076. Disaster Mgmt_theIAShub_Part 1 (PDF)

QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME (QEP): TARGET 2023/24
Under the Guidance of M K YADAV
THEME – DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Part 1)

Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591
theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved
1
INDEX
1 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (2013-2022) 3
- Repeated Themes from PYQs
- Expected Questions For 2023/24
2 FACTSHEET 6
3 THEME WISE KEYWORDS: As per Usage in Body of Answer & Way forward 13
4 CASE STUDIES & BEST PRACTICES: LOCAL, NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL 15
5 FROM THE SPEECHES: PM, PRESIDENT, & VP 17
6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEY TERMS: Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability, Exposure, Disaster Risk, 18
Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster management, Disaster Risk Management, Paradigm Shift In
Disaster Management Approach
7 SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR): National Disaster 22
Management Plan, Acronym As Way Forward
8 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS: DISASTER - Development Nexus, Disaster - Poverty Nexus, Role Of 26
Media In Disaster Management
9 CROWD MANAGEMENT 28
10 DRAFT POLICY FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES FROM COASTAL EROSION 30
11 COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (CDRI) 32
12 INTERLINKING OF RIVERS: CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD 34
2
1 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (2013-2022)

2013
GS 3
• How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator,
what are key areas that you would focus in disaster management?
2014
GS 3
• Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset
and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with
likely El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
2015
GS 3
• The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s
preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
2016
GS 1
• “The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides.” Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of
mitigation.
• Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss.
GS 3
• The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the
reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such
events.
• With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to
be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.
2017
GS 1
• In what way can floods be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland
navigation in India?
GS 3
• On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors
responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of
NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
2018
GS 3
• Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing
‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for
Action, 2005’?
3
2019
GS 3
• Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in
what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with
reference to disasters.
• Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation
mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides.
2020
GS 1
• The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of
droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.
• Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune.
Suggest lasting remedial measures.
GS 3
• Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from
the earlier reactive approach.
2021
GS 3
• Discuss the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient
features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.
2022
GS 1
• Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India
Meteorological Department.
GS 3
• Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management
techniques for combating the hazard?
REPEATED THEMES FROM PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)
• THEME 1: TYPES OF DISASTERS

- Causes, Consequences, Mechanism for Preparedness: Earthquake, landslide, Drought, Floods, Urban
Floods, Cloudbursts, Tsunami, Cyclone, Coastal Erosion etc.
• THEME 2: POLICY, NDMA GUIDELINES, GOVT. INITIATIVES
- Sendai & Hyogo Framework
- NDMA Guidelines (Drought, Cloudbursts, Tsunami)
- Recent measures for Disaster management; interlinking of rivers etc.
• THEME 3: ASPECTS OF DISASTERS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
- Disaster: Types of Vulnerability
- Disaster Management Cycle: Pre-Disaster management, Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Mitigation,
Disaster Risk Reduction, Key areas of disaster Management.
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-
OTHER EXPECTED TOPICS FOR 2023/24
• COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (CDRI)

• CROWD DISASTERS
- “Crowd disasters are man-made disasters that can be prevented through proper policy making, planning,
and execution along with well-trained personnel.” In light of the above statement, discuss the recent
NDMA’s guidelines for managing crowd at public places.
• HEAT/COLD WAVE
- Heat wave has emerged as one of the major weather hazards in India. Discussing the reasons for heat
waves, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
• DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
- Drought is no longer a mere scarcity or the absence of rainfall, but related to inefficient water resource
management. Discuss.
• FOREST FIRES
- Although fires in forests are not unnatural, due to the increased anthropogenic activity the frequency of
forest fires have increased lately. Highlighting the various causes of a forest fire, suggest preparedness
and mitigation measures to control it.
• URBAN FLOODS
- The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discuss the
reasons for urban floods and highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such
events.
• CYCLONE MANAGEMENT
- The recent rise in the frequency of cyclones in the vicinity of India has raised the need of strengthening
the coastal areas against such hazards.” Discuss the role of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project in the
light of the given statement.
• DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN POLICY MAKING
- Discuss the steps taken by India in mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in various sectoral policies
and plans.
• DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE & NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
- "The Disaster management cycle forms the bedrock of Disaster Management Plan". Explain in the
context of the India’s adoption of National Disaster Management Plan, 2016, and the Sendai framework.
• CRISIS VS DISASTER MANAGEMENT
- Elucidate the difference between crisis and disaster management with examples.
==========================================================================================
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2 DISASTERS AT A GLANCE: FACTSHEET, TYPES, CAUSES, & IMPACTS
1. DISASTER VULNERABILITY: INDIA

• India’s geo-climatic conditions and high degree of socio-economic vulnerability makes
India’s Vulnerability it one of the highly disaster prone areas in the world.
• The geo-tectonic features of the Himalayan region & adjacent alluvial plains make the
region susceptible to earthquakes, landslides, water erosion etc.
2. HEAT WAVES
• A heatwave is defined as a period of
MARINE HEAT WAVE (MHW)
unusually hot weather with above-normal
• MHW occur when seawater temperatures
temperatures that typically last three or exceed a seasonally varying threshold for
more days. at least 5 consecutive days.
• IMD: Heat wave conditions are considered • Common drivers of MHW
if Maximum temperature of a station - Climate change leading to ocean warming.
reaches at least 40°C in Plains & 30°C in hilly - High solar radiation.
Definition region. - Ocean currents can build up areas of warm
(NDMA Report) • Based on Departure from Normal water.
- Winds can enhance the warming.
- Heat Wave: Departure from Normal is - El Niño (for MHW in Indian Ocean)
4.5°C to 6.4°C. • Impact – Extreme weather events,
• Based on Actual Maximum Temperature biodiversity loss, changing habitat ranges
(for Plains only) of species, livelihood losses due to impact
- Heat Wave: When actual maximum on blue economy (Fishing, Tourism etc).
temperature > or equal to 45°C.
• Heatwaves occur between March and June every year, engulfing almost all of the
Core Heatwave Zone Northern and Central regions of India.
[IMD • Core Heatwave Zone: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, West Madhya
Categorisation] Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Vidarbha in Maharashtra, parts of
Gangetic West Bengal, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
• Globally: Since the 1980s, each decade has been warmer than the previous one.
Heat Waves - Last 8 years (2015-2021) have been the Warmest ever.
Vulnerability • India: Nearly 90% of India is in a “danger zone” from heatwave impact (PLOS Climate).
• Climate Change: High global temperature ➔ high frequency & severity of heat waves
• Unplanned Urbanisation and Rising Population: Reduced level of Evapotranspiration
Heat Waves due to rise of concrete jungles & urban sprawls ➔ Urban Heat Islands effect.
Exacerbating factors • Maladaptation: Land use change, Loss of tree cover, Widespread installation of air-
conditioning, Degraded agriculture practices etc.
• El Niño Modoki: an irregular El Niño
Environmental Impact
• Exacerbates already existing risks such as droughts, extreme rainfall or flood.
Impact of • Increases the risk of forest fires and loss of biodiversity.
Heatwaves
Economic Impact
• Expected Financial loss due to heat stress – about $2,500 billion by 2030 (Globally).
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• Agricultural & Food Security: Combined heatwaves and drought can lead soil to dry
out and cause severe harvest failures.
• Work hours: India would lose 6% of its working hours due to heat stress, equivalent to
35 million full time jobs (ILO).
Social Impact
• Called as Silent Disaster: it develops slowly and kills and injures humans and animals.
• Mortality: > 25, 000 deaths between from 1992 – 2020 (NDMA report).
• Reduced productivity: Due to physiological stress, sometimes leading to illness & death
• Disruption in community infrastructure For eg. Power supply, Public transport, etc.
• Heat Index Issued by IMD, Heat Action Plans (HAPs) at state levels, India Cooling Action
Govt. Initiatives
Plan (ICAP), National Mission on Sustainable Habitat etc.
3. DROUGHTS
Definition • A period of time when an area or region experiences below-normal precipitation.
• Meteorological Drought: defined as a situation when there is significant decrease in
normal precipitation over an area (i.e. more than 10%).
• Hydrological Drought: results from prolonged meteorological drought, resulting in
depletion of surface and sub surface water resources.
• Agricultural Drought: is a situation when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate to
Types support healthy crop growth.
Flash Drought – Refers to rapid onset or intensification of drought.
- Causes - Lower-than-normal precipitation, abnormally high temperatures (high
evapotranspiration), winds, and high solar radiation.
Drought • >40% of India’s land area and nearly 70% of cropped area is prone to drought, affecting
Vulnerability nearly 40% of the population.
• Increase in drought-prone areas by 60% (in last 25 years).
• Failed Monsoon: Deficiency in North-East monsoon (provides 10-20% of rainfall) & South-
West monsoon (provides 80% of rainfall).
Causes • El Nino year: Makes Indian summers warmer and reduces rainfall.
• Other Exacerbating Factors – Climate change, land degradation & desertification,
unsustainable water usage (surface & groundwater), soil & water pollution etc.
• Economic – Reduced India’s GDP upto 5% over 20 years (1998-2017), Worsen farm distress
• Social – Food insecurity, increase rural to urban migration, inflame water conflicts
between states and between farms, cities and industries.
Impacts
- Excessive prevalence of suicide: A temperature increase of 1 degree Celsius in one day
corresponded to about 67 suicides, on average.
• Environmental - exacerbate groundwater extraction, removes ‘green water filters’ (trees)
• IMD monitors agricultural drought every 2 weeks during main crop seasons (kharif & rabi)
• The GoI acts upon data and early warning of IMD through an inter-ministerial mechanism
of Crop Weather Watch Group (CWWG), under Ministry of Agriculture.
Monitoring • National and State Drought Monitoring Centres: Consolidate the forecast and advisories
and disseminates them through various media channels.
• IMIS portal of the National Rural Drinking Water Programme provides vital information
on water provisioning in drought prone states
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4. CYCLONES (Detailed Coverage under Physical Geography Theme)

