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vi Preface

• Stellar fusion and the Josephson junction as examples of barrier pene-

tration
• The Franck–Hertz experiment with neon and argon
• The atomic structure and expected properties of elements up to atomic
number 118
The 4th edition continues to emphasize and facilitate good teaching
practices as revealed in recent physics education research (PER). One of
the major themes that have emerged from PER is that students can often
learn successful algorithms for solving problems while lacking a fundamental
understanding of the underlying concepts. Many approaches to addressing
this deficiency are based on preclass conceptual exercises and in-class
individual or group activities that help students to reason through diverse
problems that cannot be resolved by plugging numbers into an equation.
It is absolutely essential to devote class time to these conceptual exercises
and to follow through with exam questions that require similar analysis and
articulation of the conceptual reasoning.
To illustrate successful techniques for attacking conceptual problems, in
this edition, solved conceptual exercises have been added to the text, an aver-
age of about 2 per chapter, so that the chapters now include not only many
solved numerical problems but also solved conceptual challenges. More details
regarding the application of PER to the teaching of modern physics, including
references to articles from the PER literature, are included in the Instructor’s
Manual for this text. The Instructor’s Manual also includes more examples
of conceptual questions for in-class discussion or exams that have been devel-
oped and class tested through the support of a Course, Curriculum and Lab-
oratory Improvement grant from the National Science Foundation.
More than 75 new end-of-chapter problems have been added to this edition.
Some of these are confidence-building exercises, but many use actual situations
from physics research and present real or simulated data to analyze. Among
the topics covered by these new problems are as follows:
• Solar sails
• Inverse Compton scattering
• Franck–Hertz experiment with argon
• Humphreys series in hydrogen atoms
• Rydberg atoms
• X-ray fine structure
• X-ray energy-level diagrams
• Sigma and pi bonds in molecules
• Rotation–vibration structure in CO
• The Wieman–Cornell BEC experiment
• Alpha decay of “stable” Bi-209
• Double beta decay
• Decay of fully ionized Fe-52
• Production of superheavy elements
• Collisions in the LHC
• Hawking radiation
I am grateful to users of the 3rd edition who have offered helpful sugges-
tions and guidance for the preparation of the 4th edition:
• Thomas Greenlee: Bethel University, Saint Paul Campus
• Dawn Hollenbeck: Rochester Institute of Technology
 Preface vii

• Denis Leahy: University of Calgary

• Jiali Li: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
• Andreas Piepke: University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
• Jean Quashnock: Carthage College
I am also grateful to the many anonymous comments from students who used
the manuscript at the test sites. I am indebted to all the reviewers and users for
their contributions to the project.
Funding for the development and testing of the supplemental exercises in
the Instructor’s Manual was provided through a grant from the National Sci-
ence Foundation. I am pleased to acknowledge their support. Two former
graduate students at Oregon State University helped to test and implement
the curricular reforms: K. C. Walsh and Pornrat Wattasinawich. I appreciate
their assistance in this project.
In my research and other professional activities, I occasionally meet physi-
cists who used earlier editions of this text when they were students. Some
report that their first exposure to modern physics kindled the spark that led
them to careers in physics. For many students, this course offers their first
insights into what physicists really do and what is exciting, perplexing, and
challenging about our profession. I hope students who use this new edition
will continue to find those inspirations.

Corvallis, Oregon Kenneth S. Krane

January 2019 kranek@physics.oregonstate.edu
 CONTENTS

Preface v

1. Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics 1

1.1 Review of Classical Physics 3
1.2 Deficiencies in Classical Concepts of Space and Time 11
1.3 Deficiencies in the Classical Theory of Particle Statistics 13
1.4 Theory, Experiment, Law 21
Questions 22
Problems 23

2. The Special Theory of Relativity 25

2.1 Classical Relativity 26
2.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 29
2.3 Einstein’s Postulates 31
2.4 Consequences of Einstein’s Postulates 32
2.5 The Lorentz Transformation 41
2.6 The Twin Paradox 46
2.7 Relativistic Dynamics 48
2.8 Conservation Laws in Relativistic Decays and Collisions 54
2.9 Experimental Tests of Special Relativity 58
Questions 65
Problems 66

3. The Particle-Like Properties of Electromagnetic

Radiation 71
3.1 Review of Electromagnetic Waves 72
3.2 The Photoelectric Effect 77
3.3 Thermal Radiation 83
3.4 The Compton Effect 90
3.5 Other Photon Processes 93
3.6 Particles or Waves 96
Questions 99
Problems 100
x Contents

4. The Wavelike Properties of Particles 105

4.1 De Broglie’s Hypothesis 106
4.2 Experimental Evidence for De Broglie Waves 108
4.3 Uncertainty Relationships for Classical Waves 115
4.4 Heisenberg Uncertainty Relationships 118
4.5 Wave Packets 124
4.6 The Motion of a Wave Packet 128
4.7 Probability and Randomness 131
Questions 133
Problems 134

5. The Schrödinger Equation 139

5.1 Behavior of a Wave at a Boundary 140
5.2 Confining a Particle 144
5.3 The Schrödinger Equation 146
5.4 Applications of the Schrödinger Equation 150
5.5 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 162
5.6 Steps and Barriers 165
Questions 173
Problems 174

6. The Rutherford-Bohr Model of the Atom 177

6.1 Basic Properties of Atoms 178
6.2 Scattering Experiments and the Thomson Model 179
6.3 The Rutherford Nuclear Atom 182
6.4 Line Spectra 188
6.5 The Bohr Model 191
6.6 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 197
6.7 The Correspondence Principle 199
6.8 Deficiencies of the Bohr Model 201
Questions 203
Problems 203

7. The Hydrogen Atom in Wave Mechanics 207

7.1 A One-Dimensional Atom 208
7.2 Angular Momentum in the Hydrogen Atom 210
7.3 The Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 213
7.4 Radial Probability Densities 218
 Contents xi

7.5 Angular Probability Densities 220

7.6 Intrinsic Spin 222
7.7 Energy Levels and Spectroscopic Notation 227
7.8 The Zeeman Effect 228
7.9 Fine Structure 230
Questions 232
Problems 233

8. Many-Electron Atoms 237

8.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 238
8.2 Electronic States in Many-Electron Atoms 240
8.3 Outer Electrons: Screening and Optical Transitions 244
8.4 Properties of the Elements 248
8.5 Inner Electrons: Absorption Edges and X Rays 253
8.6 Addition of Angular Momenta 257
8.7 Lasers 261
Questions 265
Problems 266

9. Molecular Structure 269

9.1 The Hydrogen Molecule 270
9.2 Covalent Bonding in Molecules 274
9.3 Ionic Bonding 282
9.4 Molecular Vibrations 286
9.5 Molecular Rotations 290
9.6 Molecular Spectra 294
Questions 298
Problems 299

10. Statistical Physics 303

10.1 Statistical Analysis 304
10.2 Classical and Quantum Statistics 306
10.3 The Density of States 310
10.4 The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution 315
10.5 Quantum Statistics 321
10.6 Applications of Bose–Einstein Statistics 324
10.7 Applications of Fermi–Dirac Statistics 330
Questions 336
Problems 337
xii Contents

11. Solid-State Physics 341

11.1 Crystal Structures 342
11.2 The Heat Capacity of Solids 350
11.3 Electrons in Metals 354
11.4 Band Theory of Solids 358
11.5 Superconductivity 364
11.6 Intrinsic and Impurity Semiconductors 369
11.7 Semiconductor Devices 372
11.8 Magnetic Materials 376
Questions 383
Problems 384

12. Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity 389

12.1 Nuclear Constituents 390
12.2 Nuclear Sizes and Shapes 392
12.3 Nuclear Masses and Binding Energies 394
12.4 The Nuclear Force 399
12.5 Quantum States in Nuclei 401
12.6 Radioactive Decay 403
12.7 Alpha Decay 407
12.8 Beta Decay 410
12.9 Gamma Decay and Nuclear Excited States 414
12.10 Natural Radioactivity 418
Questions 421
Problems 423

13. Nuclear Reactions and Applications 427

13.1 Types of Nuclear Reactions 428
13.2 Radioisotope Production in Nuclear Reactions 432
13.3 Low-Energy Reaction Kinematics 434
13.4 Fission 437
13.5 Fusion 443
13.6 Nucleosynthesis 450
13.7 Applications of Nuclear Physics 453
Questions 459
Problems 459
 Contents xiii

14. Elementary Particles 463

14.1 The Four Basic Forces 464
14.2 Classifying Particles 466
14.3 Conservation Laws 471
14.4 Particle Interactions and Decays 475
14.5 Energy and Momentum in Particle Decays 481
14.6 Energy and Momentum in Particle Reactions 483
14.7 The Quark Structure of Mesons and Baryons 487
14.8 The Standard Model 494
Questions 499
Problems 499

