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INTEGRATED IPA LEARNING MODULE

CLASS VIII.C PART VIII.D

ON THE MATERIAL OF THE MOTION SYSTEM IN HUMANS

Compiled By:

MOTHER NANING RUBITA, S.Pd

STATE 14 OKU JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL (SMP)

SOUTH SUMATRA

STUDY YEAR 2020/2021

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SUBJECT OVERVIEW

1. Introduction
This Integrated Science learning module was created as one way to complement relevant
and meaningful learning resources in order to improve the quality of education in SMP Negeri 14
OKU, especially in class VIII. In addition, this Integrated Science learning module was developed by
the author using words that are easily understood by students with the aim that the learning process
during this pandemic mass continues smoothly.

In order for the objectives designed in this module to be mastered by students well, then
students are asked to study and understand the material carefully in this module.
After that, students were asked to do all the exercises given after reading to understand the
material on the Human Movement System. Good luck and success.

2. General Goals

ÿ Basic Competencies:
3.1 Analyze the movement of living beings, the movement system in humans, and the effort to maintain
locomotor health.

ÿ Main Material:
Movement System in Humans and Efforts to Maintain the Health of the Movement System.

ÿ The learning objectives are as follows:

1. Students can understand and analyze the motion system in humans.
2. Students can find out how the motion system works in humans.
3. Students can identify disorders that attack the human movement system.
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MODULE 1
MOVEMENT SYSTEM IN HUMANS

A. Understanding the Movement System in Humans

One of the characteristics of living things is movement. In general, motion can be interpreted
as moving from one place to another or changing the position of part or all of the body of a living
being. Living things will move when there are impulses or stimuli that affect part or all of their body
parts. In animals and humans, it can represent the general sense of motion and can be seen with
the naked eye / in real terms. Movement in humans and animals uses locomotor organs that are
arranged in a locomotor system.

As for plants, the motion that is carried out will not be seen by the naked eye because it
occurs in an organ or plant cell. Thus, the meaning of motion in all living things cannot be equated.
Movement in plants also involves locomotion, but the locomotion used depends on impulses or
stimuli that affect the cells/tissues/organs of the plant. The discussion of motion in plants will be in
more detail in future materials.

B. Human Movement Tool

1. Frame
The skeleton or bones in the human body is one of the passive means of movement
because new bones will move when moved by muscles. While the bone-forming elements in
humans are elements of calcium in the form of salts which are glued together by kalogen. In its
development, the shape of the bones and body framework that is arranged can experience
abnormalities caused by disorders that are brought from birth, infectious diseases, nutritional
factors or wrong body position.
Bone Shape According to the shape of the bone is divided into 3 types, namely:
a. Pipe bones
The shape is round, long and hollow in the middle. Examples are the femur, upper arm
bones, and finger bones. The tubular bone serves as the site of red blood cell formation

b. Flat bones
The shape is flat (flattened). Examples: shoulder blades, sternum, and ribs. Flat bones
function as a place for the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells

c. short bones
The shape is short and round. Examples: vertebrae, wrist bones, and ankle bones. Serves
as a site for the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells
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According to the type of bone in humans can be divided into 2, namely:

a. Cartilage
Cartilage is composed of cartilage cells, the spaces between cartilage cells
contain a lot of adhesive and little lime, are flexible. Cartilage is abundant in the bones
of young children and in adults it is abundant at the ends of the ribs, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, nose, ears, between the vertebrae. Why when children have broken bones,
quickly reconnect? This is because children still have a lot of cartilage, so when it
breaks it is easy to reconnect. The process of turning cartilage into bone is called
ossification. b. Bones

Hard bone is formed by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts). The lime is in the form
of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium phosphate (Ca(PO4)2) which are obtained
or carried by the blood. In hard bones there are haversian canals in which there are
blood vessels that function to regulate the life of bone cells. Bones function to make
up the skeletal system. Examples of hard bones: femur, arm bone, calf bone,
collarbone.

