R E F R I G E R A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y

REFRIGERATION
TECHNOLOGY

DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG

Dept. of Food & Biological Process & Equipment
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
ngochoang.ibft@gmail.com
Tel: 0904667684
 Course Objectives

1 REFRIGERATION FUNDERMENTALS

2 REFRIGERATION CYCLES & COMPONENTS

3 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

 b

Reference literatures
[1] A. R. Trott and T. Welch. Refrigeration and Air conditioning. 3rd ed.
Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000
[2] S. K. Wang, Hand book of Air conditioning and Refrigeration. 2nd
ed., New York, McGraw-Hill,
[3] S. Devotta, R. Huehren, A. Padalkar, S. Juvekar. Good Practices in
Installation and Servicing of Room Air-conditioners, Bonn, Germany,
GmbH, 2013
[3] S.K. Wang and Z. Lavan. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration-
Mechanical Engineering Handbook, Boca Raton, CRC Press LLC,
1999

[4] Employment and social development Canada, Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning Mechanic, Employment and social development Canada,
2014
 INTRODUCTION

HOW
WHEN
WHAT
REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITION
Text
WHAT
 INTRODUCTION

REFRIGERATION is the
cooling of air/liquids, thus
providing lower
temperatures to preserve
food, cool beverages,
make ice and for many
other applications.

AIR CONDITIONING:
Simultaneous control of
temperature, humidity and air
motion
 INTRODUCTION

HISTORY of REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY

In prehistoric times, man found that his food would last longer during times
when food was not available if stored in the coolness of a cave or packed in
snow.
In 1841, John Gorrie was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical
refrigeration. His basic principle – that of compressing a gas, cooling it by
sending it through condensing coils, and then expanding it to lower the
temperature further – is the one most often used in refrigerators today.
Shortly afterward, an Australian, James Harrison, examined the refrigerators
used by Gorrie and introduced vapor‐compression refrigeration to the brewing
and meatpacking industries.
Beginning in the 1840s, refrigerated cars were used to transport milk and
butter.
INTRODUCTION

PHASE CHANGES
 INTRODUCTION

BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLES

 INTRODUCTION

PHASES DIAGRAM

Saturated
vapor

Saturated
liquid
 INTRODUCTION

Saturated liquid is a liquid that exists at the saturation temperature or boiling

point (T = Tsat = Tbp) that corresponds to the existing pressure.

Saturated vapor is a vapor that exists at the saturation temperature (T = Tsat)

that corresponds to the existing pressure.

Subcooled liquid (also known as a compressed liquid) is a liquid that is at a

temperature BELOW the saturation temperature (T < Tsat) that corresponds to
the existing pressure.
Superheated vapor is a vapor existing at a temperature ABOVE the saturation
temperature that corresponds to the existing pressure (T > Tsat).
 INTRODUCTION

The Power of an Air Conditioner

1 hp = 0.7457 kW
 INTRODUCTION

HEAT QUANTITY

Change of phase
The latent heat of vaporization (hv) of a substance is the heat
per unit mass required to change the substance from a liquid to a vapor
at its boiling temperature
hv =Q/m

LATENT HEAT AND ENTHALPY

hv =hVsat-hLsat
 INTRODUCTION

Class problem

Determine enthalpy of 1kg saturated liquid R134a

at pressure of 2MPa?

Determine enthalpy of 1kg saturated vapor R134a

at pressure of 2MPa?

Determine the heat absorbed by 3 kg saturated

liquid R134a that evaporated at pressure of 2MPa
INTRODUCTION

LATENT HEAT AND ENTHALPY

 INTRODUCTION

Refrigerants

Refrigerants

Cooling media
 INTRODUCTION

The requirements for a fluid used as a refrigerant.

Classification of Refrigerants
 INTRODUCTION

Halo-carbon Refrigerants
The fully halogenated CFCs: R11; R12; R502; R114

The not fully halogenated HFCs: R134a; R22; R245ca; R123; R152a
 INTRODUCTION

Azeotrope Refrigerants
These are blends of multiple components of volatilities (refrigerants) that
evaporate and condense as a single substance and do not change their
volumetric composition or saturation temperature when they evaporate or
condense at a constant pressure. Components in a mixture of azeotropes
cannot be separated from their constituents by distillation.
 INTRODUCTION

Hydro-carbon Refrigerants
 INTRODUCTION

Inorganic Compounds
These compounds include ammonia R-717, water R-718, and air R-729.

Safety

flammable
 INTRODUCTION

Numbering of Refrigerants
 INTRODUCTION

Ozone depletion potential

The ozone layer in our upper atmosphere provides a filter for ultraviolet
radiation, which can be harmful to our health.

Research has found that the ozone layer is thinning, due to emissions into
the atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and bromides.

The Montreal Protocol in 1987 agreed that the production of these chemicals
would be phased out by 1995 and alternative fluids developed.
Mechanism of destruction of Ozone by CFCs
 INTRODUCTION

HCFC (short term alternative )

R22 => R502, R12
HFCFC/HFC service-blends (transitional alternatives)
R401A; R401B; R409A => R22
HFC–Chlorine free (long-term alternative)
R134A => R22
HFC–Chlorine free–blends–(long-term alternatives)
R404A; R407A; R407B => R502
Halogen free (long-term alternatives)

R717 ammonia => R502, R12

Ozone depletion potential ratio-ODP

ODP is the ratio of the rate of ozone depletion of 1 lb of any halocarbon to

that of 1 pound of CFC-11. The ODP of CFC-11 is assigned a value of 1.
 INTRODUCTION

Ozone depletion potential ratio-ODP

 INTRODUCTION

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Global warming is the long-term increase in atmospheric temperature
and it is global in nature.
 INTRODUCTION

The gases which cause increase in the temperature of the atmosphere are called
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs).
The GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO),
sulphurhexafluorides (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons
(PFCs)
GWP is an index which compares the warming effect over time, of different
gases, relative to equal emission of CO2by weight.