• India is exposed to nearly 10% of the World’s Tropical Cyclones.
Vulnerable • Cyclone & Tsunami - 75% of 7,500 kilometre-long coastline prone.
Zones/Areas • 8% of the area and 1/3 of Indian population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters.
rd
• Sunderbans: cyclone capital of India

• Large number of deaths, loss of livelihood opportunities, loss of public and private property
Impact (homelessness) and severe damage to infrastructure ➔ reversing the developmental
gains at regular intervals.
• National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) – Implemented by NDMA, it aims to
undertake structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of cyclones.
Steps Taken • Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Asia and Africa (RIMES)
− It is an international intergovernmental institution for early warning information,
capacity building for preparedness and response to trans-boundary hazards.
5. EARTHQUAKES (Detailed Coverage under Physical Geography Theme)

Vulnerability • About 60% area of India is vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of the population live.
Major • Latur, Maharashtra earthquake (1993) & Sikkim earthquake (2011) - 0.13% of GDP each
Earthquakes & • Bhuj (Gujarat) earthquake (2001) – 1% of GDP.
Economic cost
6. FLOODS
• Over 12% of India’s land is prone to floods and river erosion.
Vulnerability • Children and women more vulnerable: constituting 85% of the deaths during disasters.
• Ganga Basin: Bihar most flood-prone
State. Others: UP, W. Bengal, Haryana &
Delhi.
• Brahmaputra and Barak Basins –
impacting West Bengal, Assam, Manipur
and Sikkim.
• Central India & Deccan Rivers Basin:
Odisha, AP, Tamil Nadu due to heavy
Hazard Zones rainfall & cyclonic storms.
• North-west River Region (Indus Basin):
J&K, Punjab and parts of HP, Haryana &
Rajasthan.
• Coastal states
• Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
Lakshadweep due to Flooding /
Drainage Congestion / Erosion.
• Natural Factors
Causes of
- Meteorological Factors: Unprecedented Rainfall; Cyclones, Hurricanes; cloud burst;
Flooding
Heavy Thunderstorms; Global warming (snowmelt and sea level rise) etc
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- Hydrological Factors - Change in course of rivers, Type of soil and water retention
capacity, heavy siltation etc.
• Manmade Factors: Climate change, deforestation, poor drainage & reservoir management
system, encroachment & concretisation of catchment areas, poor interstate cooperation
In Last 60 years:
Impact of • Economic Losses: Rs. 4.5 trillion
Flooding • Loss of Human & Animal life: > 1 lakh people died.
• Urban flooding is accumulation of floodwaters that result when the inflow of rainwater
exceeds the capacity of drainage system to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away.
• Flooding in the cities and the towns is a recent phenomenon.
• Caused by –
Urban Flooding - Natural Factors – Meteorological & Hydrological factors (mentioned above)
- Manmade factors – Unplanned urbanisation, ‘concretisation’ of built up urban areas,
indiscriminate encroachment of waterways/natural drains, improper disposal of solid
waste (choking of drains), Poorly designed & maintained storm water drainage system,
Unplanned release of water from dams, Poor urban governance structures etc.
• Assam, 2022, Bihar 2021 (due to excess rainfall).
Recent floods
• Chamoli disaster, Uttarakhand due to glacier burst
• NDMA Guidelines; Flood Warning System: for eg. IFLOWS-Mumbai; Jal Jeevan Mission ;
Key Initiatives
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, National Interlinking of River Project
7. CLOUDBURSTS
• ‘Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour, over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area’ is classified as a
Definition (IMD)
cloudburst event.
• Cloudbursts often occur during the monsoon season.
• Common in hilly regions: Occur mostly over the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the
Occurrence
northeastern hill States of India due to orography (geographical features of a mountain).
• Cloudbursts do occur at plains also (but less frequent).
• A cloudburst occurs when warm air current from the ground or below the clouds rushes
up and carries the falling raindrops up with it.
Mechanism • As a result, new raindrops that are formed are heavier and denser.
• After a point, the raindrops become too heavy for the cloud and it falls down together in
a short period over a small area, causing a cloudburst.
Secondary
• Trigger landslides and flash floods, causing extensive destruction downstream.
Impact
• Specific cloudburst events cannot be forecasted but extremely heavy rainfall, which could
Forecasting
result in cloudburst kind of situations, are forecasted 6 to 12 hours in advance.
8. COLD WAVE
• When the minimum temperature is equal to or less than 10°C in Plains & equal to or less
than 0°C in Hilly Areas.
• Based on Departure from Normal
Definition
- Cold Wave: Departure from Normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C.
• Based on Actual Minimum Temperature (for Plains only)
- Cold Wave: When actual Minimum temperature less or equal to 4°C.
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Core cold wave Covers Punjab, HP, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh,
zone Bihar, Jharkhand, W. Bengal, Odisha etc.
Movement of cold air masses & Subsidence of Cold Air over the Region; Large Scale Fog;
Causes
Westerly Disturbance; La Nina; Absence of Cloud Cover; Snowfall over Himalayas
• NDMA Guidelines
Initiatives
• IMD’s Colour Coded Warning System
9. CHEMICAL DISASTERS
• Process and Safety System Failures:
- Technical errors (design defects, fatigue, metal failure, corrosion)
- Human errors (neglecting safety instructions)
- Lack of information (absence of emergency warning procedures)
Initiators of - Organisational errors (poor emergency planning & coordination, poor communication
Chemical with public, noncompliance with mock drills/exercises etc.).
Accidents • Natural Calamities: For eg.
- Odisha (1999) - Damage to phosphoric acid sludge containment during super cyclone
- Kandla Port, Gujarat (2001) - Release of acrylonitrile during an earthquake.
• Terrorist Attacks/Sabotage: on HAZCHEM installations and transportation vehicles.
Impact
• Sachin Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (2022): due to the illegal dumping
of hazardous chemical waste into a drain
• Vishakhapatnam gas leak incident (2020): The synthetic chemical styrene leaked from
Major Chemical the LG Polymers plant.
Accidents in • Bhopal Gas Disaster in 1984: 2500 people died due to accidental release of toxic gas
India Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC).
• Fire in an oil well in Andhra Pradesh (2003)
• Vapour cloud explosion in the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Refinery
(HPCL), Vishakhapatnam (1997)
• Bhopal Gas Leak (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985: gives powers to the central
Provisions on
government to secure the claims arising out of or connected with the Bhopal gas tragedy.
Chemical
Under the provisions of this Act, such claims are dealt with speedily and equitably.
Disaster
• Environment Protection Act, 1986: gives powers to the central government to undertake
Management
measures for improving the environment and set standards and inspect industrial units.
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• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991: an insurance meant to provide relief to persons
affected by accidents that occur while handling hazardous substances.
• The National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA) Act, 1997: the NEAA can hear
appeals regarding the restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or
processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out.
• National Green Tribunal, 2010 - for effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to
environmental protection and conservation of forests.
10. BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

