DEPARTMENT OFAERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

AE3002- AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

TWO MARK QUESTION ANSWERS
UNIT I AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
Mention the precautions observed during leveling. Nov/Dec
While leveling, the following precautions should be taken 2009
 The staff should be held vertical while taking the reading
1.  The bubble in the level tube is to be brought to central before taking any reading
 Readings should be taken in the proper direction depending on the type of staff
 Balancing of sight is to be maintained as far as possible
 Reading and recording of observation correctly.
2. Differentiate towing from taxiing. Nov/Dec
2009
TOWING TAXING

When preparing for ground handling All taxiing should be done at slow speed,
operation ensure that the ignition switch and control should be positioned such
is off that the effects of gusty wind are
minimized.
The aircraft moved on the ground by The aircraft moved on the ground by
without using a towing vehicle or tow with using a towing vehicle or tow bar.
bar.
3. What is meant by aircraft leveling? Nov/Dec-
 The way in which aircraft may be checked on the ground for level flight as specified 2018
by the aircraft manufacturer.
 The aircraft may be leveled by means of leveling lugs, spirit or bubble levels, or a
plumb bob.
4. What is mooring operation? April/May-
The act or an instance of making fast an aircraft, as by a cable or anchor. 2018
 A place or structure to which a aircraft can be moored. Equipment, such as anchors
or chains, for holding fast a aircraft.
 One under each wing, and one under the tail. Mooring rings are provided to secure
tie down ropes into the mooring points
5. Name some ground handling equipment. Nov/Dec-
 Aircraft Tugs 2021
 Passenger Boarding Bridges (Jet Bridges
 Baggage Handling Systems carts.
 Ground Power Units (GPU)
 Air Start Units
 Ground Support Equipment (GSE)
 Catering Trucks
 Refueling Trucks
 Deicing Equipment.
 Aircraft Lavatory and Water Service Vehicles
 Passenger and Baggage Handling Carts
 Aircraft Cleaning Equipment
 Cargo Loaders
  Aircraft Deicing Trucks
 Towing Tractors for Cargo Dollies
6. What are the precautions to be followed in gpu maintenance? Nov/Dec-
 Assign maintenance tasks to qualified and trained personnel with expertise in 2021
ground power unit systems.
 Before performing any maintenance tasks, disconnect the ground power unit from
its power source.
 Implement lockout/tagout procedures to prevent accidental energization of the
ground power unit.
 Be aware of fire hazards associated with electrical components and fuel systems in
the GPU.
7. What are the precautions observed before engine starting? April/May-
1. Never energize the starter while the engine is rotating. 2021
2. Do not move the power lever of any engine while it is being bled for cross bleed
starting.
3. Do not perform a ground start if turbine inlet temperature is above that specified by
the manufacturer.
4. Do not use bleed air from an engine that is accelerating?
8. Differentiate mooring and jacking. Nov/Dec-
Mooring Jacking 2017
mooring is the process of securing an Jacking involves lifting the aircraft for
aircraft on the ground to prevent maintenance purposes, providing access
movement, especially during non- to the landing gear and related
operational periods components.
9. List the purpose of jacking the aircraft.
Landing Gear Inspection
Wheel and Tire Maintenance
Brake System Inspection
Undercarriage Maintenance
Weight-On-Wheels (WOW) System Calibration
Aircraft Leveling
Weight and Balance Checks
Emergency Landing Gear Extension Testing
10. What is jacking.? Apr/May-
Jacking an aircraft refers to the process of lifting the aircraft off the ground using 2013
hydraulic jacks to provide access to the landing gear, undercarriage, and other
components for maintenance, inspection, or repair purposes.
UNIT II GROUND SERVICING OF VARIOUS SUB SYSTEMS
1. Write the principle of diluter demand pressure regulator in oxygen system? April/May-
the principle of a diluter demand pressure regulator in an oxygen system is to supply 2021
oxygen on demand, ensuring that the user receives the appropriate oxygen
concentration while also incorporating safety features to prevent overpressure or
other issues. This is crucial in aviation and aerospace applications where oxygen is
used to support breathing at high altitudes or in other oxygen-deficient environments.
2. Write the purpose of gasper system. April/May-
The gasper system in aviation refers to a series of individual air outlets, often located 2021
above passenger seats in an aircraft cabin, designed to provide passengers with a
controlled and adjustable supply of airflow.
3. Why HPA filters are used in modern jetliners? Nov/Dec-
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters, often referred to as HPA filters, are 2022
used in modern jetliners for maintaining a clean, healthy, and comfortable cabin
 environment. These filters play a critical role in providing passengers and crew with
high-quality air that is free from harmful airborne particles and contributes to the
overall safety and well-being of everyone on board.
4. What are the discomforts caused once the cabin has low humidity? Nov/Dec-
Low humidity levels in an aircraft cabin can cause various discomforts for passengers 2022
and the flight crew. Some of the discomforts associated with low humidity include:
 Dry Skin:
 Dry Eyes:
 Dehydration:
 Respiratory Irritation:
 Nasal Discomfort:
 Electrostatic Discharge:
 Sleep Disruption
 Fatigue
5. Mention few ground servicing subsystems. Nov/Dec-
Ground servicing subsystems refer to various support systems and equipment used on 2021
the ground to service, maintain, and prepare aircraft for flight. Some of the key
ground servicing subsystems include:
 Ground Power Unit (GPU
 Aircraft Ground Handling Equipment
 Fueling System
 Aircraft Deicing and Anti-icing Equipment
 Aircraft Lavatory and Water Service
 Air Conditioning and Environmental Control
 Aircraft Maintenance Equipment
 Cabin Cleaning and Sanitization Equipment
 Aircraft Potable Water Service
 Ground-Based Aircraft Inspection and Testing Equipment
 Baggage Handling Systems
 Aircraft Cleaning and Maintenance Facilities
6. What are the advantages of oxygen and oil system? Nov/Dec
oxygen systems ensure the safety and well-being of passengers and crew at high 2017
altitudes and includes Crew and Passenger Safety, Prevention of Hypoxia,
Emergency Situations, Improved Comfort during emergencies.
While oil systems are essential for engine lubrication, temperature regulation, and
overall engine performance. Both systems play critical roles in aviation, contributing
to safe and efficient flight operations.
7. What is the need of pressurization in the aircraft? Nov/Dec
pressurization in aircraft is necessary to provide a safe and comfortable environment 2017
for passengers and crew during flight, particularly at high altitudes where natural
atmospheric pressure is insufficient for human health and comfort. It ensures that
passengers can breathe easily and comfortably, minimizes physical discomfort, and
allows for the safe operation of aircraft at various altitudes.

