01.

flTs;

01. guk;nghUisf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; jkpo;r; nrhy; vJ?

 flTs;

02. mr;nrhy; czu;j;Jk; %tifg; nghUs;fSk; ahit?

1. cyfj;ij ,af;Fgtu; - (flTjy; - ,af;Fjy;)
2. cs;sj;ijf; fle;jtu; - (rpe;jidf;Fs; mlq;fhjtu;)
3. cyfj;ijf; fle;Jk;> mNjrkak; cyfpDs;Sk; cs;stu; (fl – fle;j epiy>
cs; - cyfpDs;Sk; capu;fSs;Sk; tpahgpj;jpUf;Fk; epiy)

03. gpuhkzq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 flTs; cz;ikia epWTtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; topKiwfshFk;.
1. gpuj;jpal;rk;
2. mEkhdk;
3. Mg;jthf;fpak;

04. flTSz;ikia epWTtjw;F> gpuj;jpal;rg; gpukhzk; gad;gl Kbahikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
 Vnddpy; gpuj;jpal;rg; gpukhzk; vkJ nghwpfs; thapyhfg; ngWk; mwpT MFk;.
,jdhy; ,iwtd; njhlu;ghd Qhdf;fhl;rpia czu;j;j KbahJ.

05. Mg;j thf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d? vkJ rkaj;jpy; Mg;j thf;fpakhff;

nfhs;sg;gLtd ahit?
 Mg;j thf;fpak; vd;why; cz;ik thf;fpak; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. Qhdpau;> jhk;
fz;Lzu;e;j cz;ikfisf; $wpAs;sdu;. mtu;fs; $wpa tplaq;fNs Mg;j
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
1. Ntjq;fs;
2. Mfkq;fs;
3. Njthuk;
4. jpUthrfk;

06. mEkhdg; gpukhzk; vd;why; vd;d? cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.

 ,iwtid czu;e;J nfhs;Sk; KiwNa mEkhdg; gpukhzk; MFk;.
 c – k; : neUg;igAk; mjpypUe;J Gif ntsptUtijAk; gyKiwAk; fz;L
czu;e;jtu;fs;> J}uj;jpy; Gif khj;jpuk; njupAk; NghJ mq;Nf neUg;Gk;
,Uf;Fk; vd czu;fpd;wikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

2
07. cyfk; gilf;fg;gl;l nghUs; - epWTf.
 cyfj;jpYs;s xt;nthU nghUSk; xU fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp> ,d;ndhU
fhyj;jpy; mopfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; cyfk; KOtJk; xUfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ
vd;gJk; xU fhyj;jpy; mopag;NghtJ vd;gJk; njsp thfpd; wJ.
mjhtJ cyfk; mehjpahdJ my;y vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. ,g;gbr; rpe;jpf;Fk;
NghJ cyfk; gilf;fg;gl;l nghUs; vd;w KbTf;F tuyhk;.

08. jD> fuzk;> Gtdk;> Nghfk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

 jD – clk;G
 fuzk; - kd Kjypa fUtp
 Gtdk; - clk;Gf;F Mjhukhfpa cyfk;
 Nghfk; - mDgtpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;

09. flTs; cyifg; gilj;jjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 capu;fs; mehjp fhykhf fl;Lz;L my;yw;gLgit. Mzt kyj;jpdpd;Wk;
mjdhy; cz;lhFk; my;yy;fspdpd;Wk; tpLgl;L capu;fs; <NlWtjw;Fj;
JizahfNt flTs; cyifg; gilj;jhu;. cyfk; vd;Dk; NghJ capu;fs;
ciwfpd;w cly;> mit mwpitg; ngWtjw;Ff; fUtpfshfpa fuzq;fs;>
clNyhL $ba capu;fs; cyTfpd;w cyfk;> capu;fs; mDgtpf;fpd;w
,d;gJd;gq;fs; vd midj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

10. rptDf;Fk; rf;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G vj;jifaJ?

 rptDk; rf;jpAk; xd;whFk;.

11. jkpo; Ntjq;fs; vit?

 Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;

12. irtrpj;jhe;jk; flTs; cz;ikia vt;thW ep&gpf;fpd;wJ?

 2 tifapy; ep&gpf;fpd;wJ.
1. flTs; cz;L vd;gijj; jf;f fhuzq;fs; fhl;b ep&gpj;jy;.
2. flTs; ,y;iy vd;W thjpg;gtu;fSila thjq;fs; ngh Uj; jkw;wit vd;W
jf;f fhuzk; fhl;b kWg;gJ.

3
 02. nja;t rpe;jid

01. mwpTilik vd;gjw;Fj; jpUts;Stu; jUk; tpsf;fk; ahJ?

 ehk; nra;Ak; fhupaq;fshy; tpisag; NghtJ ed;ikah jPikah vd;gtw;iw
ca;j;Jzu;e;J jPikapypUe;J tpyfp ed;ikia ehbr; nraw; g Lk; Mw;wNy
mwpthFk;. kdij mjd; Nghf; fpw; NghftplhJ jPikapdpd;W
tpyf;fp ed;ikia Nehf;fpr; nrYj;JtNj mwpTilikahFk;.

02. ekJ rkak; typAWj;Jk; gpujhd cz;ikfshf ,q;F Rl;lg;gLgit vit?

 Gz;zpa fhupaq;fspy; <Lgly;.
 gop ghtq;fspypUe;J tpyfp elj;jy;.
 flTs; topghL.
 jpahdk;.
 xOf;fk;.

03. jpUts;Stu; Ngjik vd;W vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;?

 gop ghtq;fSf;F mQ;r Ntz;lhk;. mt;thW mQ;rtpy;iynad;why; mJ
mwpahik (Ngjik) MFk;.

04. ehk; thOkplq;fspnyy;yhk; jpUf;Nfhapy;fis mikg;gjd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;

ahJ?
 jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tplaq;fs; Kf; fpaj; Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Myaf; NfhGuk;> kzpNahir vd;gdthFk;.
,tw;wpy; kzpNahiriaf; Nfl;Fk;NghNjh my;yJ Myaf; NfhGuj;ijg;
ghu;f;Fk;NghNjh ek; midtUf;Fk; ,iwtd; gw;wpa epidtpidAk; nja;tPf
rpe;jidiaAk; tsu;g;gjw;fhfthFk;.

05. ehk; vg;nghOJk; nja;t rpe;jidAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ahJ?

 Vnddpy; ehk; ve;jf; fhupaj;ijAk; nja;t rpe;jidAld; nra;a cjTk;.

06. flTs; epidNthL tho ek;ik newpg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfs; Ie;J jUf.

 ,iwtidj; jpahdpj;jy;
 gf;jp
 jdp kdpj xOf;fk;
 gpuhzpfSf;F cztspj;jy;
 cyfj;jpw;Fj; jPik tuhjgb tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

4
07. Md;k jpahdk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
 ek;ikg; gw;wpj; jpahdpj;jy; Md;k jpahdk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ ehk; rupahd
topapy; elf;fpNwhkh? ehk; nra;tJ rupah? jtwh? Vd; ,e; j j; jtiwr;
nra;Njhk;? jtWfspypUe;J tpyfp ey;ygb tho;tJ vg;gb? vd;nwy;yhk;
jpahdpg;gjhFk;.

08. rptj;jpahdk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

 flTisg; gw;wpj; jpahdpg;gJ rptj; jpahdkhFk;. mjhtJ flTspd;
ngUikfisAk; vy;iyaw;w ngUikkpf;f flTs; vk; kPJ fhl;Lk;
fUiziaAk; epidj;J kdKUFk; mj;jpahdNk rptj;jpahdkhFk;.

09. flTs; topghL vg;NghJ KOik ngWtjhf mikAk; vd;W ,q;F

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
 ehk; thOk; xOf;fkhd tho;tpdhNyNa flTs; topghL KOik ngWfpwJ.

10. ehk; ekJ tho;f;ifia vt;thW mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;?

 cyfj;Jf;Fj; jPik epfohjgb ekJ tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

5
 03. irt tpOkpaq;fs;

01. <if vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

 <if vd;w nrhy; nfhil vd;W nghUs;gLtjhFk;. mwq;fSs; vy;yhk;
Nkk;gl;l mwkhf <if fUjg;gLfpwJ.

02. jpUts;Stu; vJ Fwpj;J jdJ Nfhg czu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?

 ekJ mwg; ghuk;gupak; xUtd; gpwuplk; ,Ue;J thoNtz;ba epiyapy;
,Ug;gij r%f mePjpahfNt fUJfpd;wJ. mj;jifa epiy Fwpj;J jd;
Nfhg czu;r;rpia kpff; fLikahf ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

03. ,uj;jy;> <if vd;gd gw;wpg; GwehD}W $Wtd ahit?

 ,ue;J thOk; epiy kpfj; jho;thdNj. Mdhy; ahUk; jk;kplk; ,ue;j
NghJ> ,y;iy vd;W iftpupg;gJ mijtplj; jho;thdjhFk;.

 cyfj;jpNyNa kpff; nfhba Jd;gk; grp> “grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;J

NghFk;” mj;jifa grpiag; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;tnjd;gJ jtk;
nra;gtu;fsplk; fhzg;ngWk; Mw;wyhk;. Mdhy;> grpahy;
tUe;Jgtu;fSila grpiaj; jk; <if %yk; Nghf;FgtUila Mw;wNyhL
xg;gpLkplj;J me;jj; jt Mw;wyhdJ ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; itf;fj;jf;fjhfg;
ngUik Fd;wp tpLfpd;wJ.

04. “Mw;Wthu; Mw;wy;..” vDk; Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

 jt typik cilatupd; typik grpiag; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;syhFk;.
mJTk; mg;grpia czT nfhLj;J khw;Wfpd;wtupd; Mw; wYf; F g;
gpw;gl;ljhFk;.

05. “,ay;tJ fuNty;” vd;w $w;wpd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ?

 vk;khy; ,ad;wij ,y;iy vd;W $whJ nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

06. xg;GuT vd;why; vd;d?

 jdp kdpjUf;fd;wp r%fj;jpd; Njitawpe;J nra;Ak; mwr; nray;fs; xg;GuT
MFk;.

07. jpUts;Stu;> xg;Guthsu; nra;Ak; cgfhuj;ij kioNahL xg;gpl;Lf;

$wpAs;sjd; nghUj;jg;ghL ahJ?
 kio vd;gJ jdp kdpjUf;fhfg; nga;tjpy;iy. mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk;
nghJthfg; nga;fpwJ. ,JNghyNt xg;GuthsDk; gpujp gyd; vjid A k;
vjpu;ghuhJ nghJ ed;ikfisr; nra;tjhy; xg;Guthsu; kiof;F
xg;gplg;gLfpd;whu;.

08. CUzp> gad;kuk;> kUe;J kuk; vd;W jpUts;Stu; ahiug; Gfo;e;Jiuj;J

cs;shu;?
 xg;Guthsiu

6
09. mt;thW Gfo;e;Jiuj;jikapd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid tpsf;FF.
 cz;ikia czu;e;J cyfj;Jf;F cgfhupahf thOk;
tho;f;ifAilatu;fs; nry;te;ju;fs; khj;jpuky;yhJ cz;ik czu;e;j
mwpthspfSk; Mtu;. Vnddpy; mtu;fsJ nry;tk; Cupy; cs;s
rfyUf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mt;thW Gfo;e;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

10. jpUts;Stu;> xg;Guthsidg; Nguwpthsd; vdg; ngUikg;gLj;jpaik

nghUj;jkhdjh? tpsf;fk; jUf.
 Mk;> Vnddpy; xg;Guthsd; nry;tk; mopahjgb khj;jpuky;y> mJ
Gz;zpakhfg; ngUFk;gb Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; cz;ik mwpthspahf
tpsq;FtjhyhFk;.
 04. fhyf; fzpg;Gk; gQ;rhq;fKk;
01. Mz;Lr; Rw;Wtl;lj;jpy; Kjy; Mz;L ahJ? filrp Mz;L ahJ? vj;jid
Mz;Lfs; xU Rw;W tl;lj;jpy; cs;sd?
Kjy; Mz;L - gpugtk;
filrp Mz;L - ml;rak;
60 Mz;Lfs;

02. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisr; Rl;Ltjw;F trjpahf vkJ Kd;Ndhu; ifahz;l Mz;L

Kiwfs; ahit?
 rhypthfd rfhg;jk;
 tpf;fpuk rfhg;jk;
 nfhy;yk; rfhg;jk;

03. khjk; vdg;gLk; fhyg;gFjp ahJ?

 #upad;> ,uhrp kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s 12 ,uhrpfSs; xU ,uhrpapw; gpuNtrpg;gJ
Kjy;> me;j ,uhrpia tpl;L tpyFtJ tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpNa #upa
khdj;jpy; xU khjkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. thu ehl;fs; vt;thW ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd?

