Chem Guide11 Study Material

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i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
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.P.Pa a1.Basic Concepts a a of Chemistry
.P.P a aand Chemical
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.P.Calculations
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1) Define relative
i . N . etet atomic mass. i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala atomic mass is adefined a i
aslala as the ratio of the a
lala
asaverage i a i
aslala to the unified asaaslaa
The a s
relative
a sa a sa atomic mass a sfactor
a
. adad
.Patomic
P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.Padad .P.Padad
www w mass unit. www w ww w w ww w w ww w w
ww Relative atomic
ww mass (Ar)= Average mass
ww of an atom / Unified
ww atomic mass
ww
2) Define relative
i . N . etet molecular mass i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal molecular massaissaadefined l a
al a i l al
asamassa i l a
asthe a i
al unified atomic asaaslaa
Thed a s
relative
a d s as the ratio dof
a sthe
a of a molecule d a s
to
a
. a ad
.wPmass
P a ad
.wP.P a ad
.wP.P .wP.Pa ad .wP.Padad
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Relative molecular mass = Average mass of a molecule / Unified atomic mass
3) What do i .N . etetunderstand by thei.N
you
N term
. etet mole.
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saaThe l a
sa total number ofdatoms a
d
l l a
saasa present in 12 g ofdcarbon a
d
l l a
saasa -12 isotope. dadsaasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 1 Molew w=w
w 6.023 × 1023 entitiesww ww w www w www
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4) Define Avogadro Number:
The i . N
total
. etetnumber of entitiesi.N
N . etet in one mole ofi.N
present
N any
. etesubstance
N t is equal i to
. N . N
tet x 1023.
e6.022
i i i i
This
d a
d saaslaala is called Avogadro
number d a
d
laala
saasnumber. d a
d saaslaa
.P5)
.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Define Molar Mass: w ww
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Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of a
compound N
is e tet to sum of the relative
equal N etetatomic masses ofi.its N tet
econstituents expressed N etegt mol-1.
in
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N a i . i . N
6)ad a sa
Define
a
aslalMolar Volume: a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.Pad The volume occupied adad
.P.P adad
.P.any
P adad
.Pgaseous
. P .P.Padad
www w www w by one mole ww w w
of substance in ww w
the w state at a
ww w w
given
ww ww ww ww ww
temperature and pressure is called molar volume.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asalequivalent mass. asaasal l a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
7)ad a sa
Define d d a sa d a sa d a sa
w w.P.Pad Gram equivalent w w
a ad
.P.P
mass of an element, w w
a ad
.Pcompound
.P or ion is w w.P.P
the
a ad
mass that combines w w.Pora ad
.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or 8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine.
.N
Equivalent
i . etet mass has no uniti.but
N N . etgram
N et equivalent mass i .N . etetthe unit g eq-1 i.N.N
N
has etet
a i a i a i a i
8)ad a
Define
d
l l a
saasaEmpirical formuladadsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa Empirical formula aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.the
P aa
P.P
.the
w ww
w w ww
w of a compound is
w wwthe
w formula written w www
with simplest ratiow ww
of
w
ww ww ww ww ww
number of different atoms present in one molecule of the compound as subscript to the atomic
symbol. laia.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i a i i i
d a
d sal ratio of C : H : Odisads1aas: la2 l:a1 and hence theda
saaThe saaslaala formula of acetic
empirical
d d ad
a
slalais CH 2O.
saaacid d a
d saaslaa
.P9)
.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Define Molecular w w
w w
formula w www w www w www
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Molecular formula of a compound is the formula written with the actual number of
i.aN
differentlalatoms . etetpresent in one molecule
N i . N . etet as a subscripti.to
N N . N
tet
ethe atomic symbol. i . N .
The etemolecular
N t
asa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad
formula of acetic acid is Cadad
.P.P
2H 4 O 2 adad
.P.P adad
.Pthe
. P adad
P.P
.The
www w Molecular www w
formula of a compound isww
a w w
whole number multiple ww w
ofw empirical ww
formula. w w
ww ww ww ww ww
whole number can be calculated from the molar mass of the compound using the following
expression, i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d
Wholea sa number (n) = Molar d a
masssa of the compound d
/ a sa
Calculated empirical d a s
formulaa mass d a sa
a ad
.P10)
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w What is w
stochiometry?w w w w w w w w w w w
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Stoichiometry tet gives the numerical relationship between chemical quantities
i .N . echemical
N equation.lalia.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
in a balanceda i i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas
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11) What is i . N . etet Reagents , Excess
Limiting
N i. N . etreagents
N et ? i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i i i i
a slala a reaction isdcarried
saaWhen a saaslaalaout using non-stoichiometric a saaslaala quantities aof laala reactants, the saslaa
saasthe
. P. aa
P
d d . P . aa
P d . P. aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d .P. adaada
P
wwproduct yield will be determined
w w by the reactant w that is completelywconsumed. ww It limits the w further
w
ww
ww reaction from taking
wwww wwww
place and is called aswthe limiting reagent. The
wwwother reagents whichware in
w ww
excess arei.called N . etetthe excess reagents.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a s a a sa a sa a sa
.P12)
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.Padad
www w What do you ww w
understand
w by the term w
oxidation
ww w number. w w w w
ww It is defined
ww as the imaginary charge
ww www
left on the atom wwhen all other atoms wof the
www
compoundi.have N . etetbeen removed in itheir
N . N . eteusual
N t oxidation states
i . N . N
tet are assigned according
ethat i . N . etet to set of
N
asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
rules.
d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P13)
.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w Distinguish between
w w w oxidation and w w
reduction.w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Oxidation Reduction
Addition
i .N . eteoft oxygen is takes place
N i .N . etet
N Addition
i .N . eteoft Hydrogen is takesi.N
N . etet
place
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saaRemoval
sa l a
of Hydrogen d a
dissaa
l l a
sa place
takes d a
d
l
asa l
saRemovala
of Oxygen isdtakes a
d
l l a
saasaplace d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.isP.takes
P .P.Paa
w ww
w Removal of electron w ww
w is takes place ww ww Gain of electron w ww
w place w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Increasing of oxidation number. Decreasing of oxidation number.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
14) d a saaslaala the molar mass
Calculate
d d a
d
ala
saofaslathe following compounds.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
aa
.Pi).P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w urea [CO(NH2)2] ww ww
C =.P.12 P x 1 = 12 w www.Pii).Pacetone [CH3COCH w w
w
.P.P
3]w w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
O = 16 x 1 = 16 C = 12x 3 = 36
i . N . etet N = 14 x 2 = 28i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet H = 1 x 6 = 6 i.N.N
N etet
aslalaa i a
a=slal4a i a
aslala i a
lala
as16 i aslaa
a sa H = 1 x a
4 s a a sa O = 16 x a
1 sa
= a sa
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.Padad
www w ww w w 60 g / mol ww w w www w 58 g / mol www w
ww ww ww ww ww
N e[Hte3tBO3] H = 1 x 3 =i.N3.N
N etetiv) sulphuric acid i[H N 2NeSOte4t] H = 1 x 2 = 2 Netet
iii) boric a
s as la
acid
lia. i .
s a slaa l a i
s aslaal a. i .
s aslaalia. i.N s aslaa
d
a ada a B = d11
a ad a a
x1 = 11 d
a ada a S = 32 xd
a ada
1 a
= 32 d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w w.OP.P = 16 x 3 = 48 w .P.P
w Ow =.P
w .P
16 x 4 = 64 w .P.P
w
w
www w
www www w wwww wwww
62 g / mol 98 g / mol
15) The ldensity i .N . eteof
N t
carbon dioxide i
is.N . etet to 1.965 kg m-3 iat
N
equal .N . etetK and 1 atm pressure.
N
273 i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
Calculate
d
l a
saasa the molar mass of d a
dCO
l
saas2a. l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
aa
.PGiven
.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w : w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww -3
ww ww ww
Density = 1.965 kg m at 273 K and 1 atm
i . N . etet of CO = ?
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Molar i Mass i i i
saasla:ala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
2
d a
Solution
aa d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d d
aa ad
ww.P.P At 273 K and 1 w.P.P
watm , Molar volume of ww.P.=P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w CO
w 2 22.4 L ww w w ww w w
Mass of 1 mol of CO2 = 1.965 kg / m 3 x 22.4 L
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N = 1.965 xai10 . N .
3etet 3
N g / m x 22.4 x 10 -3 m i
3
. N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslaof i
la 1 mol of CO = 44 gsmol aslala-1 i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a s
Massa a a a sa a sa
.P.P adad .P.P adad 2
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.Padad
www w ww w w ww w w www w www w
ww 16) Which contains ww the greatest numberw ofwmoles of oxygen atoms? ww ww
i) 1 mol ofi.ethanol N . etet ii) 1 mol of formic
N i . N . N
tet iii) 1 mol of H2O Netet
eacid i . . N i . N . etet
N
l a a i l a a
asi)a1l mol of ethanol asaa=saCl2H5OH = 1 x 6.023 ax sa10 i l a a i
asa23l = 6.023 x 10 23 oxygen l a a i
asal atoms. aslaa
Ans:d a sa d d d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad P.P
.6.023a ad 23 .10P.Pa23ad .P.Pa ad
w w w ii) 1 mol of formic
w w w acid = HCOOH = w2 x
w w x 10 = 12.046 w wx w oxygen atoms.w w w
www iii) 1 mol of Hw2O
w w = H2O
w=w1wx 6.023 x 10 23 = 6.023 wwxw10 23 oxygen atoms.www
Hence Formic i .N . etetacid contains the greatest
N i .N . etet number of moles
N i .N of
. N
tet
eoxygen atoms. i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
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s slaalia. i.N saaslaa
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 17) Calculate theww w w w w w w w w
average atomic masswof w naturally occurring wmagnesium w using the w w
following
data, Isotope, N tet
eIsotopic atomic mass,i.Abundance
N etet (%) are Mg24 :i.23.99,N etet78.99, Mg26 :24.99 ,10.00 N etet
i . i . N i . N i . N i . i . N
Mg25a: s aslaala, 11.01.
25.98
a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaa
aad d d d
a a Isotopic Atomic Mass aad d aad d d
aa d
ww.P.Solution:
P Isotope ww .P.P ww.P.P ww P.P
.Abundance ww.P.P
w
ww w Mg ww
24 w w ww w
23.99
w ww w w 78.99 www w
N eMgtet
26
N etet24.99 N etet 10.00
N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
a sa aslala Mg 25
a saaslala 25.98
a saaslala 11.01
a saaslala a saaslaa
. adad Atomic Mass = (.P
.PAverage
P . adadx 23.99 ) + ( 10 x 24.99
78.99
P a)da+d( 11.01 x 25.98 ) / 100
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w w w
ww= 2430.9 / 100 = 24.31 w
wuw w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
18) In a reaction etetx + y + z2 xyze2tidentify
t the Limiting reagent etet if any, in the following etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
reaction
s l
asala a
mixtures.
s l
asal a a s l
asala a s l
asala a s aslaa
d a a
d atoms of x + 200
a a200 d a a
a ad of y + 50 molecules d
a aofa a
d z2 d
a ada a d a
a ad a
w .P(a)
w .P w .P.atoms
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www (b) 1mol of x + 1 w w
wwof y+3 mol of z2 www
mol w wwww w
www
(c) 50 atoms of etext + 25 atoms of y+50 molecules
etet of z2 etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d) 2.5smol
d a
d a
l
asa l aof x +5 mol of y+5
d a
d
mol
saasal of
l a z 2
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa Given
.P.Paa Consumed.PP
.a a aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w
x w+w y + z2 x w w w
w w
+ wy + z2 w ww w w w
w w
ww Solution: ww reagent
Limiting ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i z i
saaslaala 1 saaslaala1 saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
200 200 50 50 50 50 2
aad a
d 1 aad a
d
3 1 1
aad a
d x and y aad a
d d
aa a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w 50 www w
25 50 25 ww w
25 w 25 ww w w
y www w
2.5 5 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 x
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslalof i
a one atom of an element a i
aslala is 6.645 x 10-23ag.saa a i
lalamany moles of element a
aslala arei aslaa
19) a s
Mass
a a sa s
How a sa a sa
. adad
.Pthere
P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w in 0.320 kg? w w w w w w w w
ww www
Masswof one atom
ww ww
= 6.645 x 10-23 g
ww ww wwww
N tet of 1 mole of atom
eMass N e=te6.645
t x 10-23 g x 6.023 N x t10
e et 23 = 40 g N etet
Number a sa
l a
al moles of element ina0.320
asof sa
l a
asal Kg = 1 mole / 40g xa0.320 sa
l
asal kga
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a adg / 40 g = 8 mol. .P.P d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w = 1 mole
w .P
w P
x.320 w w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww wwww w
www
20) What is.N
i the
. etedifference
N t between.Nmolecular
i . etet
N mass and molar
i .N . etemass?