15. Cosmology: The Origin and Fate of the Universe 503

15.1 The Expansion of the Universe 504
15.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 508
15.3 Dark Matter 510
15.4 The General Theory of Relativity 512
15.5 Tests of General Relativity 519
15.6 Stellar Evolution and Black Holes 523
15.7 Cosmology and General Relativity 528
15.8 The Big Bang Cosmology 530
15.9 The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms 533
15.10 Experimental Cosmology 536
Questions 541
Problems 542

Appendix A: Constants and Conversion Factors 545

Appendix B: Complex Numbers 547

Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements 549

Appendix D: Table of Atomic Masses 551

Appendix E: Some Milestones in the History of Modern

Physics 561

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 565

Index 569

Index to Tables 577

 Chapter 1
SOME DEFICIENCIES OF
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

Classical physics, as postulated by Newton, has enabled us to send space probes on

trajectories involving many complicated maneuvers, such as the Cassini mission to Saturn,
which was launched in 1997 and gained speed for its trip to Saturn by performing four
“gravity-assist” flybys of Venus (twice), Earth, and Jupiter. The spacecraft arrived at Saturn in
2004 and ended its mission in 2017 with a plunge into Saturn’s atmosphere. Planning and
executing such interplanetary voyages are great triumphs for Newtonian physics, but when
objects move at speeds close to the speed of light or when we examine matter on the atomic
or subatomic scale, Newtonian mechanics is not adequate to explain our observations, as
we discuss in this chapter. © NASA
2 Chapter 1 Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics

If you were a physicist living at the end of the 19th century, you probably would
have been pleased with the progress that physics had made in understand-
ing the laws that govern the processes of nature. Newton’s laws of mechanics,
including gravitation, had been carefully tested, and their success had pro-
vided a framework for understanding the interactions among objects. Elec-
tricity and magnetism had been unified by Maxwell’s theoretical work, and the
electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell’s equations had been discovered
and investigated in the experiments conducted by Hertz. The laws of thermo-
dynamics and kinetic theory had been particularly successful in providing a
unified explanation of a wide variety of phenomena involving heat and tem-
perature. These three successful theories—mechanics, electromagnetism, and
thermodynamics—form the basis for what we call “classical physics.”
Beyond your 19th-century physics laboratory, the world was undergoing
rapid changes. The Industrial Revolution demanded laborers for the factories
and accelerated the transition from a rural and agrarian to an urban soci-
ety. These workers formed the core of an emerging middle class and a new
economic order. The political world was changing, too—the rising tide of mil-
itarism, the forces of nationalism and revolution, and the gathering strength of
Marxism would soon upset established governments. The fine arts were sim-
ilarly in the middle of revolutionary change, as new ideas began to dominate
the fields of painting, sculpture, and music. The understanding of even the
very fundamental aspects of human behavior was subject to serious and crit-
ical modification by the Freudian psychologists.
In the world of physics, too, there were undercurrents that would soon cause
revolutionary changes. Even though the overwhelming majority of experi-
mental evidence agreed with classical physics, several experiments gave results
that were not explainable in terms of the otherwise successful classical theo-
ries. Classical electromagnetic theory suggested that a medium is needed to
propagate electromagnetic waves, but precise experiments failed to detect this
medium. Experiments to study the emission of electromagnetic waves by hot,
glowing objects gave results that could not be explained by the classical theo-
ries of thermodynamics and electromagnetism. Experiments on the emission
of electrons from surfaces illuminated with light also could not be understood
using classical theories.
These few experiments may not seem significant, especially when viewed
against the background of the many successful and well-understood experi-
ments of the 19th century. However, these experiments were to have a profound
and lasting effect not only on the world of physics, but also on all of science,
on the political structure of our world, and on the way we view ourselves and
our place in the universe. Within the short span of two decades between 1905
and 1925, the shortcomings of classical physics would lead to the special and
general theories of relativity and the quantum theory.
The designation modern physics usually refers to the developments that
began in about 1900 and led to the relativity and quantum theories, includ-
ing the applications of those theories to understanding the atom, the atomic
nucleus and the particles of which it is composed, collections of atoms in
molecules and solids, and, on a cosmic scale, the origin and evolution of the
universe. Our discussion of modern physics in this text touches on each of
these areas.
 1.1 Review of Classical Physics 3

We begin our study in this chapter with a brief review of some important
principles of classical physics, and we discuss some situations in which classical
physics offers either inadequate or incorrect conclusions. These situations are
not necessarily those that originally gave rise to the relativity and quantum
theories, but they do help us understand why classical physics fails to give us
a complete picture of nature.

1.1 REVIEW OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS

Although there are many areas in which modern physics differs radically from
classical physics, we frequently find the need to refer to concepts of classical
physics. Here is a brief review of some of the concepts of classical physics that
we may need.

Mechanics
A particle of mass m moving with velocity v has a kinetic energy defined by
1
K= 2
mv2 (1.1)

and a linear momentum ⃗

p defined by

⃗p = m⃗v (1.2)

In terms of the linear momentum, the kinetic energy can be written as

p2
K= (1.3)
2m
When one particle collides with another, we analyze the collision by apply-
ing two fundamental conservation laws:
I. Conservation of Energy. The total energy of an isolated system (on which
no net external force acts) remains constant. In the case of a collision
between particles, this means that the total energy of the particles before
the collision is equal to the total energy of the particles after the collision.
II. Conservation of Linear Momentum. The total linear momentum of an
isolated system remains constant. For the collision, the total linear
momentum of the particles before the collision is equal to the total linear
momentum of the particles after the collision. Because linear momentum
is a vector, application of this law usually gives us two equations, one for
the x components and another for the y components.
These two conservation laws are of the most basic importance to understand-
ing and analyzing a wide variety of problems in classical physics. Problems 1–4
and 11–14 at the end of this chapter review the use of these laws.
The importance of these conservation laws is both so great and so fun-
damental that, even though in Chapter 2 we learn that the special theory of
relativity modifies Eqs. 1.1–1.3, the laws of conservation of energy and linear
momentum remain valid.
4 Chapter 1 Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics

Example 1.1

A helium atom (m = 6.6465 × 10−27 kg) moving at a components, 0 = mHe v′He sin 𝜃He + mN v′N sin 𝜃N . Solving
speed of vHe = 1.518 × 106 m∕s collides with an atom of for the unknown terms, we find
nitrogen (m = 2.3253 × 10−26 kg) at rest. After the colli-
mHe (vHe − v′He cos 𝜃He )
sion, the helium atom is found to be moving with a veloc- v′N cos 𝜃N =
ity of v′He = 1.199 × 106 m∕s at an angle of 𝜃He = 78.75⚬ mN
relative to the direction of the original motion of the = {(6.6465 × 10−27 kg)[1.518 × 106 m∕s
helium atom. (a) Find the velocity (magnitude and direc- − (1.199 × 106 m∕s) (cos 78.75⚬ )]}
tion) of the nitrogen atom after the collision. (b) Com-
× (2.3253 × 10−26 kg)−1
pare the kinetic energy before the collision with the total
kinetic energy of the atoms after the collision. = 3.6704 × 105 m∕s

Solution mHe v′He sin 𝜃He

v′N sin 𝜃N = −
(a) The law of conservation of momentum for this col- mN
lision can be written in vector form as ⃗
pinitial = ⃗
pfinal , = − (6.6465 × 10−27 kg) (1.199 × 106 m∕s)
which is equivalent to
× (sin 78.75⚬ )(2.3253 × 10−26 kg)−1
px,initial = px,final and py,initial = py,final = −3.3613 × 105 m∕s

The collision is shown in Figure 1.1. The initial values We can now solve for v′N and 𝜃N :
of the total momentum are, choosing the x axis to be √
the direction of the initial motion of the helium atom, v′N = (v′N sin 𝜃N )2 + (v′N cos 𝜃N )2
√
px,initial = mHe vHe and py,initial = 0 = (−3.3613 × 105 m∕s)2 + (3.6704 × 105 m∕s)2

The final total momentum can be written as = 4.977 × 105 m∕s

v′N sin 𝜃N
px,final = mHe v′He cos 𝜃He + mN v′N cos 𝜃N 𝜃N = tan−1
v′N cos 𝜃N
py,final = mHe v′He sin 𝜃He + mN v′N sin 𝜃N ( )
−3.3613 × 105 m∕s
= tan−1 = −42.48⚬
The expression for py,final is written in general form with 3.6704 × 105 m∕s
a + sign even though we expect that 𝜃He and 𝜃N are on
opposite sides of the x axis. If the equation is written (b) The initial kinetic energy is
in this way, 𝜃N will come out to be negative. The law of
conservation of momentum gives, for the x components, Kinitial = 12 mHe v2He
mHe vHe = mHe v′He cos 𝜃He + mN v′N cos 𝜃N , and for the y = 12 (6.6465 × 10−27 kg)(1.518 × 106 m∕s)2
= 7.658 × 10−15 J
y
vHe and the total final kinetic energy is
x
He N Kfinal = 12 mHe v′2 1 ′2
He + 2 mN vN
(a)
= 12 (6.6465 × 10−27 kg)(1.199 × 106 m∕s)2
y v′He
+ 12 (2.3253 × 10−26 kg)(4.977 × 105 m∕s)2
θHe
x
= 7.658 × 10−15 J
θN