• Biological disasters are scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale
Definition among humans, animals and plants due to toxins or disease caused by live organisms or
their products.
• 1995-2020: Deaths due to biological outbreaks (Dengue, COVID, Japanese Encephalitis)
Vulnerability were more than climate related disasters (National Institute of Disaster Management)
• Natural in the form of epidemics or pandemics of existing, emerging or re-emerging
diseases.
Causes • Man-made by the accidental release of virulent microorganism(s) or intentional use of
disease-causing agents in Biological Warfare (BW) operations or incidents of
Bioterrorism (BT).
• On Humans - Loss of life, diseases, disability, injury, mental health issues etc.
• On Society - Social and civil disruption, domestic violence, security issues, increased
poverty & social exclusion, involuntary migration & displacement, extraordinary burden
on vulnerable population (women, children, senior citizen) etc.
• On Economy - Economic disruptions, unemployment, increased government spending
Impact on healthcare impacting fiscal space etc.
• Ecology - Environmental damage & degradation.
• On Animals - Zoonotic diseases and trans boundary animal diseases disrupting ecological
balance, loss of livelihood dependent on livestock sector, etc.
• International Impacts - Severe inequalities between low- and high-income countries.
• COVID-19 is the first pan India biological disaster being handled by the legal and
COVID Pandemic constitutional institutions of the country.
Management: • The lockdown was imposed under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act).
Legislative • State governments, in addition to DM Act, have used the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
measures and the various state specific Public Health Acts & ordinances (eg: Tamil Nadu Public
Health Act, 1939, Kerala Epidemic Diseases Ordinance, 2020) to deal with the crisis.
11. URBAN FIRES

• 60% of Fire related fatalities occur in Residential buildings (NCRB)
Incidences • Highest number of accidental fires: Maharashtra
• Rapid & Unplanned Urbanization: Rising population pressures, proliferation of slums &
high rise buildings, constrained capacity of municipal bodies etc.
Causes of Rising • Pressure of commercialisation: Compelling authorities to permit conversion of
Urban Fires residential spaces into commercial ones without adequate safety measures.
• Shortcomings in the fire services: Inadequate Fire stations ➔ nearly 65% shortage
• Outdated laws & compromised enforcement machinery
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• Faulty building designs - Combustible building material, congested passage ways,

absence of in-built fire-fighting equipment etc.
• Poor public awareness – Inadequate regular mock exercises and evacuation drills.
• Economic Cost - Fire outbreak is the 4th biggest risk to business continuity and operations
(India Risk Survey (IRS) 2021)
Impact • Social Cost
- Loss of Human lives - 35 people killed every day in Fire-related accidents (NCRB)
- Impact on vulnerables - Of all fire related deaths, >60% were women (NCRB)
Initiatives • NDMA Guidelines; National Building Code 2016; Model Building Bye-Laws, 2016
==========================================================================================
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S 3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEYWORDS

Sr.# KEYWORDS FOR USE IN BODY OF THE ANSWER
1 Disaster as a calendar event in India
• Creeping Disasters, Slow-onset disasters (drought, coastal erosion, heatwave), Silent Killers
2 • Silent Vs. Violent Disasters
3 Disaster ‘Hotspots’ ➔ Confluence of Climate change, Natural disasters, and Human density
Recurrence of Disaster led Loss implies
• Reversal of hard-won developmental gains
4 • Collective failure (of Humanity, Nations, Government, communities, etc)
5 Build Back Better
6 ‘Local Resilience’ through ‘Local participation’
KEYWORDS FOR USE IN WAY FORWARD/CONCLUSIONS

7 From ‘response and relief’ to ‘prevention and mitigation’ centric approach
8 From ‘Fractional ownership’ to ‘Responsibility Matrix’
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9 From ‘Culture of Indifference’ to ‘Culture of Safety and Prevention’ (CUSP)
10 From ‘Disaster Management’ to ‘Disaster Risk Management’
• Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)
• Combination of Top-down, institutional changes and strategies, with Bottom-up, local and community-
11 based approaches
==========================================================================================
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4 CASE STUDIES & BEST PRACTICES