 ,e;J kugpy; etf;fpufq;fs; vdg;gLk; xd;gJ fpufq;fSs; ,uhF> NfJ
vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; rhah (epoy;) fpufq;fs; vdg;gLtd. me;j ,uz;Lk;
jtpu;j;Jk; Vida fpufk; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cupajhf xt;nthU ehs;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

c-k; QhapW (#upad;)> jpq;fs; (re;jpud;)

05. jpjpfs; vt;thW fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? vj;jid jpjpfs; cs;sd?

 jpjpfs;> re;jpud; tsu;tijAk; Nja;tijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fzpf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
 30 jpjpfs;

06. Rf;fpy gl;rk;> fpU\;z gl;rk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

 Rf;fpy gl;rk; - re;jpud; tsUk; fhyk; Rf;fpy gl;rk; (ntz; gf;fk;) MFk;.
 fpU];z gl;rk; - re;jpud; NjAk; fhyk; fpU\;z gl;rk; (fUk;gf;fk;) MFk;.

07. fuzk; vd;gJ ahJ? vj;jid fuzq;fs; cs;sd?

 xU jpjpapd; miug; gq;F fuzk; MFk;. mjhtJ xU jpjpapd; Kw;ghjp xU
fuzk;. gpw;ghjp kw;nwhU fuzk;. xU jpjpf;F ,uz;L fuzq;fs; vd;w
tifapy; Kg;gJ jpjpfSf;F 60 fuzq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
08. el;rj;jpuq;fs; vj;jid? cjhuzq;fs; jUf.
 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs;
m];tpdp kfk; %yk;
guzp G+uk; G+uhlk;
fhu;j;jpif cj;jpuk; cj;jpuhlk;
Nuh`pdp mj;jk; jpUNthzk;
kpUfrPuplk; rpj;jpiu mtpl;lk;
jpUthjpiu Rthjp rjak;
Gdu;G+rk; tprhfk; G+ul;lhjp
G+rk; mDrk; cj;jpul;lhjp
Mapy;ak; Nfl;il Nutjp

09. xU ,uhrp vt;thW fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ? vj;jid uhrpfs; cs;sd?

 el;rj;jpuk; 27 vd;W ghu;f;Fk; NghJ el;rj;jpuk; xt;nthd;Wk; ehd;F rk
$Wfis (ghjq;fis) cilad. mjhtJ 2 ¼ el;rj;jpuq;fspd; njhFjp xU
,uhrpahFk;.
c-k; Nkluhrp – m];tpdp> guzp> fhu;j;jpif 1k; ghjk;
 12 uhrpfs;

10. gQ;rhq;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

 thuk;> jpjp> el;rj;jpuk;> fuzk;> Nahfk; vd;Dk; 5 mk;rq;fisAk;
nfhz;like;jjhy; (gQ;r + mq;fk;) gQ;rhq;fk; vd;w ngau; cz;lhdJ.

11. gQ;rhq;fk; ghu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; vit?

 rka mDl;lhdq;fisr; nra;a cjTk;.
 gz;biffs;> tpohf;fisf; nfhz;lhLtjw;Fupa fhyj;ij (K$u;j;jj;ij)
mwpa cjTk;.
 05. tpujq;fs;

01. jpUntk;ghit tpujk; mDl;bf;fg;gLk; fhyk; ahJ?

 khu;fop khjj;J tsu;gpiw Mwhk; jpjpapy; jpUntk;ghit tpujk; Muk;gkhFk;.
mjid mLj;J tUk; KOkjpj; jpdj; jd;W (gj;jhk; ehs;) tpujk; epiwT
ngWk;.

02. “MUj;uh juprdk;” vd;why; vd;d?

 jpUthjpiuad;W ,lk;ngWk; eNlru; mgpN\f juprdk; MUj;uh juprdk;
vdg;gLk;.

03. khu;fopj; jpUthjpiu cw;rtk; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWtjd;

fhuzk; ahJ?
 rptDf;Fupa el;rj;jpuk; jpUthjpiuahf ,Ug;gjhYk; rpt tpujq;fSs;
khu;fopj; jpUthjpiu tpNrlkhdjhfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; ,t; cw; r t k;
rp td; Nfhapy;fspy; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wJ.
04. tuyl;Rkp tpujk; vg;NghJ mDl;bf;fg;gLfpwJ?
 Mtzp khjj;J ngsu;zkpf;F Ke;jpa nts;spf;fpoikad;W.

05. tuyl;Rkp tpujk; mDl;bf;Fk; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

 ngUk;ghYk; Rkq;fypg; ngz;fshy; ,t;tpujk; mDl;bf;fg;gLk;. nry;tq;fs;
midj;ijAk; mUisAk; Ntz;b epw;gNjhL khq;fy;a gyk;> tskhd tho;T
Kjypatw;iwg; ngwTk; mDl;bg;gu;.

06. m\;l yl;RkpfSk; ahtu;?

 Mjpyl;Rkp> jdyl;Rkp> jhdpa yl;Rkp> tpj;ah yl;Rkp> tPu yl;Rkp> f[yl;Rkp
re;jhd yl;Rkp> tp[a yl;Rkp

07. fhu;j;jpif tpujk; vj;nja;tj;jpw;FupaJ?

 KUfg; ngUkhDf;FupaJ

08. fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL tpNrlkhf ,lk;ngWk; - mf;fpdpj; jyk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;

jyk; ahJ?
 jpUtz;zhkiy

09. nrhf;fg;ghid> nfhSj;Jjy; %yk; epidT $ug;gLk; Guhz rk;gtk; vJ?

 ,iwtdpd; Nrhjp&gj;ijf; fhz tpioe;j kf;fspd;
ntspg;ghNl nrhf;fg;ghid nfhSj;Jjy; MFk;. mjhtJ gpukh> tp\;Z
vd;Nghupd; kdtpUis ePf;fpa me;jr; Nrhjptbit epidT $Uk; Kfkhf
nrhf;fg;ghid vupj;jyhFk;.

10. Fkuhya jPgk;> ru;thya jPgk;> tp\;Zthya jPgk; vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
 jpUf;fhu;j;jpif ehs; md;W Fkuhyaj; jP g j; jpUehshfTk; ru;thyaj;
jP g j; jpUehshfTk; mikAk;. md;W tPLfspYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. Mdhy;
mjw;F mLj;j ehs; Nuhfpzp el;rj;jpuj;jd;W miktJ tp\;Zthya jPgk;
MFk;. rpy fhyq;fspy; vy;yhk; xNu ehspYk; mikayhk;.

11. fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ?

 fhu;j;jpif khjg; g+uizad;W fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ.
 06. irt rhjdq;fs;

01. irtrhjdq;fs; vdg;gLgit ahit? mit irt rhjdq;fs; vdg; ngau;

ngWtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
 tpG+jp> cUj;jpuhf;fk;> gQ;rhl;ruk;
 Vnddpy; ,it Md;k <Nlw;wj;Jf;F cjTk; fUtpfshf tpsq;Ftjdhy;
mit irt rhjdq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

02. tpg+jp mzpAk; Kiwfs; ahit?

 cj;J}sdk;
 jpupGz;luk;

03. jpUePw;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 tpg+jp
 grpjk;
 g];kk;
 ,ul;ir
 \huk;

04. jpUePw;wpd; kfpikia czu;j;jpa rptdbahu;fs; ahtu;?

 rk;ge;ju;
 mg;gu;
 nka;g;nghUs; ehadhu;

05. cUj;jpuhf;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

 cUj;jpuhf;fk; vd;gJ cUj;jpudJ fz; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. (mf;fk; - fz;)

06. cUj;jpuhf;fk; vjid epidT+l;Lk; rhjdkhf cs;sJ?

 Md;khf;fsplk; ,iwtd;> nfhz;Ls;s ngUq;fUizar; rjh epidt+l;Lk;
rhjdkhf cUj;jpuhf;fk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. (,jid mzpjy; mtuJ jpUtUl;
Ngw;wpw;F milahskhf ,J tpsq;Fk;)

07. cUj;jpuhf;fk; mzptjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; ahit?

 ,g;gpwtpapy; cly; eyKk; nry;t tsKk; ePz;l MASk; fpl;Lk;. kWikapy;
mbapizapy; khwh ,d;gk; te;nja;Jk;.

08. mfj;Nj mzpAk; rptrpd;dk; ahJ?

 gQ;rhl;ruk; vd;Dk; ke;jpukhFk;.

09. J}y gQ;rhl;ruk;> #f;Fk gQ;rhl;ruk; vdg;gLgit ahit?

 J}y gQ;rhl;ruk; - ekrptha
 #f;Fk gQ;rhl;ruk; - rpthaek

10. gQ;rhl;ruj;jpd; ngUikiaf; $Wk; gjpfq;fis mUspatu;fs; ahtu;?

 jpUQhdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs;
 jpUehTf;fuR Rthkpfs;
 Re;ju%u;j;jp Rthkpfs;

11
11. jpUePw;iw jpupGz;lukhf mzptjw;Fupa cWg;Gf;fs; vit?
 cr;rp> new;wp> khu;G> njhg;G+o;> Koe;jhs;fs;> Gaq;fs;> Koq;iffs;>
kzpf;fl;Lfs;> tpyhg;Gwq;fs;> KJF> fOj;J vDk; 16 cWg;GfSk;
mikAk;.

12. jpUePW NtW ngau;fs; nfhz;L miog;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

 tpG+jp – jpUePwhdJ jd;idj; jupj;jtu;fSf;F Nkyhd nry;tj;ijj;
jUtjhy;
 grpjk; - xspiaf; nfhLg;gjdhy;
 g];kk; - ghtq;fis vupj;J ePwhf;Ftjhy;
 ,ul;ir – jd;idj; jupj;j Md;khf;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,ul;rpg;gjhy;
 \huk; - capu;fsJ Kk;kyq;fisAk; ePf;Ftjhy;

13. cUj;jpuhf;fk; jupf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; vit?

 re;jpahte;jdk;> rptG+ir> nrgk;> Njthu jpUthrf ghuhazk;> Guhz gldk;>
rpthya juprdk;

12
 07. mguf; fpupia

01. mguf; fpupia vd;why; vd;d?

 Md;khthdJ ruPuj;ij tpl;L ePq;fpa gpd;du; mjd; ed;ik fUjp nra;ag;gLk;
fpupia mguf;fpupia vdg;gLk;. (mguk; - gpe;jpaJ> fpupia – nray;)

02. mguf; fpupia nra;ag;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

 gpjpu;fs; (,we;j %jhijaupd; Mj;khf;fs;) ew;fjp mila Ntz;Lk; vDk;
Nehf;fpNy nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ)

03. m];jprQ;radk; vd;why; vd;d?

 G+jTly; jfdk; nra;ag;gl;lhy; jfdk; nra;j ,lj;jpYs;s rhk;giy tpjp
Kiwg;gb Nrfupj;J> mijg; Gz;zpa ePu; epiyapy; fiuj;J tpLk fpupiaNa
m];jprQ;radk; MFk;.

04. me;jpNa\;b vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? mJ vg;NghJ nra;ag;gLk;?

 me;jpNa\;b vd;why; ,Wjpahfr; nra;ag;gLk; ahfk; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
 xUtu; ,we;J (ngUk;ghYk;) 30 Mk; ehspy; nra;ag;gLk;.

05. rpuhu;j;jk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? mJ vg;NghJ nra;ag;gLk;?

 rpuhu;j;jk; vd;why; rpuj;ijAld; nra;ag;gLtJ vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
 xUtu; ,we;j gpd;du; Mz;L NjhWk; Fwpj;j jpjpapy; nra;ag;gLk;.

06. kfhsa gl;r fhyk; ahJ? mf;fhyj;jpy; nra;a Ntz;bait ahit?

 Gul;lhjp khj mgugf;fg; gpujik Kjy; mkhthir tiuAs;s fhyk;
tiuahFk;.
 tpujk; mDl;bj;J gpjpu;ju;g;gzk; nra;jy;> jhd ju;kk; nra;jy;.

13
 08. Mfkk;

01. rpthfkq;fs; ahuhy; mUsg;gl;lit? jpUKiw Mjhuk; ,uz;L jUf.

 rptgpuhdhy; mUsg;ngw;wit.
 jpUthrfk;
“kd;D khkiy kNfe;jpuk; mjdpy;
nrhd;d Mfkk; Njhw;Wtpj;jUspAk;”
 ngupa Guhzk;
“ehafdhu; Kd;dk; ciuj;j MfkE}y;”

02. rptgpuhdpd; jpUKfq;fs; vj;jid? mit vit?

 Ie;J
1. rj;jpNah[hjk;
2. thkNjtk;
3. mNfhuk;
4. jj;GU\k;
5. <rhdk;

03. mj;jpUKfq;fspy; ,Ue;J Ntjq;fSk; Mfkq;fSk; Njhd;wpaik gw;wp

Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; vit?
 Ntjq;fSk;> Mfkq;fSk; ,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;lit vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Mfkq;fs; rptgpuhdhy; Njtpf;Ff; $wpait vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk;
rptngUkhNd Mfk tbthf tpsq;Ffpwhd; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. rpthfkq;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd?

 rpthfkq;fs;
 cghfkq;fs;

05. gQ;ruhj;jpuk;> je;jpuk; vd;git vtw;iwf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wd?

 gQ;ruhj;jpuk; - itzt newpf;Fl;gl;l Mfkq;fs;
 je;jpuk; - rhf;j newpf;Fl;gl;l Mfkq;fs;

06. Mfkk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUisj; jUf.

 njhd;W njhl;L tUk; mwpT my;yJ ,iwtid miltjw;fhd topiaf;
$Wk; Qhd E}y; vd;w nghUshFk;.

