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Assignment on Behavioral Therapy
Assignment on Behavioral Therapy
Introduction
It is a form of treatment for problems in which a trained person deliberately
establishes a professional relationship with the client, with the objective of removing or
modifying existing symptoms and promoting positive personality, growth and development.
Behaviour therapy involves identifying maladaptative behaviours and seeking to correct these by
applying the principles of learning derived from the following theories.
3. CS NR
Conditioned stimulus no response
(bell) response unrelated to salivation
4. UCS+CS CR
Unconditioned +conditioned stimuli conditioned stimuli
(food) (bell) (salivation)
5. CS CR
Conditioned stimulus conditioned response
(bell) (salivation)
B. OPERANT CONDITIONING
(OC) (By B.F. Skinner, 1953). In OC, a reinforcer is any stimulus or event which when
produced by a response, makes that response more likely to occur in future.
Terms Used
Shaping. Process of learning a complex response by first learning a number of similar
response which are steps leading to complex response.
*.The responses which are learned in CC are stereotyped, reflex likes ones which are
elicitated by the unconditioned stimulus while in OC response is voluntary.
C. COGNITIVE LEARNING
Phobias
Obsessions
Compulsions
Certain sexual disorder
B. Flooding: The patient is directly exposed to the phobic stimulus, but escape is made
encouragement and his modelling behaviour reduce anxiety.
Indication: specific phobias
C. Shapping: In shapping the components of a particular skill, the behaviour is reinforced step
by step. The therapist starts shapping by reinforcing the existing behaviour. Once it is
established he reinforces the responses which are closest to the desired behaviour and ignores
the other responses
D. Modelling:
Modelling is a method of teaching by demonstration, wherein the therapist shows how a
specific behaviour is to be performed. In modelling the patient observes other patients
indulging in target behaviours and getting rewards for those behaviours. This will make the
patient repeat the same behaviour and carn rewards in the same manner.
E. Response prevention and restraint: when combined with flooding, it is the treatment
of choice in obsessive compulsive neurosis. The technique involves exposing the
patient to a contaminating objects, such as solled towel and subsequently preventing
him from carrying out his ususal cleansing ritual.
F. Aversion therapy: Pairing of the pleasant stimulus with an unpleasant response, so
that even in absence of the unpleasant response the pleasant stimulus becomes
unpleasant by association. Punishment is presented immeadiately after a specific
behavioural response and the response is eventually inhibited.
Unpleasant response is produced by electric stimulus, drugs, social disapproval or even
fantasy.
Indication:
Alcohol
Paraphilias
Homosexuality
Transvestism
G. SELF-CONTROL TECNIQUES: All behavioural treatments encourage patients to
learn to control their own behaviour and feelings. It consists of two stages:
I. self monitoring: it refers to keeping daily records of the problem behaviour and
the circumstances in which it appears. Once the problem behaviour has been
identified, self-reinforcement is tried e.g. the patient rewards himself in some way
when he has controlled behaviour successfully.
II. Self-evaluation: it refers to making records of progress and this also helps to
bring about change.
H. Contingency management:
This group of procedure is based on the principle that if behaviour persists, it is being
reinforced by certain of its consequences and if these consequences can be altered, the
behaviour should change. Contingency management has four stages:
The behaviour to be changed is defined and another person(e.g. a nurse in a
case of a schizophrenic) is trained to record it.
The events that immediately follow the behaviour are identified e.g. a nurse
paying patient when the shouts than when he is quiet. more attention to a
schizophrenic.
Alternative reinforcements are devised. e.g tokens that can be exchanged for
privileges, signs of approval by other people.
Staff or relatives must be trained to provide these reinforcements immediately
after the desired behaviour and it withhold them at other times.
Token economy: This program involves giving token rewards for appropriate
or desired target behaviours performed by the patient. The token can later be
exchanged for other rewards. For example on inpatient hospital wards,
patients receive a reward for performing a desired behaviour. such as token
which they may use to purchase luxury items or certain privileges
I. Biofeedback: it is a special type of feedback that refers to information provided
externally to a person about normally subthreshold bodily processes.
TYPES:
Intrinsic biofeedback: intrinsic biofeedback of neuro
(D)OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES FOR INCREASING ADAPTIVE
BEHAVIOR
1. Positive reinforcement: when a behavioural response is followed by a generally rewarding
event such as food, praise or gifts, it tends to be strengthened and occurs more frequently than
hefore the reward. This technique is used to increase desired behaviour.
(E) OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES TO TEACH NEW BEHAVIOR
1. Chaining: chaining is used when a person fails to perform a complex task. The complex task
is broken into a number of small steps and each step is taught to the patient. In the forward
chaining one starts with the first step, then to the third and so on. In backward chaining, one
starts with the last step and goes on to the next step in a backward fashion. Backward chaining is
found to be more effective in training the mentally disabled.
(F) OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES FOR DECREASING MALADAPTIVE
BEHAVIOR
1. Extinction/ignoring:
Extinction means removal of attention rewards permanentally, following a problem behaviour.
This includes actions like not looking at the patient, not talking to the patient, or having no
physical contact with the patient etc, following the problem behaviour. This is commonly used
when patient exhibits odd behaviour.
2. Punishment:
Aversive stimulus (punishment) is presented contingent upon the undesireable response. The
punishment procedure should be administered immeadiately and consistently following the
undersirable behaviour with clear explanation.
3. Timeout:
Timeout method includes removing the patient from the reward or the reward from the patient
for a particular period of time following a problem behaviour. This is often used in the treatment
of childhood disorder.
4. Restitution (over-correction): restitution means restoring the disturbed situation to a state
that is much better than what it was before the occurance of the problem behaviour.
5. Response cost: This procedure is used with individuals who are on token programme for
teaching adaptive behaviour. When undesirable behaviour occurs, a fixed number of tokens or
points are deducted from what the individual has already earned.
(G)ASSERTIVENESS AND SOCIAL SKILL TRAINING:
Assertive training is a behaviour therapy technique in which the patient is given training to bring
about change in emotional and other behavioural pattern by being assertive. Client is encouraged
not be afraid of showing an appropriate response, negative or positive, to an idea or suggestion.
Social skills training helps to improve social manners like encouraging eye contact. speaking
appropriately, observing simple etiquette, and relating to people.