well as chemical warfare gases.
Hence it is convenient for air cleaning and the removal of toxic fumes.
Another technology used to capture toxic gases is the use of biological
agents, which can adsorb these gases and convert them into energy
through a biochemical process. This type of technology is also very
attractive because it not only uses gases responsible for environmental
issues such as CO2 as feedstock but also converts it into energy, making
xvi Foreword
1.1 Introduction
Environmental pollution–related issues have garnered much atten-
tion from scientists in recent years. Environmental pollutants present
in the environment adversely affect the ecosystem and are responsi-
ble for causing health issues (Lee and Lee, 2001). Air pollutants are
defined as pollutants that are present in the atmosphere and are inju-
rious to plant, human, and animal life. The influence of air pollutants
depends on various factors like the type of pollutant, speed of wind,
temperature, sunlight, and even the height at which the pollutant is
being released. Therefore it is important to obtain timely and complete
information about air pollutants to control air pollution. In recent
decades, scientists have paid a lot of attention to controlling outdoor
air pollutants (Curtis, Rea, Smith-Willis, Fenyves, and Pan, 2006). Since
a healthy human being spends 90% of the time in a day in an indoor
environment, it is equally important to control indoor air pollutants
(Kar, 2020). Various indoor and outdoor air pollutants along with their
respective hazardous effects are presented in Fig. 1.1. Animals and
plants have inbuilt sensors to detect and feel the surrounding environ-
ment. In plants natural electromagnetic sensors are present to detect
external attacks, while animals possess five sensing organs, namely,
nose, ears, eyes, skin, and tongue, to sense. The sensing of harmful toxic
pollutants above a specific threshold limit can cause serious issues like
vomiting, suffocation, and skin rashes. Therefore it is better to detect
air pollutants before they interact with living beings.
A sensor is a type of device that outputs an observable signal
through interaction with specific analytes, viz., chemical, physical,
and biochemical. Physical sensors are employed to detect physical
parameters like pressure, mass, temperature, and distance. Chemicals
Hybrid and Combined Processes for Air Pollution Control: Methodologies, Mechanisms and Effect of Key Parameters.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88449-5.00001-2 1
Copyright
c 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Chapter 1 Role of nanomaterials in sensing air pollutants
Respiratory issues
Greenhouse effect Responsible for global
e
warming ctiv
p r odu
s re m
ect syste
Aff
Skin issues
Moisture
Moisture
Responsible for Oxides
Oxides of
several disease Ammonia
Acids/ of carbon
ozone carbon
Indoor air
Outdoor air Oxides
Oxides pollutants Mucous issues
pollutants of
Hydrogen of
Hydrogen sulfide nitrogen
sulfide nitrogen
Affects animal Oxides
Oxides LPG/
and plant growth of sulfur
VOCs of sulfur VOCs
Infections
Affects weather
Affects nervous system
Affects ozone layer
Acid rain Cardiovascular issues
Figure 1.1. Various indoor and outdoor air pollutants with their hazardous effects.
7
8 Chapter 1 Role of nanomaterials in sensing air pollutants
various bending angles. The PANI/PVDF film can be used for real-time
monitoring of the environment (Yang et al., 2020). The role of different
organic nanomaterials for sensing air pollutants is presented in
Table 1.2.
7.0u10–7
100
Preparing the Fabricating the Sensor 6.0u10–7 50 PPM
Sensing Film
PPM
5.0u10–7
25
A
WO3 NPs
I (A)
Electrical 4.0u10–7 15
PPM
measurement Sensor
circuit 3.0u10–7 PPM
Air
2.0u10–7
IL
1.0u10–7
100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
Fabricating sensor film
CS
Gas test chamber Sensitivity Test
Figure 1.4. Fabrication of a low-temperature and fast-response H2 S gas sensor based on an organic/metal oxide
hybrid nanocomposite membrane (Ali et al., 2020).
Detection
Sensing material Target pollutant Response concentration Response time Recovery time Temperature Reference
Conflict of interests
The author(s) declare no conflicting interests.
References
Adhikari, B., Kar, P., Korotcenkov, G., 2010. Polymers in chemical sensors, 3. Momentum
Press LLC, pp. 1–72.
Ali, F.I.M., Awwad, F., Greish, Y.E., Abu-Hani, A.F.S., Mahmoud, S.T., 2020. Fabrication of
low temperature and fast response H2 S gas sensor based on organic-metal oxide
hybrid nanocomposite membrane. Org. Electron. 76, 105486. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.orgel.2019.105486.
An, D., Liu, N., Li, Y., Zhou, Q., Wang, Q., Zou, Y., Lian, X., 2021. Synthesis of Sm doped
SnO2 nanoparticles and their ethanol gas traces detection. Ceram. Int. 47 (18),
26501–26510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.06.063.
An, D., Liu, N., Zhang, H., Sun, Q., Li, C., Li, Y., …, Lu, Y., 2021. Enhanced n-butanol
sensing performance of SnO2 -based gas sensors by doping In2 O3 via
co-precipitation method. Sens. Actuators B 340, 129944. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.snb.2021.129944.