07. rpthfkq;fs; vj;jid? mtw;Ws; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 28
 fhkpfk;> thJsk;

08. cghfkq;fs; vj;jid? mtw;Ws; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 207
 eurpq;fk; (kpUNfe;jpuk;)> tprpthd;kpfk;

09. rptngUkhd; rpthfkq;fis ahUf;F cgNjrpj;jhu;? ahUf;F cgNjrpj;jhu;?

 Njtpf;F cgNjrpj;jhu;.

14
10. Mfkk;> rpwg;G E}y; vd;W miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
 irtk;> itztk; Kjyhd cl;gpupT xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; NtWNtwhd Mfkq;fs;
cs;sd. mjdhNyjhd; Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}yhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

11. Mfkq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; 4 ghjq;fSk; vit?

 rupia
 fpupia
 Nahfk;
 Qhdk;

12. Mfkq;fs; ehd;F ghjq;fspYk; vtw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.

 rupahghjk; - njhz;Lfs;> rkahrhuq;fs;
 fpupahghjk; - ke;jpu cr;rhldk;> re;jpahte;jdk;> G+ir> nrgk;>
rka tpN\\ epUthz Mrhupa mgpN\f jPl;irfs;
 Nahfghjk; - m\;lhq;f rptNahfk;
 Qhdghjk; - Kg;nghUs; cz;ik

15
 09. Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs;

1. jpUg;Gfo;

01. ‘ck;gu;jU’ vDk; jpUg;Gfopy; tpehafg; ngUkhd; vt;thnwy;yhk;

tpspf;fg;gLfpwhu;?
 jk;gpahfpa KUfg; ngUkhDf;fhf (KUfdplk; ts;sp te;J miltjw;fhf
ahid tbtpNy) fhl;il mile;jtu;.
 je;ijia tyk; nra;tjw;Fg; guprhf> mtuhy; mUsg;gl;l khq;fdpiaf;
ifapy; nfhz;ltu;.
 md;Gila mbatu;fSf;Fupa epiyahd nghUs;.
 Ie;J fuq;fisAk; Mid Kfj;ijAk; nfhz;l ngUkhd;.

02. mUzfpupehju; tpehafuplk; Ntz;LtJ ahJ?

 NjtNyhfj;Jf; fw;gfjU> fhkNjD> rpe;jhkzp vd;gtw;iwg; Nghy
vd;Dila cs;sKk; (gpwu; Nfl;gijnay;yhk; nfhLf;fpd;w) ,uf;f rpe;ij
cilajhfp> xspnghUe;jpa ghw;flypy; Njhd;wpa ,dpa mKjj;ijg; Nghd;w
Qhd czu;T Cwg;ngw;W> nka;Q;Qhd ,d;gkhfpa rhw;wpid vg;NghJk;
gUfp kfpo;tjw;F mbNaDila capu;f;F MjuT je;jUs;thahf! vd;fpwhu;.

03. ehjuUspa FkNurh!

Fwkfs; kzthsh!
khadupjpU kUNfhNd! Mfpa njhlu;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

 ehjuUspa FkNurd; - rptdpd; kfd;

 Fwkfs; kzths; - ts;sp ehafpapd; kzthsd;
 khadup jpU kUNfhd; - jpUkhypd; (,uhkdpd;) jpUkfd;

04. ‘ghjpkjp’ vDk; jpUg;Gfopy; KUfg;ngUkhdplk; mUzfpupehju; Ntz;Lk; tuk;

ahJ?
 akd;> mbNaid neUq;fKbahj tifapy; cdJ jpUg;ghjk; ,uz;bidAk;
topgl;bUf;Fk; Ngw;wpid vdf;F mUs;thahf vd;fpwhu;.

05. jpUg;Gfopd; rpwg;Gf;fs; %d;W jUf.

 fUj;jhok;> nrhy;yoF> ,irj; jpwd;> jhsr; nrwpT kpf;fJ.
 gf;jpr; Ritkpf;f ghlg;ngw;w re;jg; ghly;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 gQ;r Guhzk; Xjpa gpd;G ghlg;gLk; xU ghlyhf ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

06. jpUg;Gfo; ahuhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ?

 mUzfpupehjuhy;

07. Ntz;batu;fSf;F Ntz;ba ahtw;iwAk; nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;fs; vit?

 fw;gf tpUl;rk;
 fhkNjD vd;Dk; gR
 rpe;jhkzp

16
08. rPijNky; fhKw;wtd; ahu;?
 rae;jd;

09. mad; vd;gtd; ahu;?

 gukd;

10. ‘ck;gu;jUj; NjDkzpf;’ vDk; ghly; ahiur; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wJ? ,g;ghly;

fhzg;gLk; Njhj;jpug; ghly; vJ?
 tpehafiu
 jpUg;Gfo;

2. Mo;thu; ghRuq;fs;
(jpUkhiy> jpUtha;nkhop)

3. mgpuhkp me;jhjp

01. jpUtuq;fg; ngUkhdpd; moif> njhz;ubg; nghbaho;thu; vt;thW

tu;zpj;Js;shu;?
 gr;ir epwj;ijAila ngupanjhU kiyNghd;w jpUNkdpiaAk; gtsj;ij
xj;j jpUthiaAk;> jhkiug;g+g; Nghd;w rpte;j jpUtpopfisAk; cila
mr;Rjd;.
 Njtu;fSs; rpwe;jtd;
 Mau;Fyf; nfhOe;J
,it ‘gr;irkh kiy Nghy; Nkdp’ vDk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

02. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thUf;F ,d;gk; jUtJ vJ?

 jpUtuq;fehjid (jpUkhiy) Gfo;e;J ghb md;G nrYj;JtNj ,d;gk;
jUtjhff; $Wfpwhu;.

03. ek;kho;thu; jdJ kfs; vtw;wpnyy;yhk; jpUkhiyf; fhz;gjhfg; ghbAs;shu;?

 jhd; cz;Zfpd;w NrhW> mUe;Jfpd;w ePu;> jpd;Dfpd;w ntw;wpiy

04. md;id mgpuhkpapd; jpUf;Nfhyj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; njhlu;fs; %d;W jUf.

 jhahf tpsq;FgtSk; moFf; nfhb Nghd;wtSk; Mths;.
 mz;lruhruk; ahtw;iwAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jhs;.
 jpUf;fuj;jpNy ghrk;> mq;Frk;> fUk;Gtpy; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lts;.
 %d;W jpUtpopfisf; nfhz;lts;.

05. mk;gpifapd; filf;fz; ghu;it> mbahu;f;F vtw;iwnay;yhk; ey;Fk;?

 cz;ik md;gu;fSf;F nry;tk;> fy;tp xU NghJk; Nrhu;e;J tplhj
cWjpahd kdk;> nja;tPfkhd Njhw;wk;> neQ;rpy; tQ;rf vz;zk; ,y;yhj
(cz;ikahd) Rw;wk; Kjyhd ey;y tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; jUk;.

06. tp\;Zit Nehf;fp Mo;thu;fshy; ghlg;ngw;w E}y; vJ?

 ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;

17
07. ‘gr;irkh kiyNghy; Nkdp..’ vDk; ghliyg; ghba Mo;thu; ahu;?
 njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thu;
(jpUkhiy vDk; E}ypy;)

08. “cz;Zk; NrhW gUFk; ePu;..” vDk; ghliyg; ghba Mo;thu; ahu;?
 ek;kho;thu;
(jpUtha; nkhopg; ghRuk;)

09. “Mj;jhis vq;fs; mgpuhk…” vDk; jpUg;ghliyg; ghbatu; ahu;? mjd;

E}iyAk; vOJf.
 mgpuhkpg;gl;lu;
mgpuhkp me;jhjp

10. “jdk; jUk; fy;tp jUk; xU ehSk;” vDk; jpUg;ghliyg; ghbatu; ahu;?
mg;ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}iy vOJf.
 mgpuhkpg;gl;lu;
 mgpuhkp me;jhjp

4. rfyfyh ty;ypkhiy
5. guhguf;fz;zp
6. fe;jyq;fhuk;
7. fe;jGuhzk;

01. FkuFUgu Rthkpfs;> ru];tjp Njtpaplk; Ntz;Ltd ahit?

 E}y;fis Muha;e;J ngw;w JiwNjha;e;j fy;tpAk; nrhw;Rit epiwe;j
nkhopahw;wYk; (vd;dplk;) ngUFk;gbahf Mizapl;L mUs;thahf!
vd;fpwhu;.

02. jhAkhd Rthkpfs; mUspa E}y; ahJ? me;E}y; mg; ngaiug; ngw;wikf;fhd
fhuzk; ahJ?
 guhguf;fz;zp
 mjpYs;s fz;zpfs; (ghly;fs;) ahTk; guhguNk vd;W Kbtjhy; me;E}y;
mg;ngau; ngw;wJ.

03. mUzfpupehju; jdJ kdf; ftiyiaAk; cly; NehiaAk; Nghf;Ftjw;F

nra;aj; jtwpaitahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd ahit?
 (ehd; vdJ) kdf; ft i y ia A k; cly; NehiaAk;
Nghf;Ftjw;F kapy;thfddhfpa KUfg; ngUkhid rpe;jpf;fpd;Nwdpy;iy!
mtDf;F njhz;L nra;fpNwdpy;iy! (mtdJ) jz;il mzpag; ngw;w rpwpa
jpUg;ghjj;ij tzq;FfpNwdpy;iy! VJk; nrhy;yp tho;j;JfpNwdpy;iy!
mtidj; juprpf;fpNwdpy;iy! cz;ikiag; goFfpNwdpy;iy (epiy
epWj;JfpNwdpy;iy) vd;fpwhu;.

04. fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhupahu; KUfg; ngUkhDf;F vt;thW tzf;fk; njuptpf;fpwhu;?

 MW jpUtjdq;fSf;Fk; tzf;fk;!
 me;jj; jpUtjdq;fs; nghopfpd;w fUizf;F tzf;fk;!
 vy;NyhUk; tzq;Fk;gbahf tpsq;Ffpd;w gd;dpuz;L jpUj;Njhs;fSf;Fk;
tzf;fk;

18
  fhQ;rp khefupNy khkuj;jpd; mbapNy (Vfhk;gNu];tuu; re;epjhdj;jpNy)
vOe;jUspapUf;fpd;w nrt;Ntshfpa KUfg; ngUkhdJ jpUkyu;g;
ghjq;fSf;F tzf;fk;.
 mj;jifatdJ (nfhbAk; thfdKkha; tpsq;Fk;) NrtYf;Fk; kapYf;Fk;
tzf;fk;.
 mtdJ jpUf;fuj;jpNy nghypfpd;w NtyhAjj;jpw;F tzf;fk;.

05. “J}f;Fk; gDty; Jiw Njha;e;j” vDk; ghliyg; ghbatu; ahu;? mg;ghly;
fhzg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
 FkuF&guu;
 rfyfyhty;yp khiy

06. “rpe;jpf;fpNyd; epd;W Nrtpf;fpNyd;” vd;w ghliyg; ghbatu; ahu;? mg;ghly;

fhzg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
 mUzfpupehju;
 fe;juyq;fhuk;

07. “%tpU Kfq;fs; Nghw;wp..” vDk; ghliyg; ghbatu; ahu;? mg;ghly; fhzg;gLk;
E}y; vJ?
 fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhupahu;
 fe;jGuhzk;

08. fhg;Gr; nra;As; vd;why; vd;d?

 ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpy; Kjyhtjhf mikAk; ghlyhFk;. ftpQu; jhd;
gilf;f epidj;Js;s E}ypid ntw;wpfukhf KOikahf ,aw;wp Kbf;f
,iwtd; Jiz Ntz;bg; ghlg;gLk; ghlyhFk;.

19
 10. kPl;rpg; glyk;

01. Guhzq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 Ntj> Mfk cz;ikfis vspa Kiwapy;> rhjhuz kf;fSk; tpsq;fj;jf;f
tifapy; $Wtdthf miktdNt Guhzq;fs; MFk;.

02. fe;jGuhzj;ij jkpopy; ghbatu; ahu;? mtu; ,e;E}iy ghLtjw;F Mjhukhf

mike;j E}y; vJ?
 fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhupahu;
 ];fhe;j Guhzk;

03. fe;jGuhzk; vj;jid fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ? mit ahit?

 6 fhz;lq;fs;.
1. rk;gt fhz;lk; (cw;gj;jpf; fhz;lk;)
2. mRu fhz;lk;
3. kNfe;jpu fhz;lk;
4. Aj;j fhz;lk;
5. Njt fhz;lk;
6. jl;r fhz;lk;

04. kPl;rpg; glyk; mike;j fhz;lk; vJ?

 Aj;j fhz;lk;

05. kPl;rpg; glyk; vd;w ngau; ngwf; fhuzk; ahJ?

 Njtu;fisr; rpiwg;gLj;jp Mztj;NjhL cytpa #ugd;kid tjk; nra;J>
mtid kapyhfTk; NrtyhfTk; Ml;nfhz;lUspa KUfg; ngUkhd;> jdJ
gilj; jiytuhd tPuthF Njtuplk;> Njtu;fisr; rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpj;J
tUkhW fl;lisapl mtUk; mt;thNw mtu;fisr;
rpiwkPl;lhu;. rpiwapypUe;J rae;jd; Kjyhd Njtu;fs; kPz;lik Kjyhd
nra;jpfisf;
$Wtjhy; ,g;glyk; kPl;rpg; glyk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.