NATIONAL & LOCAL
4.1 NATIONAL LEVEL
• Operation Madad, Indian Navy: Major rescue and relief operation in flood-hit Kerala.
- It showcased the use of technology, including drones and satellite imagery, to identify affected
areas and rescue stranded individuals.
• Operation Varsha, Indian Army – A flood relief effort to undertake evacuation, rescue and medical
response in various states affected by flooding.
• Early Warning Apps by IMD
- Mobile apps related to weather forecasting: Umang, Rain Alarm and Damini.
- ‘Damini’ app: It triggers warning about lightning strikes three hours in advance.
4.2 LOCAL LEVEL
(1) DISASTER AWARENESS GENERATION & TRAINING
• Folk troupes, Uttar Pradesh: Nukkad Nataks, puppet shows, magic shows used for spreading awareness
among largely non literate population in rural and semi-urban areas.
- Songs and skits compiled into manuals for wider dissemination in the state. Local languages like
Bhojpuri, Awadhi etc used.
• Agriculture fair, Satara district, Maharashtra: - In order to create awareness amongst the masses, a
demonstration unit depicting earthquake resistant features and a stall is set up in the Agriculture fair.
• Disaster Management training programme, Jajpur district, Odisha – Under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan, 7-
days UDAY II training programme for class 6-7 teachers was conducted for upgraded education pattern
and methodology. The Disaster Management training module was integrated in this program.
(2) COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Community based disaster preparedness:
• Community participation, Lahotighat block,
Components
Morigaon district, Assam –
• Disaster Management Committee
- Heavily flooded each year due to
• Mapping exercise - via Participatory rural
Brahmaputra river.
appraisal exercise - focus on pictorial
- Focus Group discussions held in evening
representation for semi-literate population, use of
hours after labour work is over.
local materials like stone, sand to draw and no need
- Proposal to build a raised platform with flat
to focus on scale
bank cum community fishery, site for
- Maps: Resource map, Risk and vulnerability
which fund was donated by village
map, Safe and alternate route map
members - profits shared among
• Disaster Management team - for Early warning,
landowners leaving aside 10% for
evacuation, search and rescue, shelter
community development work.
management etc.
- For immediate rescue operations during
• Mock drill
floods, own machine boats, life jackets,
• Identification of hazard specific mitigation activities
nylon ropes etc were bought.
• Community contingency fund
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(3) DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Floods
- Mumbai: Integrated Flood Warning System called ‘IFLOWS-Mumbai’ (Managing Urban Floods).
- Flood Hazard Atlas, Odisha - for better planning in development activities and tackle flash floods.
• Drought
- Madhya Pradesh’s ‘Bhagirath Krishak Abhiyan’ in the Dewas district through the efforts of a local
IAS officer and is focused on the restoration of farm ponds to boost irrigation potential.
- Andhra Pradesh’s online water dashboard - Data for groundwater management
- Transformational state water policies: Rajasthan’s Mukhya Mantri Jal Swavlambhan Abhiyan;
Maharashtra - Jalyukt Shivar; Gujrat - Sujalam Sufalam Abhiyan
• Earthquake
- Kashmir - Traditional Dhajji-Dewari system of building houses.
- Himanchal Pradesh - Implementation of building codes, retrofitting of vulnerable structures, and
public awareness campaigns ➔ structural resilience of buildings + increased public understanding.
- Government of Delhi in collaboration with Geo-Hazards International took up innovative project
of retrofitting five lifeline building on a pilot project basis - structural + non-structural mitigation.
• Forest Fire Management: Uttarakhand: Early detection via satellite imagery, prompt response teams &
community participation.
INTERNATIONAL
• Philippines, Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR):
- Purok System: It is promoted as a voluntary self-organization at the sub-village level which
strengthens community resilience to natural hazards.
- Includes: information dissemination and evacuation measurements between all levels of political
administration that stem from the system’s remarkable enforcement of human and social capital.
• Thailand, Disaster Risk Reduction in Schools: Students learn about hazards, preparedness, and
response strategies. This initiative has empowered students to become agents of change and
disseminate disaster risk reduction knowledge within their communities.
• New Zealand: Christchurch Earthquake Recovery
- Christchurch implemented a comprehensive recovery plan focusing on building resilient
infrastructure, community engagement, and urban redevelopment.
- Earthquake Education Program: Integrated earthquake preparedness education into its school
curriculum to raise awareness and empower students to respond effectively.
• Japan:
- Tsunami & Floods: It includes constructing tsunami-resistant buildings, improving coastal defenses,
and implementing strict building codes to ensure structural resilience.
✓ Coastal forest as effective barrier; GPS buoy system for monitoring waves and tidal levels.
- Urgent earthquake detection and alarm system to shut off electricity supply. Quake proof
technology - jacket method in bridges, seismic isolation at homes.
• Netherlands, Flood Risk Management: An integrated approach, combining engineering solutions (such
as dams and dikes) with natural measures (such as wetland restoration and coastal protection).
• World Food Programme, Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC): It deploys mobile
communication equipment, satellite connections, and other ICT solutions to enable effective
communication among responders, affected communities, and humanitarian organizations.
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16
5 SPEECHES OF PM, VP & PRESIDENT

5.1 FROM THE SPEECHES OF HON’BLE PRIME MINISTER
• On Building resilience by combining Local + Modern
- When we link the Future Technology with Local Resilience, only then we will be able to get better
in the direction of disaster resilience.
- Modern technology with local insights can be great for resilience. If documented well, local
knowledge may become a global best practice!
- Tradition and technology are our strength, and with this strength, we can prepare the best model
related to disaster resilience not only for India but for the entire world.
• Recognition and reform are very important to strengthen disaster management. Recognition means to
understand that where is the possibility of disaster and how it can happen in future? Reform means that
we should develop such a system that reduces the possibility of a disaster.
• On Disaster Resilient Infrastructure: Infrastructure is not only about returns but also about reach and
resilience. Infrastructure must leave none behind and serve the people even during times of crisis.
• Opportunity to learn from a disaster must not be wasted.
• We must encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster risk management.
5.2 SOME QUOTES FROM FAMOUS PERSONALITIES (FOR ESSAY)

• When disaster strikes, it tears the curtain away from the festering problems that we have beneath them. -
Barak Obama
• Sometimes it takes a natural disaster to reveal a social disaster. - Jim Wallis
• Disaster mitigation… increases the self-reliance of people who are at risk – in other words, it is empowering. -
Ian Davis
• Preparation through education is less costly than learning through tragedy. - Max Mayfield
• Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will. - MK Gandhiji
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6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEY TERMS

6.1 DISASTER
• It is a sudden & serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope with using its own resources.
DISASTER = HAZARD + VULNERABILITY

CAPACITY TO COPE
6.2 DISASTER RISK

• “The PROBABILITY of harmful consequences or expected losses
(losses of life, livelihoods, and assets – economic, physical, social,
cultural and environmental) resulting from a given HAZARD to a
system, society or a community, over a specified time period”.
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6.3 HOW HAZARD PROCEEDS INTO DISASTER
6.3 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

• Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic
efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters.
• DRR includes: Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise
management of land & environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events.
• DRR includes disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness and
sustainable development.
19
6.4 EVOLUTION OF UNDERSTANDING OF DISASTER
6.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
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6.6 PARADIGM SHIFT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT APPROACH POST SENDAI FRAMEWORK
FROM ‘DISASTER MANAGEMENT’ TO ‘DISASTER RISK REDUCTION’

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT - It involves systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations,
and operational skills and capacities to implement DRR strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in
order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.
- Response Centric - Mitigation Centric - Hazard Centric

- Relief Centric - Preparedness - Vulnerability Centric
Centric - Environment Centric
- Disaster Centric
21
7 SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR)

7.1 SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: (SFDRR)
Background United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
• In 2016, India became one of the first (UNISDR)
countries to align its National Disaster • UNISDR was established in 1999 as a dedicated secretariat
Management Plan (NDMP) with the to facilitate the implementation of the International
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
Reduction (SFDRR) • It is an organisational unit of the UN Secretariat
• Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Sendai Framework • Mandate: to serve as the focal point in the UN system for
• SFDRR 2015-2030 was adopted at the 3rd the coordination of disaster reduction
UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, in • UNISDR supports the implementation, follow-up and
2015 review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
• It is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Reduction 2015-2030
Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: • UNISDR is led by the UN Special Representative of the
Building the Resilience of Nations and Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction (SRSG).
Communities to Disasters.
• It is a 15-year voluntary, non-binding The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
agreement • The strategy reflects a major shift from the traditional
• It recognizes that the State has the primary emphasis on disaster response to disaster reduction, and
role to reduce disaster risk but that in effect seeks to promote a "culture of prevention"
responsibility should be shared with other • It builds upon the experience of the International Decade
stakeholders including local government, for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-1999), which was
the private sector and other stakeholders. launched by the General Assembly in 1989
• Aim -The substantial reduction of disaster World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and • It is a series of UN conferences focusing on disaster and
health and in the economic, Physical, climate risk management in the context of sustainable
social, cultural and environmental assets of development
persons, businesses, communities and • 3 conference so far, each hosted by Japan
countries. • 1st Conference: Yokohoma (1994) ➔ outcome -
• The Seven Global Targets: Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World
1. Substantially reduce global disaster • 2nd Conference – Kobe (2005) ➔ outcome - Hyogo
mortality by 2030. Framework for Action (2005–2015)
2. Substantially reduce the number of • 3rd Conference – Sendai (2015) ➔ outcome - Sendai
affected people globally by 2030. Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss
in relation to global GDP by 2030. The Four Priorities for Action
4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to 1. Understanding disaster risk in all its dimensions
critical infrastructure and disruption of (vulnerability, capacity, knowledge, etc.)
basic services, among them health and 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage
educational facilities, including through disaster risk at national, regional and global level.
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
developing their resilience by 2030.
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
5. Substantially increase the number of
response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery,
countries with national and local disaster rehabilitation & reconstruction.
risk reduction strategies by 2020.
22
6. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and
disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.
7. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and
sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by
2030.
7.2 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN: INDIA’S RESPONSE TO SENDAI FRAMEWORK