N t Calculate the.NN
i . etet
a i a i a i a i
molecular
d a
d
l l a
saasa mass and molardmass a
d
l l a
saasafor carbon monoxide. d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww Mass
Molecular ww Molar Mass ww ww
1. Ratio of i . N . etet of molecule to the
mass
N i . N . etet mass 1. Massi.Nof
unified
N . e1temole
N t of substancei.N.N etet
i i i i
d saaslaala Molecular Mass
2.daRelative d a
d
laalacompound is 2.sMolar
saasany
of d a
d aaslaala Mass of a compound
d a
d saaslaalis
a equal to the
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P a aCalculated by adding .P.Pathe
a relative atomic .P.P a a sum of the relative.P.atomic a a masses of its .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www P w ww
w
ww Masses of itsw w
constituent atoms. ww constituentw w
atoms. ww
3. Its Uniti.N is.Neuteort amu i . N . etet
N 3. Its Unit
i . N . N
tetg / mol
eis i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala Mass of CO : asaaslala a i a i
lala Mass of CO: saslala
asMolar a i aslaa
s
4.daMolecular
a dad 4.
a sa a a a sa
.P.P a( a1dx at.mass of C ) + (1x .P.Paat.mass of O)
adad( 1 x at.mass of C ) .+P.(1x
.P.P adadat.mass of O)
P adad
.P.P
www w www w www w ww w w www w
ww (1 x 12) + ( 1x 16) ww = 28 amu ww (1 x 12) + ( 1x ww 16) = 28 g / mol ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asalis the empirical formula l a a i
asal of the following ?asaasal l a a i l
asala a i aslaa
21)da s
What
a d a sa d d a sa d a sa
a ad
.Pi).P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Fructose (C 6H12O6)wfound
w w in honey w w w w w w w w w
www ii) Caffeine (C8H10wNw4w w w
O2) a substance foundwin tea and coffee.
www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saaAns: l a
sa i) Fructose (Cd6Had12 saaO l l a
sa6) = Empirical formula d a
d
l l a
saasa CH2O d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.(C
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ii) w ww
Caffeine
w 8H10N4O2) = Empirical w ww
w formula C H N O w www w ww
w
ww ww ww 4 5 2ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
alia. i.N s as laalia. i.N www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad ad a aad a
d a d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a d
aa ad
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 22) The reactionwbetween w
w w w w
wwferric oxide can generate w w
ww temperatures up to w w
ww3273 K
aluminium and
and is used in
N tet
ewelding metals. (Atomic N etemass
t of Al = 27 u Atomic N etetmass of 0 = 16 u) i.N.N etet
i . i . N i. i . N i . i . N i
2Alda asl2aaOla3
+dsaFe Al2O3 +2Fe; a aslaainlathis process, 324agsaaof
saIf, ala
slaaluminium is allowed a
laalareact with 1.12 saslaa
saasto
. P. aa
P . P. aa
P
d d . P. P
d
aa d . P . P
d
aa d .P. adaada
P
wwkg of ferric oxide. ww w ww ww ww
ww
ww i) Calculate the mass
ww ofwAl2O3 formed. ww ww ww ww ww
ww
ii) How much i . N . eoftetthe excess reagenti.Nis.N
N
tet at the end of the N
eleft i . . etet
reaction?
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
wwww Ans: ww w w www w www w www w
ww ww ww
Reactants
ww Products
ww
i . N . etet
N 2Al
i .N . etet+
N Fe2O3 i . N . etet Al2O3 +
N i . N . etet
2Fe
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i asall a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.Pa ad of substance reacted
.PAmount .P.P a ad 324 g a adKg
.P1.12
.P - .P.P a ad - .P.Pa ad
w ww w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Number of moles reacted 324/27= 12 1.12x 10 -3 / 160=7 - -
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Stoichiometric
d adsaasa l l a amount
d a
d
l
saasa l
2 a
d
1
adsaasa l l a 1
d a
d
l
saasa l a 2
d adsaaslaa
aa
.PNumber
.P .P.P aa .P6.Paa .-P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w of moles consumed w www 12 moles ww ww moles w ww
w - wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Number of moles etet remains - etet 1 mol etet 6 mol 12etemol
t
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
.P*.Paa .P.P aa P.P
.Al aa aa
.)}P.=P .P.Paa
w ww
w The mass of Al2Ow www
3 formed = 6 x 102 = 612wg.w w[w 2O3 = { (2 x 27) + (3 xw16 ww
w 102] w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
* The excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction = 1 x 160 = 160 g.[ Fe2O3 ={ (2 x56) +(3 x 16) }= 160]
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
la moles of ethane
aslamany a
aslis a i
alrequired as44 a
lala i a
aslala i aslaa
23)da s
Howa a sa to produce a sa g of CO 2 (g) after a s
combustion.
a a sa
.P.P a ad .P.P adad adad
.Pethane
. P .P.P adad .P.Padad
www w Balanced ww w
equationw for the combustion wwwof
w , www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
C2H6 + 7/2 O2 2 CO2 + 3H2O ; 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
4 moles
i . N . eteoft CO2 produced byi.N.N
N ete=t 2 moles of ethane i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
l of CO (44g) produced
as1amole l a a i
asal by = 2 moles ofaethane l a a i
asal / 4 moles of COa2 saxas1almole of CO2 l a a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d sa d d a sa
.P.P a ad 2
.P.P a ad P.P
.mol a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w = w
0.5
w w of ethane. w w w w w w
www www www www www
24) Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent. It oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion and reduced
itself to water. i .N . eteWrite
N t a balancedaequation. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i i a i a i
d adsaaHsal
O
l a
+ 2 Fe 2+
+ 2H +
d a
d
l l a
saasa Fe3+ + H2O dadsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa 2 2
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
25) An organic compound present in vinegar has 40 % carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4 %
oxygen. Find N tet empirical formulaNeoftethe
ethe t compound. .NN etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i i . i . i . N
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
www w ww w w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
alia. i.N s as laalia. i.N a
www.TrbTnpsc.com
d
aa a
d a aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
26. Explaini.N the
. etegeneral
N t rules for assigning
i . N . etet oxidation number
N i . N . eoftean
N t atom.
i . N . etet
N
a i laala i laala i i
1.ad
Thea
d slala
saaoxidation number a a
ofdthe
dsaaselement in the free d a saaselementary
(or)
d state is a saaslaalZero.
always
d d
a
d a
d saaslaa
.P2. a
.PThe .P.P a aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w oxidation w ww
number
w of the element in w ww
monoatomic
w ion is equal w wthe
to
w w net charge on thew ww
ion.
w
ww ww ww ww ww
3) The algebric tsum t of oxidation states of
tet all atoms in a molecule tet is equal to zero, while tet ions, it is
in
. N e
N e . N e
N . N e
N . N e
N
equalsto liai.net charge on thesaion.
aslaathe slaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaa
a a
adaHydrogen
d a a
adad number of +1 in .all a a
dadcompounds exceptPinad
aits a a
ad hydrides where adada a
w .P4)
w . P w .P.P
has an oxidation
w w wP.P w . .Pmetal
w w .P.itP
w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
has – 1 value. ww ww ww ww
5. The oxidaton i . N . etenumber
N t of fluorine i . N
is . etet - 1 in all its compounds.
always
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
6.ad a
The sa oxidation state of d a s
oxygena in most compounds d a sa
is –2. Exceptions are d a sa
peroxides, super oxides d a sa
w .P.Pad
w w w
a ad
.P.P w w
a ad
.P.P w .P.P
w
a ad
w .P.P
w
a ad
w
www and compounds with w
wwwfluorine. wwww www w w
www
7. Alkali metals etehave
t an oxidation state eteoft + 1 and alkaline earth etemetals
t have an oxidation etetstate of
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
+ 2 insall
a aaslaatheir
la compounds. saslaala
a a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaa
d
aa d aad d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w w
ww 27. Explain the types w w
ww of Redox Reactions. ww w w ww w w www w
.aN . etet
N
1.laliCombination i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i reactions: i
aslaala two substances combine i i
d a
d saasa Redox reactions dinadswhich a d adsaaslaala to form a single d a
d saaslaala
compound are called d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w combinationwreaction. ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww wOxidation
w ww ww
Example: i . N . etet
N Ci . N+.NeOte2t CO2 i.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a i a i aslaa
a sa a sa Reduction asaaslala a saaslala a sa
.P.Padad 2. Decomposition dad
areaction:
.P.P adad
www w www w ww w w w w
wwtwo or more components w w
ww are
ww Redoxww reactions in which a w w
compound breaks down w w
into ww
called e
N tet
decomposition reactions.eThe
N tet oxidation numberNeoftethe t different elements N tet the same
ein
a sa s lal a
asubstance is changed. sasal
a a
l a
a sa asall a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d d
a aExample: d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww wwww www w w
www
i .N . etet
3. Displacement
N
reactions:
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i i
d a
d
l l a
saasa Redox reactions d ad
l
sainasa l a
which an ion (or anda d
l l a
saasa in a compound isdreplaced
atom) a
d
l a
saasa by an ion (or dadsaaslaa
l a
.P.Pa a atom) of another.P.element aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww P
w are calledw displacement
ww
w reactions.ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(i) Metal displacement reactions:
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d d saaslaala
Example:
a d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ii) Non-metal ww displacement ww ww ww
Example: i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
www w www w ww w w www w ww w w
ww ww
4. Disproportionation reaction (Auto ww redox reactions) ww ww
i . N . eIntetredox reactions, the
N i . N . etet compound can undergo
same
N i . N . etet both oxidation and
N i . N . N
tet
ereduction.
aInl a a i
l reactions, the oxidation
asuch l a a i
asal state of one and l
asthe a a i
al same element is both l al a i
asaincreased aslaa
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa and d a sa
.P.Pa ad decreased. These a ad
.P.reactions
P are called
a ad
.P.P
disproportionation .P.P
reactions.
a ad .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
Example:
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasa l l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
dadsaaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
d
aa ad a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w wwww
2. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
IMPORTANT
d ad saaslaala NOTES: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w wwww
ww 1. Atom: Atom is awsmallest w particle of all matter. ww ww ww
2. Bohr atom i . N . etet
model:The
N energy of electromagnetic
i . N . etet
N radiation is quantised
i . N . etet in units of hν (where
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.Pada d
ν is the frequency ofwradiation .P.Padad and h is Planck's constant .P.Padad 6.626 × 10-34 Js)..P.P adad adad
.P.P
www w ww w ww w w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. De Broglie equation: λ = h / mv
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l a
as=anλl a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
4. Circumference
a sa of the orbit, 2πr a sa a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 5. Heisenberg‟s uncertainty w
www principle : Δx . Δpww w
≥w h / 4π wwww w
www
6. The time i N . etet
.independent
N Schrodinger i . etet :HѰ = EѰ
equation
.N N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P7.
.Pa Orbital:
a Region of space .P.Paaround
a the nucleuswwithin .P.Pa a which the probability .P.Paof
a finding an electron.Pof aa
w ww
w w ww
w w w w w www wwww.P
ww given energy is maximum. ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
8. Shape i i i i
d ad saaslaaoflaorbitals: s- orbitald:adSymmetrically
saaslaala spherical
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa P- orbital
.P.Paa : Dumb-bell .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w
d- orbital: clover leaf ( dwz 2ww
wis dumb-bell shape with wawwdoughnut
w ) wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
9. The energy i . N . eoftethe
N t electron in the nth.Norbit:
i . etet En= -( 1312.8) Z2i./N.nN
N e2te( tKJ mol-1 ) i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adaThe
.P10.
. P d energies of various .P.P
dad 1s < 2s = 2p <P3s
aorbitals: . .Pada=d3p = 3d <4s = 4p = ada=d4f < 5s =
.P.4d
P adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
5p = 5d = 5f < 6s = 6p = 6d = 6f < 7s
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a
asaof a i
l energies of various sorbitals l a a i
asal are based on thea(n+l) l a a
asalrule. i l
asala a i aslaa
11. Order
a sa a a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 12. The effective nuclear w
www charge = The net charge w
www experienced by the electron w
www is called. w
www
13. The order i .N . etethe
of
N t effective nuclear .charge
i N . etet : s > p > d > f. i.N.N
N etet i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
a aThe energy of the orbitals
.P14.
.P .P.Pa a: s < p < d < f. .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
15. Filling of orbitals based on Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d saaslaalaprinciple: The orbitals
16.dAufbau
a d a
d
laalafilled in the order of their
saasare d a
d saaslaalincreasing
a energies.d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww 17. Pauli ExclusionwPrinciple w : "No two electrons wwin an atom can have the ww same set of values of ww
all four quantum etet numbers." etet etet etet
18. Hund's a i . N
i
rule . N : It states that electron a i . N
i . N
pairing in the degenerate a i . N
i . N
orbitals does not take i
place
a . N
i . N
a saaslala a sa aslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.Padauntil
d all the available.P adad contains one electron
orbitals
. P .P.Padaeach.
d .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww 19. Electronic configuration w w
ww : The distributionwofw w w
welectrons
w into various orbitals
w w
ww of an atom. wwww
ww ww ww ww
2o. Stabilityi.of N tet
eorbitals: N etet N etet N etet
a i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a a(i)d Completely filled .P.P d
: sa2d p6
a d10 w.P.P
d
a ad f14 d
ad stable
aMore d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w w w .P-.P
w ww.P.P
w
www (ii) Half filled www : s 1 p 3 w dw
w
5 ww
f7
w
www - Stable w
www
(iii) Partially N tet
efilled :- p1,p2NN edte1t,d2,d3,d4 f1,f2,f3,i.fN4.,N efte5,t f6 etet
a i . i . N a i . i . a i a i .Ni . N
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
4 l a5 6 7 8 9
sapasa,p d ,d ,d ,d dfad,fsaas,fa ,f ,f ,f8 9 l 10l a 11 12 13
d a
d
l
saasa
- Unstable l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aa d a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w w w w w w w
VERYwSHORTw ANSWER ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
1. Which i i i i
d a
d saaslaaquantum
la number reveal
d ad saaslaalainformation about d adsaathe a shape, energy, orientation
slala d a
d saaslaala and size of dadsaaslaa
orbitals?
aa aa aa aa aa
w
ww w www w www w www w www w
Principal Quantum number - Size and energy of orbitals.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
lala Quantum number
aMagnetic aslaa a i
– lOrientation of orbitals. a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa s a sa a s a a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P . adad
P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w Angular Quantum
ww w w number – Shape of w w
orbitals.
ww ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. The stabilisation
i . N . etet of a half filledi.dN.-N
N
tet
eorbital is more pronounced
i . N . etet than that of thei.Np-orbital
N . etet
N
why? l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www Half-filled w ww are having maximum
d-orbital www possible exchange (energy) www than half filled p-orbital. www
Hence half-filledtd- orbitals are more stable.
i .N . e et
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
3. d
Define
a
d
l l a
saasa orbital? what aredadthe l l a
saasan and l values for d3p ad
l
sxaaand l a
sa 4dx -y electron?