06. Njtu;fs; vq;Nf rpiw itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;?

 kNfe;jpuGupapy;

07. Njtu;fisr; rpiw kPl;fr; nrd;wtu; ahu;?

 tPuthF Njtu;

08. kPl;rpg; glyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; KUfg; ngUkhdpd; rpwg;Gf;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

 Njtu;fisr; rpiwg;gLj;jp Mztj;NjhL cytpa #ugd;kid tjk; nra;J>
mtid kapyhfTk;> NrtyhfTk; Ml;nfhz;lik.
 kzp J}q;fpa gRikahd nghd;khiy Nghd;w Gs;spAila kapypd; kPJ
vOe;jUsp> ePz;l Nty; Ve;jpapUf;fpd;wik.

09. fr;rpag;gu; tho;e;j ,lk; vJ?

 fhQ;rpGuk;

10. fr;rpag;gu; ahUila jtg;Gjy;tu;?

 fhsj;jpag;g rpthr;rhupahu;

20
11. irt rpj;jhe;j cz;ikfisf; fijtbtpy; czu;j;Jk; Guhzk; vJ?
 fe;jGuhzk;

12. ,e;jpudpd; kfd; ahu;?

 rae;jd;

13. fe;jGuhz kPl;rpg; glyj;jpy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jUf.

1. tPuthF Njtu;
2. #ugj;kd;
3. ,e;jpud;
4. rae;jd;
5. Njtu;fs;
6. G+jfzq;fs;
7. khy; (tp\;Z)
8. mad; (gpukh)

21
 11. Fq;fpypaf;fya ehadhu;

01. irt rkaj;jpy; ,iwtid topgLtjw;F cupa mbg;gil khu;f;fq;fshff;

Fwpg;gplg;gLgit vit?
 rupia
 fpupia
 Nahfk;
 Qhdk;

02. Fq;fpypaf;fya ehadhu; vq;F mtjupj;jhu;? mtu; nra;J te;j njhz;L ahJ?
 Nrho ehl;by;> jpUf;flT+upy;
 jpUtPul;lhdk; vd;Dk; jpUj;jyj;jpy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F
Fq;fpypa J}gk; ,l;L topgl;lhu;.

03. jhd; nra;J te;j njhz;by;> fyau; nfhz;bUe;j gw;WWjpia vLj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjhf mike;j rk;gtk; ahJ?
 jkJ FLk;gk; tWikAw;w NghJ kidtpapd; jhypia tpw;Wf; Fq;fpypak;
thq;fpdhu;.

04. fyaUf;F ,iwtd; vt;thW mUs; Gupe;jhu;?

 fyadhupd; tPl;bw;F nghd;> nghUl;fs; mlq;fpa nry;tq;fis toq;fpdhu;.

05. fyaupd; ngUikia cyfk; vt;thW czu;e;J nfhz;lJ?

 jpUg;gde;jhs; vd;Dk; jpUj;jyj;jpNy gpujp\;il gz;zg;gl;bUe;j rptypq;fk;
VNjh fhuzj;jpdhy; rha;e;jpUe;jJ. mij epkpu;j;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; murd;>
gil gl;lhsq;fSld; Kad;Wk; Kbatpy;iy. mt; ,lj; jpw; Fr; nrd;w
fyadhu; rptypq;fj;jpd; kPJ fapw;iwf; fl;b kWKidiaf; fOj;jpy; fl;b
rptypq;fj;ij epkpu;j;jpdhu;.

06. rk;ge;ju;> mg;gu; MfpNahNuhL fyaUf;F vt;thW njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ?

 fyau; njhz;L nra;J tUk; fhyj;jpy; rk;ge;jiuAk;> mg;giuAk;
mioj;Jr; nrd;W mtu;fSf;F cgrhuk; nra;j NghJ.

22
 12. Fk;ghgpN\fk;

01. rpthfkq;fs; $Wk; Nfhapw; fpupiafs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

 03 tifg;gLk;
 epj;jpa fpupiafs;> iekpj;jpa fpupiafs;> fhkpa fpupiafs;

02. iekpj;jpa fpupiafs; vd;why; vd;d? cjhuzk; jUf.

Fwpj;j xU fhuzj;jpdhy; (epkpu;j;jj;jhy;) epfo;j;jg;gLk; fpupiafs;
iekpj;jpa fpupiafs; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ tpNrl fpupiafs; iekpj;jpa
fpupiafs; vdg;gLk;.
 kNfhw;rtk;> Fk;ghgpN\fk;

03. Fk;ghgpN\fk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUisj; jUf.

 jpUf;FlKOf;F

04. gpujp\;il vd;why; vd;d?

 gpu – vd;why; ed;F GydhFk; gb vd;Wk;> jp\;l – vd;why; epw;wy; vd;Dk;
nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mjhtJ jpUTUtj;jpYk; jpUf;NfhapypYk; ntspg;gl
epd;W mUs; Guptjw;fhf %u;j;jpia epiy epWj;Jjy;> jhgpj;jy; MFk;.

05. jpUf;FlKOf;fpid ngUQ;rhe;jp vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 xUtu; jd; eyj;ij khj;jpuNk fUjpr; nra;J nfhs;Sk;
rhe;jpf; fpupiafisg; Nghyy; yhJ> vy;yh capu;fSk; Fiwtpd;wp
tho;jw; nghUl;L epfo;j;jg;gLk; fpupiaahjyhw; Fl KOf;fhdJ
ngUQ;rhe;jp vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

06. gpujp\;ilapd; ehd;F tiffSk; vit? mit gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

 mehtu;j;jdk; - Myaq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; Myaj;ijg; Gjpjhf mikj;J
mq;F ,iwtidg; gpujp\;il nra;jy;.
 Mtu;j;jdk; - neLq;fhykhf topghL epfo;e;J te;j Myak; vjpu;ghuhj
(Nghu;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jk; Kjyhdit) mopa Neu;e;J kiwe;J
Nghdtplj;J> mjid ntspg;gLj;jpNah Kd;Nghyg; Gjpjhf xU Myaj;ij
epu;khzpj;Njh ,iwtidg; gpujp\;il nra;jy;.
 Gduhtu;j;jdk; - epj;jpa iekpj;jpaq;fs; epfo;e;J tUk; Ntis Myaj;jpd;
cWg;Gf;fspNyh tpf;fpufq;fspNyh Nrjk; Vw;gLkplj;J ghy];jhgdk; nra;J
Myaj;ijg; Gduikj;J ,iwtidg; gpujp\;il nra;jy;.
 me;jupjk; - topghL epfo;e;J tUk; Myaj;jpy;> ,wg;G Kjyhd
meu;j;jq;fNsh jPl;Lf;Fupa rk;gtq;fNsh ,lk;ngwpd;
nra; a g; g Lk; gpuhar;rpj;j topghL me;jupj gpujp\;il vdg;gLk;.

07. kz;lyhgpN\fk; vd;why; vd;d?

 Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J mjd; mq;fkhf kz;lyhgpN\fk; ,lk;ngWk;.

 mgpN\fk; xU kz;ly fhyk; ,lk;ngWtjhy; mJ kz;lyhgpN\fk;

vdg;gLfpwJ. (48 jpdq;fs; nfhz;lJ xU kz;lykhFk;. ruhrupf;
fzf;fpd;gb 45 ehl;fs; xU kz;lyk; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLtJk; cz;L)

23
08. gpujp\;lh FUtplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba ,yl;rzq;fs; ahit?
 gf;jp> mwpT> xOf;fk;> kd cWjp

09. epj;jpa fpupia vd;why; vd;d?

 Nfhapy;fspy; epj;jk; epfo; j; j g; g Lk; tof;fkhd G+ir topghLfNs
epj;jpa fpupia vdg;gLk;.
c-k; xUNtis Kjy; MW Ntis tiu Nfhapy;fspd; trjpf;Nfw;g
,lk;ngWk; fpupiafisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

10. gd;dpuz;L fhyg; g+ir ,lk;ngWk; Myak; vJ?

 jpUr;nre;J}u;

11. Fk;ghgpN\fk; vt;thW ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ?

 jpUf;Flj;J ePiu %u;j;jpfSf;Fk; tpkhd> NfhGu fyrq;fSf;Fk; mgpN\fk;
nra;Ak; fpupiaapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp mjNdhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l fpupiafs;
midj;Jk; nghJthf Fk;ghgpN\fk; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

12. Fk;ghgpN\f fpupiafisr; nra;tjw;F Kd;du; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba

eilKiwfis vOJf.
 mDf;iQ> fzgjp G+ir> th];J G+ir> th];J rhe;jp> Kisaply;> fhg;Gf;
fl;Ljy;> Fk;g];jhdk;

13. fhkpa fpupia vd;why; vd;d?

 epj;jpak;> iekpj;jpfk; ,uz;Lk; VjhtJ gaidf; fUjpr; nra;ag;gLkplj;J
mit fhkpa fpupia vdg;gLk;.

24
 13. rkaFutu;

1. Re;juu;

01. Re;juu; mtjupj;j jyk; ahJ?

 jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bNy> jpUehtY}upy;

02. Re;juupd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ?

 ek;gpah&uu;

03. Re;juiu ‘td;nwhz;lu;’ vd mioj;jtu; ahu;? mt;thW mioj;jikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
 rptngUkhd;
 fpog; gpuhkz tbtpy; te;J jLj;jhl; nfhs;Sk; NghJ (rptid) Nehf;fp
td;ik Ngrpaikahy; mt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

04. Re;juu; jpUj;njhz;;lj; njhif ghba re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsf;Ff.

 xU ehs; mtu; jpUth&u;f; NfhapypDs; GFk; nghOJ> Kd;Gwj;jpYs;s
Njthrpupad; vd;Dk; kz;lgj;jpw; $bapUe;j mbahu;fisf; fz;lhu;. clNd
‘,e;j mbahu;fSf;F ehd; mba dh Fk; ehs; ve;ehs;?’ vd;W
,iwtdplk; Nfl;L tzq;fpdhu;. mg;nghOJ ,iwtd; mt Uf; Ff;
fhl;rp nfhLj;J mbahu;fspd; ngUikiaAk; mtu;fspd; tuyhWfisAk;
mtUf;F czu;j;jp
‘jpy;iytho; me;jzu;jk; mbahu;f;Fk; mbNad;’ vd;W mbAk; vLj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhu;. mg;NghJ Re;juu; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifiag; ghbdhu;.

05. Re;juu; jpUf;NfjPr;rug; gjpfj;ij vq;fpUe;J ghbaUspdhu;?

 ,uhNkr;ruk;

06. Re;juUf;F fz;fs; FUlhfpajw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

 rq;fpypahUf;Ff; nfhLj;j cWjpnkhop jtwpaikahyhFk;.

07. Re;juiur; Nrukhd; Njhou;> jk;gpuhd; Njhou; vd miog;gjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 Nrukhd; Njhou; - Re;juu; jpUth&upy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpNy> fowpw;wwpthu;
vd;W Nrukhd; ngUkh s; ehahdhu; jpUtQ;irf; fsj;jpypUe;J Nru
ehl;il Mz;L te;jhu;. mtu; Re;juupd; gf;jp kfpikiaf; Nfl;lwpe;J
jpUth&Uf;Fr; nrd;W mtUld; el;Gf; nfhz;lhu;. mjdhy; Re;juUf;F
mg;ngau; Vw;gl;lJ.

 jk;gpuhd; Njhou; - NjhoikNahL ,iwtid tzq;fp te;jjpdhy;

mtUf;Fj; jk;gpuhd; Njhou; vdg; ngau; Vw;gl;lJ.

08. gpd;tUk; gjpfq;fs; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fis tpsf;Ff.

1. “ePs epide;jbNad;…” – Fz;ilA+upy; cs;s ney;iy jpUth&Uf;F
nfhz;L nry;y Ms; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epiyikia Fz;ilA+u;f;fpohu;
Re;juUf;Fj; njuptpj;jNghJ Re;juu; ,iwtid Nehf;fpg; ghbaik.

2. “jk;ikNa Gfo;e;jpr;ir NgrpDk;” – jpUth&u;g; gq;Fdp cj;juj;

jpUtpohtpw;fhfg; guitahUf;Ff; nfhLg;gjw;F Re;juUf;Fg; nghd;
25
 Njitg;gl;lJ. mtu; jpUg;GfY}Uf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtdplk; Fiw nrhy;yp
,ue;jhu;. MapDk; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mg;nghOJ xU klj;jpy;
nrq;fw;fis jiyaizahf itj;J cwq;fpdhu;. gpd;G vOe;J ghu;j;j
NghJ mit nghd; fl;bfshf khwpapUe;jJ. mg;NghJ mjidg; ghbdhu;.

3. “kPsh mbik” – jpUth&iu mile;j Re;juu;> td;kPf ehjupd; Nfhyj;ijf;

fhz;gjw;F xU fz; Nghjhikahy; kw;wf; fz;Zk; je;jUs Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; Fwpg;NghL ghbdhu;.