Bai, H., Guo, H., Wang, J., Dong, Y., Liu, B., Xie, Z., …, Zheng, Y., 2021. A
room-temperature NO2 gas sensor based on CuO nanoflakes modified with rGO
nanosheets. Sens. Actuators B 337, 129783. https://doi.org/10.1016/
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Bouchikhi, B., Chludziński, T., Saidi, T., Smulko, J., Bari, N.E., Wen, H., Ionescu, R., 2020.
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B 334, 129668.
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Na iconographia religiosa ha, atravez as idades, séries
determinadas, e assim se póde vêr como os artistas de varias
épocas executaram as figuras de Jesus Menino, ou imaginaram os
rostos de anjos e seraphins.
Quando ha pouco se agitou a questão do santo sudario de Turim
viu-se bem onde póde chegar o interesse d’estes estudos; n’este
caso á origem da pintura, e dos seus processos.
Certas imagens, por exemplo, Senhor dos Passos, Senhor Morto,
são, na grande maioria, da mesma época; outras são de todas as
épocas, a Virgem, o Crucificado, Jesus Menino. Póde reunir-se uma
série de imagens da Virgem do seculo XII para cá. E assim do rosto
e cabeça do divino Nazareno. É interessante vêr como os artistas,
atravez os tempos, trataram de interpretar o aspecto do sublime
mestre.
Ha pouco, n’uma estação de banhos dos Cucus, tive occasião de
passeiar por Torres Vedras, e andei pelas egrejas a vêr esculpturas
e pinturas, inscripções, velharias.
A imagem da Senhora do Sobreiro, no Varatojo, é antiga; segundo
a tradição é do seculo XII; póde ser, e todavia não me parece tão
antiga como a da Sé de Evora, ou a de Santa Maria da Oliveira, em
Guimarães (a primitiva imagem).
Na egreja de S. Pedro vi a imagem de S. Pedro d’Alcantara; rosto,
garganta e mãos bem esculpidas, expressão de fervor na oração,
arrebatamento; roupagem larga, em grandes pregas; no todo uma
estatua elegante, que prende a attenção; talvez de artista italiano.
Na egreja da Graça reparei mais nas estatuas de Santa Monica e
Santo Agostinho, que estão em nichos no grande retabulo de obra
de talha, do seculo XVII, interessante exemplo de transição do
estylo classico para o rococó usado na época de D. João V.
N’essas estatuas de Santa Monica e Santo Agostinho o estofado,
ouro sobre branco e vermelho, é accentuado por fino relevo, que dá
ás vestes aspecto opulento; a esculptura é muito correcta.
A estatua de S. Gonçalo de Lagos, na sua capella, é elegante: o
santeiro fez-lhe a cabeça um tanto pequena, e a cintura delicada; a
roupagem está bem lançada.
Na Misericordia dei mais attenção ao Senhor Morto, porque me
parece o mais antigo que conheço; não se repare na encarnação; é
uma estatua rigida, hirta, feita com certa rudeza mas com attenção.
Parece-me anterior ao seculo XVI.
Em Santa Maria do Castello vi esculpturas boas: um Jesus
Menino bem notavel e antigo.
E mais antigas ainda me parecem algumas imagens que vi na
ermida da Senhora do Amial, a Senhora do Ó, o S. Vicente, e
especialmente a Senhora de Rocamador talvez do seculo XIII.
Será bom reparar n’estas obras d’arte, mórmente agora por causa
da invasão franceza de estatuetas e oleographias baratas.
Brazões da Villa
Vi em Torres tres brazões antigos:
O da Fonte Nova tem a data 1529.
O que está na escada da Camara Municipal tem a data 1518.
O do chafariz dos Canos é muito mais velho, singelo e hieratico,
sem ousadias decorativas; creio que é do seculo XIV.
O da Fonte Nova apresenta duas torres ligadas por um panno de
muralha com sua porta: torres de tres andares, com ameias, frestas
para jogar virotes e béstas, terminando em cobertura pyramidal,
com sua bandeira quadrada e uma estrella sobre a bandeira; entre
as torres um escudo real, sem corôa nem castellos, só as cinco
quinas com os seus besantes. Infra a data 1529 entre duas siglas,
talvez F e R.
O que está na Camara mostra duas torres de cobertura conica,
ligadas pela muralha sem porta; tem barbacan, ameias, sobre as
torres bandeiras farpadas, sobre estas, estrellas.
Sob a barbacan um festão florido, infra um lettreiro:
Esta casa e quintal
he do concelho
1518
Entre as torres o escudo das quinas.
O do chafariz dos Canos tem tres torres eguaes, separadas entre
si, uma a meio do escudo mais acima, duas aos lados d’esta, mais
abaixo. Cada torre sua janella de volta redonda, e quatro ameias; a
ameia formada por um dado ou cubo, sobre este uma pyramide de
base quadrada excedendo muito a face do cubo.