2 2
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w www
ww Orbital: ww is the region of space
An orbital wwaround the nucleus within wwwhich the probability ofwfinding w
an electron of given etet energy is maximum. etet etet etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d a
d saaslaala Orbital d ad saaslaala n d adsaaslaal
la
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w www
ww ww 3px 3 ww 1 ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i 4d x -y2 2
a
aslala i 4 2a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a s a a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Bohr Quantum condition:
The i . N . etet
N
circumference of the i
orbit. N . N
tet
eshould be an integral i . N . etet of the wavelength
N
multiple i . N . N
tet
eof the
a laal a i a laal a i a laa l a i a laal a i aslaa
d a s
electrona s wave. d a sa s d a s a s
2πr = nλ d a sa s d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
5. Aufbau principle:
The i N etet are filled in the iorder
N
.orbitals
. .N . etetof their increasingi.energies.
N N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P6.
.P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Pauli Exclusion w ww
Principle
w : w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
"No twotelectrons in an atom cant have the same set of values of all four quantum
i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
numbers." i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 7. Hund's rule w www w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Electrontpairing in the degenerate tet orbitals does not take place
tet until all the available tet orbitals
. N e
N e t . N e
N . N e
N . N e
N
a saasaliai. electron each. asaaslaaliai.
containslaone
a s aaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a saaslaa
adad
.P.P .P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
w w
ww 8. Exchange energy: ww w w www w ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
If two ort more electrons with thet same spin are present in degenerate orbitals, there is a
i . N . e et
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
possibility
aslaalafor i exchanging their apositions. laalai During exchange ai
aslaalprocess laalai and the
the energy isareleased aslaa
d a sa d a sa s d a s a d a sa s d a sa
a ad energy is called
.Preleased
.P a ad
.P.exchange
P energy.
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
9. What is Zeeman effect and Stark effect?
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saaThe l a
sa splitting of spectral d ad
linesl l a
saasain the presence of dmagnetic ad
l l a
saasa field is called Zeeman d a
d
la l a
saaseffect. d a
d saaslaa
a a The splitting of spectral
.P.P .P.P a a lines in an electric field .P.Paisa called Stark effect. .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s laalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w www w w w w w w w
SHORTwANSWER w ww ww
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
1. Consider i i i i
d a
d saaslaala the following delectronic a
d saaslaala arrangements d a
d
foralthe
sasaala d5 configuration. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . e(a)
N
tet
i . N . etet (b)
N i . N . etet
N
(c)
i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
(i) a sa
which of these represents a sathe ground state a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
ww Ans: ( c ) w w
, represents the ground state ww . ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
(ii) which l
asal a a i
configuration has the l
asal a a i
maximum exchange energy.
l
asala a i l
asal a a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Ans: ( c ) w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
( C ) has etethe
t maximum of 10 Possible etet exchanges . ( Has imaximum etet exchange energy). etet
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
2. d a
How
d
l
saasmany
a l a
orbitals are d a
possible
d
l l a
saasa for n =4? d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww w
n = 4 , l = 0,w1, 2, 3
ww ww ww
Where l = 0,.NsN
i . e–teorbital
t ( 4s)
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N = .N
i 1N
. etet
i i i i
d a
d salas=laal1,a p- orbital ( 4px,4p d d saaslzaa) la
y,4p
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa=la 3 d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa a l = 2 , d – orbital .(P.4dxy aa 4dzx,4dx2-y 2
.P a a2) aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww 3P ,4dyz,
w w ww
w
.P
,4dz
w ww
w
= 5
w ww
w
ww l = 3 , f- orbital ww [4fz , 4fxz , 4fyz ,4fxyz,
2 2 ww4fz(x −y ),4fx(x −3y ),4fy(3x
2 2 2 2 ww −y )]
2 2
=7 ww
N etet N etet N etet 16etet
s as
a
lala i . i . N
s as
a
lala i . i . N
s as
a
lalai . i . N
s as lalaN
a i . i.N
s aslaa
a a
adad there are 16 0rbitals a a
dadpossible . adada a adada a a
adad a
w .PTotally
w . P w w
aare
.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
3. How many radial nodes for 2s, 4p, 5d and 4f orbitals exhibit? How many angular nodes?
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a
Orbitals
asal a i n sa al l a a i l l a a
asRadial
al i nodes Angular l a
asanodes
l a i aslaa
d a sa d a a s d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a a(dl value)
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w ( n-l-1) w w w w w w
www www www www www
t etet 0 e1tet t
2s NN
a i . i. e et 2
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N 0 NN
a i . i. e et
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa 4p aa
.P.P 4 1 .PP aa 2 aa 1
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww.
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
5d 5 2 2 2
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaa 4fla
d
4 sa
a
d a
a
slala 3
d a
d saaslaala 0 d a
d saas3laala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 4. State and explain w wpauli's
w w exclusion w ww
w
principle. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Pauli's N tet
eexclusion principle:i."No N ettwo
et electrons in an atom N tet have the same set of
ecan N tet of all
evalues
a i . i . N a i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
four a s aslala numbers."
quantum
a a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w w w
wunique
w values for the four w w
wquantum
w w
wand
w w
ww It means that, ww each electron must have ww ww numbers (n, l,wm w
s). etet etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa s lal a
aConsider the 2s 1
, 2s2
a s
electrons
a
l a
asal in Be atom. The 4 aquantum sa
l a
asal numbers are, asaasal l a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www w
www
Electron n www
l
w ml m
w
wsww w
www
i .N . etet
N 1 i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i 2s 2 a i 0 0 a i + ½ a i
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w2w
2s
w 2 0
w ww
w 0 -½ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
alia. i.N s a slaalia. i.N a
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad ad a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 5. Explain brieflywthe w w
w time independent w w
w w ww w w wwww
schrodinger wave equation?
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i HѰ = EѰ ala i i 1 i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d sas ala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa 2
.P2.P .P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w H = ww w-hw Ә + Ә2 + Әw2w ww +.PV w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2 2 2 2
i . N . etet 8 m Әx i.NӘy
N . etet Әz
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala 2 i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adad(1)
.P.P -h Pad
2 2
. .PaӘd Ѱ + Ә Ѱ + Ә wѰw
2
.P.Pa+dadV Ѱ = E Ѱ adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w ww 2 www w wwww
ww w8w 2
m Әx2 Әy2
ww Әz
ww ww
i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
al by - 8Π m / h aand
aMultiply 2 2 l
ala a i
asrearrange, l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa s d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.2P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 2
Ә w Ѱww w w
+wӘ Ѱ + Ә Ѱ + 8Πwm 2 2
w w w w w w w ww
www ww (E - V ) Ѱ = 0 www www
tet2 Әy2
eӘx Әz2 i.N.N eteh2t etet etet
a i .Ni . N a i a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d adsaasal l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa This is.P a atime independent Schrodinger a a wave equation. .P.P aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w wwwthe .P w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w wwww.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
6. Determine the values of all the four quantum numbers of the 8th electron in O- atom and
15th electron N tetCl atom and the last
ein N tet
eelectron in chromium. N etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PAnswer:
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2 2 4 4
O = 1s 2s 2p , the last electron is 2p .
i . N . e8tet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
lala
aQuantum i a i
asla2 l,al = +1 , m = +1a,sam a
aslal=a - ½ i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa s numbers: n
a sa= a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad l
.P.Padad s
adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w w w
ww 2 2 6 2 2 ww www w w w
5 w
w wwww
ww ww 5
17 Cl = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3s 3p , the last electron is 3p .
ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala
Quantum
a i numbers: n = l
asal3a ,a i
l = +1 , m l = 0 , m l=
assala +
a i ½ l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.P.P a a2 d 6 2 2 6 1.P.P
.2P.2s
P a5ad a1.ad
.P4s
.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Cr =
w w
1s w 2p 3s 3s 3p w w
4s w 3d , the last electron w w w
is w ww
www 24 www www www www
Quantum
i .N . etetnumbers: n = 4 i,.N
N l .=ete0t, ml = 0 , ms = +i.½.
N N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d adsaasal l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
7. For each of the following, give the sub level designation, the allowable m values and the
number a N . etet
ofi.orbitals
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslaa
ana = 4, l =2, ii) n =5,.P
.Pi) a a3 iii) n=7, l=0 .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w
.P w wwwl.= P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Answer :
i . N . etet S.NO
N n i . N . eltet Sub-shell
N i . N . etemt
N Total i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa designation a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad .P. adad
P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w I
ww w w 4 2 www w 4 d -2,-1,0,1,2 www w 5 orbitals wwww
ww ww II 5 3
ww 5f -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3
ww 7 orbitals
ww
i . N . etet III
N 7
i . N . e0tet
N 7s
i . N . ete0t
N 1 orbital NN
i . . etet
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .PP a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w 2+ww. 3+ w w ww
w
www 8. Give the electronic w
www configuration of Mn w
wwwand Cr wwww w
www
2 e2tet 6 2 2 6 2 e5te, tMn2+=1s2 2s2 2p6i.N e2te3st 2 3p6 3d5 ( loss 2i.N etet
25Mn =1si.N 2s
. N 2p 3s 3s 3p 4s i .N3d. N 3s. N e-)
. N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l l a
saasa 2 2 6 2 2dadsa6asa1 5 l l a
d ad
l l a
saasa6 2 2 6 3 dadsaasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
a24aCr = 1s 2s 2p 3s .P3s aa 2a 2s 2
a 2p 3s 3s 3p .3d aa aa
ww.P 3p 4s 3d , Crww
3+
ww.P.P w=.1sP.P wwP.P( loss 3 e-) ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w ww w w wwww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w www w www w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
9. An atom i i i i
d a
d saaslaala of an element dcontains a
d saaslaala 35 electrons and d a
d sa45aslaaneutrons.
la Deduce
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.Pi)
.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w the number of protons, w ww
w ii) the electronic w w
wconfiguration
w for the w element
www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
iii) All the four etequantum
t numbers foretthe et last electron i.N etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . Ni . N a i . N a i . N
i . N
a saaslala a saaslala a sa aslala a saaslala a saaslaa
Answer:
adad adad adad adad adad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
i) Number of protons : 35
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet 2 2 6 2 2 i.6N.N
N e2tet 10 5 i . N . etet
N
ii)
asall a a i
Electronic configuration l
asala a i : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3s l
asal3p
a a i4s 3d 4P . l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad a ad
P.P
.numbers 5
a ad
.l P=.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w iii) Four quantum
w w w (4P ) : n = w4w , w 1, m = 0, m = - ½
w w w w w w
www www www l s
www www
10. Show that etethe
t circumference of etetBohr orbit for thei.N
the etet
hydrogen atom is an integral etet
a i . N
i . N a i . Ni . N a i . N a i . N
i . N
multiple
d a
d
l l a
saasaof the de Brogliedwave a
d
l l a
saasalength associatedda with
d
l l a
saasathe electron revolving d a
d
l l a
saasaaround the d a
d saaslaa
aa
.Pnucleus.
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
According to the de Broglie concept, the electron that revolves around the nucleus exhibits both
particle andi.wave N . etetcharacter.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i i
aslaalashould be an integral a i laalthe i
d a
d slalacircumference of dthe
saaThe a
d saorbit d a
d slala of the wavelength
saamultiple d a
d saasof a electron
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.Pwave.
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww 2πr = nλ ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.P.P
w w
ww 11. Davison and Germer w w
ww experiment : ww www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww
The wave
i . N . etetnature of electroni.was
N N . eteexperimentally
N t confirmed
i . N . etet by Davisson and iGermer.
N . N . etet They
N
allowed l
asathea a i
l accelerated beamsof l al a i
asaelectrons to fall on aasanickel l a a i
asal crystal and recorded l a a i
l diffraction
asathe aslaa
d a sa d a a d d a sa d a sa
a ad The resultant diffraction
.Ppattern.
.P a ad pattern is similar
.P.P .P.P adthe x-ray diffraction
ato .P.P ad
apattern. a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
12. Heisenberg’s
i .N . etetuncertainty principle
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l l a
saaItsais impossible to accuratelyd a
d
l l a
saasa determine bothdthe a
d
la l
saaspositiona as well as the
d a
d
l
asa l a
samomentum of a
d a
d saaslaa
.Paa
.Pmicroscopic aa
.P.P
particle simultaneously’. .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww Δx.Δpww≥ h/4π ww ww ww
where, Δx uncertainties
i . N . etet
N in the position
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i
laalauncertainties in thesamomentum. a i i i
d a
d saasΔp d a
d a slala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 13. What are thewLimitations w of Bohr atom wwmodel? ww ww
1. It is applicable
i . N . eteonly
N t to species having
i . N . etetelectron such as hydrogen,
one
N i . N . etet Li2+ etc...
N i . N . etet
N
ala
aslaunable i a i
aslala of spectral lines. asaaslala a i a
aslala i aslaa
2.adIta s
was
a to explain the a s
splitting
a a sa a sa
.P3.
. PItadwas unable to explain adad
.P.P .P.P adad adad
.aP.fixed
P adad
.P.P
www w www w why the electron is w w
revolve
ww around the nucleus ww w
in w orbit. www w
ww ww ww ww ww
14. Whichi.has N . etethe
N t stable electronic
i . N . etet
configuration?
N Ni2+ or i . NFe
. e3+
N
tet.
i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asNia2+l = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 a l a a i l a a i l a a i aslaa
a sa 3ssa 3p l 3d8 , Partially filleda,s
2a a6
s a asal
configuration . Unstable.as aasal a sa
d
a ad Fe3+ = 1s2 2s2 2p.P d d2 6 5
a a2 3s d
ad
aconfiguration d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w
6 P
.3s 3p 3d , Half w .P.P
filled
w . More w .P.P
stable.