4. “vw;whd; kwf;Nfd;” – Fsf;fiuapy; KjiyAz;l gps;isia kPl;gjw;F

jpUg;Gf;nfhspA+u; mtpehrpg; ngUkhid tzq;fpg; ghbdhu;.

09. Re;juu; nra;j mw;Gjq;fSs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 nrq;fl;bfisg; nghd;fl;bfshf khw;wpaik.
 KjiyaplkpUe;J gps;isiaf; fhg;ghw;wpaik.

10. Re;juupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngau; vd;d?

 jha; - ,ir Qhdpahu;
 je;ij – riladhu;

11. Re;juupd; Kjy; jpUg;gjpfj;ijAk; ,Wjpg; gjpfj;ijAk; vOJf.

 Kjy; gjpfk; - “gpj;jh gpiw #b…”
 ,Wjpg; gjpfk; - “jiyf;Fj; jiyikhiy..”

26
 2. khzpf;fthrfu;

01. thjT+uUf;F khzpf;fthrfu; vd; w jpUehkk; te;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

 mtu; mUspa jpUg;ghly;fs; ahTk; nghUs; nghjpe;j kzpahd
thrfq;fshf mike;j fhuzj;jhy; khzpf;fthrfu; vd;W ngau; ngw;whu;.
02. ghz;ba kd;dd; mtUf;Fj; “njd;dtd; gpukuhad;” vd;w gl;lj;ij Vd;
toq;fpdhd;?
 khzpf;fthrfupd; fiyj; jpwd;> fy;tpawpT> xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg; ghuhl;ba
ghz;bad; mtUf;F rpwg;Gg; ngaiur; #l;bdhd;.
03. ,iwtd; khzpf;fthrfiu vq;F> vt;thW Ml;nfhz;lUspdhu;?
 jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;> FUe;jku epoypy; mbahu; Gil#o mUl;Futuha;
vOe;jUsp rptngUkhd; Ml;nfhz;lUspdhu;.

04. ghz;ba kd;dd; thjT+uiur; rpiwapypl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

 Fjpiufs; tUk; vd;W $wpAk; ehl;fs; fope;jd. Fjpiufs; tutpy;iy.
thjT+uu; jd;id Vkhw;wptpl;ljhff; fUjpa murd; mtiur; rpiwapypl;lhd;.
05. itifahW Vd; ngUf;nfLj;jJ?
 ghz;ba kd;dd; thjT+uiu itif Mw;Wr; RLkzypNy epWj;jp new;wpapy;
fy;Nyw;wp tUj;jpaikahy;.
06. khzpf;fthrfu; mUspr; nra;j gDty;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 rptGuhzk;
 mk;khid
 jpUTe;jpahu;
 jpUntk;ghit
 jpUr;rhoy;
 jpUj;njs;Nszk;
 jpUg;nghd;D}Q;ry;
 md;idg; gj;J

07. khzpf;fthrfu; jpUf;Nfhitahiu mUspr; nra;j jyk; ahJ? ,e;E}ypd;

ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahu;?
 rpjk;guk; - jpy;iyg; ngUkhd; (rptngUkhd;)

08. khzpf;fthrfupd; FUG+irj; jpdk; ahJ?

 Mdp kfk;
09. khzpf;fthrfupd; ngw;Nwhupd; ngau; vd;d?
 jha; - rk;Gghjhrpupahu;
 je;ij – rptQhdtjpahu;
10. khzpf;fthrfupd; tho;f;if tuyhW vjid tpsf;FfpwJ?
 md;G newpia rpwg;ghf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

11. khzpf;fthrfu; gpwe;j ,lk; vJ?

 jpUthjT+u;

12. jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;jtu; ahu;?

 [p. A+. Nghg;
13. khzpf;fthrfu; Cikg; ngz;izg; Ngr itj;j jyk; vJ?
 rpjk;guk;

27
 14. re;jhdFutu;

kiwQhd rk;ge;ju;
ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu;

01. kiwQhd rk;ge;ju; gpwe;j> tho;e;j ,lq;fs; vit?

 jpUg;ngz;zhflj;jpy; gpwe;J> rpjk;guj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;.

02. “gl;l fl;ilapw; gfw;FUL NghfpwJ” vdf; $wpatu; ahu;? ahiug; ghu;j;Jf;
$wpdhu;? Vd; mt;thW $wpdhu;?
 kiwQhd rk;ge;ju;
 ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu;
 Md;kPfthjpfSf;F Mlk;gu tho;f;ifahy; Md;k <Nlw;wj;ijg; ngw KbahJ
vd;gjw;fhf.

03. kiwQhd rk;ge;jupd; FU ahu;?

 mUze;jp rpthr;rhupahu;

04. ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahupd;> gf;Ft epiy vt;thW ntspg;gl;lJ?

 xUehs;> Gilit nea;gtu;fs; tho;e;j tPjpia mile;j kiwQhd rk;ge;ju;>
mtu;fsplk; $o; thq;fp cz;lhu;. mtu;fs; thu;j;j $opidf; ifapNy Ve;jp
cz;Zk; NghJ> mtuJ Koq;if topNa vr;rpw; $io mUNfapUe;j
ckhgjpahu; Ve;jp> Nguhde;jj;Jld; gUfpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; ,tuJ
mjpjPtpu gf;Ft epiy ntspg;gl;lJ.

05. rpj;jhe;j ml;lfk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpy; mlq;Fk; E}y;fs; vit?

 nka;fz;l rh];jpuq;fs; 14 ,y; ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l 8
E}y;fSk; rpj;jhe;j ml;lfk; vdg;gLk;.

 rpj;jhe;j ml;lf E}y;fshf

1. rptg;gpufhrk;
2. jpUtUl; gad;
3. tpdhntz;gh
4. nfhbf;ftp
5. neQ;R tpLJ}J
6. cz;iknewp tpsf;fk;
7. Nghw;wpg; g/nwhil
8. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;

06. rptQhd Nghjj;jpd; rhu;G E}y; vJ?

 rptg;gpufhrk;

28
07. ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu; mUspa E}y;fSs; rpj;jhe;j ml;lfj;Js; mlq;fhjit
vit?
 Nfhapw; Guhzk;
 jpUj;njhz;lu; Guhz rhuk;
 Nrf;fpohu; Guhzk;
 jpUKiwfz;l Guhzk;
 jpUg;gjpff; Nfhit
 ngsl;fuhk tlnkhop tpahf;fpahdk;

08. ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu; epfo;j;jpa mw;Gjq;fs; vit?

 khu;fopkhjf; nfhbNaw;wj; jpUtpoh xd;wpNy> VwhJ epd;w nfhbia
nfhbf;ftp vd;Dk; gpuge;jk; ghb Vwr; nra;jhu;.

 ngw;whd; rhk; gh d; vd;Dk; rpt gf;jDf;F ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu;

jPl;ir mspj;J eluh[u; mUshy; Kj;jp nfhLj;jUspdhu;.

 jd;idr; re; N jfpj; j ngw;whd; rhk;ghDila kidtpAk;

mu r d; KjyhapNdhUq; fhZk;gbahf gupgf;Ftk; mile;jpUe;j Ks;spr;
nrb xd;Wf;Fk; Kj;jp nfhLj;jUspdhu;.

09. ekrptha Njrpfupd; gzp ahJ?

 ,tu; jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;ijj; jhgpj;J> mt;thjPdj;jpd; Kjw;FUtha;
tpsq;fpdhu;.

10. kiwQhd rk;ge;ju;> ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu; MfpNahupd; FUG+irj; jpdq;fs;

ahit?
 kiwQhd rk;ge;ju; - Mtzp khj cj;ju el;rj;jpuk;
 ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu; - rpj;jpiukhj mj;j el;rj;jpuk;

11. nfhw;wtd; Fb Kjypahu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

 ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu;

12. ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahupd; Nfhapw; Guhzk; vt;thW muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ?

 ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu; ,aw;wpa Nfhapw; Guhzk; muq;Nfw;wKwhJ
ngl;lfj;Js; ,Ue;jJ. eluh[u; ngUkhd;> jhk; ckhgjpahu; ngl;lfj;Jf;Fs;
,Ug;gjhf jpy;iytho; me;jzu;fSf;F mwptpj;J mtu;fisf; nfhz;L
Guhzj;ij muq;Nfw;wk; nra;tpj;jUspdhu;.

29
 nka;fz;l rh];jpuq;fs; - 14

1. jpUTe;jpahu; jpUtpaY}u; ca;ate;j Njtu;

2. jpUf;fspw;Wg; gbahu; jpUf;flT+u; ca;a te;j Njtu;

3. rptQhd Nghjk; nka;fz;l Njtu;

4. rptQhd rpj;jpahu; mUze;jp rpthr;rhupahu;

5. ,Ugh ,Ug/J

6. cz;ik tpsf;fk; jpUtjpif kdthrfq;fle;j Njtu;

7. rptg;gpufhrk;

8. jpUtUl;gad;

9. tpdh ntz;gh
ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahu;
10. Nghw;wpg;g/nwhil

11. cz;iknewp tpsf;fk;

12. nfhbf;ftp

13. neQ;R tpLJ}J

14. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;

30
 15. mUzfpupehju;

01. mUzfpupehju; tho;e;j fhyk; ahJ?

 fp.gp 15k; E}w;whz;L
02. KUfg; ngUkhd;> mUzfpupehjiu vt;thW Ml;nfhz;lhu;?
 mUzfpupahu; mUzhr;rNy];tu Myaj;jpd; NfhGuj; jp d; cr;rpNky;
Vwpf; Fjpj;jhu;. mg;NghJ KUfg; ngUkh d; Njhd;wp jdJ
jpUf;fuq;fis jhq;fp mtuJ ehtpNy “rutzgt” vd;Dk; rlhl;\u
MnwOj;J ke;jpuj;ij nghwpj;J cgNjrk; nra;jUspdhu;.
 rutztg – rlhl;\u ke;jpuk;
03. kd;dd; gpuGl Njtuh[d; mUzfpupahupd; ngUikia cyFf;F vt;thW
czu;j;jpdhd;?
 mUzfpupahupd; fhyj;jpy; jpUtz;zkiyia Mz;l kd;dd; gpuGl Njtuh[d;.
,td; mUzfpupahuplk; Ngud;G nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mjdhy; mUzfpup ehju;Nky;
rk;ge;jhz;lhd; vd;gtd; nghwhik nfhz;lhd;. mtDf;F mUzfpupahupd;
ngUikia czu;j;j epidj;j kd;dd;> KUff; flTis tutiof;FkhW
mUzfpupahuplk; Ntz;bdhd;. mUzfpupahu; KUfid epidj;J “mjy Nrldhu;
Ml> mfpyNkU kPjhl” vd;w jpUg;Gfiog; ghl> KUfg;
ngUkhd; jpUtz;zhkiyf; Nfhapy; thrYf;F mUNfAs;s J}zpNy Njhd;wpf;
fhl;rp nfhLj;jhu;.
04. mUzfpupehju; mUspa gf;jpg; gDty;fs; vit?
01. jpUg;Gfo;
02. fe;juyq;fhuk;
03. fe;juEG+jp
04. fe;jue;jhjp
05. Nty;tpUj;jk;
06. kapy; tpUj;jk;
07. Nrty; tpUj;jk;
08. Nty; tFg;G
09. jpUntOf; $w;wpUf;if

05. mUzfpupehjuhy; ghlg;ngw;w <oj;Jj; jyq;fs; vit?

 fjpu;fhkk;> jpUNfhzkiy> ey;Y}u;> fe;jtdf;flit
06. “thf;Ff;F mUzfpup” vd mUzfpupehju; Nghw;wg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?
 nrhw;fis MSk; jpwj;jhy; mt;thW rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
07. fe;jDf;Fr; nrhw;fshy; Gidag;gl;l myq;fhu khiyahf tpsq;Fk; E}y; vJ?
 fe;juyq;fhuk; - 101 ghly;fs;
08. gf;jp mEgtg; g+upg;igr; Rl;Lk; E}y; vJ?
 fe;juEG+jp – 51 ghly;fs;
09. fjpu;fhkj; jpUg;Gfo; xd;iw vOJf.
 “,wthkw; gpwthky; vidahs;rw; FUthfpg;
gpwthfpj; jpukhd ngUtho;itj; jUthNa
Fwkhijg; Gzu;NthNd FfNd nrhw; FkNurh fiwahidf; fpisNahNd
fjpu;fhkg; ngUkhNd”
10. mUzfpup ehjupd; kWngau;fs; vit? (rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;)
 thf;Ff;F mUzfpup> ]hu;tngskbz;bkftp> m\;l gh\h guNk];tuu;
 16. =y= MWKf ehtyu;

01. ,yq;ifapy; ahUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ehtyu; gpwe;jhu;?

 Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpf; fhyk;

02. ehtyu; gpwe;j fhy ,yq;ifapd; #o;epiy vj;jifaJ?

 Mq;fpy nkhopapdJk;> Mq;fpNyau; Nghw;wpa fpwp];Jt kjj;jpdJk;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jNjhL> RNjr kjq;fs; nry;thf;fpoe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

03. fpwp];Jt kjk; gw;wpa mwpT ehtyUf;F vt;thW fpilj;jJ?