(b) v′N Note that the initial and final kinetic energies are equal.
This is the characteristic of an elastic collision, in which
FIGURE 1.1 Example 1.1. (a) Before collision; no energy is lost to, for example, internal excitation of
(b) after collision. the particles.
 1.1 Review of Classical Physics 5

Example 1.2

An atom of uranium (m = 3.9529 × 10−25 kg) at rest Setting px,initial = px,final and solving for v′Th , we obtain
decays spontaneously into an atom of helium (m =
6.6465 × 10−27 kg) and an atom of thorium (m = mHe v′He
v′Th = −
3.8864 × 10−25 kg). The helium atom is observed to mTh
move in the positive x direction with a velocity of 1.423 × (6.6465 × 10−27 kg) (1.423 × 107 m∕s)
107 m∕s (Figure 1.2). (a) Find the velocity (magnitude =−
3.8864 × 10−25 kg
and direction) of the thorium atom. (b) Find the total
kinetic energy of the two atoms after the decay. = −2.432 × 105 m∕s

The thorium atom moves in the negative x direction.

y
(b) The total kinetic energy after the decay is
U

x
K = 12 mHe v′2 1 ′2
He + 2 mTh vTh
(a) = 12 (6.6465 × 10−27 kg)(1.423 × 107 m∕s)2
y
Th + 12 (3.8864 × 10−25 kg)(−2.432 × 105 m∕s)2
He
x
= 6.844 × 10−13 J
v′Th v′He
(b) Clearly, kinetic energy is not conserved in this decay,
because the initial kinetic energy of the uranium atom
FIGURE 1.2 Example 1.2. (a) Before decay; (b) after decay. was zero. However, total energy is conserved—if we write
the total energy as the sum of kinetic energy and nuclear
Solution energy, then the total initial energy (kinetic + nuclear)
(a) Here we again use the law of conservation of is equal to the total final energy (kinetic + nuclear).
momentum. The initial momentum before the decay is Clearly, the gain in kinetic energy occurs as a result of
zero, so the total momentum of the two atoms after the a loss in nuclear energy. This is an example of the type
decay must also be zero:
of radioactive decay called alpha decay, which we discuss
px,initial = 0 px,final = mHe v′He + mTh v′Th in more detail in Chapter 12.

Another application of the principle of conservation of energy occurs

when a particle moves subject to an external force F. Corresponding to that
external force, there is often a potential energy U, defined such that (for
one-dimensional motion)
dU
F =− (1.4)
dx
The total energy E is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies:

E =K +U (1.5)

As the particle moves, K and U may change, but E remains constant. (In
Chapter 2, we find that the special theory of relativity gives us a new definition
of total energy.)
6 Chapter 1 Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics

z When a particle moving with linear momentum ⃗ p is at a displacement ⃗r

from the origin O, its angular momentum L ⃗ about the point O is defined (see
Figure 1.3) by
L=r×p ⃗ = ⃗r × ⃗p
L (1.6)
O y There is a conservation law for angular momentum, just as with linear momen-
tum. In practice, this has many important applications. For example, when
r
p a charged particle moves near, and is deflected by, another charged particle,
the total angular momentum of the system (the two particles) remains con-
x stant if no net external torque acts on the system. If the second particle is so
much more massive than the first that its motion is essentially unchanged by
FIGURE 1.3 A particle of mass m, the influence of the first particle, the angular momentum of the first particle
located with respect to the origin remains constant (because the second particle acquires no angular momen-
O by position vector ⃗r and moving tum). Another application of the conservation of angular momentum occurs
with linear momentum ⃗ p, has angu- when a body such as a comet moves in the gravitational field of Sun—the
lar momentum L ⃗ about O. elliptical shape of the comet’s orbit is necessary to conserve angular momen-
tum. In this case, ⃗r and ⃗p of the comet must simultaneously change so that
⃗ remains constant.
L

Velocity Addition
Another important aspect of classical physics is the rule for combining veloci-
ties. For example, suppose a jet plane is moving at a velocity of vPG = 650 m∕s,
as measured by an observer on the ground. The subscripts on the velocity
mean “velocity of the plane relative to the ground.” The plane fires a mis-
sile in the forward direction; the velocity of the missile relative to the plane is
vMP = 250 m∕s. According to the observer on the ground, the velocity of the
missile is vMG = vMP + vPG = 250 m∕s + 650 m∕s = 900 m∕s.
We can generalize this rule as follows. Let ⃗v AB represent the velocity of
A relative to B, and let ⃗v BC represent the velocity of B relative to C. Then the
velocity of A relative to C is

⃗v AC = ⃗v AB + ⃗v BC (1.7)

This equation is written in vector form to allow for the possibility that the
velocities might be in different directions; for example, the missile might be
fired not in the direction of the plane’s velocity but in some other direction.
This seems to be a very “common-sense” way of combining velocities, but
we will see later in this chapter (and in more detail in Chapter 2) that this
common-sense rule can lead to contradictions with observations when we
apply it to speeds close to the speed of light.
A common application of this rule (for speeds small compared with the
speed of light) occurs in collisions, when we want to analyze conservation of
momentum and energy in a frame of reference that is different from the one
in which the collision is observed. For example, let’s analyze the collision of
Example 1.1 in a frame of reference that is moving with the center of mass.
Suppose the initial velocity of the He atom defines the positive x direction.
The velocity of the center of mass (relative to the laboratory) is then vCL =
(vHe mHe + vN mN )∕(mHe + mN ) = 3.374 × 105 m∕s. We would like to find the
 1.1 Review of Classical Physics 7

initial velocity of the He and N relative to the center of mass. If we start with y
vHeL = vHeC + vCL and vNL = vNC + vCL , then
x
vHeC = vHeL − vCL = 1.518 × 106 m∕s − 3.374 × 105 m∕s = 1.181 × 106 m∕s He N
vNC = vNL − vCL = 0 − 3.374 × 105 m∕s = −0.337 × 106 m∕s (a)

In a similar fashion, we can calculate the final velocities of the He and N. y

The resulting collision as viewed from this frame of reference is illustrated He
in Figure 1.4. There is a special symmetry in this view of the collision that
x
is not apparent from the same collision viewed in the laboratory frame of N
reference (Figure 1.1); each velocity simply changes direction leaving its mag-
nitude unchanged, and the atoms move in opposite directions. The angles in (b)
this view of the collision are different from those of Figure 1.1, because the
velocity addition in this case applies only to the x components and leaves the FIGURE 1.4 The collision of Figure
y components unchanged, which means that the angles must change. 1.1 viewed from a frame of refer-
ence moving with the center of mass.
Electricity and Magnetism (a) Before collision. (b) After colli-
sion. In this frame, the two particles
The electric field E at a distance r from a point charge q (or at a distance r from always move in opposite directions,
the center of a spherically symmetric charge distribution of radius smaller and for elastic collisions the mag-
than r) has magnitude nitude of each particle’s velocity is
1 |q|
E= (1.8) unchanged.
4𝜋𝜀0 r

The electrostatic force (Coulomb force) exerted by a charged particle q1 on

another charge q2 has magnitude

1 |q1 ||q2 |
F= (1.9)
4𝜋𝜀0 r2

The direction of F is along the line joining the particles (Figure 1.5). In the SI
system of units, the constant 1∕4𝜋𝜀0 has the value

1
= 8.988 × 109 N ⋅ m2 ∕C2
4𝜋𝜀0

The corresponding potential energy is

1 q1 q2 r
U= (1.10)
4𝜋𝜀0 r + +
F F
In all equations derived from Eq. 1.8 to 1.10 as starting points, the quantity
1∕4𝜋𝜀0 must appear. In some texts and reference books, you may find elec- FIGURE 1.5 Two charged particles
trostatic quantities in which this constant does not appear. In such cases, the experience equal and opposite elec-
centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system has probably been used, in which the trostatic forces along the line join-
constant 1∕4𝜋𝜀0 is defined to be 1. You should always be very careful in mak- ing their centers. If the charges have
ing comparisons of electrostatic quantities from different references and check the same sign (both positive or both
that the units are identical. negative), the force is repulsive; if
An electrostatic potential difference ΔV can be established by a distribution the signs are different, the force is
of charges. The most common example of a potential difference is that between attractive.
8 Chapter 1 Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics

the two terminals of a battery. When a charge q moves through a potential

difference ΔV , the change in its electrical potential energy ΔU is

ΔU = qΔV (1.11)