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www www w w
www w
www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ANSWER IN DETAIL: ww w w ww w w www w www w
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . Netet i . N . etet
N
1. Describe i i i i
d a
d saaslaala the Aufbau principle d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PAufbau
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w principle: ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
In the ground etet state of the atoms, ethe
tet orbitals are filled in N the eteorder
t of their increasing eenergies.
tet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a i . N
i . N
a aaslala first occupy theaslowest
* Theselectrons
a aslala energy orbital available a sa
la them.
aslato a saaslala a saaslaa
dad the lower energy orbitals
aOnce adad are completely filled, dad the electrons enterPthe
athen adadnext higher energy .P.P adad
w .P*.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w . .P
w w w
ww orbitals.
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
* The order of efilling tet of various orbitalsNineaccordance tet with ( n+l ) rule. etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
* The increasing
a sa
l
asal a order of energies
a sa
of
l
asal aorbitals is as follows:
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a a<d2s < 2p < 3s < 3p .<P.4s d d <4p <5s<4d < 5p d d d d d
a ad
w .P1s
w .P w w
a a<3d
P w .P.P
w
a<a6s<4f< 5d < 6p < 7s.P
w w
<P
.a5fa < 6d…. w .P.P
w
w
www www w wwww w
www w
www
2. Postulates of
i . N . etetBohr atom modal.i.N.N
N etet i .N . Netet i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
1.d a
The
d
la l a
saasenergies of electrons d a
are
d
asal l
saquantiseda
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2. The electron is w w
revolving around the nucleus wwin a circular path calledww stationary orbit. ww
3. Electron .revolve
i N . etet only in those orbits
N i . NinN
.
tet the angular momentum
ewhich i . N . Netet (mvr) of the i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a saaslaalamust be equal todan
electron
d a
d
aslaala multiple of h/2π.asaaslaala
saintegral d d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w i.e. mvr = w ww
w
nh/2π --------1 , where n = w ww
w
1,2,3,...etc., w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. As long as an eteelectron
t revolves in the efixed tet stationary orbit, it N doesn‟t
etet lose its energy. i.N.N etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . i . N a i
s aslala when an electronajumps
However,
a a sa aslalafrom higher energyastate saaslala(E2) to a lower energy a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.Padad adad
.Penergy
. P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w state (E1), the w
excess
ww w is emitted as w w
radiation.
ww www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. The frequency
i . N . etetof the emitted radiation
N i . N . etis,
N et i . N . Netet i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i E2 s–a l
Ea al a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
s s 1 = hν s s s
d a a
a ad and ν = (E2 – .EP1.)P d a
ad 2 a
a-------- d
a ada a d
a ada a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwhww wwww w
www w
www
Conversely, when etet suitable energy is supplied etet to an electron, it will ejump
tet from lower etet
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
energy
d a
d saasal a
orbit
l to a higher energy
d a
d saasa l
orbit.
l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 3. Derive De-Broglie’s ww relation. ww ww ww
Planck‟s N tet
equantum hypothesis: N etet h c/λ = mc 2
N etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa E = hν --------
aa 1 aa λ = h / mc --------
aa 3 aa
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww
Einsteins mass-energy
w w relationship ww
w w www w www w
i . N . eEte=t mc2 ---------2

N i . N . etet
N c is replaced by
i . N . vet(evelocity
N t of particle of.NN
i . etet
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa matter) a sa a sa
.P.Padad .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w From 1 andw2w www w www w λ = h /wmv www w www w
ww ww w ww
i . N . ehteνt= mc2
N i . N . etet
N i . N . Netet i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . Netet i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. N etet i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aa d a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w www w www w
4. Explain quantum
i . N . etet numbers: i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa Principal
a quantum a Azimuthal
.P.P a quantum .P.Pa aMagnetic quantum.P.P a a Spin quantum .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww number ww numberww numberww number ww
It explains theeelectron tet etelectron
et etet etet
i . N
i . N It explainsi.the Ni . N i . N
i . N It explains i . N
i the
. N
in different a
aslala energy a
aslalasub-shells or It explains a
aslala the a
aslalaof spin of aslaa
a sa in different
a sa a sa direction
a sa a sa
dad called orbital or Pasub-orbital.
levels d dad
aorientation of orbital adelectron. adad
w .P.P
w
a
shell. w . .Pad
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P ad
w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
Denoted by 'n' Denoted by 'l' Denoted by 'm' Denoted by 's'
i . N . etet
N Value of 'l'i.depends
N . etet on
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l a a
asalof 'n'i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
a sa theavalue
sa a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad d
al =ad0 to n-1: dad of 'm' depends on
aValue d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P Value of s = + 1/2 w .P.P
w
w w
www n= 1,2,3,4,5,………www l=0, s- sub shell, www the value of 'l'. www w w w
www
or -1/2
l=1, p- sub shell, m= -l to +l t t
i . N . etet
N l=2, d- subi . N etet
N
shell,
. i .N . ee
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasa l l a
l=3,
d ad
l
saf-assubl a
a shell,
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww Where w ww w ww l = 0 , m= 0 ( onewww w ww
ww w n=1 , it denotes the ww w n=1 , l = 0; 1s orbital; ww w ww ;
orientation)
w s = + 1/2 ww w
clockwise rotation,
first orbit or K- eteshell;
t n= 2, l =0, 1(e2s,2p) tet l =1 , m= -1,0 ete,+1
t etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N s =-1/2 i.N i . N
n=2 , a
d a
second
dsaitsorbit
ladenotes
ala
or L
the
shell.
n = 3,al=
d
3d) adsaslaal0,1,2(
a 3s,3p,
d a
d saasl(aa3laorientation) danti
a
d
laala
sa-asclockwise d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa a rotation.
.P.P a aa
.P.P
w ww
w Etc w ww
w w www l=2 ( 5 0rientations) w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. Explaini.the N . etshape
N et of orbital: i.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslal:a i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
s-orbital
.P.Padad adad
.P.one
P .P. adad
P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w * l=0, m=0,
www w orientation. ww w wDiagram: ww ww www w
ww * Symmetrically
ww spherical shape.
ww ww ww
* i.N . etet of node is found
Number
N i . N . eteby
N t ( n-1 ).
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
as*al The number of aradial l a a i
asalnodes are equal toasa(n-l-1). l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d sa d d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad * Shape of orbital a ad depends on principal
.P.P .P.Pa adquantum number.P.(n). a ad
P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
p-orbital: i.N.N etet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d ad
l l a
sa*asa l=1, m=-1,0,+1, d adthree l l a
saasa orientations. pdx,p a
d
l
saya,p
sax. l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa a * Dumb-bell spherical aa
.P.P shape. www .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w www w ww
w
ww * Each d-orbital ww contain one node ww at the centre of the wwtwo lobes. ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
Diagram:
d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
. adad
.Pd-orbital:
P adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w w
ww 2w www w
ww * l=2, m=-2,-1, ww 0,+1,+2. 5 orientations. ww dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2- wy2,
w dz ww
* clover etet leaf shape. ( dz2 iis.N.dumb-bell etet shape with a doughnut etet ) etet
a i . N
i . N a i N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasa l l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s a slaalia. i.N www.Padasalai.Net ala
s s
alia. i.N s as laalia. i.N a laalia. i.N
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad a
d a d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w www w ww ww
PROBLEMS
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d d saaslaala the uncertainty
1. Calculate
a d ad sin
a
laala
asposition of an electron,
d a
d saaslaifalaΔv = 0.1% and dυad=saa2.2 a
slalax106ms-1 d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Given : w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Δv = i . 0.1%
N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aѴslal=a 2.2 x106ms-1 asaaslala a i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w Δx = ? ww w w www w www w www w
ww Solution:
ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a
Δx.Δp
asal a i = h/4π l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Δx.m Δv = h/4π
w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .N . eΔxtet= h/4π .m. Δv
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
= 6.626 d
x10 ad s-34
a
l
Kg.
l
asa 2 -1a
m .s d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww w4wx 3.14 x 9.1 x 10 -31 Kg wx w2.2 x 10 3 m . s-1 ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
saaslaala a saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
-6
d a
d
= 6.626 x10 sa
d ad a s la
mla
d a
d d a
d d a
d
.P.Paa aa
.P3.14
.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wxw
4
w x 9.1 x 2.2 w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet = 2.636 x 10 mi.N.N
N
-8
etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala-8 i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
. adad
.PAnswer:
P Δx P adad x 10 m
. =2.636
. P .P.P adad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
2. The quantum i . N . etetmechanical treatment
N i . N . eteof
N t the hydrogen atom
i . N . etegives
N t the energy value:
i . N . eteEt n = -
N
l a a i
asna2 leV atom-1. i) use athis l al a i
asaexpression l a
al
asbetween a i l
asala a i aslaa
13.6d a
d/sa d sa to finddΔE a sa n = 3 anddn=4
a sa d a sa
.Pa aCalculate
.Pii) the wavelength .P.P a ad corresponding to.Pthe .P
d
a aabove transition.ww
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Solution: www www www www
i .N . etet
N i N
.-13.6
. etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i 2
a i a i -1
a i
(i)
d a
d
when
saasal l a n=3 , E 3 = -13.6
d ad
/ 3
saasa l =l a / 9 = - 1.511
d a
d
eV
saasa latoml a .
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P .Paa 2 aa
.-P.0.85
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w when n=4 , w E4ww=w -13.6 / 4 = -13.6 / 16 w w
=w
w eV atom-1 . w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . eΔEtet= E4 - E3
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala = - 0.85 d
- a
(-
d
aslaala
sa1.511 ) = + 0.661 eV d a saas-1laa. la
atom
d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww (ii) Wave length , w (wλ)
ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala ΔE = hC / λ asaaslala a i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad P.P
.ΔE adad .P.P adad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w λ = h C
ww w /w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . ete=t 6.626 x10 -34 Kg. mi.2N.s.N
N e-1 teX t3 X 10 8 m. s-1 i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a a0.661
d .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www
= 10.02 x10 -34 x 3 X 10 8 m
www www www
i .N . etet
N -26 i.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Answer:
d a
d saasal l a λ = 30
d
x
a
10
d saasa l m
l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad ad a aa d a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww w w
ww 3. How fast mustwaw54g tennis ball travelww w w www w w w
in order to have a de Broglie wavelength thatwis w
equal to that
i . N . eofteta photon of greeni.N
N . etet5400A0?
light
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
Given
aa : aa aa aa aa
ww.P.P w10.P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w m = 54g = ww w
54 w
x -3
Kg ww w w www w wwww
0 -10
λ = 5400A = 5400 x 10 m
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
v =
a
aslala ? i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
. adad
.PSolution:
P adad
.P.P .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w www w ww w w wwww
ww ww
λ = h / mv , v= h / m. λ
ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N 2i.N
et t
-1.Ne i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a av i = 6.626 x10 -34
Kg. ml
asal a .s
a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad 54 x 10w-3w
a ax d5400 x 10 -10 m
.PKg
.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
-21 -1
= t6.626
i . N . e et x10 m s i.N.N
N etet i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasal l a 291600
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w = 2.273 w w10
x
w w -26
m s -1
w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Answer: NN
i . . etet V = 2.273 x 10i.-26N.N etest-1
m
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
4. aa Calculate the energy required
aa for the process. aa aa aa
w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
He+ (g) → He2+ (g) + e-
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala energy for the
The ionisation a i
la in its ground state
aslaatom
H a
aslalis i
a - 13.6 eV atom .saslala-1 a i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a a a sa
. adad
.PSolution:
P adad
.P.P
www w www w www w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet Ionisation energy
N i . N .=et-13.6
N e t Z 2 / n 2 eV atom.N
i
-1 t t
. ee
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d adsa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a aIonisation energy of hydrogen a ad atom = -13.6 x .1P./P
.P.P
2
a1ad= -13.6 e V atom .P.P
2 -1
a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
For He+ , Z=2 , n=1,
N etet
N N etet N etet N etet
a i . i . a i . i 2N
. a i . i . N a i . i . N
l a l a l a l a saaslaa
2 -1
l
Ionisation
saasa energy = -13.6 xsa 2 l l
sa/ 1 = - 13.6 x 4 dadsa=as-a54.4 e V atom dadsaasa l
aad ad aa d a
d a aa aa d
aa a
d
w
5. An ion with
i . N . ete
N masst number 37 possesses
i . N . etet unit negative charge.
N i . N . etet If the ion contains
N i . N . etet
N
i
laala neutrons than electrons. i i i
11.1%
d adsaasmore d a
d saaslaala Find the symbol d a
d saaslaaoflathe ion. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PSolution:
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww wwAtom Uni negative ion ww ww ww
Number of electron etet x – 1 x etet etet etet
Numberaof a i . N
i .
protonsN x – 1 x –1
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa s lala
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
Number
adad of neutrons y adad y adad adad adad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww ww w ww ww wwww wwww
Given that , y = x + w 11.1 % of x
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal = [ x +11.1 x ] = xa l al a
+a0.111 i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad 100 .PP
.a a
d .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Y = 1.111w wx w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N Mass number i .N . etet= 37
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
(number
d ad
l l a
saasaof protons + number d a
d sof
a
l l a
asneutrons
a = 37)
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P(.Paxa– 1) + 1.111 x = 37 .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww x + 1.111x w =w38 ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
alia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N a laalia. i.N
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad ad a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w w w w w w w w w
2.111x w =w38 ww ww ww
i . N . etex t= 38
N
= 18.009 etet
i . N . N
x = 18 (whole number)
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d adsaaslaalnumber
Atomic
a
=
2.11
x – 1 d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w =w www
18 –1 = 17 w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Mass number = 37
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Symbol a i
aslaoflathe ion 17 Cl 37 − a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww 6. The Li ion iswaw
2+ w w
whydrogen
w like ion that w
can
w w
w be described by the w
wBohrw
w model. Calculate w
wthe
w w
ww ww ww ww
th
Bohr radius of tthe
i . N . e et third orbit andi.calculate
N N . etet the energy ofi.an
N N . eelectron
N
tet in 4 orbit.
i . N . etet
N
l
asa:la a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d s
Solution
a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www Bohr ww w rn
radius, = (0.529) wwnw / Z A where n= shell
2 0
www , Z = atomic number www
2
Bohr radius toft the third orbit r 3 = (0.529) 3 /3
for Li2+ (zla= i . N
3). ee
N =i . N . etet (9)
N
(0.529) /3 i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
i a i a i a i
d adsaasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa 0 aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww w ww r 3 = 1.587 Aw ww w ww w ww
ww w ww w ww w ww w ww w
2 2
i . N . eEnergy
N
tet of an electron EN
i . n etet = (−13. 6) Z
. N
/n
2i.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i 2 i i
d adsasoflaaan
Energy a la electron in the fourth
d a
d
aala (E4) = (−13. 6) 3asa/as4laala
saaslorbit d d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www (E 4) = w w7.65
–
w w eV atom –1
w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
7. Protons can
i . N . etebe
N t accelerated in particle
i . N . etet accelerators. Calculate
N i . N . etet the wavelengthi.(in
N N . N
tet of such
eA)
a i
aslala proton movingaatsaas2.85
accelerated a i
lala x 10 ms ( the mass
8 -1 a i
aslalaof proton is 1.673asaxasl10 a i
ala Kg).