The human skeleton can be grouped into 3, namely:

a. Skull Part (Head)
Composed of flat bones that function as a place of manufacture of red blood cells
and white blood cells.
b. Body Parts
vertebrae
ÿ Ribs
sternum
Shoulder bracelet
Hip bracelet
c. Movement Member Section
upper limbs (left and right hands) lower limbs
(left and right feet)

2. Skeletal Functions in Humans

as body enforcer.
as body shaper.
as a place of attachment of muscles (skeletal muscles).
as a protector of important body parts.
as a place of formation of red blood cells.
as a means of passive motion.

2. Transmitter

A joint is a connection between one bone and another. In humans there are three (3) forms
of joints, namely dead joints, rigid joints and movable joints.
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In the human movement system, joints have an important role in the process of motion.

According to the nature of the movement joints (joints) can be divided into three (3
types), namely:
a. Dead Joint
Dead joints are joints that do not have a joint space so they do not
allows movement, for example, the joints between the bones of the skull.
b. Stiff Joints
Rigid joints are joints that consist of cartilage ends, so that it is still possible for rigid
movements to occur, for example joints between the joints of rigid joints.

c. Motion Joints
Movable joints are joints that occur in one bone with another bone that is not connected
to the network so that there is free movement. While movable joints can be divided into 4
types:
1. Hinge Joint
Hinge joints are joints that can be moved in one direction. For example, the joint
between the femur and the calf bone and the joint between the arm bone and the ulna.

2. Swivel Joint
Rotary joints are joints that can be moved in a circular motion. For example, the
joint between the cervical vertebrae and the atlas bone and the joint between the ulna
and the lever bone
3. Bullet Joint
Bullet joints are joints that can be moved in any direction. For example, the joint
between the shoulder girdle and the upper arm bone and the joint between the hip girdle
and the femur.
4. Saddle Joint
Saddle joints are joints that can be moved in both directions. For example, the
joints in the thumb and the joints between the wrist and palm bones.

3. Muscle
Humans will not be able to move without muscles, because muscles are active tools of
motion that are very important for humans. According to its type, there are 3 types of muscles,
namely:
The. Otto Poles
The characteristics of smooth muscle are as follows:
The shape is spherical, both ends are tapered and the middle is bulging.

ÿ Has one cell nucleus

Has no transverse stripes (plain)
Working outside of consciousness, meaning not under the direction of the brain, therefore
smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles.
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Located in the intestinal muscles, the muscles of the circulatory tract, the muscles of the urinary tract, etc.
b. Striated Muscles

The characteristics of striated muscles are as follows:

The shape is cylindrical, elongated.
It appears that there are transverse lines arranged like alternating dark and light areas (striated).

ÿ Has many cell nuclei.

Works under consciousness, meaning according to the brain's commands, therefore muscles
striated muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles.

ÿ found in thigh muscles, calf muscles, chest muscles, muscles.

c. Cardiac muscle
The characteristics of the heart muscle are as follows:
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. The structure is the same as that of striated muscle, alternately dark
and bright and there are branching cells.
The work of the heart muscle cannot be controlled by our will, but works according to the motion of the heart.
So cardiac muscle according to its shape like striated muscle and from the process of its work like smooth
muscle, therefore it is also called special muscle.

4. Movement and Muscle Work

a. Human Muscle Work
Human muscles work by contracting so that the muscles will shorten, harden and expand in the middle.
Because it shortens, the bone to which the muscle is attached will be pulled or lifted. Contraction of one kind of
muscle is only able to move the bone in a certain direction. In order for the bone to return to its original position, the
muscle must relax and the bone must be pulled back into its original position. For that there must be another muscle
that contracts which is the opposite of the work of the first muscle. So, to move the bones from one position to
another, and then back to their original position, it takes at least two kinds of muscles with different actions.

Based on how it works, muscles are divided into antagonistic muscles and synergistic muscles. Antagonistic
muscles cause antagonistic motion, which is muscle movement in the opposite direction. If the first muscle contracts
and the second muscle relaxes, causing the bone to be pulled / lifted or vice versa. Synergistic muscles cause
synergistic motion, namely muscle movement in the same direction. So the two muscles contract together and relax
together.