At the atomic or nuclear level, we usually measure charges in terms of the basic
charge of the electron or proton, whose magnitude is e = 1.602 × 10−19 C. If
such charges are accelerated through a potential difference ΔV that is a few
volts, the resulting loss in potential energy and corresponding gain in kinetic
energy will be of the order of 10−19 to 10−18 J. To avoid working with such
small numbers, it is common in the realm of atomic or nuclear physics to mea-
sure energies in electron-volts (eV), defined to be the energy of a charge equal
in magnitude to that of the electron that passes through a potential differ-
ence of 1 V:

ΔU = qΔV = (1.602 × 10−19 C)(1 V) = 1.602 × 10−19 J

and thus
1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J

Some convenient multiples of the electron-volt are

keV = kilo electron-volt = 103 eV

MeV = mega electron-volt = 106 eV
GeV = giga electron-volt = 109 eV

(In some older works you may find reference to the BeV, for billion electron-
volts; this is a source of confusion, for in the United States a billion is 109
while in Europe a billion is 1012 .)
Often we wish to find the potential energy of two basic charges separated by
typical atomic or nuclear dimensions, and we wish to have the result expressed
in electron-volts. Here is a convenient way of doing this. First we express the
quantity e2 ∕4𝜋𝜀0 in a more convenient form:
e2
= (8.988 × 109 N ⋅ m2 ∕C2 )(1.602 × 10−19 C)2 = 2.307 × 10−28 N ⋅ m2
4𝜋𝜀0
( )( 9 )
1 10 nm
= (2.307 × 10−28 N ⋅ m2 )
1.602 × 10−19 J∕eV m
= 1.440 eV ⋅ nm

With this useful combination of constants, it becomes very easy to calculate

electrostatic potential energies. For two electrons separated by a typical atomic
dimension of 1.00 nm, Eq. 1.10 gives
( )
1 e2 e2 1 1
U= = = (1.440 eV ⋅ nm) = 1.44 eV
4𝜋𝜀0 r 4𝜋𝜀0 r 1.00 nm

For calculations at the nuclear level, the femtometer is a more convenient unit
of distance and MeV is a more appropriate energy unit:
( ) ( 15 )( )
e2 1m 10 fm 1 MeV
= (1.440 eV ⋅ nm) = 1.440 MeV ⋅ fm
4𝜋𝜀0 109 nm 1m 106 eV
 1.1 Review of Classical Physics 9

It is remarkable (and convenient to remember) that the quantity e2 ∕4𝜋𝜀0 has

the same value of 1.440 whether we use typical atomic energies and sizes →
(eV ⋅ nm) or typical nuclear energies and sizes (MeV ⋅ fm). B
A magnetic field B⃗ can be produced by an electric current i. For example,
the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of a circular current loop of
radius r is (see Figure 1.6a)
𝜇 i
B= 0 (1.12) i
2r
(a)
The SI unit for magnetic field is the tesla (T), which is equivalent to a newton →
Bext
per ampere-meter. The constant 𝜇0 is
→
μ
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10 −7
N ⋅ s ∕C
2 2

Be sure to remember that i is in the direction of the conventional (positive)

current, opposite to the actual direction of travel of the negatively charged
electrons that typically produce the current in metallic wires. The direction of i
⃗ is chosen according to the right-hand rule: if you hold the wire in the right
B (b)
hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the fingers point
in the direction of the magnetic field. FIGURE 1.6 (a) A circular current
It is often convenient to define the magnetic moment 𝛍 ⃗ of a current loop: loop produces a magnetic field B ⃗ at
|𝛍 its center. (b) A current loop with
⃗ | = iA (1.13)
magnetic moment 𝛍 ⃗ in an external
where A is the geometrical area enclosed by the loop. The direction of 𝛍 ⃗ is magnetic field B⃗ ext . The field exerts a
perpendicular to the plane of the loop, according to the right-hand rule. torque on the loop that will tend to
When a current loop is placed in a uniform external magnetic field B ⃗ ext ⃗ lines up with B⃗ ext .
rotate it so that 𝛍
(as in Figure 1.6b), there is a torque ⃗ 𝜏 on the loop that tends to line up 𝛍⃗
with B⃗ ext :
⃗𝛕 = 𝛍⃗ × B⃗ ext (1.14)

Another way to describe this interaction is to assign a potential energy to the

magnetic moment 𝛍⃗ in the external field B⃗ ext :
⃗ ⋅ B⃗ ext
U = −𝛍 (1.15)

When the field B⃗ ext is applied, 𝛍⃗ rotates so that its energy tends to a minimum
value, which occurs when 𝛍 ⃗ and B⃗ ext are parallel.
It is important for us to understand the properties of magnetic moments,
because particles such as electrons or protons have magnetic moments.
Although we don’t imagine these particles to be tiny current loops, their
magnetic moments do obey Eqs. 1.14 and 1.15.
A particularly important aspect of electromagnetism is electromagnetic
waves. In Chapter 3, we discuss some properties of these waves in more detail.
Electromagnetic waves travel in free space with speed c (the speed of light),
which is related to the electromagnetic constants 𝜀0 and 𝜇0 :

c = (𝜀0 𝜇0 )−1∕2 (1.16)

The speed of light has the exact value of c = 299,792,458 m∕s.