8. What are the advantages of cabin air pressure regulator? Apr-May

cabin air pressure regulators are essential for maintaining the comfort, health, and 2017
safety of passengers and crew during flight. They play a critical role in ensuring that
the cabin environment remains pleasant, breathable, and safe, even when the aircraft
is operating at high altitudes.
 9. What is oxygen hazard? Nov/Dec
Oxygen hazard refers to the potential dangers and risks associated with the use of 2016
oxygen in various settings, particularly in environments where high concentrations of
oxygen are present. Oxygen, while essential for human respiration and combustion,
can become hazardous when it is present in higher concentrations than what is
typically found in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 21% oxygen)
10. What is purging? May/June
Purging an oxygen system in aviation refers to the process of removing any 2014
contaminants, impurities, or unwanted gases from the aircraft's oxygen delivery and
distribution system. The primary purpose of purging the oxygen system is to ensure
that the oxygen supplied to passengers and crew is of high purity and free from any
potentially harmful substances. Purging is an essential maintenance procedure in
aviation to maintain the integrity and safety of the aircraft's oxygen system.

UNIT III MAINTENANCE OF SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT SYSTEM PROCESSES

1. What are the procedures followed in continuous work shifts? Nov/Dec-
Shift Scheduling and Rotation: Aviation operations typically follow strict scheduling 2022
and rotation patterns. Shifts are carefully planned to ensure that critical positions are
adequately staffed at all times.
Briefings and Handovers: Comprehensive briefings and handovers are crucial during
shift changes. This ensures that incoming staff are aware of the current status of
flights, any ongoing issues, and important information about the airspace or aircraft.
Regulatory Compliance: Aviation operations must comply with strict regulations.
Continuous shifts involve adhering to rules set by aviation authorities regarding rest
periods, maximum duty hours, and other safety considerations.
2. Write the note on the risk diamond. Nov/Dec-
The risk diamond provides a comprehensive and visual 2022
framework for stakeholders to assess and communicate risks
effectively. It encourages a holistic understanding of risks by
considering not only the potential hazards and outcomes but
also the broader context and the effectiveness of existing
controls. By analysing each facet of the diamond,
organizations can make informed decisions about how to
address and manage risks. It serves as a valuable tool for risk assessment,
communication, and strategic planning, promoting a proactive approach to risk
management.

