SHAH MEHBOOB 54407

NASIR KHAN 54964

ARBAB NASIR 53449
LAIBA IMRAN 54634
RAMEEZA BAZAI 53776
DANIYAL SASOLI 53066
MUHAMMAD AKMAL 53959
HABIBULLAH 53856

SUBMITTED TO: SIR HABIBULLAH

SUBJECT: CLIMATOLOGY
 Assignment

Topic: Causes of Monsoon around the World

Introduction:
 The word monsoon is from the Arabic “Mausim”, meaning “season”. The name
originally referred to wind reversals in the Arabian Sea, but has come to mean the
whole range of phenomena associated with annual weather cycles in Tropical and
Sub-tropical Asia, Australia and Africa.
 A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds
of a region. Monsoons cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics.
Monsoons are most often associated with the Indian Ocean.
 Monsoons always blow from cold to warm regions.

Historical perspective:
First time the monsoon phenomena was discovered by sailors who continuously start
sailing from coastal regions towards Arabian Sea during winter-monsoon and from
Arabian Sea towards coastal regions during summer-monsoon by the reversal of winds
when there were no engines concept.

Types of Monsoons:
There are two types of monsoons which are classified into southwest monsoon (Summer
Monsoon) and northeast monsoon (Winter Monsoon) on the basis of the direction from
where they blow.

1. Summer Monsoon
2. Winter Monsoon
Summer Monsoon:
The summer monsoon is associated with heavy rainfall. It usually happens between
April and September. As winter end, warm, moist air from the southwest Indian Ocean
blows toward countries like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The summer
monsoon brings a humid climate and torrential rainfall to these areas.
Winter Monsoon:
The winter monsoon brings moist air from the South China Sea to areas like Indonesia
and Malaysia. The Asian-Australian monsoon, which includes the Indian Ocean, stretches
from northern Australia to Russias Pacific coast. This huge monsoon wind system then
stretches into the Indian Ocean.
Causes of Monsoon:
Monsoons are caused by temperature differences in the air over land and sea. They blow
from colder to warmer areas. In a monsoon region in summer, the land and the air above
it become very hot. The nearby sea and the air above it is cooler.

1) Differential heating and cooling of land and water:

 Water and land heat up and cool down at different rates.

 The land heats up and cool down quickly as compared to water.
 During summer the air over ocean is cooler than land and during winter the air over
land is cooler than ocean.
 Land is a better conductor of heat than water and so it heats up and also cools down
faster than water.
 Water is a better conductor of heat than land and so it heats up and also cools down
faster than land. Water gets more solar radiation than water.

2) Earth’s Tilt in Relation to Sun:

 Solar insolution is directed towards tropic of Capricorn in winter season directed

toward tropic of cancer in summer.
 Due to solar insolution then creates a low-pressure belt on equator so with movement
of earth around sun there is a shifting in position of low-pressure belt to and fro the
equator.
  Due to all these the winds blow up taking moisture with them creating high pressure.
 High pressure winds blow towards low pressure area with large amount of moisture
causing precipitation (rainfall).

3) Presence of high -pressure area on east of Madagascar:

 In summer the solar insolution is directed toward tropic of cancer or at northern

hemisphere.
 There is limited radiation on southern hemisphere or at antarctica, causes high
pressure at east of Madagascar.
 The high-pressure winds blow towards the low pressure and causes monsoon rains.

4) Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer:

 The Tibetan plateau is situated in China, they get highly heated during summer
because of their extreme height. So, low pressure winds are created, which attracts
high pressure winds from Indian ocean and again monsoon rains are formed.
5) Movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas during
summer:
 Fast moving winds (jet streams) blows toward north in summer, making a gap for
southern winds, which blows from Indian Ocean.
 The cycle is repeated again causing monsoon rains.
References:
 https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-movement-of-a-westerly-jet-stream-to-the-
north-of-the-Himalayas-and-presence-of-a-tropical-easterly-jet-stream-over-India-
during-the-summer-affect-monsoon
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rotation-of-Earth-about-its-own-axis-and-its-
revolution-around-the-Sun-resulting-into_fig3_328491205
 https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/story/amp/summer-and-winter-monsoon-71157/
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Summer-monsoon-flow-pattern-in-Southeast-
Asia_fig5_332102624