-27
aslaa
a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww Given: ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
V =i.2.85 N . etext108 ms-1
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad m = 1.673 x 10 .P.Kg
.P.P
-27 a ad
P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
λ=?
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
saasa
Solution:
d ad
l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w λ = h / mv w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= i6.626
. N . etex10
N t -34 Kg. m2.s-1 .NN
i . etet = 1.390 x 10 i .
-15 et t
N . Nme = 1.390 x 10-5iA.N O et t
.Ne
.
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasal l a
d a
d
l l
saasa 8 -1a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa 1.673 x 10 .PKg -27 aa aa aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w www.P x 2.85 x 10 ms ww ww .P.P
w www.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
Answer : λ = 1.390 x 10-5 AO
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslaislathe de Broglie wavelength a i
aslala (in cm) of a 160g ala i
aslacricket a i
lala140 Km hr-1.
asat aslaa
8. What
a sa a sa a sa ball travelling
a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww Given : m = 160gw=w ww w w
160 x 10 Kg -3 ww w w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww
Vi.= N . etetKm hr-1 = 140 x 10i.3N./N
140
N
tetx 60 = 0.0388 x 10 3Nmetse-1t
e60 i . . N i . N . etet
N
l a a
asaλ l = ? i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.PSolution
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w : w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
-34 2 -1
λ = he/temv t = 6.626
etet x10 Kg. m .s i.N.N etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i a i .Ni . N
d adsaasal l a
d a
d
l l a
saasa160 x 10 -3 Kg x 0.0388 d a
d
l l a
saasxa10 3 m s -1 d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w w
w w w ww w w w
w w
ww = 6.626 wwx10 -34 / 6.2222 ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
wwx 10 -34 m w w w w w w
= 1.0659 =w1.0659
w x 10 -36 c m ww ww
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Answer: i λ = 1.0659 x a -36 i i i
d adsaaslaala d a
d sa10 a cm
slala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
9. a sa
Suppose that the a
uncertainty
sa in determining the a sa
position of an electron a s
ina an orbit is 0.6 A O a sa
.P..Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w What is the w
uncertainty
ww w in its momentum? www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Given :
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal Δx = 0.6 A = 0.6axsa10
O l a
asal m a
-10 i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad Δ p = ? ww .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Solution : www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
Δx.Δp
a i = h/4π a i a i a i
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .PΔxaa
.P a a -34
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww Δp = h/4π
w ww =w6.626
ww x10 Kg. m2.s-1 / w 4wxw3.14 x 0.6 x 10 -10 m www
-2 . -1 -3 . -1
i . N . ete=t 6.626 x10 Kg. mi.N

N
s et/ 7.536
. N et i . N .
=ete8.794
N t x 10 Kg. m s.NN
i . etet
i i i i
d a
Answer:dsaaslaala Δ p = a
8.794
d d saasxlaa10la-3 Kg. m. s -1 dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 10. Show that if w w measurement of theww
the uncertainty in the location ww of the particle is ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
equal tolaits
asala ide Broglie wavelength, a
aslala i the minimum uncertainty
a
aslala i in its velocity is equal
a
aslala i aslaa
.Pto
. adad
P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w its velocity / 4π.www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Given : etet etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l a
asΔalx = λ a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w w wwww w
www w
www
Δ V = ? ww
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
Solution a: i a i a i a i
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.=aa
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Δx.Δp
w ww
w h / 4π w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Δx.etemt Δ V = h / 4π i.N.N etet etet etet
i . N
i . N i i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d adsaaslaala Δ V = dh a
d/
aslaala
sa4π . Δx. M d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww = h / 4π . λ . m ww( since Δ x = λ ) ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i = h / 4π a.
aslala i
(h/mv) . m a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.P adad adad
.P.=P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w V / 4π www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Answer: etet etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad Δ V = V
d
a ad / 4π Hence proved.
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
dadsaaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w wwww
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
11. What i i i i
d a
d saaslaalisa the de Broglie wave
d adsaaslaalength
la of an electron,
d a
d saaslawhich
ala is acceleratedsfrom
d a
d aaslaalathe
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.Prest,
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w through a potential w ww
w difference of 100V w w?w
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Given : etet etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
lala difference = 100
asPotential a saasVla=la100 x 1.6 x 10 aJsaaslala– 19
adad
.P.P a=da?d
λ.P
.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
w w
ww Solution : www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
etet λ = h / √ 2e mt et v etet etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
s l
asal a a s l al
asa6.626a 2 -1sa
l a
al a s l
asala a s aslaa
d a a d a= a x10 -34
Kg. m .s
d a a s d a a d a a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www √ 2 x 9.1 xw10 ww -31
Kg x 100 x 1.6 x 10w-19 wwJ www
i .N . etet
N i .xN . ete-10t
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i = 1.2 a i 10 m a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PAnswer:
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww w ww λ = 1.2 x 10 -10 m w ww w ww w ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
12.d a saaslaala the missing quantum
Identify
d d adsaaslaalanumbers and the d a
d aaslaalenergy
ssub a
level d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww n wwl m ww Sub energy levelww ww
.N . etet
N . N . etet
N . N . etet
N . N . etet
N
? lalia i ? a0i i 4d a i i a i i
a saasa a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w 3 1
www w 0 ww w w ? www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
? etet ? ? etet 5p etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
a?sal a
? a sa
l
asal-2 a
a sa
l
as3dal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www w
www wwww wwww w
www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
Answer:
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.PSub
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w n wlw
ww m w ww
w energy level ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
4 .N.N etet 2 0 Netet
. . N . N . e4dtet
N . N . etet
N
i i i i i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa 3
.P.P 1 .P.Paa 0 aa
.P.P 3p aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
5 NN etet 1 -1 or N0N etor
et +1 N e5ptet
N N etet
N
a i . i . a i . i . a i . i . a i . i .
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
adad 3
.P.P 2ww adad
.P.P -2 adad
.P.P 3d adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas dasas
dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
d
aa a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a d
aa ad a d
aa a
d
w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i 3. PERIODIC i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaalaCLASSIFICATION d a
d saasOF
laalaELEMENTS
d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P1.
.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Define modern w ww
periodic
w law. w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
“The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions
of their atomic i . N . etenumbers.”
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P2.
. adaWhat
P d
are isoelectronic .P.Padadions? Give examples. adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w ww ww
ww An ions with ww the similar electronic w w
configurations are calledwas w isoelectronic ions. ww
Ex: Li + :N1s 2
ete2 t NaN+ 2 2
ete: t1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
6
N etet N etet
Be
a sa
2+
l a
asal : 1s a sa
l a
asalF- : 1s 2s 2pasaasal l a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 3. What is effective w
www nuclear charge ?www w w
www w
www
The net tnuclear charge experienced
the effective i . N . e et charge.
N
nuclear i . N . etet by valence electrons
N i . N . eteint the outermost shell
N i . N . eistetcalled
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala Zeff = d Za
d–saasSlaala Z = Atomic d a
d saaslaala , S = Screening
number d ad saaslaala
constant d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Is the definition given below for ionisation enthalpy is correct?
"Ionisation N e tet
enthalpy is definedi.N as tet energy required
ethe N etotetremove the most N etet
loosely
i
laala . i . N i . N i . i . N i . i . N
bound
d a
d saaselectron from theda
d saaslaala shell of an atom"
valence d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa Yes athe
.P.,P a definition is correct. aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
+ 2+ 3+
5. Magnesium eteloses
t electrons successively etet to form Mg e,teMg t and Mg ions.ete Which
t
a i . Ni . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
step swill
a a
a
aslalhave the highest sionisation
a aaslala energy andsa
a a slala
why?
.P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w Mg + Energy www w
( IE1) Mg +we- + ww w w www w ww ww
ww ww w ww ww
2 1
( 3s ) t t ( 3s )
Mg + NN
i . + . eEnergy
e ( IE ) Mg
i . N . e2+tet+ e-
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a
asal 1 a i 2 l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa ( 3s ) d a sa ( 2p 6
) d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
Mg 2+ Energy ( IE3) Mg 3+ + e-
( 2pi.6N )i.N etet i .N . etet( 2p5)
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a a i a i a i
d a
d sal l a
saaGenerally each successive
d a
d
l l a
saasaIE is greater thandthat a
d
l
saasof l a
a the previous one .asaasa
d d
l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa IE1 < IE .P.Pa<IEa 3 . Hence Mg 2+ to a a 3+ requires more IE.
.P.Mg
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 2
w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
6. Define electronegativity.
etet etet etet etet
i . Ni . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d d saaslaala as the relativedtendency
It is defined
a a
d saaslaala of an elementdpresent a
d saaslaalain a covalently dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaa
ww.Pbonded
.Pa a molecule, to attract
ww .P.Pa a the shared pair of .electrons
wwP.P
a a towards itself. .P.P
ww
aa
ww
aa
.P.P
w
7. How wouldt you explain the fact tthat the second ionisation potential is always
higher than i . N . N et ionisation potential?
efirst i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala nuclear chargeaof a
lala
asthe i ala
aslathe i a i
aslalaatom. The aslaa
The a s
effective
a sa cation is higher a s
thana corresponding s
neutral
a a a sa
. adad
.Pcation
P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.1P adad
.P.P
www w require more wwenergy
w w to release one electron
ww w w then neutral atom.IE
www w < IE 2 . ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
8. Energyi.of N tet electron in ground
ean N etestate
t of the hydrogen N eteatom
t is -2.8 x 10i.-18 N eJ.tet
a i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N
Calculate
a sa
l a
asal the ionisation enthalpy a sa
l a
asal of atomic hydrogen a sa
l a
asal in terms of kJamol sa
l
asal.
-1 a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .PSolution
w .P : w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www The ground statewofww w 1 hydrogen atom www = -2.8 x 10 J www
w -18 w w
www
-18 23
The ground state etet of 1 mole hydrogen eatom
tet = -2.8 x 10 e J tex t6.023 x 10 etet
a i . Ni . N a i . N
i . N a=i .-
N
i . N
1312 KJ / Mole a i .Ni . N
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
ww.PIonisation
.Paa energy = E .P–P
ww .aE1 a
ww
aa
.P.P ww.P.Paa
ww
aa
.P.P
w
ww w ww w w = 0 - ( -1312) www w www w www w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
alia. i.N s as laalia. i.N www.TrbTnpsc.com
s as laalia. i.N saaslaa
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aa d ad a d
aa a
d
w
ww w w w
ww = +1312 KJ / Mole www w www w www w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
laala i i i i
9. The
d a saaselectronic configuration
d a saaslaalaof atom is onedaof saathe a
slalaimportant factor d a aslaala affects the asaaslaa
sawhich
.Pvalue
. P d
a a of ionisation potential .P.Paa d and electron .gain
P.P d
a a enthalpy. Explain aa
.P.P d .P.Padad
www w w w
wwconfiguration of atoms ww w w ww w w ww w w
ww The electronic ww ww are 3 types, ww ww
2 6 10 14
(i) Completely etet filled : s 1 p 3 i.N.N etdet5 f - More estable tet (More IE) , Zero eEA
tet
(ii) Half a i . N
i .
filled N : s p a i d f 7 i.N
a - i . N
Stable (Less IE)a i . N
i
, . N
More EA
a sa aslala a saas1lala2 1 2 3 4 asaaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.P a(iii)
dadPartially filled
.P.:P
a-dad p ,p4 5 d ,d6 ,d7 ,d .8P,d
. a9dad
P - Unstable (Very adalow
.P.P d IE) , Less EA .PP
. adad
www w www w p ,p d ,d
ww w,dw ww w w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
* Ionisation Energy : Ne : 1s2 2s2 2p6 Completely filled - More IE
i . N . etet
N Na:i.1s N . et2s
2
N et2 2p3 i . N . eteHalf
N t filled - iLess
. N . eteIEt
N
l
asala a i l a i
asOa:l 1s2 2s2 2p4 l
asal a a i l al
as-avery a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa Partially filled
d a sa low IE d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www * Electronw ww
Affinity : Ne : 1s2 2s2w w6w
2p www
Completely filled - Zero EA www
2 t2
i . N . etet
N N : 1sN
i . . e2set 2p3
N i .N . eteHalf
N t filled - More
i .N . eteEA
N t
a i a i a i a i
a a a a saaslaa
l l l l 2 2 4 l l l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasOa: 1s 2s 2p d ad saasa Partially filled sas-aLess EA
d ad a d a
d
.P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
10. In what period and group will an
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet element with Zi.N
N
= 118
. etet will be present?