 Mq;fpyg; Gyikia nt];ypad; kprd; fy;Y}upapy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd;G>
fpwpj;Jt Ntjhfkj;ijj; jkpopNy nkhop ngau;f;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;l
ghu;rpty; ghjpupahu; ehtyupd; cjtp iag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. mjdhy;
fpwp];Jtk; gw;wpa Mokhd mwpT ehtyUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.

04. ehtyu; epWtpa KjyhtJ irtg; ghlrhiyapd; ngau; ahJ? mJ vq;F

epWtg;gl;lJ?
 irtg; gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiy
 tz;zhu; gz;izapy;

05. ehtyu; gpurq;fk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpajd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? mtupd;

KjyhtJ gpurq;fk; vq;F ,lk;ngw;wJ?
1. fpwp];Jt kj gpurhuq;fSf;F vjpuhd fz;ldj;ijj; njuptpj;jy;.
irtj;jpd; cz;ikia epiy epWj;Jjy;.
2. tz;zhu; gz;izapYs;s rptd; Nfhapypy; 1847.12.31md;W ,lk;ngw;wJ.

06. ehtyu; mr;rpae;jpu rhiy epWtpajd; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? mtu;

,yq;ifapy; epWtpa mr;rpae;jpu rhiyapd; ngau; ahJ?
1.gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs;

 rka E}y;fis ntspaply;.

 nra;As; tbtpNy fple;j gy irt ,yf;fpaq;fis rhjhuz
fy;tpawpTs;stu;fSk; gbj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; mtw;iw trd
eilapy; vOjp ntspaply;.
 gpw rkaj;jtu;fspd; fz;ldq;fSf;F vjpuhd fLk; fz;ldq;fisj;
njuptpj;jy;.
 mtuJ fhyj;jpy; irt eilKiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;
Kjypatw;iwf; $wy;.

2.tpj;jpahDghyd ae;jpurhiy (1849,y;)

07. “ehtyu;” gl;lk; toq;fpa MjPdk; ahJ? mg;gl;lj;ij toq;fpaikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
 jpUthtLJiw MjPdk;
 gpurq;fj;jpy; tpje;J mt; MjPd Kjy;tu; ehtyupd; ehtd;ikiag;
ghuhl;baikahy; mg;gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;.
08. irt khztu;fSf;fhf ehtyu; Mw;wpa gzpfs; ahit?
 fy;tp epiyaq;fs; epWtpaik - ,yq;ifapy; tz;zhu; gz;izapYk;
,e;jpahtpy; rpjk;guj;jpYk; irtg; gpufhr ghlrhiyfs;.
 E}yhf;fg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lik – ghyghlk; 1k;> 2k;> 4k; Gj;jfq;fs;>
irt tpdh tpil> ,yf;fzr; RUf;fk;> ePjp E}y;fs;

09. ehtyu;> nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis trd eilapy; vOjpaikf;fhd fhuzk;

ahJ?
 nra;As; tbtpNy fple;j gy irt ,yf;fpaq;fis rhjhuz
fy;tpawpTs;stu;fSk; gbj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
MFk;.

10. ehtyu; Mw;wpa r%fg; gzpfs; ahit?

 aho;g;ghzk; fiuA+upy; tho;e;j fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs;> Ngjp Nehapd;
jhf;fj;Jf;F Mshfp kbtJ fz;L kdk; tUe;jp mJ njhlu;ghf
murhq;fj;Jf;F fLikahd Kiwg;ghl;bid nra;jhu;.

 1877 ,y; aho; g; g h zj; jpy; nfhba gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. me;j Ntiyapy;
cupa flikfisr; nra; a j; jtwpa mf;fhy murhq;f mjpgu;
Jitdk; mtu;fisf; fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;. jhNk Kad;W kfh rig
xd;wpid cUthf;fp> nghUs; Nru;j;J Viofspd; grpNghf;Fk; gzpapy;
<Lgl;lhu;.

 murhq;f copau;fspd; Coy;fs; Fwpj;J Jzpe;J vOjp kf;fSf;F ePjp

fpilf;fr; nra;jhu;.

 ,yq;ifr; rl;l ep&gz rigj; Nju;jy; te;j NghJ> jkpou; gpujpepjpahf

mikag; nghUj;jkhdtu; Nru;. nghd;. ,uhkehjid Mjupj;Jg; Ngrp mtuJ
ntw;wpf;fhf cioj;jhu;.

11. ehtyu; vg;NghJ ,iwgjkile;jhu;?

 1879k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 5k; jpfjp

12. irt kf;fshy; “Ie;jhk; Futu;” vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

 =y= MWKf ehtyu;

13. ehtyupd; FUG+irj; jpdk; vJ?

 fhu;j;jpif khj kf el;rj;jpuk;

14. “jkpo; trd eilapd; je;ij” vdTk; “trd eil ifte;j ty;yhsu;” vd
miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
 MWKf ehtyu;

15. ehtyuhy; gjpg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l ciuE}y;fs; 02I vOJf.

 #lhkzp ciu
 nrse;ju;ayfup ciu

16. fpwp];Jt kjg; gpur;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf ehtyu; ntspapl;l E}y;fSs; xd;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
 irt J}\z gupfhuk;

33
17. ehtyu; Mw;wpa rkag; gzpfis vOJf.
 irtg; gpurq;fq;fis Mw;wpaik
 Guhz gldk; epfo;j;jpaik
 E}y;fs; ntspapl;lik
 fy;tp epiyaq;fis epWtpaik
 Mya GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jik
 gz;zpir tsu;j;jik
 rkaf; fz;ldk; nra;jik

18. ehtyupd; ngw;Nwhu;> gpwe;j ,lk;> gpwe;j fhyj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

 jha; - rptfhkp
 je;ij – fe;jg;gps;is
 aho;g;ghzk; - ey;Y}upy;
 1822k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 18k; jpfjp

34
 17. Kk;kyk;
01. irt rpj;jhe;jk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kg;nghUs;fs; vit?
 gjp> gR> ghrk;

02. Md;khf;fspd; ,yl;rpak; ahJ? mjid miltjw;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;git

ahit?
1. ,iwtid miljy;
2. ghrq;fs;

03. ghrk;> kyk; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; nghUisj; jUf.

 ghrk; - ghrk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; fl;L – ge;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
Md;khf;fis <NlwtplhJ mtw;iw ge;jpj;J fl;bitj;jpUg;git Mjyhy;
mit ghrk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 kyk; - kyk; vd;why; mOf;F vd;gJ nghUshFk;. Md;khf;fis gPbj;Js;s
mOf;Ffshjyhy; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

04. ghrk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit vit?

 03 tifg;gLk;.
 Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia

05. Mztk; fhuzkhf Md;khtplk; cz;lhFk; jPa Fzq;fs; vit?

 Nfhgk;> FNuhjk;> Mir> kaf;fk;

06. rfrkyk; vd;W Rl;lg;gLtJ vJ? mt;thW Rl;lg;gLtw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

1. Mztk;
2. Md;kh vg;NghjpUe;J cs;sNjh mg;NghjpUe;Nj mjNdhL MztKk;
cs;sJ. mjdhy; Mztj;ij rfrkyk; vd;gu;. (rfrk; vd;why; $lg;
gpwe;jJ vd;gJ nghUs;)

07. fd;kk; vd;gJ ahJ?

1. Md;khf;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk; fd;kk; vdg;gLk;.
tpid vd;w nrhy;yhYk; mjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

08. Md;kh gy gpwtpfis vLg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

1. Md;kh nra;Ak; tpidAk; tpidg;gaidAk; mDgtpg;gjw;fhfNt Md;kh gy
gpwtpfis vLf;fpd;wJ.

09. gpuhu;j;j tpid> Mfhkpa tpid> rQ;rpj tpid vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

1. gpuhu;j;j tpid – mDgtpf;fpd;w tpid
2. Mfhkpa tpid – mDgtpf;fpd;w NghJ Gjpjhfr; nra;ag;gLk; tpid
3. rQ;rpj tpid – gaid mDgtpf;fhky; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; tpid

10. Kj;jpapd;gj;Jf;F toptFf;Fk; tpid ahJ?

 “ehd; nra;fpNwd; vd;W vz;zhJ flTSila jpUtUs; nra;tpf;fpwJ” vd;W
ehk; nra;Ak; nray;fisf; flTSilajhff; fUjpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> mit
epiyaw;wdthf cyf ,d;gq;fisj; juhJ> epiyahd Kj;jpapd;gj;jpw;F
toptFf;Fk;. mt; tifahd tpidNa gw;ww;w tpid (ep\;fhkpa fu;kk;)
vd;gu;.

35
11. ,iwtd;> jD> fuz> Gtd Nghfq;fis vjpypUe;J cUthf;Ffpd;whd;?
vjw;fhf cUthf;Ffpd;whd;?
 khiaapypUe;J
 Mzt tag;gl;L mwpahikAs; %o;fpapUf;Fk; Md;khTf;F mwptpid
Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,iwtd; jD> fuz> Gtd
Nghfq;fis khiaapypUe;J cUthf;fp mUs;fpd;whd;.

12. mwpitj; jUtjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; khiaiag; ghrk; vd;W Rl;Ltjd; fhuzk;
ahJ?
 khiaahy; Md;kh mwpitg; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gJ cz;ikNa. vdpDk; me;j
mwpT G+uzkhd mwpT my;yhj epiyapy;yhj cyif epiyahdJ vd;W
vz;zr; nra;J mjpy; Md;khitg; gw;W itf;fr; nra;fpd;w kaf;f mwpT
mJ. mjdhNyjhd; khiaAk; ghrk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

13. Mztkhfpa ngUk; ,Ul;bDs;Ns mOe;jpf; fplf;fpd;w Md;khTf;F ,iwtid

mwptjhfpa Ngnuhsp Njhd;Wk; tiuapy; me;j Md;khtpd; fd;k gyDf;F Vw;w
tifapy; xU iftpsf;Fg; Nghy ,Ug;gJ vJ?
 khia

14. ek;kplk; cz;lhfpd;w jPa Fzq;fs; ahtw;Wf;Fk; %y fhuzk; vJ?

 Mztk;

15. fd;k tpidfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit vit?

 ,U tifg;gLk;
 ey;tpid> jPtpid

16. ey;tpid> jPtpidapd; tifg;ghLfis vOJf.

ey;tpid
1. gjp ey;tpid (rpt ey;tpid) – flTs; nka;abahu;fSf;F nra;Ak;
tpid

2. gR ey;tpid – capu;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; ey;tpidfs;

jPtpid
1. gjpj; jPtpid (rptj; jPtpid)
2. gRj; jPtpid
 18. jpUtUl; gad;
ehd;fhk; mjpfhuk; - mUsJ epiy
Ie;jhk; mjpfhuk; - mUSU epiy
01. cyfj;jpy; capu;fs; ngWfpd;w nghUs;fSs; NkyhdJ vJ?
 jpUtUs;

02. jpUtUs; Vd; #upaDf;F xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ?

 cyfj;jpYs;s capu;j; Njhw;wq;fSf;F Ntz;ba Mfhuk; Kjypatw;iwf;
nfhLj;Jk; mtw;iw mDgtpg;gJk; xspiaf; nfhLj;Jk; epw;Fk; #upad;
Ngh y; jpUtUshdJ capu;fSf;nfy;yhk; Gz;zpa ghtq;fis tsu;f;fTk;
mtw;wpd; gadhfpa Rf Jf;fq;fis mUe;jTk; fhuzkha; epd;wJ.
03. clk;G vj;jifaJ?
 Ik;G+jq;fspd; Nru;f;ifahdJk; rlj;JtkhdJkhd cly; xd;iwAk;
mwpakhl;lhJ.
04. ghw;flypNy thOk; kPDf;F xg;gplg;gLgit vit? mit Vd; mt;thW
xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ?
 Md;khf;fs;
 jpUg;ghw;flypy; cs;s kPd;fs; ghiyg; gUfhJ ,ope;J gpuhzpfis type;J
Njly; Nghy Md;khTk; jpUtUspy; ,Ue;Jk; mjidAzuhJ Gyd; topNa
kaf;fj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; cyf tp\akhfpa gpwtpf; flypy; Mo;e;J epw;Fk;.

05. jw;Nflu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLNthu; ahtu;?

 Qhdkhfpa mUspNy (jpUtUspNy) jq;fp epd;W mjidj; NjLk; mwptpypfs;.

06. ‘ghw;fyd; Nky; G+iQ fug;gUe;j ehLtJ’ vjw;F ctikahfpd;wJ?

 G+id ghiyg; gUfhJ fug;ghidg; gpbf;fj; jhtpajhy; ghw;Flk; tpOe;J
ciltNjhL G+r;rpAk; mfg;glhJ Nghfg; G+id tUe;Jtijg; Nghy ey;y
Qhdj;ij kd mikjpNahL NfshJ Gyd;top kdj;ij tpl;L kf;fs;
nfLtu;.