Electromagnetic waves have a frequency f and wavelength λ, which are
related by
c = λf (1.17)
Another random document with
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to her she said to them: “Here
are Hinawaikoli, the feathers
from the forehead of Halulu, who
is dead. He has been killed.”
When the brothers heard this,
they said to Namakaokahai: “It is
quite right that the bird should be
killed, because he is an evil
thing, he eats men.”
After the bird was killed,
Aukelenuiaiku and the men cut it
up and roasted some of the meat
on the coals, and after the meat
was cooked they sat down and
had their meal. After their meal
was finished, they began to
study how to get down from the
cliff. At this time there was
another bird in the cave, the
mate of Halulu, by the name of
Kiwaha. This bird gave
Aukelenuiaiku the means of
getting down the cliff, by giving
him a short-ended rainbow, 18
one with only three colors,
yellow, red and green. By means
of this rainbow they reached the
bottom of the cliff. In thus getting
away successfully, the four men
were thankful to Aukelenuiaiku,
for they knew that they were
rescued from a terrible death,
Namakaokahai ia lakou: “Eia o
Hinawaikolii, na hulu i ka lae o
Halulu, ua make, ua pepehi ia.”
A lohe na kaikunane, olelo aku
la ia Namakaokahai: “Ua pono
no ia ke make, no ka mea, he
hana ino kana, he ai i ke
kanaka.”
Ma keia make ana o ua manu
nei ia Aukelenuiaiku, okioki iho
la lakou i ka io, a koala aku la i
luna o ke ahi, a ai iho la lakou.
Mahope o laila, imi iho la lakou i
alanui e hoi ai i lalo nei, aka, e
noho ana ia wa, ko Halulu lua,
he manu no, o Kiwaha ka inoa.
Haawi mai la ia ia Aukelenuiaiku
i alanui. Oia ke anuenue
poomuku, ekolu ano, he
lenalena, he ula, he omaomao.
A malaila lakou i hoi ai a hiki i
lalo.
Ma keia mau hana o pau a
Aukelenuiaiku, ua mahalo na
kanaka eha ia ia, no kona
malama ana ia lakou i loko o ka
make, a me ke alanui kahi o
lakou i hoi ai i lalo, a ua aloha
lakou ia ia.
and so they were very grateful
for the kindness shown them.
the return of
aukelenuiaiku to the
bottom with the men.
When Aukelenuiaiku and the
men reached the bottom [of the
cliff], Kiwaha again took up the
rainbow and placed it on the cliff.
After this Aukelenuiaiku asked
the men: “What do you want?”
They each answered: “I want a
piece of sugar-cane.” “I want a
potato.” “I want a banana.” “I
want a taro.” Aukelenuiaiku then
said to them: “The sugar-cane is
kapued for my son. If any one
eats it he will die. So are the
potatoes, the bananas and the
taro. So I will advise each of you
not to touch these things as we
go on our way, else you will all
die.” After giving them this
advice they all started out. On
the way, however, the men did
not adhere to the advice given
them by Aukelenuiaiku, for he
who wanted the sugar-cane took
a piece and ate it, so he died;
the other three men also took up
ka hoi ana o
aukelenuiaiku i lalo,
me na kanaka.
A hiki o Aukelenuiaiku i lalo me
na kanaka, lawe ae la o Kiwaha i
ke alanui anuenue i ka pali,
mahope o laila, ninau aku o
Aukelenuiaiku i na kanaka:
“Heaha ka oukou mau mea
ono?” I mai lakou: “He ko ka’u,
he uwala ka’u, he maia ka’u, he
kalo ka’u.” Olelo aku o
Aukelenuiaiku ia lakou: “He kapu
ke ko na kuu keiki, ina e ai, o
kona manawa ia e make ai, pela
ka uala, ka maia, ke kalo,
nolaila, mai noho oukou a lalau i
keia mau mea a pau loa ke hele
kakou ma ke alanui, o make
oukou.” A pau ke ao ana o
Aukelenuiaiku ia lakou, alaila,
hele aku la lakou. Ma keia hele
ana aole lakou i malama i na
olelo a Aukelenuiaiku. O ke
kanaka puni ko, lalau aku la ia i
ka puna o ke ko, a make iho la
ia; pela lakou a pau loa eha, ua
make lakou, mamuli o ka lakou
the things they craved for and
they also died. Thus did the four
men die, for not keeping the
advice given them by
Aukelenuiaiku.
After the death of the four men,
Aukelenuiaiku continued on by
himself until he reached the
house. When the wife and the
brothers-in-law saw
Aukelenuiaiku, they all wept for
joy and he was welcomed home.
After this, Aukelenuiaiku and his
wife lived on happily, each
determined to love each other
more and more. The wife [68]had
no other thoughts but of the
comfort of her husband. They
continued living this way for
some time. Because of this great
love for her husband,
Namakaokahai gave over the
kingdom to her husband, as well
as everything else at her
command; and she even gave
him the command and the use of
her supernatural bodies.
One day when Aukelenuiaiku
entered the eating house, to
have something to eat, while so
doing, Namakaokahai secretly
mau mea i ono ai, a papale i na
olelo ao a Aukelenuiaiku.
A pau lakou i ka lilo i ka make,
koe iho la o Aukelenuiaiku, hoi
aku la ia a hiki i ka hale, ike mai
la ka wahine me na kaikoeke,
uwe mai la, a halawai ae la
lakou me ka oluolu aloha.
Mahope o keia halawai ana,
noho pu iho la laua, he kane a
he wahine, ma keia noho ana ua
uhi ia ko laua mau manao i ke
aloha a me ke manao, a hala ka
wa loihi [69]o keia noho ana. Ua
uhi ia ka manao o ke ’lii wahine
no kana kane, a ua pau kona
manao maluna o Aukelenuiaiku.
Nolaila, haawi mai la o
Namakaokahai, kana wahine i
ka ea o ka aina, a me na mea a
pau loa i loko o ko Aukelenuiaiku
lima, a me kona mau kino ano
akua kekahi.
I kekahi la, komo aku la o
Aukelenuiaiku i loko o ka hale e
ai ai, ia ia e ai ana’ wehe malu
ae la o Namakaokahai i ka pahu
opened the box containing the
god of Aukelenuiaiku. Looking in
she saw the axe and the knife.
She then took up the axe and
ran her fingers over the edge,
cutting her fingers so they bled.
Namakaokahai then said: “How
strange! here my husband has
some very good things which he
is hiding from me!” After looking
over these things she closed the
box and put it away. When
Aukelenuiaiku finished his meal
he returned and sat down.
Namakaokahai then asked him,
pretending not to have seen
what was in the box, saying:
“Say, what useful things did you
bring with you when you came?”
Aukelenuiaiku then picked up the
box and opening it, he took out
the axe and knife and gave them
over to his wife, saying: “These
two things which I have brought
with me from the land of
Kuaihelani are very good and
useful. These two things
together with my god are the
three things of the greatest
value.” The wife then asked him:
“What are these things good
for?” “The axe will cut a log of
wood in two. The knife is also
o ke ’kua o Aukelenuiaiku, a
nana iho la i loko, e waiho ana
ke koi a me ka pahi i loko, lalau
iho la ia ma ka oi o ke koi a
hamo iho la, moku ae la ka lima,
a kahe ke koko, nolaila, pane iho
la o Namakaokahai: “Kupanaha!
he mea maikai no ka hoi ka kuu
kane e huna nei;” a pau kona
nana ana, huna iho la ia. A pau
ka ai ana o Aukelenuiaiku, hoi
mai la ia a noho. Hoomaoe aku
la o Namakaokahai iaia: “Ea!
heaha kau mau mea maikai o ka
hele ana mai?” Lalau iho la o
Aukelenuiaiku i ka pahu a wehe
ae la, lalau iho la i ke koi a me
ka pahi, a haawi aku la ia
Namakaokahai, me ka olelo aku:
“O keia mau mea elua, na mea
maikai a’u i lawe mai ai mai ka
aina o Kuaihelani mai, a oia mau
mea elua a me kuu akua, akolu
mea maikai loa.” Ninau mai kana
wahine: “Heaha ka waiwai a me
ka hana a keia mau mea?” “He
oki i ka laau a moku, a pela ka
pahi, he mea okioki no na mea
uaua a pau loa.” A lohe o
Namakaokahai i keia mau olelo
a Aukelenuiaiku, olelo aku la ia i
kana kane: “E! o kau mea
useful, for it can cut any tough
thing you have.” When
Namakaokahai heard this she
said to her husband: “Say, your
valuable things together with
mine we will leave with our
child.”
Further on in our story we will
see the supernatural powers of
Namakaokahai, and how it was
impossible to kill her, although
she was cut up with the axe; by
which acts we will know that she
was not human. After talking
about the axe and knife,
Namakaokahai said to her
husband: “You proceed and cut
me into pieces with the axe.”
Aukelenuiaiku said: “How
strange of you to ask me to do
such a thing as to cut you up, my
own wife! How can I do such a
thing, for it will mean your death?
Rather let me cut up some other
person with this axe, or my
opponent in some fight, not you,
my own flesh.” The wife replied:
“You might give this axe to
someone else and thus deprive
our child of such a useful thing.
Therefore I want you to try it on
me.” And because
maikai, o ka’u mea maikai, hooili
na ka kaua keiki.”
Ma keia wahi aku, e ike kakou i
ka mana o Namakaokahai, a me
kona make ole i nei mea oi o ke
koi, a e maopopo no auanei ia
kakou he ano aku no kona. A
pau ko laua kamailio ana no ke
koi a me ka pahi, olelo aku o
Namakaokahai i kana kane ia
Aukelenuiaiku: “E oki mai oe ia’u
i ke koi.” I aku o Aukelenuiaiku:
“Kupanaha oe! o oe no ka’u
wahine ponoi, a pehea la wau e
ooki aku ai ia oe, a make iho; e
aho, i ke kanaka e au e ooki ai i
ke koi a moku, a i ole ia he hoa
hakaka, aole o oe o ko’u io
ponoi.” I mai ka wahine:
“Kahaha! e haawi hoi paha
auanei oe i ke koi ia hai, lilo hoi
ka mea maikai a ka kaua keiki,
nolaila, e hoao mai no oe ia’u.” A
no ko Namakaokahai paakiki
loa, ae aku kana kane; ma keia
ae ana o kana kane, ua lilo ia i
mea oluolu loa ia
Namakaokahai insisted on it, the
husband finally gave in, whereat
she was much pleased. When
this consent was given
Namakaokahai stretched out her
legs and Aukelenuiaiku severed
them with the axe.
Namakaokahai. Mahope o keia
ae ana o Aukelenuiaiku e ooki
aku ia Namakaokahai i ke koi,
hoolei loa aku la na wawae o
Namakaokahai a pololei, ooki
iho la o Aukelenuiaiku i ke koi.

CHAPTER IX. MOKUNA IX.

How Aukelenuiaiku and Ka hoike ana o na

Namakaokahai Showed Waiwai a Aukelenuiaiku
Their Useful Things. me ka Namakaokahai.