N i . N . etet
N
Element
aslaala i with Z= 118 will occupy
as10laala2 6i in period number 7
aslaala and
i Group number 18
aslaala ( Noble
i gas) .
Z= d a
d s
118a ( Og) : [ Rn ] 86
5f 14as
d d6da 7s 7p . d ad sa d ad sa d a
d saaslaa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
11. Justify that the fifth period of the periodic table should have 18 elements on the
basis of quantum i . N . etet numbers. i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
lala i
asAccording a i
aslala , 5 th period elements a i
aslalafilled in the orbitals a i
lalas,d,p ( 5s2
aslike aslaa
a
da10 sa to Aufbau a s
principle
a a sa a sa a sa
.P,.Pa4d d 6
, 6p ) , totally 18 P.Padad accommodate in
.electron adad orbitals . Hence.5P.P
.P.these
P athdaperiod
d
contains 18ww .P.Padad
www w www w ww w w ww w w ww
ww elements. ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
12. Elements l
asala a i a, b, c and d shave l a a i
asal the following electronic l
asal a a i configurations: asall a a i aslaa
d a sa
d , 2s , 2p b) 1s d a a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.Pa)
.Pa a1s 2 2 6 2
.P.Pa, a2sd , 2p , 3s , 3p .P
2 6 2 1
c)
.Pa1sad , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
2 2 6 2 6
a d)
.P.P ad1s , 2s , 2p .P.P
2 2 1 a ad
www Which elementsww w
among these will belong www to the same group www of periodic table? www
.N etet .N etet .N etet etet

Elements
a i i . N with equal electron a i i .
in N outermost shell belongs a i i . N to same group. lalia.N i . N
Henced a
d
l l a
saasaa& c belongs to same d a
d
la l
saasgroup. a
And b & d d a
belongs
d
l l a
saasa to same group. dadsaasa d a
d saaslaa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
13. Give the general electronic configuration of lanthanides and actinides?
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
laala i i
laal,a6s2) and the actinides i i
dThe
a
d saaslanthanides (4f1-14d,a d saas0-1
5d d ad saaslaala(5f0-14, 6d0-2, d 7sa d
2sala
)s l
a
aa
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 14. Why halogens ww act as oxidising agents? ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
lala
asHalogensi have high electron a i
aslala negativity and electron a i
aslalaaffinity values. asaaslala a i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.P adad Halogens have .aP.unstable adad
P . adad
np5 electronic.Pconfiguration.
P adadgaining one electron
So they .easily
P.P .P.Padad
www w www w w w
welectronic
w ww w w ww w w
ww it becomes ww a Stable Fully filled np6 ww Configuration. ww ww
Hence itt act
i . N . e et as a strong oxidising
N i . N . etetagents.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i asall a a i aslaa
15. d a sa
Mention any two a
anomalous
d sa properties ofd a sa
second period elements.
d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
Lithium and Beryllium form covalent compounds but other forms ionic compounds
The second
tet has only 2 orbitals
eperiod ete( t2s and 2p ) ,the maximum etet valency is 4. But etet have
others
more d a
d
l l
saorbital a
asa in the valence shell
d a
d
l l a
saasaand higher valencies. d ad saasal l a
d ad saasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P a a Example Boron .P.Paforms
a BF-4 but Aluminium .P.P a a forms AlF -3 .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 6 ww
w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.Pa a Explain the pauling
.P16. .P.Pa amethod for the determination .P.P aa of ionicwradius.
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www w w w wwww
ww Pauling assumed ww that ions presentwinwa crystal lattice are perfect ww spheres, and theyware w in
contact with each etet other therefore, i.N.N etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
la sum of the radii swill
ai)slaThe a aaslabela equal to the intersa
a a slala distance between
nuclear
a sa
la
aslathem. a saaslaa
.P.Padad r(C + ad
.P.)P+ adr(A–) = d (C+ – A–.)P.P adad (1) .P.Padad adad
.P.P
ww where r(C+ w)w = radius of cation, r(Aw –w
) : radius of anion, ww ww
N tet+ – A–) = internuclear
ed(C N etedistance
t between C.+NN etet A– ions .
and N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i i . i . i . N
a saaii)
s l l a
aPauling also assumed a sa
l a
al the radius of theaion
asthat sa
l l a
asahaving noble gas d electronic
a sa
l a
asal configuration asaaslaa
a
d
a a+d d
a 2ad 6 d
a ad a ad adad
w .wP(Na
. P and Cl –
having 1s
w 2P
.w . P
2s , 2p configuration) w .wPis.Pinversely proportional w .wPto
. P the effective nuclear
w .wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
charge felt at the periphery of the ion.
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.Padad .P.Padad .P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Let us explain this method by calculating the ionic radii of Na+ and F- in NaF crystal
whose interionic i . N . etet distance is equal
N i . N . ete231
to
N t pm .
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.Paa
.P17. .P.Paa aa
.P.potential.
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww Explain the periodic w ww trend of ionisation w ww w ww w ww
Ionization
i . N . etetenergy is the amount
N i . N . eteoft energy required ito
N . N . etet an loosely bounded
remove
N i . N . etetelectron
N
fromas the ala i
aslaoutermost shell of a ansas a i
lala Unit is eV
atom. a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a a a sa a sa a sa
adad the Group : It.Pdecreases
.P.Along
P . adad
P along the group. .P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww Reason: As we w
wmovew
w down the groupwthe w w
wwvalence electrons are w w
wadded
w www w
ww ww w ww into new shells. ww
Aseteat result the distance between
etet the nucleus andethe tet valence electrons N increases.
etet
a i . N
i . N
Hence the nuclear charge
a i . N
i . Ndecreases and the a i . N .
ionization
i N energy also i .
decreases.
a i . N
a saasall a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.Along
P
the period :w w
It
.Pincreases
.P along the w w.P.P
period w w.P.P w w.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
Reason: As we move along the period the valence electrons are added to the same shell.
tet the Nuclear chargeNincreases,
eSo etet etet etet
a i .Ni . N a i . i.N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d a
d
l l a
saasa And the attraction d a
d
l l a
saasbetween
a the valence dad
l
electron
l a
saasa and the nucleus d a
d
l
asa l a
saincreases. d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa Hencew more .P.Paenergy
a is requiredwto P.Pa a the valence electron,
.remove .P.Pa aso Ionization energy aa
.P.P
w ww
w www www w ww
w wwww
ww increases. ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w www w wwww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P18.
.Pa a Explain the diagonal a arelationship.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
On moving etet diagonally across ethe
tet periodic table, the esecond
tet and third period etet
elements i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
a saaslalashow certain similarities.
a
a sa
a
aslala a sa
a
aslala a sa
a
aslala a saaslaa
.P.P adad Even though the .P.P
dad
asimilarity is not same adawe
.P.as
P d see in a group,.PitP
. adaisdquite pronounced adad
.P.P
w w
ww in the following wpair w w
wwof elements. www w www w wwww
ww w ww ww ww
i . N . eLitet Be
N
B
i . N .
C
etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i Na Mg Al l
asala a i Si l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad The similarity in
d
.P.properties
d
a ad
P existing betweena ad the diagonally .placed
.P.P
d P.Pa ad elements is called
d
.P.P
d
a ad
w w w w w w w w ww
www „diagonal relationship‟.
w wwww w
www w
www w
www
tet
efirst etet of sodium is lower etethat
t etet while
19. Why a i .N
the i . N ionisation enthalpy
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N that of magnesium a i .Ni . N
its d a
second
d
l l a
saasa ionisation enthalpy d a
d
l l a
saasa is higher than dthat a
d
l
saasof l a
a magnesium? asaasa
d d
l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Why the IE1 value of sodium is lower than Mg. but the IE2 value is higher than Mg.
Na11 i . N =
. et1s
N et2 2s2 2p6 3s1 i.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i a i i i
d a
d slala = 1s2 2s2 2p4 d3sad2saaslala
saaMg12 d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P•.PaFirst
a IE value of Mg .>P.P aa a a in size and has high
.P.P aa
.P.nuclear aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww Na . Because Mg isww
w
smaller
ww w ww
w
P charge.
wwww
ww • But in second IEww value Mg < Na. because wwSodium has fully filledwStable w np electronic ww
6
configuration.eAnd tet has higher nuclear echarge.

tet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a saaslala a saaslala a sa aslala a saaslala a saaslaa
.P20.
. adadBy using paulings
P adad
.P.method
P calculate the dad radii of K+ andPa
aionic
.P.P . .P
dadions in the
Cl- adad
.P.P
w w
ww potassium chloride w w
wwcrystal. Given that w w
wdK+-Cl-
w = 3.14 A ww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.P adad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal
(2) a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww ww www w www w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d d saaslaala the following,
21. aExplain
d a
d aaslaalaappropriate reasons.
sgive d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
a aIonisation potential
.P(i)
.P .P.Paofa N is greater than .P.Pathat
a of O .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
ww N7 = 1s2 w 2s2
w 2p3 ww ww ww
O8 = 1s2 etet2s2 2p4 etet etet etet
i .
Nitrogen
a N
i . N has high Nuclear a i . N
i
Charge. N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a saaslala a saaslala 3 a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
adad Nitrogen has Stable
.P.P adaHalf
.P.energy
P d filled np electronic .P.Padad configuration.
.P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w Hence w
Ionisation
ww w of N > O wwww www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
(ii) Firstaionisation
i . N . etet
N potential of i . . etet is greater than
C-atom
N N i . N . N
tet of B atom, where
ethat i . N . etas
N et the
l a i
asaisl true is for second l a
al a i
asionisation l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
reverse
d a sa d a sa potential.
d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad B = 1s2 2s2 2p1.P.P
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w 5 w w w w ww w w w w ww
www C6 = 1s2 2s
w2
w2w2p www www www
First N tet of C >B . Because eteCarbon eteand etet So
a i . IE
i . evalue
N a i .Ni . N t is smaller in size
a i .Ni . N t has high nuclear
a i .Ni .
charge.
N
Carbon
d a
d
l
saashas l a
a more Ionisation aenergy
d d
l l a
saasa Boron. d ad
l
saasa l a
2 d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
a a in second IE value.PC.P
.P.But aa afully
a filled Stable ns .P aa aa
w ww
w
P
w www < B .Because Boron wwwhas
w.P.P
w wwelectronic
w
.P configuration..P.P
w www
ww And has high nuclear ww charge. ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
(iii) The electron
aslaala i affinity values
aslaala iof Be, Mg and noble
aslaala gases
i are zero and aslaala of N
those i
(0.02
d a
d saeV) and P (0.80 eV)d a
d sa
are very low d adsa d a
d sa d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa 2
.P.6P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Mg 12 = 1s 2
2s
w ww
2 w
2p 3s wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Ne10 = 1s2 2s2 2p6
Be4i.=N . ete2t2s2
1s
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
aslala • Be, Mg and Noble a i
la are having fully
aslagases a i
lala stable electronicsconfiguration.
asfilled a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a a a sa
adad
.P.P .P.P
• Thesewelements
adad will not accept .electrons. P.Padad Hence they have .P.P
dad
azero EA.
adad
.P.P
www w ww w wwww www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
(iv) Theaformation
i . N . etet of F-(g) fromi.FN.(g)
N eteist exothermic while
N i . N . N
tet of O2- from ONeteis
ethat i . . N t
l
asal a i l
asala a i l
asala a i (g)
l
asala a i (g)
aslaa
d s
endothermic.
a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P -.P.P
a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www F(g) wwwF (g) ( exothermicw)ww www www
2 5 2 6
2s 2p t t 2s 2p
i .N . ee
N 2- i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
O a i O (endothermic
a i ) a i a i
d a
l
saasa2 4l
(g)a
2
(g)
d6as a
l
asa l a
d a
l
saasa l a
d a
l
saasa l a
d a saaslaa
a a 2s 2p
.P.P d 2s P2p
. .Paa d .P.Paa d .P.Paa d aa
.P.P d
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
tet
escreening etet give the basis for tet
epauling's etet
45. What i is
. N
i . N effect? Briefly
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N scale of i . N
i . N
d d saaslaala
electronegativity.
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa P.Paa
.between aa
.P.the
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The inner shell w wwelectrons
w act as a shield wwww the nucleuswand ww
w valence electrons. w www
ww This effect is called wwshielding effect. ww ww ww
The .net
i N . etenuclear
N t charge experienced
i . N . etet by valence electrons
N i . N . etein
N t the outermost shell
i . N . eistetcalled
N
the a a i
aslala nuclear charge.asaaslala
effective a i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
sa a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P Zeff.P.Pa=daZd – S Z =w Atomic
.P.Padadnumber , S = Screening .P.Padadconstant. adad
.P.P
www w ww w w ww w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
One such etetmethod was developed etebyt Pauling, he assigned etetarbitrary value of i.N.N etet
i .
electronegativities
a N
i . N for hydrogen and
a i . N
i . N
fluorine as 2.2 and 4.0
a i . N
i . N
respectively. Based on a i
this the
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d d d d d
w .Pelectronegativity
w
a ad
.P
valuesPfor
w w. .Pa aother
d elements can.P
ww
beacalculated
.P).a
d using the following
w .P.P
w
a ad expression .P.P
ww
a ad
w
www X – X
w
A wwBw ) = 0.182 √E AB – (E wx E
wAAww BB w
www w
www
Where EAB, EAA and EBB are the bond dissociation energies of AB, A2 and B2 molecules
respectively. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
d
aa a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w www w w w ww ww
The electronegativity of any given w w
element is not a constant wwand its value dependswon w the
element to.which
i N . etet it is covalently bound.