07. ‘ntw;Wapu;f;F tPL kpif’ vd;W vjdhy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ?

 mehjpNa njhlq;fpj; jpUtUNshL fye;J epw;Fk; Md;khthdJ
mj;jpUtUis czuhJ ,d;Wtiu ,Ue;jjhy; mjw;F Nkyhd tPl;bd;gk;
(tPLNgW) nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.
08. “ghu;itnad khf;fis Kd; gw;wpg; gpbj;jw;fhk; Nghu;it” vd tpsq;Fgtd;
ahu;?
 gf;Ftkpy;yhjtu;
09. ,iwtd; rfyu;f;F vt;tbtpNy te;J mUs; Gupthd;?
 FUtbtha; te;J kyq;fis ePf;fpaUs;thu;.
10. “Qhdkptndhopa..” vd;w Fwl;ghtpd; nghUis vOJf.
 #upa fhe;jf; fy;ypy; neUg;Gj; Njhd;wpg; gQ;ir vupg;gijg;
ghu;j;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; #upa xsp ,y;iyNay; me;j ey;fy; Mfpa
#upafhe;jf; fy;ypy; neUg;Gj; Njhd;whJ. mJNghy> mUs; tbtpduhd
FUthdtu; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Md;khtplk; Qhdk; Njhd;wp kyj;ij
vupf;fkhl;lhJ.
 19. irt rhjidfs;

01. ehk; kdpjg; gpwtp va;jpad; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

 Md;k tpLjiyiag; ngwy; (Kj;jp ngwy;)

02. jPl;ir vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jPl;irapd; tiffs; vit?

 jPl;ir vd;gJ
 kyj;ijf; nfLj;J Qhdj;ijf; nfhLg;gJ vd;Wk;
 gw;Wf;fis mopj;J tPLNgw;wpy; nrYj;JtJ vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.

 rka jPl;ir> tpNrl jPl;ir> epu;thz jPl;ir

03. jPl;ir ngw;wtu; nra;a Ntz;ba epj;jpa mEl;lhdq;fs; vit?

 jPl;ir ngw;wtu; jpdKk; fhiyAk; khiyAk; re;epah te;jdk; vDk; rka
mEl;lhdj;ij epiwNtw;wy;.
 Kiwg;gb ke;jpuq;fis Xjpf; nfhz;L rpuR> new;wp> khu;G Kjypa Fwpj;j 16
,lq;fspYk; jpupGz;lukhf tpG+jpia mzpjy;.
 ju;g;gzk;> nrgk;> jpUKiw ghuhazk;> #upa ek];fhuk; Nghd;wtw;iw
epiwNtw;wy;.

04. epuhjhu> rhjhu jPl;irfSf;fpilNaahd NtWghL ahJ?

 rfyUf;Fk;> gpusahfyUf;Fk; NtNwhu; Mjhuj;ij Ntz;lhJ
jhdhff; FUtha; te;J kyj;ijg; Nghf;FtJ epuhjhu jPl;irahFk;. Mdhy;
rhjhu jPl;ir vd;gJ rfyu;f;F mspf;Fk; jPl;ir (FUit Mjhukhff;
nfhz;L mspf;Fk; jPl;irahFk;)

05. ead> ];gupr> thrf jPl;irfis tpsf;Ff.

 rfyUl; gf;Ft epiy mile;jtu;fSf;Fr; rptngUkhd; khDl clk;G
vLj;J CUk; NgUk; cwT nfhz;L vOe;jUsp> mUs; Nehf;fk; nra;jy;
ead jPl;irahFk;. ifahy; jPz;Ljy; ];gupr jPl;irahFk;. nrhw;fshy;
cgNjrpg;gjhfpa thrf jPl;irahFk;. ,k; %d;iwAk; ,iwtd; nra;thd;
vd;W E}y;fs; $WfpwJ.

06. jpUtb jPl;ir mtw;Ws; vjidr; rhUk;? rhk;gt jPl;ir vjidr; rhUk;?

jpUtb jPl;ir ];gupr jPl;irapd; ghw;gLk;

rhk;gt jPl;ir ead jPl;irapd; ghw;gLk;

07. rupia vd;why; ahJ? ,e;newp jhrkhu;f;fk; vd miof;fg;gLtjd; fhuzk;

ahJ?
 irt rhjdq;fSs; Kjyhtjhf tpsq;FtJ rupiaahFk;. mjhtJ
ngUk;ghYk; clk;G rhu;e;j Gwj;njhopyhw; rptDila cUtj; jpUNkdpia
Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; topghL rupia vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;topghl;bNy rhjfd; jd;id mbikahfTk; rptid Mz;lhdhfTk;
ghtid nra;fpd;whd;. Mjyhy; ,J jhrkhu;f;fk; (mbik newp) vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
08. rhNyhf Kj;jp vd;gJ ahJ?
 rupiaj; njh z; Lfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kj;jp rhNyhf Kj;jp
vdg;gLk;. (rptDila cs;sj;jpy; ,Uj;jyhfpa Kj;jpahFk;)

09. rw;Gj;jpu khu;f;fk; vd;why; vd;d? rhkPg Kj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

 mfj; njhopyhNy rptDila mUTUtj; jpUNkdpia Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak;
topghL fpupia newpahFk;. ,f;fpupia newpNa rw;Gj;jpukhu;f;fk; MFk;.
(kfd;ik newp)
 fpupia Kiwia mDl;bg;gjhy; rptNdhL mUfpy; ,Uj;jyhfpa Kj;jpiag;
ngwy; rhkPg Kj;jpahFk;.

10. Nahfj;jpd; vl;L mq;fq;fSk; vit?

 ,akk;
 epakk;
 Mrdk;
 gpuhzhahkk;
 gpuj;jpahfhuk;
 jhuiz
 jpahdk;
 rkhjp

11. rh&g Kj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

 Nahf newpapy; epd;wtu; rptdJ cUtj;ijg; ngWjyhfp Kj;jpNa rh&g
Kj;jpahFk;.

12. rd;khu;f;fk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

 QhdkhdJ Md;khthfpa jd;idr; rpthu; g;gpjQ; nra;jy; mjhtJ
rptid cUtk;> mUTUtk;> mUtk; Mfpa Kj;jpwj; jpUNkdpfisAk;
fle;J rr;rpjhde;jg; gpok; g ha; ePf;fkw vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;
jpUNkdpAilatuhff; fz;L> mwpthy; topgLk; khu;f;fkhFk;.
 ,e;j topghl;by; Nfl;ly;> rpe;jpj;jy;> njspjy;> epl;il $ly; vd;Dk; 04
mq;fq;fs; cs;sd vdTk; Qhd newpapw;F rd;khu;f;fk; vdTk; $wg;gLk;.
guKj;jp miltjw;Fupa Neu; topahf miktJ rd;khu;f;fkhFk;. mjhtJ
Md;kh gjpia milAk; khu;f;fkhFk;.

13. Qhdkhu;f;fj;jpd; gbepiyfs; vit?

 Nfl;ly;
 rpe;jpj;jy;
 njspjy;
 epl;il $ly;

14. rPtd; Kj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

 Md;kh rhu;e;jjd; tz;zkhtJ ghrj;NjhL rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;
ngj;j epiyapNyNa mrj;ijr; rhu;e;J mrj;ijNa fhZk;. jd;idAk;
mrj;jhfNt fhZk; ,e;jr; ruPuNk jhd; vd;W vz;Zk;.
,t;thwpUe;j Md;kh Kj;jp epiyapNy rj;ijr; rhu;e;J rj;ijNa fhZk;.
mJ ,e;j cau; epiyaile;J clNyhL $bapUf;Fk; epiy rPtd; Kj;jp
vdg;gLk;. rPtd; Kj;ju; clk;G gpupAk; NghJ rptj;Jld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J
Ngupd;gk; mDgtpg;gu;.
15. guKj;jp vd;gJ ahJ?
 Qhd khu;f;fj;jpy; epd;W ngWk; Kj;jp guKj;jp MFk;. mjhtJ rptj;Jld;
,uz;lwf; fye;J Ngupd;gk; milAk; Kj;jpahFk;.

16. fPo;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

newp epd;w mUl;Futu; Kj;jp khu;f;fk;

rupia mg;gu; rhNyhfk; jhrkhu;f;fk;
fpupia rk;ge;ju; rhkPgk; rw;Gj;jpu khu;f;fk;
Nahfk; Re;juu; rh&gk; rf khu;f;fk;
Qhdk; khzpf;fthrfu; rptrhAr;rpak; rd; khu;f;fk;

17. “rpj;jkyk; mWtpj;Jr; rptkhf;fp vid Mz;l mj;jd; ” vdf; $wpatu; ahu;? Vd;
mt;thW $wpdhu;?
 khzpf;fthrfu;
 Vnddpy; mtu; rPtd; Kj;juha; ,Ue;j epiyapy; jhk; ngw;w mDgtj;ij
VidNahUf;Fk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfthFk;.
 20. ehl;lhu; topghL

1. fz;zifak;kd; topghL
2. ehfjk;gpuhd; topghL

01. ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;ju;fs; fz;zfpia vt;thW Fwpg;gpl;L topgLfpd;wdu;?

 gj;jpdp nja;Nah

02. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij typAWj;Jk; cz;ikfSs; fz;zfp topghl;Lf;F

mbg;gilahf mike;jJ ahJ?
 “ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;Njhu; Vj;Jtu;’’

03. fz;zfp ,yq;iff;F te;jik njhlu;ghff; $wg;gLk; kuGr; nra;jpfs; ahit?

 rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpofj;jpYk; fly; fle;J ,yq;ifapYk;
fz;zfp topghL rpwg;Gw;Nwhq;fpaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp Gupe;j
f[ghF kd;dNd fz;zfp topghl;il ,q;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;W
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jhy; mwpa KbfpwJ.

 gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehl;lhu; kuG topg;gl;l epiyapy; fz;zfp fijia

vLj;Jiug;gjha; f z; zfp tof;Fiu> rpyk;G $wy;> Nfhtydhu;
fij Kjyhd E}y;fs; vOe;jik.

04. fz;zfp mk;kDf;Fupa tUlhe;j rlq;Ffs; vg;NghJ ,lk;ngWk;?

 itfhrp khjj;jpy; tUk; G+uizia xl;ba jpq;fl; fpoikia ,Wjp ehshff;
nfhz;L ,lk;ngWk;.

05. fz;zfpak;kd; rlq;Ffspd; NghJ ghlg;gLtd ahit? mtw;Wf;Fg;

gpd;dzpahf xypg;gd ahit?
 fz;zfp tof;Fiu
 rpyk;G $wy;
 fz;zfp fhtpak;
 fz;zfpak;kd; rpe;J

 rpyk;G> cLf;F> ghiw> Foy;> mk;khidf;fha;

06. gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

Fspu;j;jpr; fz;zfpapd; Nfhgk; jzpAk; nghUl;Lr; nra;ag;gLtjhFk;.

rlq;F (FSu;j;jp vd;gJ Fsu;r;rp vd;gjd; jpupghFk;)
gj;jhrp rpW nja;t topghl;ilf; $Wk; E}w;njhFjp gj;jhrp vdg;gLk;.

Neu;j;jpf; fld; Fwpj;j nja;tj;ij Nehf;fp kf;fshy; jkf;F Ntz;ba

I];tupaq;fs; fpl;Lk;gb nrYj;jg;gLk; fhzpf;ifg;
nghUl;fshFk;.
G+rfu; fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fSf;Fupa G+irfisr; nra;gtu; G+rfu; Mthu;.
07. ,e;Jf; flTsNuhL> ehfk; njhlu;GgLkhw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
 rptgpuhd; ehfhguzuhf tpsq;Ffpd;wik.
 jpUkhy; ghk;gizapNy gs;sp nfhs;Sfpd;wik.
 mk;gpif ehfG+rzpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik.
 tpehafu; jd; cjuge;jkhf ehfj;ij mzpe;Js;sik.
 KUff; flTs; ehfj;NjhL $b tpsq;Fk; kapiy thfdkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sik.

08. ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tpf kf;fshf ehfu;> mg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;likf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
 ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tpf ,dj;jtu;fshf ehfUk; ,af;fUk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;.
,tu;fSs; ehfu; vdg;gLNthu; jkpopdj;jpd; %jhijauhthu;. G+u;tpf
fhyj;jpy; ehf topghl;by; kpFjpAk; <Lgl;l fhuzj;jhNyNa ,tu;fs; ehfu;
vdg;ngau; ngw;wdu; vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.

09. ,yq;ifapy; ehfjk;gpuhd; Myaq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fs; Ie;jpidf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
 ehfu; Nfhapy;
 NridA+u;
 Gspak;nghf;fiz
 gz;lhupahntsp
 GJ}u;
 Vohiy
 ethyp
 nrk;gpad;gw;W
 tlypailg;G
 Gspae;jPT
 mdiyjPT

10. ehfjk;gpuhd; Myaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ehf cUtq;fspy; cs;s rptypq;f

tbtk; vij czu;j;JfpwJ?
 ehfjk;gpuhd; vd;w ngaupy; mike;j jk;gpuhd; vd;w nrhy; rptgpuhidf;
Fwpf;Fk; vd;w fUj;Jk; epyTfpd;wJ. mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; ngUk;ghyhd
ehfjk;gpuhd; Nfhapy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ehf cUtq;fs; rptypq;fj;ij
cs;slf;fpa glj;NjhL $badthf mikag; ngw;Ws;sd.