In the preceding chapter of this Ua olelo ia ma ka mokuna mua

story we were told of the axe and
the knife, the two useful things
belonging to Aukelenuiaiku. In
this chapter we will speak of the
cutting up of Namakaokahai by
Aukelenuiaiku by the use of the
axe. When Aukelenuiaiku began
to cut up Namakaokahai with the
axe, the feet were the first
[70]things that were cut off, and
as this was done, Namakaokahai
expressed great joy, for it was
iho o keia moolelo, o ke koi, a
me ka pahi, ka Aukelenuiaiku
mau waiwai, a ma keia kakau
ana, e olelo ia ana ke oki ana o
Aukelenuiaiku i kana wahine i ke
koi. Ia Aukelenuiaiku i ooki ai ia
Namakaokahai i ke [71]koi, moku
ae la kona mau wawae a
kaawale loa, a ma keia moku
ana o kona mau wawae, he mea
lealea iho la ia i ko
Namakaokahai manao. I aku o
fun to her. Namakaokahai then
said to Aukelenuiaiku: “Yes, you
have a very useful thing indeed;
cut off another portion.” When
Aukelenuiaiku heard this he
proceeded and cut off the calves
of the legs, and this cutting was
kept on until the head was also
cut off from the body. In this
cutting, the several portions of
the body of Namakaokahai were
completely severed and
separated from each other, but
the mouth never ceased
speaking.
After the body of Namakaokahai
had been cut up into several
pieces, the head asked of
Aukelenuiaiku: “Are these all the
useful things my husband
brought with him?” “Yes, these
are all; and I am surprised at
you, for when a person is cut up
in this manner, death is certain.”
Namakaokahai then replied: “If
these are all the useful things
you have, I will now show you
what I have.” Saying this, the
pieces began to get together of
their own accord, and in a short
space of time the body was
again complete and restored as
Namakaokahai ia Aukelenuiaiku:
“U! akahi ka ka mea maikai nui
wale au, e oki hou mai ana oe”;
a lohe o Aukelenuiaiku, ooki aku
la ia i ke koi, a moku na oloolo
wawae, pela no ka
Aukelenuiaiku ooki ana a hiki i
ke poo. Mahope o keia okioki
ana, ua kaawale loa kela wahi
keia wahi o ke kino o
Namakaokahai, aka, aole nae he
pau o ka olelo ma kona waha.
A pau loa ke kino o
Namakaokahai i ka moku i ke koi
a Aukelenuiaiku, ninau ae la ke
poo o Namakaokahai ia
Aukelenuiaiku: “Ea! pau ae la
kau mea maikai e ke kane?” “Ae,
ua pau loa ae la, no ka mea, a
moku keia mea he kanaka, he
make kona hope.” Mahope o
keia olelo a Aukelenuiaiku, pane
mai o Namakaokahai: “Ae, pau
ae la kau mea maikai, o ka’u
mea maikai koe.” Ma keia olelo a
Namakaokahai, hoi ae la kona
kino a hui ma kahi mua, pela na
wahi a pau loa i kaawale, a ola
ae la ia e like me mamua.
before. She then called for her
four brothers, Kaneapua,
Kanemoe, Leapua and
Kahaumana. Upon their arrival
the sister asked them: “What
shall I change myself into? Shall
it be into a cliff?” Her brothers
then answered: “Yes, change
yourself into a cliff.” At that very
moment a great, high cliff stood
before them, smooth and straight
up and down, where the koae 19
was seen flying. Aukelenuiaiku
looked at it and touched its
smooth sides with his hands with
fear and great excitement. He
next saw Namakaokahai, his
wife, standing on the very top of
the cliff; then he saw her looking
down at him, and she called:
“What are you doing?” The
husband replied: “I am admiring
your supernatural powers. Your
useful things together with mine
will be a great inheritance for our
child.” In making this reply,
Aukelenuiaiku made believe that
he was not afraid; but in fact he
was almost overcome with fear.
While Namakaokahai was
standing there on the cliff, she
called out to her four brothers
Kahea aku la ia i kona mau
kaikunane eha, oia o Kaneapua,
Kanemoe, Leapua, Kahaumana.
A hiki mai la na kaikunane i mua
o ko lakou kaikuahine, o
Namakaokahai, i aku la ia: “E
aha la wau, e pali paha wau?”
Ae aku la na kaikunane, “ae, e
pali oe.” Ia wa, ku ana ua pali,
lele koae, laumania, nanao,
nihinihi; hamo ae la o
Aukelenuiaiku me ka makau a
me ka hopohopo. Alaila, oili ae
la o Namakaokahai a ku ana
maluna o ka welau o ka pali, a
nana iho i ke kane me ka ninau
iho: “E aha ana oe?” I aku ke
kane: “E mahalo iho ana au, o
kau mea maikai, o ka’u mea
maikai, na ka kaua keiki ia.” Ma
keia olelo a Aukelenuiaiku, he
kanaaho wale ae no, he makau
kona e noho ana.
Ia Namakaokahai e ku ana i luna
o ka pali, kahea iho la i na
kaikunane ona eha: “E aha la
and said: “What shall I change
myself into now? Shall it be into
an ocean?” The brothers replied:
“Yes, change yourself into a vast
ocean.” At that very moment the
whole cliff dissolved and turned
into a great ocean, with its
surface covered with mighty
waves, so completely that
nothing else could be seen.
Aukelenuiaiku was at this time
being engulfed by the water and
he was sore afraid, but at the
appearance of Namakaokahai
and questioned by her, “What
are you doing?” he replied: “I am
admiring your great powers.”
After the ocean, Namakaokahai
changed herself into a terrible
fire and the land was enveloped
in flame, covering the whole
surface as far as the eye could
see. Aukelenuiaiku was entirely
surrounded by the fire, in the
midst of which he saw his wife
and heard her asking him,
saying: “What are you doing,
Aukelenuiaiku?” He replied: “I
am still admiring your great
powers and the fire.” [72]
These three things, the cliff, the
wau, e kai paha?” Ae aku na
kaikunane, “ae, e kai oe.” Lilo ae
la ka aina i kai, he nalu ma na
wahi a pau loa, aohe wahi
kaawale i koe, a o
Aukelenuiaiku, i loko o ka
manawa e poi nei ka nalu, oili ae
la o Namakaokahai, a ninau mai
la i ke kane: “E Aukelenuiaiku, e
aha ana oe?” I aku ke kane: “E
mahalo ae ana au i keia mea
maikai au.”
A mahope o ke kai, kuu iho la o
Namakaokahai i ke kino ahi ona,
pau ae la ka aina i ke ahi a puni,
aohe wahi i koe. A o ke kane hoi
o Aukelenuiaiku, aia i loko o ka
lapalapa o ke ahi kahi i noho ai.
Alaila, ninau iho ka wahine: “E
aha ana oe e Aukelenuiaiku?” “E
mahalo ae ana au i keia mea
maikai au o ke ahi.” [73]
O keia mau mea ekolu, o ka pali,
ocean and the fire were the three o ke kai, o ke ahi he mau kino
supernatural bodies of lakou no Namakaokahai, ma
Namakaokahai, and she gave to kona ano akua, koe nae ke kino
her husband the power to lele ona, ua haawi aku ia i kana
change himself into these three kane. A o ke kino lele o
different things. She, however, Namakaokahai, ua aua ia i kana
did not reveal her fourth form kane, aole i haawi aku, no kona
and power, the power to fly manao, o lele auanei, nele ia i ke
through space. The reason why kane ole, nolaila, aua ia. Aka, o
she did not reveal this fourth na kaikunane ona, ua manao
power to her husband and did lakou e hoike malu i ko lakou
not wish him to possess it, was kaikoeke ia kino.
because she was afraid that he
might take it into his mind to fly
away and deprive her of him, so
she thought she would keep this
power to herself. 20 The brothers,
however, did not approve of this,
and decided to teach their
brother-in-law secretly how to
acquire this power. 21

CHAPTER X. MOKUNA X.