N i. N . eteThe
N t electronegativity
i . N . N
tet play an important
evalues i . N . etrole
N et in
a i a i a i a i
predicting
d a
d
l la
saasa the nature of thedadbond. saasal la
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww wwww
ww 46. State the trends ww in the variation w ofwelectronegativity in wwgroup and periods. ww
N tet
enegativity N tet
eof N tet
ecovalent N etet the
Electro
a i . i . N is a tendencya i . i . N a element present a i . is
i . N molecule to
a i . N
attract
i .
shareda sa
lala
aspair of electrons a
towards sa
la
aslaitself. a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
. adad
.PAlong
P P.Padad
.decreases adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w the Group :
wwIt
w w along the group.
ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Reason
i . N . e• teAst we move down the
N i . N . N
tet the nuclear charge
egroup i . N . etedecreases
N t
i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal • The atomic size l a
al a i
asincreases. l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P•.P ad the period : .It
aAlong P.P ad
aincreases along thew a ad
.P.P
period a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Reason www www www www
i .N . e• teAst we move along ithe
N .N . eperiod
N
tet the nuclear charge
i .N . eteincreases
N t
i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a • The atomic
d
size
ad
decreases.
saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa • The attraction
.P.Pa a between the valence a aelectron and the nucleus
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w
Increases ww
w w www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
47. Define i . N . etet radius, Electron
Atomic
N i . N . eteAffinity.
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PAtomic
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w radius ww ww w www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Atomic N tet of an atom is defined
eradius N etet as the distance ibetween N etet the centre of itsi.Nnucleus etet and
a i . i . N a i . i . N a . i . N a i . N
the a aaslala shell containing
outermost
s a sa s lalavalence electron. saslala
athe a a a saaslala a saaslaa
.P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
w w
ww Electron Affinity www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Itl
asal ais a i
defined as the amount l
asal a of
a i energy released (required
l
asala a i in the case noble l
asalagases)
a i when an aslaa
.Pa ad is added to the.P.valence
.Pelectron Pa ad shell of an isolated d
a aneutral
.P.P gaseous atom ainadits ground state to.P.P
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w
www form its anion. Itwiswexpressed
w w w in kJ mol-1www
-
w
-
w
www w
www
A+1e
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet A + EA
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww wwww
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i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w www w
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i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w ww ww wwww www w wwww
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w ww ww 4. Hydrogen wwww www w wwww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
1. What aslaare
a i
la the similarity sofaslahydrogen a la i with Alkali aslametals
ala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa 1 a a a1sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad Hydrogen have.P 1sP
. adaand
d Alkali metals have andasd electronic configuration
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w Like Alkaliwmetals,
w w
ww Hydrogen formsww wwww
unipositive ions. Eg H+wand
w w
ww Na+ wwww
ww w w ww
Like Alkali etet metals, Hydrogen forms
etet Oxides(H2O) and sulphides(H2S).
etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l a
asItalalso acts as a reducing a sa
l a
asaagent.
l
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 2. Define isotopes www w and explain the types
w
www of isotopes of Hydrogen.
w
www w
www
Elements having same atomic number but different mass number is called
as isotopes. i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Hydrogen
d a
d
l l a
saasa has 3 isotopes. dadsaasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa 1 .P .Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Protium = 1H www,wDeuterium = 1H2,Tritiumwwww = 1H3 w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Explain.N
i . etet and Para hydrogen
Ortho
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
a a In hydrogen molecule, a a if the two nuclei .rotates aa a ais aa
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
wwwwP.P in the same direction w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww called as Ortho hydrogen ww ww ww ww
In a hydrogen etet molecule, if the e two
tet nuclei rotates in the eopposite
tet direction etet
is called as
a i . N
i .
ParaN hydrogen a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w 4. Give the difference
www w between Ortho w
and
ww w para hydrogen www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
S.No ai.N
tet
eORTHO HYDROGEN N etet N tet HYDROGEN Netet
ePARA
i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N alia. i.N
1.da saa sla a
lBoth the nuclei rotates
a sa asla in
a
l the same
a saa l
Both
s a a
l the nuclei rotatessinaslathe
a a a saaslaa
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w direction w .P.P
w ww.P.P opposite w .P.P
direction
w ww.P.P
w
www www w w
www w
www w
www
2. 75% at room temperature 25% at room temperature
3. i .N
It . etmore
isN et stable i .N . etet
N Itlais
i .Nless
. etestable
N t
i .N . etet
N
a i a i i a i
4.
d a
d
l l a
saasa Its melting pointdais d
l
asa
sa13.95Kl a
d a
d saasIts l a
a melting point is 13.83K
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 5. Its boilingwww w
point is 20.39K wwww Its boiling w ww
point
w is 20.26K wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
6. It has a net magnetic moment It has Zero magnetic moment
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
ww.P5.a aHow will you convert
.P ww.P.Pa aPara hydrogen to.P Ortho
ww.P
a a hydrogen
ww
aa
.P.P ww
aa
.P.P
w
ww w • By using ww w
catalyst
w like Iron wwww www w wwww
• By passing electric discharge
• lBy i . N etet at 8000C
N
heating
. i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
a•saBylamixing with paramagnetic a i
aslala molecules likeaoxygen a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
.Patomic
. P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w • By mixing with
www w hydrogen wwww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
6. Predict N
i . the
. etegas
N t and solid for .HCl
i N . eteand
N t NaH. Give reasons.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P•.P ad is a gas because .of
aHCl P.P ad
aabsence of intermolecular d
a ahydrogen
.P.P bonding .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www • NaH is a solid because www of electron transfer. www www www
N tet
eand etorder
et etet etet
7. NH3, lH a i .Oi . N HF arrange in a i .N
thei . N of hydrogen a i .Ni . N
bonding a i .Ni . N
saaslaa
2
a l a l a l a
l
asa of increasing strength
saorder l
saasa of Hydrogen bonding l
saasisa HF > H2O > NH3dadsaasa l
•aThe
daad aa d a
d aad a
d aa d
aa a
d
ww.P•.PThe strength of hydrogen ww.P.P bonding increases ww.P.P
with the increase in Electro ww.P.Pnegativity. ww.P.P
w
ww w ww ww wwww www w wwww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww • The order of electro w w
ww negativity is F > O w>wN. w w w
ww w wwww
• Hence HF.N
i has
. etethe
N t strongest Hydrogen
i . N . etebonding.
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
8. Compare the structure of water and peroxide.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
9. d a
Give
d
l l a
saasathe preparation dofadsaTritium asal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Tritium is prepared by bombarding Lithium with slow neutrons.
N te6t + 0n1
e3Li 1TN 3etet
+ 2He 4
N etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P10.
.P .P.Paa aa
P.P
.Give aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww Show that Tritium w ww is a Beta emitter. w w(w the Properties w w)w w ww
ww w w w w w
1T3ww 2He4 ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
TheaHalf- a
aslallife i
a period of Tritiumsais a i
la years.
la12.3 a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
sa a a s a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
w w
ww 11. What is Syngas w w
ww or Water gas or w www w
synthetic gas and give w w
its w
w use wwww
ww ww w ww ww
N tet
eCarbon N eteat
t 0 N tet
emixture N etet and
When
a i . i . N reacts with asteam
i . i . N 1000 C, it givesa i . a
i . N of Carbon monoxide
a i . i . N
a s
hydrogen.
a
l a
asal This mixture is called a sa
l a
asaasl Water gas or Syngas. a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w C + H O 1000 w .PC.P
o
w H + CO w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www 2
wwww 2
www w w
www w
www
12. Explain
i .N . etet water gas shifti.reaction.
the
N N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l
saaWhen l a
sa carbon monoxide d a
d
l l a
saasisareacts with steamdat a
d
l
sa4000C l a
asa in the presenceaof
d d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
a a catalyst it gives hydrogen.
.Piron
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w o w ww
w wwww
ww ww CO + Hw 2O
w 400 C H2 + CO ww2 ww
13. List the e uses
tet of Heavy waterNetet etet etet
i . N
i . N i . i . N i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
d a
d saaIt
slaislaused as Moderators
a
d a
d saasinlaalNuclear
a reactor.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P It is used as tracer
.P.P element
aa to study the mechanisms
aa
.P.P of organic reactions.
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w It is used as w ww
coolant
w in nuclear reactorsw ww
w to absorb the heat. w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
14. List the N e tet of Deuterium Netet
uses N etet N etet
a saaIt
s laislaused as tracer element
a sa aslalato study the mechanisms a sa aslala of organic reactions. a saaslala a saaslaa
adad High speed deuterium
.P.P .P.Padad is used in Artificial adad activity
.P.radio
P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w ww w w wwww
ww It is usedw inwthe preparation of heavy ww water which used aswModerators w in ww
nuclearN etetreactor N etet N etet N etet
15. List
a sa
l
asathe a
l uses of Hydrogen
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad Liquid hydrogen.P.isP dad as Rocket Fuel .P.P
aused d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w w w w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www Atomic hydrogen w
www is used for cutting w
wwand w welding metals www w w
www
Hydrogen
. N etet is used for preparing
N . N N
Fertilizer
ete t and explosivest t
.N ee
N .N etet
N
Hydrogen
a i i . is used in Fuel cells
a i i . for generating electricity.
a i i . a i i .
d a
d
l l a
saasItais used as catalyst d a
dfor
l
saasthe l a
a preparation of Vanaspathi.
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.preparation
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w It is used for
w w
w w
the of Methanol
w ww
w and industrial ww
solvent
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww
ww 16. What is Softww w w www w www w wwww
water and Hard water
Water N tet from calcium and N
efree etet
magnesium salts is called N tet water.
esoft N etet
a i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d slala containing chlorides
saaWater d adsaaslaaland
a sulphate of magnesium
d a
d saaslaala & calcium ions d a
d saaslaala
is
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P called as Hard aa
.P.water.
P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
17. What is e Temporary
tet hardness and etet how it is removed etet etet
i
Temporary. N
i . N hardness is due i .
toN
i . N
the presence of i .
BicarbonatesN
i . N of Magnesium i . N
i . N
a sa
a
aslala a sa
a
aslala a sa
a
aslala a saaslala Calcium.
aand
a saaslaa
adad It can be removed
.P.P .P.P aby
dadboiling and filtration.
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
18. What is permanent Hardness and how it is removed
Temporary
i . N . etet hardness is due ito
N . N . etetpresence of Chlorides
the
N i . N . eteand
N t Sulphates of Magnesium
i . N . etet and
N
l a a i
asalIt is removed by adding l a a i
asalwashing soda. asaasal l a a i l
asala a i aslaa
Calcium.
a sa a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 19. What is 30% w w
wwsolution of hydrogen
w w
wwperoxide? Or what w
w w volume of hydro
isw100
w
www
peroxide? etet etet etet etet
d a
d
30
saasal %
l a solution of hydrogen
d ad
l
saasa lperoxide
a is called
d
as
a
d
„100-volume‟
l
saasa l a hydrogen
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
ww.Pperoxide.
aa
.P At STP on heating
ww.P.P a a 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide
ww .P.Pa a liberated 100 ml.P.ofP
ww
a aoxygen.
ww
aa
.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w wwww
20. Why hydrogen peroxide is store in Plastic bottles not in Glass bottles
i.aN
Itlaldissolves
. etet the Alkali metals
N i . N . etet in glass.
present
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i ala i i i
d a
d saaIt
saundergoes a Catalyzed d adsaasla
disproportionation d a
d saaslaala So it is stored dinadPlastic
reaction. saaslaala bottles. d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 21. List the uses wwof Hydrogen peroxide ww ww ww
It is i . used
N . etet as Antiseptic i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
asItlalisa used to bleach paper a i
la textile
aslaand a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adad It is used in water
.P.P .P.P
dad
atreatment to oxidize adad in water.
.pollutant
P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
22. How Hydrogen etet peroxide is used etetto restore the colour etetof old paintingsi.N.N etet
i
Hydrogen
a . N
i . N peroxide is used a i .
to
N
i . N
restore the white i
colour
a . N
i . Nof the old paintings a i
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad Hydrogen sulphide d
a aindair reacts with the.Pwhite d
a ad pigment to form .aP.black d
a ad colored lead .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w .P w w P ww
www sulphide.
w wwww w
www w
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Hydrogen peroxide reacts lead sulphide to give white coloured lead sulphate.
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
23.d a
dWhat
l l a
saasa is hydrogen bonding d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.Pis.P aa
.Pa.P aa
.Patom
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w When hydrogen w ww
w covalently bonded w w
wtow highly electronegative w ww
w wwww
ww such as fluorine, w w
oxygen and nitrogen, the w
w bond is polarized. ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d d saaslaalaare Types of hydrogen
24. aWhat
d adsaaslaala bonding? dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
a a Intra molecular .hydrogen
.P.P aa bonding : w.P.P aa aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P
w w w w w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww Thewhydrogen
w bonding which wwoccur within the molecule. ww ww
i . N . etet Eg. Ortho Nitroi.NPhenol
N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Intera
aslala i
molecular hydrogen a
aslala i
bonding: a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
adad
.P.P The hydrogen
.P.P adabonding
d which occur
.P.P
dad
abetween two or more P adad
. molecules
.P adad
.P.P
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wEg.w
w Water. ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
25. What i .are
N . etethe
N t importance of.NHydrogen
i . etet
N bondingai.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aItl a l a
aplays i l a a i
asainl bio molecules likeasproteins. l
asal a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa s an important d a s
role
a d a d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad .P a ad
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w It plays a important
w w w role in the structure
w w w of DNA, w w w w ww
www It holds the w
w twow
helical Nucleic acid w
w
wchains of the DNA together.
www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s a s laalia. i.N www.Padasalai.Net ala
s s
alia. i.N s as laalia. i.N a
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d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w wwww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
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w 7. THERMODYNAMICS
ww w www
ww w ww
w wwwwww
1. Stateathe N tet law of thermodynamics.

efirst N etet N etet N etet
i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
a sa aThe
s lala
total energy of ana s aslala system remains
isolated
a a saaslala though it mayasachange
constant aslala from one a saaslaa
. adad
.Pform
P .P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w to another. www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Define Hess's etet law of constant heat
etet summation. i.N.N etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i a i . N
i . N
a sa asall a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad The enthalpy change d
a adof a reaction either.Pat d
ad
a constant volume or constant d
a ad pressure is the .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w .P w .P.P
w w w
w
www same whether it w w
ww place in a single orwmultiple w
ww w
wwinitial and final states ww
takes steps providedwthe wware
same. lalia.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w www w
ww 3. Explain intensive ww properties with w twow examples ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i aslaala i i i
d a slalaproperty that disadsa
saaThe independent of the d a saaslaaor
mass
la
the size of the
d a aslaala is called an asaaslaa
sasystem
aa d
.Pintensive
. P .P.Paa aa
.P.P d .P.Paa d adad
.P.P
www w property. www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Examplesi.N etet
:.Refractive
N index, density, i . N . N
tet
etemperature, Boilingi.N . etet Freezing point, molar
point,
N i . N . etevolume,
N t
a i a i a i a i aslaa
etc.,asaaslala a sa aslala a saaslala a sa aslala a sa
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
w w
ww 4. Define the following w w
ww terms: ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a. isothermal
asall a a i process: The temperature
l
asala a i of the system l
asal a a i
remains constant, during l
asala a i
the change aslaa
w .Pfrom
w
a adits initial to final state.