• India’s first ever National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was unveiled in 2016.
• The NDMP has been aligned broadly with the goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Vision - To “Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction, and significantly
decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets – economic, physical, social, cultural and
environmental – by maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as
among communities.
• Salient features: It incorporates 4 priorities of Sendai Framework under 5 Thematic Areas for Actions:
1. Understanding Risk
2. Inter-Agency Coordination
3. Investing in DRR – Structural Measures
4. Investing in DRR – Non-Structural Measures
5. Capacity Development
- Plan covers all phases of disaster management: prevention, mitigation, response and recovery.
- Mitigation - is incorporated by strengthening Disaster Risk governance featuring areas such as
Mainstreaming Risk reduction, capacity development, building scientific and technological
capabilities, participatory approach, awareness generation among etc.
- Preparedness
✓ Horizontal and vertical coordination among all agencies and departments of the government
✓ A separate Responsibility Matrix (right up to Panchayat and Urban local body level) to clearly
delineate who is responsible for what, at different stages of disaster management phases eg.
Hazard specific nodal agencies, agency for media relations, department for early warning
✓ The plan has a regional approach, which will be beneficial not only for disaster management
but also for development planning.
- Response has been categorised into 18 different areas: Early warning, Evacuation of people and
livestock, Basic provisioning etc. to enhance the Response efforts.
- Rehabilitation - has been evolved into using disasters as opportunities for better construction ➔
Building Back Better. Ethical media coverage of disasters to provide a healing touch via use of
media.
- The NDMP is a dynamic document in the sense that it will be periodically improved keeping up with
the emerging global best practices and knowledge bases in disaster management.
INDIA’S EFFORTS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (DM)

Legislative measures:
• National Disaster Management Act 2005: It lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination
mechanisms at the National, State, District and Local levels.
• Epidemic Disease Act, 1897: Authorises central and state government to take exceptional measures to
contain the spread of epidemic.
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Institutional setup
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Established in 2005 as an Apex body to develop policies,
plans, and guidelines, with SDMA (at State level) and DDMA (at District level).
• National Executive Committee (NEC): It is the executive committee of the NDMA.
- NEC prepares National Disaster Management Plan based on National Policy on Disaster
Management, 2009.
• National Disaster Response Force: Specialized force for DM.
• National Institute of Disaster management: Entrusted with various responsibilities, namely, to develop
training modules, undertake research and documentation in disaster management.
• National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC): Comprises high level officials of the GoI headed by the
Cabinet Secretary, and deals with major crises which have serious or National ramifications.
• Armed Forces: The Armed Forces are called upon to assist the civil administration only when the situation
is beyond their coping capability.
Financial setup: National Disaster Response Fund: Provides financial assistance for disaster preparedness,
restoration, reconstruction and mitigation in the event of a natural disaster.
Technological Measures:
• DM Support Programme of ISRO: The Geostationary satellites (Communication and Meteorological), Low
Earth Orbiting Earth Observation satellites, aerial survey systems together with ground infrastructure form
the core element of the observation Systems for disaster management.
• National Disaster Management Services (NDMS): By NDMA, for setting up of Very Small Aperture Terminal
(VSAT) Network connecting MHA, NDMA, NDRF, 36 State/ UT HQrs and 81 vulnerable districts, to provide
the failsafe communication infrastructure and technical support.
• INCOIS: Indian National centre for Ocean Information Services (Ministry of Earth Sciences).
• Indian Monsoon Mission: For accurate prediction of monsoon using state of the art technologies by IMD.
• Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the Indian
Ocean of approaching tsunamis
• Geographical Information system: GIS Server and creation of database. For eg. by Odisha government
during evacuation operations.
• GEMINI device: will help in seamless dissemination of emergency information and communication on
disaster warnings, Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ), and the Ocean States Forecasts (OSF) to fishermen.
• Other technologies: Ariel drones, Mobile phones, Social Media (Twitter, Facebook), Crowd sourcing &
Crowd funding (eg. Kerala floods), ICT & Big data etc.
GLOBAL LEVEL INITIATIVES

⚫ Sendai Framework: A voluntary, non-binding agreement for disaster risk reduction,
⚫ Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction: Global forum to discuss the progress of Sendai framework.
⚫ Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery: Global partnership that aims at reducing the
vulnerability of natural hazards.
⚫ UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction: Serve as focal point in UN to ensure coordination and synergies
among disaster risk reduction activities of the UN and regional organizations.
⚫ Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS): Initiative under WMO; provides financial support for
Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States for establishing early warning system.
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ACRONYM AS WAY FORWARD ‘RESILIENT’
WAY FORWARD: BUILD A RESILIENT INDIA (BASED ON PM 10 POINT AGENDA FOR DRR)
• R – Risk Coverage for all people and financial assets. Adequate financing of Disaster risk reduction (structure
& non structural measures).
• E - Enhance local capacity, resilience, and initiatives - Act as first responders, encourage traditional best
practices, community-based DRM.
• S – Social-media & mobiles – Awareness generation, Early Warning System (EWS), multi-wave communication,
Ethical media coverage etc.
• I - Imbibe principles of Disaster Risk Reduction in all development policies & sectors - infrastructure & trade,
environment, social welfare etc. & use disasters as opportunities for better construction ➔’Build Back Better’
• L - Leadership and greater participation of women - gender sensitive & inclusive DRM.
• I - International collaboration to build collective strength – CDRI, SAARC Satellite, NAVIC, Operation Samudra
Maitri.
• E - Expand risk & vulnerability mapping to taluka & regional level along with Actions plans & responsibility
matrix at each level. Periodic Updating of plans & documentation of best practices.
• N – Network of universities to promote multi-disciplinary, multi-targeted research on disaster-related aspects
- Himalayan universities consortium.
• T - Technology leverage - space tech - GIS mapping, forecasting tools, medical tech, food & agro tech, etc.
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8 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
8.1 DISASTER - DEVELOPMENT NEXUS
8.2 DISASTER - POVERTY NEXUS
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8.3 ROLE OF MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Educational: Educate public about possible disaster threats, ways to prevent them and how to be better
prepared.
2. Critical: Critically evaluate the disaster management plans to highlight the gaps for correction.
3. Suggestive: To help generate, through debates/discussion, expert opinions on long term policies for
disaster management and relief measures.
Role of Media in Disaster Management

A. Before a disaster
- Analysis of sources of risk: help bring to the attention of the authorities the potential source of
disaster for proactive preventive measure.
- Controlling law and order situation: keep a watch and highlight suspected anti-social elements.
They can also assist the law and order machinery in restoring peace and harmony.
B. During a disaster
- Broadcasting accurate information from the site of disaster, to prevent rumours and panic. Media
must be objective and sensitive.
- Advise the people about do's and don’ts to contain the effect of disaster.
- Help the authorities and aid groups by highlighting the needs of the survivors.
- Help public contact their affected families and friends.
- Facilitate resource mobilization (E.g. raise funds and materials) through appeals for relief
operation. It can inform public about several modes of contribution.
C. After a disaster
- Inform public on post disaster rehabilitation efforts being made by authorities which will help
maintain a public pressure on authorities to act sincerely.
- Help investigate the causes of disaster for concerned authorities to help prevent it in future.
- Help generate expert opinions through debates/discussions for better prevention of such a
disaster in future.
- Avoid Intrusion through photography into moments of personal grief.
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9 CROWD MANAGEMENT (From INA Current Affairs Notes)