How the Brothers-in- No ka Haawi Malu ana

law of Aukelenuiaiku o na Kaikoeke o
Secretly Taught Him Aukelenuiaiku, Iaia i ke
to Fly. Kino Lele.
We will here see how the four
brothers-in-law of Aukelenuiaiku
gave him the power to fly, in
payment for the offerings made
by him to the gods. Some time
after this his brothers-in-law said
to him: “Today you will realize
the blessings of the deity.” After
a while he was asked: “Say, has
your wife given you the power to
change yourself into different
forms?” Aukelenuiaiku replied:
“Yes.” “What different forms did
she give you?” “The power to
change into a cliff, into an ocean,
and into fire.” The brothers-in-
law replied: “Then she has not
given you all her powers. She
has kept to herself the power to
fly.” “Yes, my wife has reserved
that; she did not give it to me.”
The brothers-in-law continued,
saying: “It is because your wife
thought you might fly off and
never come back again. That is
the reason why she has kept this
power from you.” After this the
brothers-in-law said to
Aukelenuiaiku: “Let us teach you
how to get this flying power of
your wife, so that you may be
Maanei, e hoolohe kakou i na
olelo ninau a na kaikoeke o
Aukelenuiaiku eha, a e nana
kakou i ko lakou aloha i ko lakou
kaikoeke, a e hoomanao iho i na
olelo mua i hala, penei: “I keia la
e ike ai oe i ka pono o ke ’kua.”
Ninau mai la na kaikoeke o
Aukelenuiaiku: “Ea! ua haawi
mai anei ko wahine ia oe i na
kino ona a pau loa?” “Ae,” pela o
Aukelenuiaiku. “Na kino hea ka
mea a ko wahine i haawi mai ai
ia oe?” “O ke kino pali, o ke kino
kai, o ke kino ahi.” I aku na
kaikoeke: “Aole i pau loa mai la
na kino o ko wahine, koe aku la
ke kino lele ia oe.” “Ae, ua aua
kuu wahine ia mea, aole i haawi
mai ia’u.” I aku na kaikoeke: “No
ka manao o ko wahine, o lele loa
oe a nalowale, aole e hoi hou
mai, nolaila, aua kela.” Mahope
o keia mau olelo i aku na
kaikoeke: “E ao kakou ia oe, i ke
kino lele o ko wahine, i ike oe,
eia nae, mai olelo oe i ko
wahine.”
able to possess it. But you must
not tell your wife of this.”
That night, after Namakaokahai
had retired to their sleeping
house, Aukelenuiaiku and his
brothers-in-law went into another
house and there he was given
his lessons in the art of flying.
They first taught him how to
jump and how to fly to certain
places; then they asked him to
jump to the top of a shelf. After
he was successful in this he was
requested to jump to the top roof
batten of the house.
Aukelenuiaiku then jumped and
held it for a while, then fell to the
floor. In this falling,
Namakaokahai heard it, and she
got up and came to her brothers’
house, and asked them: “What
are you doing?” “We are learning
how to box.” “What is that?” “It is
played this way. Kanemoe
stands up like this on this side,
and Kaneapua stands up on that
side; then they strike at each
other, and the one who gets hit
real hard falls to the floor. That
was the noise you heard.” When
Namakaokahai heard this she
said: “I see that my husband has
I ka po, moe iho la o
Namakaokahai i ko laua wahi, o
Aukelenuiaiku hoi a me na
kaikoeke he hale e aku, a ma ia
hale, ma laila lakou i ao ai ia
Aukelenuiaiku i ka lele. I aku
lakou ia Aukelenuiaiku: “E lele
oe a luna o ka ipu kau;” lele ae
la o Aukelenuiaiku a kau ana i
luna o ka ipu. “E lele hou oe a
kau i luna o ka lohelau o ka
hale.” Lele ae la no o
Aukelenuiaiku a kau ana i luna o
laila, a mai laila iho, haule hou
ana i lalo.
Ma keia haule ana o
Aukelenuiaiku, ua lohe o
Namakaokahai, ala mai la a kahi
a na kaikunane e ao ana ia
Aukelenuiaiku, ninau mai la: “E
aha ana oukou?” “E kui ana
makou.” “Pehea ia mea?”
“Penei: O Kanemoe ma o mai e
ku ai kui mai, a o Kaneapua
maanei aku e kui ai, a hina iho
nei o Kaneapua, oia ka halulu au
i lohe aku la.” A lohe o
Namakaokahai, i mai la ia: “U!
Eia no ka hoi he mea maikai aku
some good thing hidden that he
has not shown me. How
mysterious you are!” After this
Namakaokahai returned to her
own house. After she
disappeared, Aukelenuiaiku
again made another attempt to
reach the top batten, but again
he was unsuccessful and he fell
to the floor. [74]Namakaokahai
again heard this and she came
to her brothers’ house and asked
them: “I believe you are teaching
my husband how to fly.” “No, we
are wrestling.” “How is that
done?” “One stands up on this
side, and one on the other side;
they then take ahold of one
another and each tries to throw
the other down. The one who is
thrown down made the noise you
heard.” Because of this
satisfactory reply Namakaokahai
again retired to their house. After
she was gone, Aukelenuiaiku
again made another attempt and
this time he was successful. He
next came out and flew to the
top of the house, and in this he
was again successful. From the
roof Aukelenuiaiku flew up into
the sky, and he went so high that
his brothers-in-law were unable
no koe a kuu kane, o ka huna
mai nei ka ia ia’u, aohe hai mai;
hoehaa no hoi oe e ke kane la.”
Mahope o laila, hoi aku la o
Namakaokahai i ko laua hale e
moe ai. A hoi keia, lele hou ae la
o Aukelenuiaiku i luna o ka
lohelau aohe kau, haule iho la i
lalo, [75]pahu ana, lohe hou o
Namakaokahai i ka halulu, hele
mai la ia a hiki, olelo mai la i na
kaikunane: “E o’u poe
kaikunane, e ao ana paha oukou
i kuu kane i ka lele i luna?”
“Aole, e hakoko ana makou.”
“Pehea ia mea?” “Penei: Ma o
mai kekahi maanei aku kekahi
apo na lima, alaila kulai, a o ka
mea e hina ana, oia ka halulu au
e lohe la.”
Ma keia mau olelo hoi aku la no
o Namakaokahai moe i ko laua
hale. Lele hou ae la o
Aukelenuiaiku, maloko ae o ka
hale, a hoea maluna o kaupoku,
a puka i waho o ka hale. Ma keia
puka ana, lele no o
Aukelenuiaiku a nalowale i ka
lewa kiekie loa, aole hiki i na
kaikoeke ke ike ae. Mahope o
keia lele ana, hoi iho la o
Aukelenuiaiku, a hiki i lalo, i aku
to see him. After a while
Aukelenuiaiku returned to the
ground and his brothers-in-law
said to him: “Yes, you know how
to fly now.”
When Aukelenuiaiku found that
he was able to fly he was then in
possession of all the powers
held by his wife. After this the
two lived on in peace and they
never went out of sight of each
other; they were indeed a loving
couple. It also became apparent
that Namakaokahai, his god-
wife, was with child. Before its
birth, however, Namakaokahai
made known to her husband the
name of the child: it was
Kauwilanuimakehaikalani 22 (the
lightning which we see in a rain-
storm). Aukelenuiaiku, however,
wished to have the child called
after the name of his god
Lonoikoualii.
Because Namakaokahai loved
her husband so much, she would
not allow him to go out of her
sight. They were together
constantly, at all seasons and
times, in dry and wet weather, in
na kaikoeke, “ua ike oe i ka lele.”
A loaa ke kino lele ia
Aukelenuiaiku, aohe mea i koe
me kana wahine me
Namakaokahai, ua pau loa i ke
kane.
Ia laua e noho pu ana, he kane a
he wahine, ua aaki ke aloha me
ka hoopaa i ko laua mau kino, a
ua akaka loa ka hapai keiki o
kana wahine akua, o
Namakaokahai. Eia nae, aole i
hanau, e hapai ana no i loko o
ka opu, ua kapa o
Namakaokahai i ka inoa ke
hanau ae, o
Kauilanuimakehaikalani, oia kela
uwila a kakou e ike nei i loko o
ka wa ua. A o ka Aukelenuiaiku
inoa hoi i kapa iho ai no ua keiki
nei, o ka inoa o ke ’kua ona, o
Lonoikoualii.
A no ka nui loa o ko
Namakaokahai aloha i ke kane,
ia Aukelenuiaiku, nolaila, pili paa
loa laua, i ke kau a me ka hooili,
i ka la a me ka ua, i ka wa wi a
me ka wa maona, i ka po a me
times of famine and of plenty, in ke ao, i na la a pau loa. Nolaila,
the daytime and at night, in fact ua hooili aku o Namakaokahai i
they were together all the time. kona waiwai a pau loa, mai luna
Namakaokahai also gave all her a lalo, mai uka a kai, mai ka mea
possessions to Aukelenuiaiku; uuku a ka mea nui, mai loko a
from the things that were above waho, maluna o kana kane.
to the things below; from the
things in the uplands to the
things in the lowlands; great
things and small things; the
things that were within to the
things that were without. All were
given to her husband.

CHAPTER XI. MOKUNA XI.

How Namakaokahai Ka Hooili ana o

Gave Everything to Namakaokahai i na mea
Aukelenuiaiku, Her a pau Maluna o
Husband, and the Aukelenuiaiku Kana
Battle that was Kane; ke Kaua ana o
Fought Between Kuwahailo me
Kuwahailo and Aukelenuiaiku i ka Lani.
Aukelenuiaiku in the
Heaven.
When Namakaokahai was ready
to give everything she
possessed to her husband,
Aukelenuiaiku, she called her
brothers, Kanemoe, Kaneapua,
Leapua and Kahaumana. As
they stood in her presence, she
said to them: “You go up to my
uncle and cousin, Kuwahailo and
Makalii, and inform them that I
have given unto my husband all
my possessions. The things
above, below, in the uplands, in
the lowlands, the drift iron, the
iron 23 that stands in the earth,
the whale’s tooth, the (ea) turtle
shell, the things that grow in the
land, and the cluster of stars.
Also, tell my uncle and cousin
[76]that all these things are now
in my husband’s possession;
and I also want you to take my
husband to them so that they
may become acquainted with
each other.” All these words of
Namakaokahai were pleasing to
them.
We must bear in mind that this
trip to be undertaken by the
brothers of Namakaokahai and
Aukelenuiaiku was to heaven.
Ia Aukelenuiaiku e noho pu ana
me kana wahine, me
Namakaokahai, ua makaukau ko
ka wahine manao e hooili i na
mea a pau maluna o
Aukelenuiaiku. Nolaila, kahea
aku la o Namakaokahai i na
kaikunane ona ia, Kanemoe,
Kaneapua, Leapua,
Kahaumama.
A hiki mai la lakou, olelo aku ko
lakou kaikuahine, i aku la ia
lakou: “E pii oukou i luna a olelo
aku i kuu makuakane a me kuu
kaikunane, o Kuwahailo, ka
makuakane, o Makalii, ke
kaikunane, e olelo aku oukou.
Ua hooili au i na mea a pau no
kuu kane. O luna, o lalo, o uka, o
kai, o ka hao pae, o ke meki ku i
ka honua, o ka palaoa, o ka ea
makaulii, o ka maulele i ka aina,
o ka huhui hoku. A e olelo aku
no hoi oukou i kuu makuakane a
me kuu kaikunane, ua pau loa
keia mau mea a pau maluna o
kuu [77]kane, i ka hooili ia, a e
lawe pu aku oukou i kuu kane i
ike mai laua.” Ma keia mau olelo
a Namakaokahai, he mea oluolu
loa ia ia lakou. Ma keia wahi a
kakou e hoolohe nei, e noonoo