3. Define shop safety. Nov/Dec-

Keeping hangars, shop, and the flight line orderly and clean is essential to safety and 2020
efficient maintenance.
The highest standards of orderly work arrangements and cleanliness should be
observed during the maintenance of aircraft.

4. What are the various precautions taken during maintenance of an aircraft? Nov/Dec-
 Technicians should only operate equipment with which they are familiar and can 2020
operate safely.
 Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
 Power cords and air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly stored when
not in use
 Always walk and never run, and never hurry when engaged in hazardous work
5. Define jigs and fixtures Apr/May
 Jig: 2021
A jig is a type of tool or device that holds, supports, and guides a workpiece during a
manufacturing operation. Its primary purpose is to control the motion or location of the
tool, guiding it to produce a specific shape, hole, or finish on the workpiece. Jigs are
commonly used in drilling, reaming, and milling operations.
Fixture:
A fixture, on the other hand, is a device designed to securely hold and position a
workpiece in a specific orientation during machining or assembly. Unlike jigs, fixtures
do not guide the cutting tool; instead, they focus on immobilizing the workpiece to
prevent movement or vibration.

6. Name the hazardous materials in aviation industry. Apr/May

 Jet Fuel (Aviation Turbine Fuel - ATF) 2021
 Lithium Batteries
 Hydraulic Fluids
 De-icing Fluids
 Corrosive Substances
 Oxygen Cylinders
 Radioactive Materials
 Paints and Coatings
 Infectious Substances
7. Draw any four hand tools used in maintenance shop. Nov/Dec-
 Hammers and mallets 2021
 Screwdrivers
 Pliers
 Punches
 Wrenches
8. State the precautions followed before the start of an electrical work in an aircraft. Nov/Dec-
The use of rubber gloves, safety glasses, rubber or grounded safety mats, and 2009
other safety equipment contributes to the overall safety of the technician working on or
with electrical equipment.
9. Write a short note on Foreign Object Damage (FOD). Nov/Dec-
FOD is any damage caused by any loose object to aircraft, personnel, or equipment. 2017
These loose objects can be anything from broken runway concrete to shop towels to
safety wire.
To control FOD, keep ramp and operation areas clean, have a tool control program,
and provide convenient receptacles for used hardware, shop towels, and other
consumables.
10. Name the flight line safety criteria. Apr/May-
Hearing Protection 2017
Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
Safety Around Airplanes
Safety Around Helicopters
Fire Safety

UNIT IV INSPECTION
1. How an inspection is scheduled for the aircraft? Nov/Dec-
Scheduling aircraft inspections is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, 2022
airworthiness, Manufacturer's Recommendations, Utilization and Downtime
Considerations, Utilization and Downtime Considerations, Aircraft Logbook and
Record Review. The process involves careful planning and coordination to
 minimize downtime and compliance of an aircraft with regulatory standards, while
addressing maintenance and inspection requirements.
The scheduling of aircraft inspections is a collaborative effort involving various
departments within an airline or maintenance organization.
2. What is the significance of aeronautical publications? Nov/Dec-
Aeronautical publications are the sources of information for guiding aviation 2022
mechanics in the operation and maintenance of aircraft and related equipment. The
proper use of these publications greatly aid in the efficient operation and
maintenance of all aircraft. These include manufacturers’ SBs, manuals, and
catalogs; FAA regulations; ADs; advisory circulars (ACs); and aircraft, engine, and
propeller specifications.
3. Write down the ATA specification. Nov/Dec-
The ATA specification uses a numbering system to categorize different aspects of 2020
aircraft documentation. Each ATA chapter corresponds to a specific area of aircraft
systems or operations. For example:
ATA Chapter 20: Standard Practices - Aircraft General
ATA Chapter 21: Air Conditioning
ATA Chapter 22: Auto Flight
ATA Chapter 23: Communications
Each chapter is further divided into sub-chapters, and specific tasks or components
are assigned unique ATA codes within these chapters.
ATA Code 32-10: Main Gear
ATA Code 32-20: Nose Gear
ATA Code 32-30: Main Gear Retraction System

