Lecture-33

Mathematics 2 (15B11MA211)

CO [C106.5]

Topic: Taylor’s Series Expansion

Reference for the lecture

R.K Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”
fifth edition, Narosa publishing house, 2016.

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 Topics Covered
➢ Taylor’s Series
➢ Proof of Taylor’s theorem
➢ Examples

Functions of Complex Variable 2

 Taylor’s theorem:
Statement: If a function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside a circle with centre
at 𝑧 = 𝑎 , then it can be expanded in series about any point
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 2 𝑧−𝑎 𝑛
𝑓 𝑧 =𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓′ 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′′ 𝑎 + ⋯+ 𝑓𝑛 𝑎 +
1! 2! 𝑛!
⋯
or
𝑓𝑛 𝑎
𝑓 𝑧 = σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛
𝑛,
𝑧 − 𝑎 where 𝑎𝑛 = .
𝑛!
Proof: Let “z” be any point inside the circle C. Consider another circle
𝐶1 with center at “a” such that z is an interior point of 𝐶1 .
Taking “w” be any point on C1 such that 𝑧 − 𝑎 < 𝑤 − 𝑎 , which in
𝑧−𝑎
turns < 1.
𝑤−𝑎

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Now, taking
−1
1 1 1 𝑧−𝑎
= = 1−
𝑤−𝑧 𝑤−𝑎 − 𝑧−𝑎 𝑤−𝑧 𝑤−𝑎
Expanding the right hand side by using the binomial expansion, we get
1 1 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 2 𝑧−𝑎 𝑛
= 1+ + +⋯+ +⋯
𝑤−𝑧 𝑤−𝑎 𝑤−𝑎 𝑤−𝑎 𝑤−𝑎
1
Multiplying both sides by 𝑓(𝑤) and integrate term by term with
2𝜋𝑖
respect to “w” over the curve 𝐶1 , we have
1 𝑓 𝑤
ර 𝑑𝑤
2𝜋𝑖 𝑤 − 𝑧
𝐶1
1 𝑓 𝑤 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑓 𝑤
= ර 𝑑𝑤 + ර 2
𝑑𝑤 + ⋯
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶1 (𝑤 − 𝑎) 2𝜋𝑖 𝐶1 𝑤 − 𝑎
𝑧−𝑎 𝑛 𝑓 𝑤
+ ර 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑤 + ⋯
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶1 𝑤−𝑎 4
Therefore, By the Cauchy’s integral theorem, we have
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 2 𝑧−𝑎 𝑛
𝑓 𝑧 =𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓′ 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′′ 𝑎 + ⋯+ 𝑓𝑛 𝑎 + ⋯
1! 2! 𝑛!
This is Taylor’s formula for series expansion of 𝑓(𝑧) about the point 𝑧 = 𝑎.
Note:
If 𝑎 = 0, then the Taylor’s formula reduces to Maclaurin’s series expansion
formula given by
𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑛
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 0 + 𝑧𝑓 ′ 0 + 𝑓 ′′ 0 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑛 0 + ⋯ .
2! 𝑛
Examples:
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1. Expand about the point 𝑧 = 1 by Taylor’s series method.
𝑧+1
2. Find the first four terms of the Taylor’s series expansion of the complex
variable function about 𝑧 = 2 and find the region of convergence of
𝑧+1
𝑓 𝑧 = .
𝑧−3 𝑧−4
3. Find Taylor’s series expansion of a function of complex variable 𝑓 𝑧 =
1
about 𝑧 = 4.
𝑧−1 𝑧−3

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Solution 1:
1
The given function is 𝑓 𝑧 = . To obtain the Taylor’s series expansion, we have
𝑧+1
to obtain
1 1
𝑓 𝑧 = ; 𝑓 1 =
𝑧+1 2
1 1
𝑓′ 𝑧 = − ; 𝑓 ′ 1 =−
𝑧+1 2 4
′′
2 ′′
1
𝑓 𝑧 = ; 𝑓 1 =
𝑧+1 3 4
′′′
6 ′′′
3
𝑓 𝑧 =− ; 𝑓 1 =− …
𝑧+1 4 8
Therefore,
𝑧 − 1 2
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 1 + 𝑧 − 1 𝑓′ 1 + 𝑓 ′′ 1 + ⋯
2!
This implies that
1 𝑧−1 𝑧−1 2 𝑧−1 3
𝑓 𝑧 = 1− + − +⋯ .
2 2 4 16

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Solution 2: Here the center of circle is at 2.Then the distance of
singularities 𝑧 = 3, 4 from the center are 1 and 2. Thus, the region of
convergence is 𝑧 − 2 = 1.
Let 𝑧 − 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑡 + 2.
𝑓

𝑧+1 𝑡+3 𝐴 𝐵
𝑓 𝑧 = = = +
𝑧−3 𝑧−4 𝑡−1 𝑡−2 𝑡−1 𝑡−2
Therefore,
𝐴 = −4; and 𝐵 = 5.

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 5 4 5 𝑡 −1
𝑓 𝑡 = − =− 1− + 4 1 − 𝑡 −1
𝑡−2 𝑡−1 2 2
5 𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑡 3
⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 4 1 + 𝑡 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ − 1 + + + + ⋯
2 2 4 8
5 5 5 2 5 3
⇒𝑓 𝑡 = 4− + 4− 𝑡+ 4− 𝑡 + 4− 𝑡 +⋯
2 4 8 16
3 11 27 2
59
⇒𝑓 𝑡 = + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−2 3+⋯
2 4 8 16

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Solution 3:
Here the region of convergence is 𝑧 − 4 = 1.
Let 𝑧 − 4 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑡 + 4.
1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑓 𝑡 = = +
𝑡+3 𝑡+1 𝑡+3 𝑡+1
1 1 1 1
⇒𝑓 𝑡 =− + =− 𝑡 +
2 𝑡+3 2 𝑡+1 6 1+ 2 1+𝑡
3
1 𝑡 −1 1
⇒𝑓 𝑡 =− 1+ + 1 + 𝑡 −1
6 3 2
1 𝑡 𝑡2 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = − 1 − + − ⋯ + 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡3 + ⋯
6 3 9 2
4 16 57
⇒𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝑧−4 + 𝑧−4 2+⋯
12 36 118

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