Mathematics 2 (15B11MA211)

CO [C106.6]

Topic: Evaluation of Real Integrals Using Residues

Reference for the lecture

R.K Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” fifth
edition, Narosa publishing house, 2016.
E. Kreyszig "Advanced Engineering Mathematics” 8th Edition, Wiley.
2006.
B. S. Grewal , “Higher Engineering Mathematics” 42 nd
Edition, Khanna Publisher, New Delhi

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 Topics to be covered

➢ Real definite integrals involving trigonometric functions

➢ Solved Examples

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 Real definite integrals involving trigonometric
functions
Consider an integral

2𝜋

𝐼𝑁𝑇 = න 𝐹 sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

0
Where, F is real rational function of sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 and is finite
(does not become infinite) on the interval of integration.
Setting z = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
We obtain
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑧 −1
cos 𝜃 = =
2 2
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 − 𝑧 −1
sin 𝜃 = =
2𝑖 2𝑖
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 Real definite integrals involving trigonometric
functions contd…
𝐹 sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 is now ∅(𝑧)
z = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
dz = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⇒ dθ = 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
𝑖𝑒

𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ර ∅ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧 = ර 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝐶

C: is a unit circle of radius 1 ( 𝑧 = 1).

This can be further solved using Cauchy Residue theorem.

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 2𝜋 1
Example 1- Find the value of ‫׬‬0 3+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
Solution-
2𝜋
1
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = න 𝑑𝜃
3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
0
Setting z = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
We obtain
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑧 −1
cos 𝜃 = =
2 2

dz = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⇒ dθ = 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
𝑖𝑒

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Example 1 Solution contd…

2 1 2
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ර 2 𝑑𝑧 = ර 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 + 6𝑧 + 1 𝑖 𝐶

𝑓(𝑧)has a simple pole at 𝑧 = −3 + 2 2 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −3 − 2 2 =

𝛽

𝑧 = −3 + 2 2 = 𝛼 lies within the circle |𝑧|=1

1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛼 = lim[𝑧 − 𝛼]
𝑧→𝛼 (𝑧 − 𝛼)((𝑧 − 𝛽)
1
=
(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
=
4 2 6
Example 1 Solution contd…

2 1 2
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ර 2 𝑑𝑧 = ර 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 =
𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 + 6𝑧 + 1 𝑖 𝐶

2 4𝜋𝑖 𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛼 = =
𝑖 4𝑖 2 2

2𝜋
1 𝜋
⇒න 𝑑𝜃 =
3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
0
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 𝜋 1
Example 2- Find the value of ‫׬‬0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
Solution-
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = න 2
𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑑𝜃
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (1 − cos 2𝜃)
0 0 1+
𝜋
2
2
=න 𝑑𝜃
3 − cos 2𝜃)
0
Let 2𝜃 = ∅
d𝜃 = 𝑑∅/2

𝜽 0 𝜋
∅ 0 2𝜋

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Example 2 Solution contd…
2𝜋
𝑑∅
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = න
3 − cos ∅)
0
Setting z = 𝑒 𝑖∅
We obtain
𝑒 𝑖∅ + 𝑒 −𝑖∅ 𝑧 + 𝑧 −1
cos ∅ = =
2 2

dz = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖∅ 𝑑∅
𝑑𝑧
⇒ d∅ = 𝑖∅ = 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
𝑖𝑒

2 1 2
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = − ර 2 𝑑𝑧 = − ර 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 − 6𝑧 + 1 𝑖 𝐶

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Example 2 Solution contd…

𝑓(𝑧)has a simple pole at 𝑧 = 3 + 2 2 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3 − 2 2 = 𝛽

𝑧 = 3 − 2 2 = 𝛽 lies within the circle |𝑧|=1

1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛽 = lim[𝑧 − 𝛽]
𝑧→𝛽 (𝑧 − 𝛼)((𝑧 − 𝛽)
1
=
(𝛽 − 𝛼)
1
=−
4 2

2 1
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = − ර 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 − 6𝑧 + 1
2 2 𝜋
= − ර 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = − 2𝜋𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛼 = 10
𝑖 𝑖 2
 2𝜋 cos 2𝜃
Example 3- Evaluate ‫׬‬0 5−4cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
Solution-
2𝜋 2𝜋
cos 2𝜃 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = න 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 න 𝑑𝜃
5 − 4cos 𝜃 5 − 4cos 𝜃
0 0

Setting z = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 = 𝑧 2
We obtain
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑧 −1
cos 𝜃 = =
2 2

dz = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⇒ dθ = 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
𝑖𝑒
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Example 3 Solution contd…

1 𝑧2 1
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ර 𝑑𝑧 = ර 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
5
2𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1 2𝑖 𝐶
2
1
𝑓(𝑧)has a simple pole at 𝑧 = − = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −2 = 𝛽
2

𝑧 = −1/2 = 𝛼 lies within the circle C:|𝑧|=1

𝑧2
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛼 = lim[𝑧 − 𝛼]
𝑧→𝛼 (𝑧 − 𝛼)((𝑧 − 𝛽)
𝛼2
=
(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= 1/6
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Example 3 Solution contd…

1 𝑧2 1
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ර 𝑑𝑧 = ර 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
2𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 2 + 5 𝑧 + 1 2𝑖 𝐶
2
1
= 2𝜋𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧 , 𝑧 = 𝛼 = 𝜋/6
2𝑖

2𝜋 cos 2𝜃 2𝜋 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃
𝐼𝑁𝑇 = ‫׬‬0 5−4cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋/6 .
5−4cos 𝜃

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