4. Define FAR airworthiness directives. Nov/Dec-

FAR Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are regulatory directives issued by aviation 2022
authorities, particularly in the United States, under the Federal Aviation Regulations
(FAR). These directives mandate specific actions to address identified safety issues
or deficiencies in aircraft design, equipment, or maintenance. The goal of an AD is
to ensure the continued airworthiness of an aircraft and mitigate potential safety
risks.
5. What is the purpose of inspection? Nov/Dec-
The purpose of an aircraft inspection program is to ensure that the aircraft is 2021
airworthy. The process of systematically examining, checking and testing aircraft
structural members, components and systems, to detect actual or potential
unserviceable conditions
6. What are the checklists to be followed in inspection? Nov/Dec-
Fuselage and Hull Group 2021
Cabin and Cockpit Group
Engine and Nacelle Group
Landing Gear Group
Wing and Center Section
Empennage Group
Propeller Group
Communication and Navigation Group
7. Why service bulletins are issued in the inspection process Apr/May-
Service Bulletins play a crucial role in keeping the aviation community informed 2021
about necessary actions to maintain and improve the overall integrity, safety, and
airworthiness of the aircraft. Operators and maintenance personnel must stay
updated with the latest bulletins to ensure compliance with manufacturer
recommendations and regulatory requirements.
 8. List publications used in aircraft maintenance shop. Nov/Dec-
Manufacturers’ Service Bulletins, 2016
Maintenance manuals
Overhaul Manual
Catalogs
FAA regulations
ADs
Advisory circulars (ACs)
aircraft, engine, and propeller specifications.
9. Differentiate maintenance manual and overhaul manual. Nov/Dec-
Maintenance manual Overhaul manual. 2016
The aircraft manufacturer maintenance The manufacturer’s overhaul manual
manual contains complete instructions contains brief descriptive information
for maintenance of all systems and and detailed step-by-step instructions
components installed in the aircraft. It covering work normally performed on
contains information for the mechanic a unit that has been removed from the
who normally works on components, aircraft. Simple, inexpensive items,
assemblies and systems while they are such as switches and relays where
installed in the aircraft. overhaul is uneconomical, are not
covered in the overhaul manual.
10. What are the conditions under which aircraft may go into special inspection? Nov/Dec-
1.Hard or over weight landing. 2016
2.Severe Turbulence
3.Lighting Strike.
4.Bird Strike.
5.Fire damage
6.Flood damage.
UNIT V AIRCRAFT HARDWARE, MATERIALS, SYSTEM PROCESSES
1. Why threaded fasteners are used in modern aircraft construction? Nov/Dec-
threaded fasteners play a fundamental role in modern aircraft construction, offering 2022
a combination of strength, versatility, and practicality. Their use contributes to the
overall safety, efficiency, and ease of maintenance in the aviation industry.
2. What is the significance of Camloc 4002 fasteners? Nov/Dec-
the significance of Camloc 4002 fasteners lies in their ability to provide a secure, 2022
quick, and tool-free method for attaching and detaching components in aircraft.
Their design aligns with the efficiency and safety requirements of the aviation
industry, making them a standard choice for various applications in aircraft
construction and maintenance.
3. Enumerate the three classified groups of screws used in a aircraft. Nov/Dec-
Machine Screws: 2020
Machine screws are threaded fasteners with a uniform diameter and a blunt end.
They are used to fasten metal parts together, and their applications in aircraft
include securing panels, access covers, and other components.
Self-Tapping Screws:
Self-tapping screws have a sharp point and threads designed to cut into and tap their
own holes in the material without the need for pre-drilling. These screws are
commonly used in situations where it may be challenging to create pre-drilled holes
Wood Screws:
Wood screws have a tapered shaft and a pointed end. While primarily designed for
use in wood, they can also be used in composite materials and certain non-structural
applications in aircraft construction. Wood screws are not typically used in critical
 structural components of the aircraft but may be employed in interior furnishings or
non-load-bearing elements.
4. State the types of gears used in aircraft. Nov/Dec-
Spur Gear 2020
Helical Gear
Bevel Gear
Screw Gear
Worm Gear
Miter Gears
5. What are the types of bearings used in an aircraft? Nov/Dec-
Plain bearings 2021
Ball bearing
Roller bearing.
Needle Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearings
Tapered Roller Thrust Bearings
6. What happens if correct aircraft hardware is not used? Nov/Dec-
Using incorrect or substandard aircraft hardware can have serious consequences on 2021
the safety, performance, and airworthiness of an aircraft. The correct selection and
use of hardware are critical in maintaining the integrity of the aircraft structure and
systems. Here are some potential consequences if incorrect aircraft hardware is used
Structural compromise
Reduced load carrying capacity
Vibration and fatigue issue
Poor fit and alignment
Increased maintenance cost.
7. Difference between taper and reamer. Apr/May-
Taper Reamers 2021
1.A taper is a tool used to gradually 1.A reamer is a tool designed to
widen or narrow a hole. Tapers are precisely size and finish a pre-drilled
often used for aligning parts or hole. It removes a small amount of
facilitating the insertion of tapered material from the hole to achieve
objects into holes. accurate dimensions and a smooth
2. Tapers are versatile tools used for surface finish.
various purposes, such as aligning 2. Reamers are precision tools used for
components, facilitating assembly, or achieving accurate hole dimensions and
creating tapered holes for specific improving the surface finish of a pre-
applications. drilled hole. They ensure that the hole
3. Tapers may remove material meets tight tolerances.
gradually as they are twisted or inserted 3. Reamers are designed to remove a
into a hole. The removal of material is controlled amount of material,
not as precise as with a reamer. providing a more precise and uniform
hole diameter. They are often used in
the finishing stages of hole preparation.