9.1 NEWS IN FOCUS
• The recent tragedies in Morbi (Gujarat) and Seoul (S. Korea) have once again put crowds and their
management under the spotlight.
• Morbi (Gujarat): Case of poor structural integrity of bridge and failure in managing access to bridge.
• Seoul (S. Korea): Case of “Crowd Crush” ie. when too many people are packed into a confined area and
keep pushing, causing the crowd to fall in a “domino effect”.
9.2 BACKGROUNDER
CROWD MANAGEMENT
• It refers to the process of effectively controlling and guiding crowds of people to ensure their safety,
maintain order, and optimize their movement in various settings.
• Involves: Planning, organizing, and implementing strategies to handle large gatherings, events, or public
spaces where crowd control is necessary.
• Requires collaboration between different actors, e.g.: Event planners and managers, emergency
services, local authorities, transport authorities, and the crowd itself.
9.3 NEWS ANALYSIS

CAUSES AND TRIGGERS FOR CROWD DISASTER: As per NDMA IMPACTS OF CROWD DISASTER
• Structural causes: For eg. Improper/unauthorised structures, • Loss of life and injuries
Narrow streets, Absence of emergency exits, collapse of • Damage to infrastructure and loss of
makeshift bridges or temporary structures etc. property.
• Fire/Electricity: Fire at illegal and unauthorised structure. • Psychological Trauma like post-
- Non-availability of fire extinguishers in working condition. traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
- Building and fire code violations. anxiety, depression, etc.
- Electricity supply failure creating panic and sudden exodus.
• Erodes public confidence and trust.
• Inefficient Crowd Control:
• Socio-economic disruptions:
- More than anticipated crowd at store, mall, political
rallies, religious gatherings, public celebrations etc. Temporary/permanent closures of
- Underestimation of audience, staffing, services. businesses, public facilities, or
- Closed/locked exit, Sudden opening of entry door, transportation networks.
Reliance on one major exit route etc.
• Crowd Behaviour: Unruly and irresponsible crowd behaviour like - Crowds forcing to enter/exit a venue
after the start/closing time etc.
• Security related causes: Under deployment of security staff and deployment of untrained staff, lack of
adequate training and briefing of security personnel on crowd control etc.
• Lack of Coordination between Stakeholders: Coordination gap between agencies (e.g., Police and
District Magistrate; PWD, Fire Service, Forest officials, Revenue officials, medical officers etc).
CROWD MANAGEMENT: WAY FORWARD (NDMA GUIDELINES)
(1) Before the event (Planning phase):

• Crowd profiling: Understanding Visitors and Stakeholders which is largely determined by the type of
event (religious or political gathering, youth festival, sports event etc.)
28
• Planning:
- Data-driven Decision Making: Analyse historical data, crowd behaviour patterns, and feedback
from previous events to refine approaches and improve future planning.
- Unified Control System: A Coordinated Action Plan to direct all activities and centralised control
room that will exercise a single control.
- Information System for Visitors: Event route maps with entry/exit points, locker rooms etc., Police,
Fire, Ambulance numbers etc.
• Risk Analysis & Assessment: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA): It involves rating every possible
hazard on the dimensions of a) Severity, b) Frequency of Occurrence, and c) Difficulty of detection.
• Logistical planning: Transportation and Traffic Management: To use public transport as much as
possible and minimize the impact of undesirable crowd and traffic.
• Use of ICT in crowd management for vulnerability & risk analysis, information dissemination, prevention
of spreading of rumours, search & rescue. Eg. GIS, remote sensing, CCTV, Mini UAVs, SMS, RFID tags etc.
• Enhance and upgrade skill levels of those involved in crowd management from grassroot level to top.
• Facilities and Emergency Medical Services: Develop mechanism for awareness creation, ensure
availability of trained first-aid staff, kits, adequate stretches, emergency lifesaving medicines etc.
(2) During the event (Execution Phase)

• Observation & monitoring: detection of any potential emergency situation at an early stage.
• Crowd size estimation: It eliminates the uncertainty in the number of attendees.
• Understanding crowd behaviour - as unlawful actions of a few people can result in larger numbers
following them. Identify and separate such miscreants at the earliest with tact and firmness.
• Communication: This includes both communication among crowd organizers and management team
and communication between the team and the crowd itself (loudspeakers at strategic places).
• Alternative routes to release crowd pressure and accessibility of emergency exits, at all times.
• Event/venue managers can involve NGOs and civil defence in traffic control, people flow control,
medical assistance, sanitation and mobilization of local resources in case of disaster.
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10 DRAFT POLICY FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES FROM COASTAL EROSION

10.1 NEWS IN FOCUS
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) received final inputs on the draft of India’s first
national policy for the mitigation and rehabilitation of the people affected by river and coastal erosion.
• The 15th Finance Commission had recommended allocation of Rs 1,500 crore for mitigation measures
to prevent erosion under NDMF (National Disaster Mitigation Fund) & Rs 1,000 crore for resettlement
of displaced people affected by erosion under NDRF (National Disaster Response Fund).
10.2 BACKGROUNDER
ABOUT COASTAL EROSION
• Coastal Erosion refers to the loss of land and long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the
coastline due the action of sea-waves, currents, tides and other impacts of storms.
• Causes of coastal erosion:
- Natural causes: Waves, winds, tides, near-shore currents, storms, sea level rise, etc.
✓ More than 75% of Indian coastline prone to cyclones and tsunamis.
- Anthropogenic causes: Dredging, sand & coral mining, land reclamation, Construction of
dam/harbour/jetties, destruction of mangroves (for eg. In Sundarbans), climate change etc.
NEED FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Communities Affected by Coastal
• Population dependency - 1/5 of India’s population & 3 of Erosion
metropolitan cities are settled along the coast.
• Fisherfolk, fish sellers (largely women),
• Livelihood & Income security – of around 200 million people labourers engaged in fisheries etc.
who live along the 7,500 km-long coastline. • Weaver communities, coastal
• Provision of crucial Ecological services such as raw materials agriculturists, families living along the
and food & fisheries, flood protection, renewable energy, coast etc.
water purification, carbon sequestration, tourism, recreation, • Salt-pan workers, people associated
and research. with coastal tourism, small
• Threat of Coastal Erosion: 40% of the total Indian coastline is vendors/traders etc.
under erosion. High coastal erosion in W. Bengal (60% of • Vulnerable and displaced women,
coastline), Puducherry (57%), Kerala (45%) etc. children, and the elderly people.
10.3 NEWS ANALYSIS
KEY FEATURES OF DRAFT POLICY
Features Details
Nodal Agency ⚫ District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) to carry out implementation of measures with support
of other district agencies & a dedicated committee at panchayat level.
⚫ It will also prepare mitigation and rehabilitation plans → to be submitted to SDMAs → evaluated by NDMA
for final approval.
Fund Allocation ⚫ State government to contribute 25% of expenses to NDRF and NDMF (10% for NE states).
⚫ Activities of NDRF & NDMF to be overseen by NDMA for the purposes of mitigation and rehabilitation.
Hazard Assessments ⚫ SDMAs to have access to
- hazard assessments conducted by central agencies such as the National Centre for Coast Research and
the Central Water Commission.
- high-resolution LiDAR data available with the National Remote Sensing Centre.
Database ⚫ Mapping coastal erosion & establishment of a comprehensive database that captures the challenges faced
by affected and vulnerable settlements.
Impact & Vulnerability ⚫ Conducting regular impact and vulnerability assessments of regions at risk of coastal and river erosion (by
Assessments the SDMAs, state departments and DDMA).
30
CHALLENGES OF THE POLICY