Na fonte está outro escudo com o brazão real, as quinas
collocadas á antiga, as lateraes com as pontas para dentro.
Este escudo da fonte dos Canos parece-me ser o brazão antigo
da villa, o primeiro, o das turres veteres. Depois conjugaram este
com o escudo real, tirando a torre média e mais alta para dar logar
ás quinas, ao que parece no tempo de D. Manuel, o reformador do
velho foral, pois que o brazão que está na escada da Camara tem a
data 1518.
Archivos
Camara, Misericordia, Egreja de Santa Maria
No Varatojo
Na sala do capitulo vi dois lettreiros:
Aqui descansão
as cinzas do Ven.ˡ
P. F. Antonio das
Chagas. Miss. Apost.
e instituidor deste
Semin.ᵒ faleceu a
20 de outubro de 1682.
REQ. I. PAC.
Sinos
Vi os de S. Pedro.
Um tem na fimbria Sanctus Deus e o nome Miguel Delmaco.
Outro: apprehende arma et scutum.
Miguel Delmaco, 1673.
O Asylo da Conquinha
Fica este asylo a breve distancia de Torres, uns vinte minutos de
agradavel passeio a pé. Segue-se a estrada da Varzea, entra-se no
amplo valle, vestido de culturas, arvoredos fructiferos, bellos
vinhedos; ao lado da estrada fica um edificio moderno de aspecto
alegre e confortavel, convidativo, é o asylo de S. José; como o sitio
se chama a Conquinha, é vulgarmente conhecido por este nome.
Santa instituição! Foi este asylo fundado e dotado pela benemerita
D. Maria da Conceição Barreto Bastos, fallecida em 21 de maio de
1901. Velhinhos impossibilitados de trabalhar encontram aqui
agasalho e sustento, abrigo tranquillo nos seus ultimos annos de
vida.
A casa é cercada por ampla quinta bem cultivada com seus
jardins floridos, e bellas arvores de fructa. Tudo muito asseiado e
confortavel; mais me agradou ainda o ar satisfeito dos asylados,
felizes naquelle ninho de caridade. A fundadora instituiu tambem
uma escola, na villa, para meninas, com ensino gratuito; a sua
memoria deve ser abençoada; o seu nome gravado no marmore dos
benemeritos, e no coração de todos os que veneram estes bons
exemplos do incondicional altruismo christão. Quando alli estive,
visita casual, era gerente ou director do asylo, o sr. conego prior
Antonio Francisco da Silva, cujo nome ouvi cercado pelos asylados
da Conquinha com palavras de respeito e gratidão.
Ruços, além!
Preparava-se a jornada de Ceuta.
Havia cabeças enthusiastas, e cabeças duvidosas; timidos e
prudentes ao lado dos muito ousados. El-rei D. João I estava em
Cintra com os infantes; mandou convocar os do Conselho para
Torres Vedras; eram o conde de Barcellos, o condestavel D. Nuno,
os mestres das ordens de Christo, de Santiago e d’Aviz, o prior do
Hospital, Gonçalo Vaz Coutinho, Martim Affonso de Mello, João
Gomes da Silva, muitos outros senhores e fidalgos.
Nesses dias Torres Vedras acolheu muitos cavalleiros de espora
dourada, os grandes senhores territoriaes e militares do paiz.==El
Rey partio de Cintra, e foy folgando por aquella comarca de Lisboa
caminho de Torres Vedras (isto conta o Azurara, na Chronica de D.
João I, parte 3.ᵃ, cap. 24) e antes disto chegando El-Rei a Carnide,
o infante Dom Enrique que muito desejava por seu corpo fazer
alguma cousa aventejada, chegou a seu padre e disse: Senhor,
primeiro que por estes feitos mais vades adiante, porque com a
graça de Deos vem já por tal via, que viram a boa fim, eu vos peço
por mercê que me outorgueis duas cousas. A primeira que eu seja
hum dos primeiros, que filhe terra quando a Deos prazendo
chegarmos davante da cidade de Ceita; e a segunda que quando a
vossa escada real fôr posta sobre os muros da cidade, que eu seja
aquelle que vá primeiro por ella, que outro algum.
Isto disse em Carnide o infante D. Henrique a el-rei D. João;
estranho requerimento para a morte na vanguarda extrema, bem
natural ao forte coração do rapaz. Chegou el-rei a Torres Vedras, e
logo teve uma falla com o condestavel.
Este approvou o plano e prometteu ao rei a sua influencia
favoravel...
Tratou-se logo do corregimento da casa para o conselho a qual
era hua sala dianteira, que está em aquelles paços de Torres
Vedras, onde está a capella.
Numa quinta-feira o rei e seus filhos ouviram missa do Espirito
Santo, naturalmente na egreja de Santa Maria, que era capella real.
Celebrou-se o conselho; foi elrei que publicou o fim da reunião;
depois fallou o condestavel approvando a jornada, e o infante D.