8. What are the advantages of swaging over splicing? Apr/May-

1. Swaging often provides a stronger and more reliable termination compared 2021
to splicing.
2. Swaging produces terminations with a high level of consistency in terms of
dimensions and strength.
3. Swaged terminations tend to be more compact and have a lower profile
 compared to some splicing methods.
4. Swaged terminations often exhibit better resistance to fatigue compared to
certain splicing techniques.
5. Swaging can be performed using materials that offer excellent corrosion
resistance.
6. Swaging is often preferred in applications requiring higher load capacities.
7. Swaging can result in terminations with reduced friction between strands,
contributing to smoother operation and less wear over time.
9. Differentiate American and British system of specifications. Nov/Dec-
American System British System 2016
The American system primarily uses The British system also uses the
the Imperial system of units, which Imperial system of units, similar to the
includes inches, feet, pounds, and American system. Both systems share
Fahrenheit for measurements. common units for length, weight, and
temperature.
The American system typically uses The British system commonly uses
Unified Thread Standard (UTS) for British Standard Whitworth (BSW) or
specifying thread dimensions, pitch, British Standard Fine (BSF) for
and tolerance. threads.
Standards organizations in the United British standards are often developed
States, such as the American National and maintained by organizations such
Standards Institute (ANSI) and the as the British Standards Institution
Society of Automotive Engineers (BSI) and the Institution of Mechanical
(SAE), play a significant role in Engineers (IMechE).
establishing and maintaining standards.
The American system may use The British system may refer to
standards such as ASTM (American standards established by BSI for
Society for Testing and Materials) for material specifications and testing.
specifying material properties and
testing methods.
Fastener specifications in the American Fastener specifications in the British
system may follow standards such as system may adhere to standards such as
those established by ASTM or SAE for those set by BSI or historical standards
bolts, nuts, and other fasteners. like British Standard Whitworth (BSW)
for threads.
10. Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic plumbing. Nov/Dec-
Metallic Plumbing Non-metallic plumbing 2017
Metallic plumbing systems are made of Non-metallic plumbing systems use
metal alloys, typically aluminum, materials other than metals, such as
stainless steel, or titanium. These composites, polymers, or reinforced
materials offer strength, durability, and plastics. Common non-metallic
resistance to corrosion, making them materials include carbon fiber-
suitable for applications requiring reinforced composites, polyethylene,
robust and reliable plumbing. and Teflon.
Metallic plumbing components tend to Non-metallic plumbing components are
be heavier than their non-metallic generally lighter than metallic ones.
counterparts. This weight can be a This weight reduction contributes to
critical factor in aircraft design, overall weight savings in the aircraft,
especially for achieving fuel efficiency improving fuel efficiency and
and meeting weight limitations. performance.
Metallic plumbing systems are Non-metallic plumbing materials are
 susceptible to corrosion, especially inherently resistant to corrosion. They
when exposed to harsh environmental do not rust or corrode
conditions, chemicals, or galvanic
reactions.
Metallic pipes and tubes are relatively Non-metallic plumbing components,
rigid and may require bending or particularly hoses and flexible tubing,
welding to fit specific contours. offer greater flexibility.
Metallic materials have higher thermal Non-metallic materials generally have
conductivity lower thermal conductivity.
Metallic plumbing may require more Non-metallic plumbing materials are
frequent inspections for corrosion and generally more resistant to degradation,
wear. requiring less frequent inspections and
maintenance.
Metallic plumbing is commonly used in Non-metallic plumbing is often
critical applications such as fuel lines, employed in applications where weight
hydraulic systems, and high-pressure savings, corrosion resistance, or
fluid systems. flexibility are priorities.

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