• The draft seeks to address only erosion-linked displacement, leaving out displacement caused
by deposition of eroded materials.
• Financial allocation under the policy is not clearly stated.
− At present, funds are allocated on a first-come, first-serve basis for the states.
CHALLENGES DUE TO COASTAL EROSION
• Economic Consequences: loss to sunrise sectors like tourism, fisheries, real estate (reduced property
values). For eg. Goa experienced annual loss of Rs. 3,000 crore due to erosion-induced beach retreat.
• Erosion induced displacement: Coastal erosion leads to loss of valuable land (curbing living spaces),
forces communities to relocate, disrupting lives and livelihoods. For eg, Sagar Island.
- Aggravated impact on Vulnerables: Women, infants, adolescents, elderly, disabled, etc.
• Threat to Food Security: Coastal erosion causes intrusion of saltwater into agricultural fields →
reducing crop productivity and threatening food security.
• Destruction of Basic Facilities: coastal communities lose access to proper health services, safe drinking
water, sanitation, and schooling facilities and face disrupted road communication and electricity.
• Environmental impact: Loss of important habitats and ecosystems such as coastal wetlands→
increased susceptibility to storm surges, floods (vicious cycle).
- Coastal pollution by depositing sediments and debris into the water → affecting water quality and
marine ecosystems. For eg. Erosion along the coast of Mumbai and pollutants in the Arabian Sea
• Climate Change Amplification: Contributes to carbon emissions by releasing stored carbon from eroded
coastal habitats, increased sea-level and increased storm intensity.
• Cultural and Heritage Loss: E.g., erosion in the Mahabalipuram region of Tamil Nadu has endangered
the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Shore Temple.
• Psychological impact: Loss or constant fear of loss, displacement trauma, emotional instability etc.
WAY FORWARD
• Strengthen Structural Measures:
- Hard Protection structures (Seawalls, Groynes, Dikes etc). For eg. Key Govt. Initiatives
Seawalls in Marine Drive, Mumbai & Puri Beach, Odisha • CRZ Notification, 2019.
- Soft Protection Structures (beach nourishment, vegetation • Delineation of the hazard line
protection). For eg. Nature based solutions like replenishing for entire Indian coast.
eroded beaches with sand, coastal green belts with mangroves. • National Strategy for coastal
• Non Structural Measures: protection & guidelines.
- Detailed Vulnerability & risk mapping, continuous monitoring • Flood Management scheme of
and early warning systems, robust emergency & evacuation plans. Ministry of Jal Shakti.
- Building awareness and disseminating location-specific • Coastal Management
prevention & impact reduction measures. Information System (CMIS).
- Prohibition against illegal sand mining & land reclamation, land • Blue Flag & BEAMS
use control & strict implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Certification for clean beaches
Management (ICZM) Plan & other provisions under CRZ & sustainable tourism.
notification.
- Alternative livelihood improvement programmes and insurance plans for coastal population.
• Community Engagement: For eg, "Adopt-a-Beach" program that encourages volunteers to participate
actively in cleaning and protecting coastlines, raising awareness about erosion issues.
• Embracing emerging technologies, such as drone mapping and AI-powered analytics, to enhance data
collection & integrating it with database of ‘Coastal Management Information System’ for better-
informed decisions in managing coastal erosion.
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11 COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (CDRI)

11.1 NEWS IN FOCUS
5
• The Union recently approved ratification of the Headquarters Agreement (HQA) between Government
of India (Gol) and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), signed in August, 2022.
- The agreement will accord CDRI the status of an independent and international legal entity.
• CDRI also recently organised the fifth International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in
New Delhi.
11.2 BACKGOUNDER
COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE ORIGINS OF CDRI
(CDRI) • Proposal: In 2016, Asian Ministerial Conference
• It is a partnership of national governments, UN on Disaster Risk Reduction held in New Delhi.
agencies and programmes, multilateral • Conceptualisation: International Workshop on
development banks and financing mechanisms, Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI) in 2018-
the private sector, and knowledge institutions. 19, organized by National Disaster Management
• Aim: To promote the resilience of new and existing Authority (NDMA).
infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks • Launched: Announced by the Prime Minister of
in support of sustainable development. India in 2019, at the United Nations Climate
• Current Members: 31 countries, 6 International Action Summit in New York, USA.
Organisations and 2 private sector organisations, • Secretariat: In 2019, the Indian Cabinet approved
the setting up of CDRI with its Secretariat in New
• Funding: A major part of the funding required to
Delhi along with a support of Rs. 480 crore to CDRI.
cover costs for the first 5 years has been provided
• Recognised as an international organisation in
by India. 2022.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SIGNING THE AGREEMENT
Disaster resilient infrastructure include vital
• Ensuring Rights: It will enable CDRI to pursue
buildings, public communal facilities, transit
functions globally with all rights, immunities and
systems, telecommunications, and power systems
privileges, as per the United Nations (Privileges &
that are strategically designed to withstand the
Immunities) Act, 1947.
impact of a natural disaster like a flood, earthquake,
• Recognition as global organisation: This will
or wildfire.
enable CDRI to work closely with member
countries to address the challenges posed by
WHY IS INFRASTRUCTURE A PRIORITY FOR
climate change and foster disaster resilient
ADAPTATION?
infrastructure globally.
• Infrastructure is responsible for 80% of GHG
• Help in Deploying funds globally and receive
emissions and 88% of all adaptation costs (UN).
contributions from member countries.
• Every US$1 invested in resilient infrastructure in
• Leverage Expertise: It will facilitate the experts of
low- and middle-income countries provides a
CDRI member countries to come to Delhi to do
return of US$ 4.
CDRI-related work.
• Deputing experts to other countries, that are particularly vulnerable to disaster risk.
11.3 NEWS ANALYSIS
SIGNIFICANCE OF CDRI
• Promoting Resilient Infrastructure by integrating disaster resilience into infrastructure planning, design,
and implementation processes ➔ proactive identification and mitigation of risk.
32
− Avoiding 3-10% of GDP loss due to losses to infrastructure from disaster and realising SDG 9.1
(developing sustainable and resilient infrastructure).
• Promotes collaboration by bringing together countries, international organizations, development
banks, private sector, and academic institutions to tackle the challenges of building disaster-resilient
infrastructure ➔ facilitates collaborative research, knowledge sharing, technological innovations etc.
- For eg. CDRI WORLD knowledge portal, a central repository for resources, tools, and best practices.
• Technical Expertise: Assistance to countries in developing resilient infrastructure that is customised to
their localised disaster/climate risks.
- For eg. CDRI Technical Resource Handbook provides practical guidance.
• Institutional & community capacity-building: For eg. CDRI’s Infrastructure Resilience Academic
eXchange (IRAX) aims to bridge skill gap for building disaster resilient infrastructure.
• Meet funding requirement of Vulnerable nations: For eg. Support to developing & small island nations
through $50 million Infrastructure Resilience Accelerator Fund (IRAF).
• In sync with global agreements: such as the Paris Agreement and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction.
CDRI & Belt & Road Initiative
• Global Advocacy by organising side events at the UN
Covergence
Climate Action Summit and actively engaging in
discussions at Conference of Parties (COP) to UNFCCC. • Shared Goals: of promoting resilient &
• Economic and Social Benefits: Resilient infrastructure sustainable infrastructure.
enhances societal well-being, protects livelihoods, and • Promotes global collaboration: Where
ensures the continuity of essential services, minimise CDRI promotes multi-stakeholder
disruptions to critical infrastructure and services. cooperation, BRI fosters cooperation &
• Geo-political significance for India: connectivity among participating countries.
- Together with International Solar Alliance (ISA) & Divergence
India’s G-20 Presidency, CDRI will strengthen • Financing model: CDRI focuses on capacity
India’s global leadership role in climate change & building and training initiatives for
development matters. sustainable development unlike BRI’s
- CDRI is also seen as India’s alternative to China’s alleged model of pushing countries into
Belt and Road Initiative and to project its soft power debt trap.
beyond Indian Ocean region.
==========================================================================================
33
12 INTERLINKING OF RIVERS: CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD

12.1 NEWS IN FOCUS
5
• According to the Ministry of Jal Shakti, the implementation of the inter-linking of rivers projects under
the National Perspective Plan will give benefits of 35 million hectares of irrigation from surface and
groundwaters.
12.2 BACKGOUNDER
INTERLINKING OF RIVERS (ILR) PROGRAMME
• The Interlinking of Rivers programme (ILR) is a major initiative to transfer water from water-surplus
regions to more drought-prone & rain fed areas through inter-basin transfers, to ensure greater equity
in the distribution of water.
• Nodal Ministry – Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• ILRs are identified by National Water Development Agency (NWDA), under the National Perspective
Plan (NPP).
• Components under NPP – It includes two components, which comprises 30 links ➔ 14 links under
Himalayan Rivers Component and 16 links under Peninsular Rivers Component.
- These links aim to connect more than 60 rivers across India through a network of storage dams to
form a gigantic South Asian Water Grid.
• As of now, 6 ILR projects under examination—Ken-Betwa; Damanganga- Pinjal; Par-Tapi-Narmada;
Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga; Mahanadi-Godavari; & Godavari-Cauvery.
12.3 NEWS ANALYSIS

BENEFITS OF INTERLINKING OF RIVERS:
• Balancing & Redistributing water flow: by connecting rainwater surplus areas with deficit areas.
- Flood control particularly in parts of Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, affecting Assam, Bihar,
West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
- Drought control particularly in western and peninsular states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Improved irrigation facilities: The project aims to provide additional irrigation to 35 million hectares (m
ha) in the water-scarce western and peninsular region, thereby increasing agriculture productivity,
leading to enhanced food security and doubling of farmers’ income.
• Sustainable development: India's water situation is already critical, and it needs greater reliance on
surface water and minimize groundwater usage for sustainable development.
- ILR projects will increase India’s utilizable surface water by 25% and will prevent flow of fresh river
water into sea. It will also lead to ground water recharging.
• Hydropower potential: ILR project would add 34,000 MW of hydropower to the national pool. It has
the potential to address the electricity woes of the industrial, agricultural, and rural households.
• Commercial benefits: ILR project will enable creation of infrastructure for logistics and movement of
freight through environmental friendly inland waterways.
• Other benefits: Reduce burden on women to fetch water from long distances, create employment in
rural areas, reduce migration from villages, & multiply benefits through backward and forward linkages.
CHALLENGES TO INTERLINKING OF RIVERS:
• Environmental ProblemsL Massive inter- basin transfer of water may result in environmental
degradation, climatic changes, evaporation losses, water logging & salinity, and land submergence.
- For e.g. Ken Betwa link may imperil areas of Panna National park, an important tiger reserve.
34
• Loss of Livelihood & ‘Developmental Displacement’: Concerns around loss of land & property, forests,
fisheries etc. on which most of the poor and tribal people sustain their livelihood.
- Massive displacement of people losing their culture & identity.
• Cost implications: Prohibitively high cost involved in the project which may deprive fund allocation to
important projects in other sectors for socio-economic development.
• Lack of Transparency and Information: Conclusive feasibility studies of the project have not been
conducted in detail, nor have its economic, social and ecological implications been assessed.
• Unexplored alternatives: Options such as watershed development, rainwater harvesting, ground water
recharge, optimising existing infrastructure and cropping methods have not been explored fully. If
properly implemented, they can equally solve India’s water woes.
• Impact of Climate change: Changing rainfall pattern with changing climate makes the implementation
and achievement of intended benefits of ILR projects uncertain.
• Inter-state disputes: Water is a state subject in India. Interstate river water disputes are difficult to
resolve as states that have surplus water are not ready to share it with others.
• International aspects: Challenges in cooperation & coordination with neighbouring countries like
Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh.
WAY FORWARD
• Scientific and technical assessment: Before implementing the proposal on a large scale. a sound
scientific and technical assessment needs to be undertaken to make it techno-economically feasible.
- Comprehensive studies, including hydrological assessments, environmental impact assessments,
and socio-economic evaluations.
• Sound Rehabilitation & relief package: Must be devised to resolve ‘developmental displacement’ issue.
• Better water resource management: Encourage whatever small initiatives that the states can undertake
towards solving their water-related woes, including resolution of interstate water disputes.
• Stakeholder involvement and consultation: Including local communities, farmers, environmentalists,
and state governments.
• Environmental sustainability: It is essential to assess the ecological impact of interlinking rivers and
ensure that sensitive ecosystems, biodiversity, and wildlife habitats are protected.
• Prioritization and phased implementation: Based on their feasibility, potential benefits, and minimal
environmental and social impacts.
• Public awareness and education: The project's objectives, benefits, and potential impacts needs to be
propagated for awareness and education of the people in the region and nation at large.
==========================================================================================
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QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME (QEP): TARGET 2023/24

Under the Guidance of M K YADAV

THEME – DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Part 1)

1 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (2013-2022)

REPEATED THEMES FROM PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

• THEME 1: TYPES OF DISASTERS

• COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (CDRI)

2 DISASTERS AT A GLANCE: FACTSHEET, TYPES, CAUSES, & IMPACTS

1. DISASTER VULNERABILITY: INDIA

4. CYCLONES (Detailed Coverage under Physical Geography Theme)

• Sunderbans: cyclone capital of India

5. EARTHQUAKES (Detailed Coverage under Physical Geography Theme)

10. BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

11. URBAN FIRES

• Faulty building designs - Combustible building material, congested passage ways,

S 3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEYWORDS

2 • Silent Vs. Violent Disasters

Recurrence of Disaster led Loss implies

• Reversal of hard-won developmental gains

4 • Collective failure (of Humanity, Nations, Government, communities, etc)

5 Build Back Better

6 ‘Local Resilience’ through ‘Local participation’

KEYWORDS FOR USE IN WAY FORWARD/CONCLUSIONS

8 From ‘Fractional ownership’ to ‘Responsibility Matrix’

9 From ‘Culture of Indifference’ to ‘Culture of Safety and Prevention’ (CUSP)

10 From ‘Disaster Management’ to ‘Disaster Risk Management’

• Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)

4 CASE STUDIES & BEST PRACTICES

(2) COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

(3) DISASTER MANAGEMENT

5 SPEECHES OF PM, VP & PRESIDENT

5.2 SOME QUOTES FROM FAMOUS PERSONALITIES (FOR ESSAY)

6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEY TERMS

DISASTER = HAZARD + VULNERABILITY

6.2 DISASTER RISK

6.3 HOW HAZARD PROCEEDS INTO DISASTER

6.3 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

6.4 EVOLUTION OF UNDERSTANDING OF DISASTER

6.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

6.6 PARADIGM SHIFT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT APPROACH POST SENDAI FRAMEWORK

FROM ‘DISASTER MANAGEMENT’ TO ‘DISASTER RISK REDUCTION’

- Response Centric - Mitigation Centric - Hazard Centric

7 SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR)

7.2 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN: INDIA’S RESPONSE TO SENDAI FRAMEWORK

INDIA’S EFFORTS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (DM)

GLOBAL LEVEL INITIATIVES

ACRONYM AS WAY FORWARD ‘RESILIENT’

8.1 DISASTER - DEVELOPMENT NEXUS

8.2 DISASTER - POVERTY NEXUS

8.3 ROLE OF MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Role of Media in Disaster Management

9 CROWD MANAGEMENT (From INA Current Affairs Notes)

9.3 NEWS ANALYSIS

CROWD MANAGEMENT: WAY FORWARD (NDMA GUIDELINES)

(1) Before the event (Planning phase):

(2) During the event (Execution Phase)

10 DRAFT POLICY FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES FROM COASTAL EROSION

CHALLENGES OF THE POLICY

11 COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (CDRI)