ÿ Antagonist Movement
An example of antagonistic motion is the work of the biceps and triceps on the upper and lower arms.
The bicep is a muscle that has two tendons (two ends) attached to the bone and located in the front of the upper
arm. The triceps is a muscle that has three tendons (three ends) attached to the bone and is located at the back
of the upper arm. To raise the forearm, the biceps contract and the triceps relax. To lower the forearm, the triceps
contract and the biceps relax.
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ÿ Synergistic Motion
Synergistic motion occurs when two muscles move in the same direction.
Example: the movement of the hands up and down. This movement occurs because of the
cooperation between the pronator teres muscle and the pronator quadratus muscle. Another example
of synergistic motion is the movement of the ribs due to the cooperation of the muscles between the
ribs when we breathe.

C. Bone and Muscle Abnormalities

a. Abnormalities in the bones (skeleton)
Abnormalities and disorders of the bones can be caused by several factors, for example
due to congenital abnormalities, infectious diseases, because of food or habits of wrong body
position. Some examples of abnormalities in the bones and skeleton, among others:

Kyphosis: i.e. a forward curvature of the spine, due to:

the habit of sitting / working in a bent position.
ÿ Scoliosis: i.e. the spine bends to the side, this can occur in people who suffer from heart disease
who endure the pain, so that they are accustomed to tilting and causing the spine to become
tilted.

Lordosis: a back curvature of the spine, due to the habit of sleeping with a pillow propped up by the
waist.
Rickets: i.e. abnormalities in the bones due to lack of vitamin D, so that the legs
X or O shape.
Polio: is a bone disorder caused by a virus, so that the condition of the bones shrinks and is abnormal.

b. Muscle Disorders
Muscle disorders in humans can be caused by movement and muscle work. This can
occur due to interference from external and internal factors. External factors can be caused by
accidents and disease attacks, while internal factors can occur due to congenital or movement errors
due to muscles that have never been trained. Some examples of muscle disorders, including:

ÿ Tetanus is a persistent tense muscle disorder caused by toxins

bacteria.
ÿ Muscle atrophy is a disorder that causes the muscles to shrink due to the polio virus attack or
because the muscles are no longer used for movement, due to paralysis.
ÿ Neck stiffness (stiff) Abnormalities that occur due to jerking motion that causes
the trapezius muscle is inflamed.
Cramps muscle disorders that occur due to continuous muscle activity so that the muscles become
spasms.
ÿ Sprains (sprains) muscle disorders that occur when the synergistic motion of one of the muscles
work in the opposite direction.
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EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Do the following questions correctly!!

1. Disorders of the movement system characterized by joint weakness due to syphilis infection while
the baby is in the womb are called... a. Kyphosis b. Osteoarthritis

c. Ankylosis
d. Joint wilting
e. Exudative arthritis

2. Deficiency of lime and vitamin D in adults will result in...

a. Lordosis
b. Osteomalacia c.
Kyphosis
d. Rakitis
e. Scoliosis

3. Which of the following is not a bone that makes up the axial skeleton?
a. Chest
b. Ribs
c. skull d.
back e. crotch

4. The bone that lies between the larynx and the mandible and is shaped like the letter U is...
a. Hioid
b. spine c. collarbone
d. skull e. Rib

5. To contract, muscles need...

a. Lactic acid and ATP b.
Energy and carbon dioxide c.
Oxygen and energy d. Oxygen
and water vapor e. ATP and
Phosphoric Acid
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6. The relationship between the bones of the artar bone to each other is called...
a. bone b.
Frame c.
muscle d.
joint e. Skull

7. When a person bends his hands (flexion), then the working mechanism that occurs
is ….
a. Synergistic, namely the biceps muscle contracts, the triceps
relaxes b. The antagonist is the triceps muscle contracts, the
biceps relaxes c. Synergistic, namely the triceps muscle
contracts, the biceps relaxes d. Synergistic ie biceps and triceps
contracted e. Antagonist, the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes

8. The joint in the elbow is… a. bullet joint b. saddle

joint c. swivel joint d. hinge joint e. glide joint

9. The curvature of the spine towards the front due to a wrong attitude is called ….
a. Fracture
b. Rickets c.
Lordosis
d. Kyphosis
e. Necrosis

10. Bone abnormalities due to lack of calcium in adults that cause brittleness
bone is called...
a. Nekrosa
b. Bone
tuberculosis c.
Osteoporosis d.
Osteomalacia e. osteoarthritis