After Namakaokahai had
delivered her orders to her
brothers, they began their flight,
going as far as the top of the
mountains where they rested. In
this first flight Aukelenuiaiku
went on to heaven, reaching his
wife’s place, a most sacred
sphere, not accessible to
anyone. Although they flew at
the same time with
Aukelenuiaiku, he got ahead of
his brothers-in-law and arrived in
heaven first. While
Aukelenuiaiku was standing in
the sacred place of
Namakaokahai, he was seen by
Kuwahailo, who said to himself:
“Alas! I am afraid my niece is
dead; that is why a wizard has
arrived, for no one can get up
here unless those below are
dead.”
In this flight to heaven,
Aukelenuiaiku did not think that
he was going to meet anyone
who would oppose him, and
consequently he went along
iho kakou me ka manao oiaio, i
luna o ka lani, keia lele ana o
Aukelenuiaiku me na kaikoeke.
Mahope o ko Namakaokahai
olelo ana mai ia lakou, lele aku
la lakou a ke kua, hiwi hoomaha,
ma ia lele hookahi ana, ua hala
aku o Aukelenuiaiku i ka lani. Ma
keia lele ana o Aukelenuiaiku,
hiki mua aku la ia i kahi o kana
wahine, o Namakaokahai, he
wahi kapu loa ia, aohe mea hele
ma laila. Ia Aukelenuiaiku e ku
ana ma kahi kapu o
Namakaokahai, nana aku la o
Kuwahailo, a olelo iho i loko ona:
“Auwe! make kuu kaikamahine,
ke hiki nei ke kupu i luna nei, no
ka mea, aohe kanaka nana e pii
mai o luna nei, hiki no ke
kanaka, ua make o lalo.”
Ma keia lele ana o Aukelenuiaiku
i luna i ka lani, aole ona manao
he kaua, a he hakaka, ua lele
oia me ka nanea walewale. Aka,
maloko o ka olelo a kona akua ia
unguarded; but through the
powers of his god Lonoikoualii
he was warned in time, for the
god called out to him: “Say,
Aukelenuiaiku, watch or else we
will be killed, for I see that we
are going to be attacked. Put on
your garment of ashes and cover
yourself from head to feet; don’t
be slow or we will be killed.” By
this warning Aukelenuiaiku knew
that a conflict was about to
begin, and he immediately put
on his war pau. As soon as his
god finished giving the warning a
bolt of fire was sent out from the
hand of Kuwahailo and the land
began to be in flames. The name
of this bolt of fire was Kukuena.
After which a large black rock
was sent out, called Ikuwa, the
thunder. When these things
came in contact with the robe of
ashes of Aukelenuiaiku, they
became as nothing, like chaff
and were blown away by the
wind.
In this story it was said that when
the thunderbolt came in contact
with the garment of
Aukelenuiaiku it caused the
roaring and rumbling of the
ia, a Lonoikoualii, he kaua, penei
na olelo: “E Aukelenuiaiku e!
make kaua, eia la he kaua ko
luna nei. E aahu oe i ko kapa
lehu mai ko poo a ko manea
wawae, mai lohi oe o make
auanei.” Ma keia mau olelo a ke
’kua ia Aukelenuiaiku, ma laila i
maopopo ai he kaua ko luna.
Mahope o ka olelo a ke ’kua ia
Aukelenuiaiku, oili mai la ka
momoku ahi mai loko mai o ka
lima o Kuwahailo a a ana i ka
honua. O ka inoa o ua momoku
ahi la, o Kukuena, a mahope
ona kuu ia mai la ka pohaku o
Ikuwa, he pohaku koeleele, oia
ka hekili. A pa keia mau mea i ke
kapa lehu o Aukelenuiaiku, he
mea ole laua, he opala, he mea
uhauha na ka makani. Ma keia
moolelo, ua olelo ia, i ka wa i pa
ai ka hekili i ke kapa lehu o
Aukelenuiaiku, nolaila mai ka
nakeke o ka hekili a hiki i keia la.
A mao ae la ka momoku ahi a
me ka pohaku, nana aku la o
Kuwahailo ia Aukelenuiaiku, e ku
mai ana no, aole i make. He
mea kaumaha loa ia i ko
thunder which is heard to this Kuwahailo manao ana, a he mea
day. After the bolt of fire was inoino loa i kona ike ana aku e
extinguished and the rock oia mai ana kona enemi, ke
became as nothing, Kuwahailo ahikanana o Kuaihelani. Ia wa,
looked at Aukelenuiaiku and lo, kuu hou o Kuwahailo i ka lua o
he was still in the place where he ka momoku ahi, oia o Mahuia, a
saw him, still alive. This grieved kuu hou i ka lua o ka pohaku, oia
Kuwahailo heavily: it bode dire o Welehu, o ka lua ia o na hekili
trouble that his enemy, the ikaika loa, nakeke, opaipai ka
defiant 24 of Kuaihelani, should lani, naueue na kukulu o ka
stand alive before him. After a honua, haki kaikoo o ka moana,
time he sent another bolt of fire, nakaka na pohaku, kahako ka
called Mahuia, and another rock, pali, lele ke koae. I ka pa ana i
called Welehu, the second ke kapa lehu o Aukelenuiaiku,
strongest bolt of thunder. The ua lilo ia i mea ole, heaha la
roar was deafening, the heaven kona ano, he puahiohio paha.
rocked, the foundations of the
earth were shaken, the waves of
the ocean rose high as
mountains, large rocks were
loosened from the cliffs, the cliffs
were opened up and the birds on
the mountain heights were
alarmed. When these came in
contact with the robe of ashes of
Aukelenuiaiku they became as
nothing, like a gust of wind.

After these death aims of A hala keia make a Kuwahailo, i

Kuwahailo he again looked and nana aku ka hana i ka oioi o
saw Aukelenuiaiku standing in Kuaihelani, e ku mai ana no,
the same place, and still alive. aole i make, i iho o Kuwahailo:
Kuwahailo then said to himself: “Ka! akahi no ka make ole o nei
“Here I have exhausted all my
death-dealing weapons and still
that man is not killed yet. This is
the first man that has been able
to withstand all this.” [78]
We will here leave Aukelenuiaiku
and Kuwahailo for a time while
we take up the brothers of
Namakaokahai. In making their
flight from the earth to heaven,
they saw that Aukelenuiaiku was
going much faster than they
were. The length of time they
took on this voyage was five
days and five nights, while
Aukelenuiaiku covered the
distance in only one day and one
night: hence, when Kuwahailo
was pouring out his death-
dealing bolts, the brothers were
still on their way. When they
were approaching heaven, and
saw from a distance the fire-bolt
called Kukuena, and the black
rock Ikuwa being hurled at
Aukelenuiaiku, they all cried out
in alarm, for they thought their
brother-in-law would be killed.
They then flew to a rocky valley
and there laid down; after the fire
and the roar of the thunder had
gone by they came out, and
kanaka, no ka mea, o ka pau no
keia o na mea make, aohe make
iho.” [79]
Maanei e hoomaha iki kakou i ka
hoolohe ana no Kuwahailo, a me
Aukelenuiaiku, a e kamailio
kakou no na kaikunane o
Namakaokahai, na kaikoeke o
Aukelenuiaiku. Ma keia lele ana
o lakou mai ka honua ae a ka
lani, ua pakeu aku ko
Aukelenuiaiku lele i ko na
kaikoeke. No ka mea, hookahi
la, hookahi po o ka lele ana, o
Aukelenuiaiku mai ka honua ae
a ka lani; elima la, elima po o ka
lele ana o na kaikoeke, hiki i ka
lani. Maloko o ka manawa lele o
na kaikoeke, ko Kuwahailo
manawa i kaua ai me
Aukelenuiaiku i ka lani. A hiki na
kaikoeke i luna ma kahi kaawale
i ko Kuwahailo wahi, ike mua ia
mai la ka momoku ahi o
Kukuena, a me ka pohaku
koeleele o Ikuwa e lele mai ana i
mua o lakou. Uwe iho la lakou i
ko lakou kaikoeke i ka make,
holo aku la lakou a moe leho i ke
kahawai ala, a pau ka lele ana