P
.b. w .P.P
w
a ad
w w
a ad
.P.P w .P.P
w
a ad
w w
a ad
.P.P
w
www adiabatic process:
w
www There is no exchange
wwww of heat (q) between wwwwthe system and surroundingw
www
during the process.
c. isobaric i .N . etet
process:
N The pressure i .Nof. N
tet system remains constant
ethe i .N . etet during its change
N i .N . N
tet the
efrom
a i a i a i a i
initial
d a
d
l l a
satoasafinal state. d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.Pd.
.Paa aa
.PThe
.P aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.its aa
.P.P
w ww isochoric process: w ww volume of system w wwremains constant during w ww change from initial w wtow
w
ww final state. ww w ww w ww w ww w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
5. What
d a
d saaslaais la the usual definition
d a
d saaslaalaof entropy? What d a
d
ala unit of entropy?
slathe
saais d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w www w
ww Entropy is a measure ww of the molecular disorder ww (randomness) of awsystem. w It is defined as, ww
d S = d q rev / tT t
i . N . ee
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslalaa i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
6. a sa
Predict the feasibility a
of sa a reaction when a sa a sa a sa
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i) both ΔH and ΔS positive : Non-feasible
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
ii)
asall aboth
a i ΔH and ΔS negative l
asala a i
:Non- feasible l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad iii) ΔH decreases.Pbut .P
d
a aΔS increases : w
a ad
.P.P
Feasible .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
7. Define is Gibb’s free energy.
i . N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i i
Gibbs
d a
d safree l l a
asa energy is definedaas
d d
l l
saasbelow
a a
G = H – TS ,dH=
a
d
l l a
saasEnthalpy
a , T= Temperature,
d a
d
l a
saasa S= Entropy. dadsaaslaa
l a
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad ad a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 8. Define enthalpy w w
ww of combustion. ww w w www w w
ww w
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i i i i
d a
d slalachange in the enthalpy
saaThe d a
d saaslaalawhen one mole dofadthe saaslaasubstance
la is completely
d adsaaslaaburnt
la in excess
d a
d saaslaa
.Pof a aair is called as Heat .of aa aa aa aa
wwww .P w wwP.PCombustion.
w w ww
w
.P.P
w www .P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww 9. Define molarwheat w capacity. Give its wwunit. ww ww
The i . N etet of heat absorbed
N
amount
. i . N . eteone
N
by
t
mole of a substance
i . N . etetto raise its temperature
N i . N . etetby one
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
Kelvin a sais called as Molar heat a s
capacity.
a a sa a sa a sa
.P.P adad .PJ.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
wwww Its Unit
ww w=w K-1 mol-1 www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
10. Define i . Nthe
. etetcalorific value ofi.Nfood.
N . etet What is the unit
N i . N . etecalorific
of
N t value? i.N.N etet
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.P a ad The amount of heat .P.P d
a aproduced when one a adof a substance is .completely
.Pgram
.P a ad
P.P burnt, is called a ad
.P.P
w ww w w w w w w w w w w w w
www as Calorific valuewofwfood. w Its unit = J kg -1 www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
11. Define a ienthalpy of neutralization.
a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The change winwthe
w w enthalpy when onew wgram
w w equivalent of acid
w wwiswcompletely neutralizedw ww
w by
ww ww ww ww ww
one gram equivalent of a base.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
12. d a
d saaslaalais lattice energy?
What d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww The amount wwof energy required to wcompletely w remove the ions ww from its crystal lattice wwto an
infinite distance eteist called as lattice ienergy. etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
.P13.
. adadWhat are state and
P .P.P adpath
ad functions? Give .P.Pad ad examples. .P.P
two adad adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
state function:
N tet
efunction N etet property of a system N etetwhose value doesi.not N etdepends
et
Ala state
i . i . N is a thermodynamic
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i . N
on the
a sa
a
al by which the system
aspath a sa
l l a
asachanges from its a s
initial
a
l a
asatol final state. Eg. P,asaVasand lal Ta
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .PPath
w .P function: w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www is a thermodynamicww w w w
www value depends onwthe w
wwpath
A Path function property of a system whose
by which the tet changes from its
esystem tet to final state. Eg.
einitial tet and Heat. Netet
eWork
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N laalia. i.N
d a
d saas la l a
d a
d saasla l a
d adsaasla l a
d adsaas d a
d saaslaa
.P14.
.Pa a Give Kelvin statement .P.P a a of second law of .P.Paa
thermodynamics. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
It is impossible etetot construct a machine etthat
i . N . N i . N . N et absorbs heat from i . N . eatehot
N t source
i . N . etet
N
and converts i it completely into work i without transferring a part
i of heat to a i
cold d a
d saaslaala
sink. d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
15. The equilibrium constant of a reaction is 10, what will be the sign of ΔG? Will this
reaction be N tet
espontaneous? N etet N etet N etet
.P.P adad The relationship.P adad Free energy and
between
. P .P.P
dad
aequilibrium constant akdais,
.P.P d adad
.P.P
www w ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
G =e-teRT t ln K etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a sa
l
asal a
Oa sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asaOl a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d d d d d
w .PK.P
w
a,aTdare positive , then.P.P
w w
aGadwill be negative . .When
w wP.Pa ad G negative the.P
w w
process
a ad is spontaneous..P.P
.P w w
a ad
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
16. Enthalpy of neutralization is always a constant when a strong acid is neutralized
by a strong
tet account for the
ebase: tet
estatement. etet etet
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P a a H+ + OH- .P aa .PkJaa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w (aq)
w ww→.PH2O(l) ΔH = – 57.32
(aq)
w w ww
w
.P w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
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s s saaslaa
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww
ww The heat of neutralisation ww w w w w w w ww
of a strong acidww and strong base is around ww – 57.32 kJ. ww
i . N . etet
N i. N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
tet
ethe etet etet etet
17. State a i . N
i . N third law of thermodynamics.
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
.P.PadaThus
d the third law of adad
.P.thermodynamics
P states adadthe entropy of pure
.P.that
P .P.P
dad
acrystalline substanceww adad
.P.P
at
w w
ww absolute zero is zero. ww w w ww w w www w ww
ww ww ww ww ww
N tet
edown N etecycle
t N etet of CaCl . N etet
18. Write a i . i . N the Born-Haber a i . i . N for the a i .
formation i . N a i . i . N
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a 2
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad Ca d
a adH d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w (s) + Cl2 w .P.P
w
(g) f CaCl2 w w.P.P
( s) w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www wwww www w w
www w
www
etet H3 etet U etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d ad saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a - d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa H 1 2 Cl (g).P.P aa H 4 2 Cl .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
+
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aa i H 2 asaslaala
i i i
slal(g) saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
2+
d ad saaCa d d a Ca
d a
d d a
d d a
d
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w H = H + w Hw
w w + H + 2 H + w w
U
w w w w
w w wwww
ww f 1 ww 2 3 4ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
. adadIdentify the state
.P19.
P adadpath functions .out
.P.and
P P.Padaofd the following: .P.P adad adad
.P.P
www w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
a)Enthalpy b)Entropy c) Heat d) Temperature e) Work f)Free energy.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Ans: l a a i
l ,Work
asaHeat l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
20. Statei.the N . etevarious
N t statements i .N . eoftetsecond law of thermodynamics.
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d ad saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Pa a i) Kelvin- Planck .P.Pastatement
a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww “It is impossible to wwconstruct an engine which ww operated in a complete ww cycle will absorb heat wwfrom a
single body and eteconvert
t it completely etot twork without leaving esome tet changes in the working etet
i . N
i . N i . N
i . N e i . N
i . N i . N
i . N
system”.
d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ii) Clausius w ww
statement:
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
“It is impossible to transfer heat from a cold body to a hot body by a machine without doing some
work”. ai.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
.P.Padad iii) Entropy statement: .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww „A process accompanied ww by increase in entropy ww tends to be spontaneous”. ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
.P.Pa ad iv) “Efficiency of.Pa.P ad
amachine can never be.Pcent .Pa adpercent”. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
(T1 – T2 ) t t
i . N . etet
N i .N . ee
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
% aEfficiency
i = a i x 100, a i a i
d ad saasal l a
d a
d
l
saTasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa 1
.PT.P aa
.Pthan
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w By II w ww
law,
w 2 <T 1 % efficiency w ww
less
w 100. w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas
s s
www.TrbTnpsc.com
s s saaslaa
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa a
d
w
ww w www w ww w w w
ww w w
ww w
21.What N tet spontaneous reactions?
eare N etet What are the N etet
conditions for the spontaneity
N etet of
a i . i . N a i. i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
d
aas
d a
l
process?
asa la
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w A reaction w woccurs
that
w w under the given
w wset
w w of conditions without
w ww
w any external driving w ww
force
w
ww ww ww ww ww
is called a spontaneous reactions.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
la the natural processes
a*slaAll a
aslalare i
a spontaneous. saslala a i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a a a sa a sa
adad * It occur its own
.P.P .P.Pa dad
and does not need to P.P
.be
dad
ainduced. adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
ww * A spontaneous
ww process is accompanied
ww by increase in the w
wEntropy. ww
* For N aN tet
espontaneous process, N etetenthalpy change at
the N etet
constant pressure will ibe N tet
enegative.
a i . i . a i . i . N a i . i . N a . i . N
a sa
l l a
a*saCombining negative a s
ΔHa
l
asaandl a
positive ΔS, ΔG a sget
a
l l a
asanegative sign. a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w Essential w
conditions .P.:P
w ΔG < 0 , ΔH < 0, w
ΔS .>P.P
w 0 w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
22. List i .N the
. etetcharacteristics of
N i .N . etet
N
internal energy. lalia.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i i a i
d a
d saa1.l l a
saIt is an extensivedproperty. a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasa d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 2. It is a w
statewfunction
w w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Change
i . N . etet in internal energyi.N
N
is . t tU = U f –U i
. ee
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saa4.
slaIn
ala cyclic process , sUa=laal0.
d a
d a s a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
a a 5. U = U f –U .i P=.P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww -ve (U f < U I ) ww
w ww.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w www.P.P
ww 6. U = Uwfw –U i = +ve (U f > U w I ).
w ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
23. a i
lalathe characteristics
aList a
aslaof i
la Gibbs free energy. a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa s a sa a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w 1) Free energy w w
wwis defined as G = (H-TS). w w
ww „G‟ is a state function. www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
2) G-Extensive
i . N . etet
N property. ΔG-Nbecome
i . . etet intensive property
N i . N . ete, twhen the systemi.isN.N
N etet
closed.
a3)l a a i
aGl has a single value l a
asathel a i l a a i
asal of the system. asaasal l a a i aslaa
d a sa s d a safor thermodynamic d a sstate
a d d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 4) ΔG<0 -wspontaneous ww ww
, ΔG = 0 –wequilibrium, ΔG > 0 - non- wwwspontaneous www
5) ΔG
i .N . eteΔH
=
N t – TΔS. ΔH = ΔE.N
i +.N tet and ΔE = q – w. N
ePΔV i . But
. eteTΔS
N t =q
i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
l l a
saasa ΔG = q - w +dPΔV a
d
l l a
saasa– q . ΔG = - w + dPΔV a
d
l
saas=a l a
network. d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww 24. Define Zeroth ww law of thermodynamics ww ww ww
If twoesystems tet are in thermal e equilibrium
tet with a third one, etet then they tend toi.Nbe etethermal
t
equilibrium a i . N
i .
withN themselves. a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 25. List the w ww
application
w of the bomb ww
calorimeter.
w w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
It is used to determine the amount of heat released in a combustion reaction
Itlaisia.used
N . etetto determine the calorific
N i . N . etet value of food i.N.N
N etet i . N . etet
N
aIt i
aisl used in food processing a i
aslalaand explosive testing ala i
aslaindustries. a
aslala i aslaa
a sa s a sa a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
HARD
i . N . etet
N i . N . etetWORK NEVER FAILS
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i
S.JOSEPH SURESH,MSc.,BEd.,
l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad 9994342531
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www in Chemistry
P.G.ASST www www
etet AkshayaeAcademy t Mat.Hr.Sec.School, etet etet
a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . Net a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l l a
saasa Oddanchatram,dDindigul. a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
dasas dasas dasas
dasas dasas

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s aslaalia. i.N www.Padasalai.

i . N . eEte=t mc2 ---------2

i . N . ete=t 6.626 x10 Kg. mi.N

.N etet .N etet .N etet etet

configuration.eAnd tet has higher nuclear echarge.

1. Stateathe N tet law of thermodynamics.

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