11. ,e;J kj Guhzq;fs; ehf topghL njhlu;ghf vt;thW $Wfpd;wJ?

 ehk; thOk; G+kpia MjpNrld; vd;Dk; ghk;Ng jhq;fp epw;gjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 21. <oj;jpy; irtk;

mEuhjGu fhyk;
nghyd;dWitf; fhyk;
Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;
INuhg;gpau; fhyk;

01. ,yq;ifia rptG+kp vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpatu; ahu;?

 jpU%yu;

02. ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfs; ahtu;?

 ,af;fu;> ehfu;

03. ,yq;ifapy; KUf topghl;bd; njhd;ikia ep&gpf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; ahit?

 Gj;jsg; gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l GijnghUs; Ma;T.
 njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s Mjpr;r ey;Y}upy; fpilj;jit Nghd;w
NtyhAjq;fSk;> Nrtw; rpiyfSk; fhtbr; nrjpy;fSk; khNjhl;lk;>
fe;jNuhil Kjypa ,lq;fspNyAk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lit.
 njd;dpyq;ifapy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;Fk; fjpu;fhk KUf topghL

04. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rkak; epiy

ngw;Ws;sjhff; $Wk; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fs; ,Utiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 tz. tynghy ,uhFy
 jpU. N[. lgps;A+. nudw;
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa tuyhw;whrpupauhd FitNwh];

Fwpg;G – cWFizj; Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;wpy;

“rptefu;” vd;w ,g;ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

05. mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rkak; ngw;wpUe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;

rhd;whjhuq;fs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 tp[aDf;Fg; gpd; mEuhjGuj;ij Mz;l gz;LthRNjtd;> mgad;>
gz;Lfhgad; KjypNahu; irtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.
 fp.K. 145 - 101 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; mEuhjGuj;ij Mz;l vy;yhsd;
vDk; jkpo; kd;ddJ fhyj;jpNy irtk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
 gz;Lfhgad; mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdpia epu;khzpf;Fk; NghJ me;jzu;fSf;nfd
xU gFjpia tFj;jhndd;Wk; rptd; Nfhapy; xd;iw epWtpdhd; vd;Wk;
kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ.

06.nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; irt rkak; Nkdpiyaile;jikf;fhd fhuzk;

ahJ?
 ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; irtk; Kd;dupYk; Nkdpiy ngw;Wj;
jpfo;e;jik. fhuzk; vd;dntdpy; Kjyhk; ,uh[ uh[ NrhoDk; mtd;
kfd; ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoDk; ,yq;if KOtijAk; jk; Ml;rpf;Ff; fPo;
nfhz;L te;J nghyd;dWitia [dehj kq;fyk; vd;w ngaupy; Ml;rp
nra;jikahFk;.

43
07. Nrhou;fs; ,yq;ifapy; epWtpa Myaq;fs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 2k; rpthyak; (thdtd; khNjtp <r;ruk;)
 ,utpFy khzpf;f <];tuk;
 cj;jk NrhNo];tuk;

08. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Myaq;fs; %d;wpidAk;

,aw;wg;gl;l gpuge;jq;fs; %d;wpidAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ey;Y}u; ntapYfe;j gps;isahu; Myak;
 ,Ztpy; guuhrNrfug; gps;isahu; Myak;
 cUk;guha; fUzhfug; gps;isahu; Myak;
 ey;Y}u; tPufhspak;kd; Myak;
 ePuN
; typ murNfrupg; gps;isahu; Myak;
 mupahiy rpj;jp tpehafu; Myak;

gpuge;jq;fs;

 jl;rpz ifyhr Guhzk;.

 NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L vd toq;Fk; NfhNzru; Guhzk;.
 fjpiukiyg; gs;S.

09. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; irt rkak; tPo;r;rpAw;wikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs; ahit?
 Nfhl;il kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
trkhdit.
 ,e;Jf;fis tYf;fl;lhakhf fpwp];jtj;jpw;F kjkhw;wk; nra;jik.
 ,e;J Myaq;fs; ,bf;fg;gl;lik.

10. xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j irt rka E}y;fs; ahit?

 gwhis tpehafu; gs;S
 kiwirae;jhjp
 fy;tisae;jhjp
 ey;iyf; FwtQ;rp
 tz;iz itj;jpaypq;ff; FwtQ;rp
 ey;iyf; fypntz;gh
 rptfhkpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo;
 ntUfy; rpj;jpuNtyhAju; fhjy;

11. INuhg;gpau; fhy fl;lq;fis vOJf.

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - 1505 – 1658
 xy;yhe;ju; - 1658 – 1796
 Mq;fpNyau; - 1796 – 1948

12. cWFizj; Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyj;jnjdf; fzpf;fg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ?
 rptefu;

44
13. mEuhjGuf; fhyg;gFjp ahJ?
 fp.K 4k; E}w;whz;lstpy; mEuhjGuk; gz;Lfhga kd;ddhy; ,uhrjhdpahf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyk; Kjy; fp.gp 10k; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s
fhyg;gFjp mEuhjGuf; fhyg;gFjpahFk;.

14. jPrDf;F Kw;gl;l kd;du; ngau;fs; ‘rptd;’ vd;W KbtdthapUe;jikf;F

cjhuzk; jUf.
 fpupfz;l rptd;
 kfh rptd;
 %j;j rptd;

15. fp.gp. 2k; E}w;whz;by; Nru ehl;bypUe;J gj;jpdpj; nja;t topghl;il

,yq;ifapy; mwpKfk; nra;jtd; ahu;?
 f[ghF kd;dd;

16. ,uh[uh[dpd; kidtp ngauhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy; vJ?

 2k; rpthyak; vdg;gLk; thdtd;khNjtp <r;ruk;.

45
 22. <oj;J Myaq;fs;

1. khkhq;fg; gps;isahu; Myak;

(khkhq;Nf];tuk;)
01. khkhq;Nf];tu Myak; mg;ngau; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
 ,e;j Myaj;jpy; %ytuhf rptypq;fg; ngUkhNd vOe;jUspAs;shu;.
MapDk; mr;rptypq;fj;Jf;F tpehafu; mq;fp rhj;jp topghL ,aw;wg;gLtjhy;
khkhq;fg; gps;isahu; vd miof;fg;gl;lhYk; %ytu; rptgpuhNd vd;gjhy;
khkhq;Nf];tu Myak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

02. %ytuhd rptypq;fk; gw;wpa Ijpfk; ahJ?

 rPijiag; rpiw kPl;gjw;fhf ,yq;iff;F te;j ,uhku;> ,uhtzidf;
nfhd;W> mtis rpiw kPl;l gpd; ,t;topahf tUk;nghOJ Xuplj;jpy; My;>
muR> jpUthj;jp> ney;yp> nfhf;fl;b vDk; Itif kuq;fs; xd;whf tsu;e;J
gQ;rtb Nghy; Fspu;r;rp je;jd. mjidf; fz;l ,uhku; me;j ,lj;jpNy
jq;fp> kz;zpdhy; rptypq;fk; mikj;J topgl;lhu;. fhyNthl;lj;jpy;
mr;rptypq;fkhdJ kuNtu;fshYk; gw;iwfshYk; %lg;gl;L kiwe;jpUe;jJ.
ePz;l fhyj;jpd; gpd; Ntld; xUtd;> fisg;G kpFjpapdhy; mt;tplj;jpy;
rpwpJ Neuk; Japd;whd;. mg;nghOJ mtDila fdtpy; me; j r;
rptyp q; f k; fhl;rpaspj;jJ. Ntld;> jhd; fdtp y; fz; l
Mykuj;jp;d Fwpg;ig itj;J kuj;jbapy; fpswpg; ghu;j;j NghJ mq;F
rptypq;fk; xd;iwf; fz;nlLj;jhd;. Vida Ntlu;fisAk; mioj;J
mt;tplj;jpy; ge;jy; mikj;J tzq;f Muk;gpj;jhd;.
03. khkhq;fj; jPu;jj
; j;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
 jPuhj Neha;fs; jPUk;.
 gpjpu;f;fld; epiwNtw;Wk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. (c-k;) Gul;lhjp khj kfhsa
gl;raj;jpy; gpjpu;f;fld; epiwNtw;Wjiyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
04. ,ypq;fk;> Ks;shyypq;fk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wpUg;gjd; fhuzk; ahJ?
 Ks; Myku mbapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wjdhy; mt;tpypq;fk; Ks;shyypq;fk;
vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.
05. ,t;thyaj;jpy; kNfhw;rtk; epfOk; fhyk; ahJ?
 Mb mkhthir jpdj;Jf;F gj;J ehl;fSf;F Kd; nfhbNaw;wp Mb
mkhthirad;W jPuj ; ;Njhw;rtk; ,lk;ngWk;.
06. khkhq;Nf];tu Myaj;jpd; jytpUl;rk; vJ?
 FUe;j kuk;
07. mkpu;jfop vdg; ngau; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
 jhkiu kyu;fs; moF nra;fpd;w ,j;jpUf;Fsj;jpy; re;jdr; NrW
vdg;gLfpd;w xUtiff; fspkz; cs;sJ. jPuhj Neha;fisnay;yhk; jPu;j;J
itg;gjhy; mJ mkpu;jfsp (op) vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

08. khkhq;fj; jPu;jj

; k; vdg; ngau; tuf; fhuzk; ahJ?
 ,e;jpahtpy; tho;e;j Kdptu; xUtu; fq;if> aKid> ru];tjp> Nfhjhtup>
Jq;fgj;jpiu> gthdp> fhNtup> jhkpuguzp> fd;ahFkhup Mfpa 09
jPuj
; ;jq;fisj; jk; fkz;lyj;jpy; nfhzu;e;J ,jpy; fye;J ePuhba gpd;
,q;Fs;s rptypq;fj;ij topgl;L NgWngw;whu;. 09 ngupa kq;if vd;Dk;
“khkq;if” vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.

46
 2. jpUf;NfjP];tuk;

01. NfjP];tuk; vDk; ngau; Vw;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?

 etf;fpufq;fSs; xd;whf NfJ topgl;l jykhf tpsq;fpajhy; ,j;jyk;
NfjP];tuk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.

02. jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpd; ,iwtd;> ,iwtp ahtu;? jPu;j;jk; ahJ?

 ,iwtd; - NfjP];tu ehju;
 ,iwtp - nfsup mk;ghs;
 jPuj; ;jk; - ghyhtp

03. me;epauhl;rpahy; mopTw;w jpUf;NfjP];tuk; Gdu;epu;khzk; ngWtjw;Fj;

J}z;LNfhyha; mike;jtu; ahu;? Gduikg;Gg; gzpfis Kd;dpd;W nra;jtu;
ahu;?
 MWKf ehtyu;
 gRgjpr; nrl;bahu;

04. jpUf;NfjP];tk; kPJ jpUg;gjpfq;fs; ghbaUspa Njthu Kjypfs; ahtu;?

 rk;ge;ju;
 Re;juu;

05. rptuhj;jpup tpujk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; vt;thW mDl;bf;fg;gLfpwJ?

 ehnlq;FkpUe;J tUk; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd mbatu;fs; ghyhtpapy;
jPuj
; ;jkhb> jPuj
; ;jj;ijf;Flj;jpNy Ve;jpj; jiyapw; Rke;jgb> tupirahffr;
nrd;W Guhjd kfhypq;fj;Jf;Fj; jhNk mgpN\fk; nra;J G+rpf;Fk; epfo;T
fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

06. ,t;thyaj;jpd; #oypy; mikag; ngw;w klq;fs; vit?

 jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; klk;
 jpUthrf klk;
 ehtyu; klk;
 rptuhj;jpup klk;
 fjpu;fhk ahj;jpupfu;fs; njhz;lu;rig klk;
 3. tw;whg;gis fz;zfp mk;kd; Myak;

01. tw;whg;gis vd;w ngau; vt;thW cUthdJ?

 fz;zfp kJiuia vupj;j gpd;du; <oj;Jf;F te;J gj;J ,lq;fspy;
jq;fpapUe;jjhfTk; gj;jhtJ ,lNk tw;whg;gis vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ gj;jhtjhf ,Ue;j ,lk; vd;gjhy; gj;jhk;gis vdg; ngau; ngw;W
gpd;G tw;whg;gis vd kUtpaJ vd;gu;.

02. ,t;thyaj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa kuG topf; fij ahJ?

 ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; fpof;Nf cs;s ee;jpf; flw;fiu Xuj;jpy; ,ilr; rpWtu;fs;
khL Nka;j;Jr; nry;tJ tof;fkhFk;. xU ehs; %jhl;b xUtu; kpFe;j
fisg;Gld; me; j r; rpWtu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij mile;jhu;. rpWtu;fs;
nghq;fy; nra;J gilj;J mtupd; fisg;ig ePf;fpdu;. mg;NghJ mk;%jhl;b
jhd; Nrho ehl;bypUe;J te;jjhfTk; itfhrp tprhf ehspy; jdf;Fg;
nghq;fypl;L topgLkhWk; $wp kiwe;J tpl;lhu;. ,r; nra; jp iar;
rpWtu;fs; Cu; kf;fSf;Fj; njupag; g Lj; jpdu;. Cu; kf;fs; te;J ghu;j;j
NghJ %jhl;b mku;e;jpUe;j gl;Lg;Nghd Ntg;gk; Fw;wp jioj;jpUe;jjijf;
fz;L Mr;rupakile;jdu;. mt;tplj;jpy; Myak; mikj;J topghL nra;a
Muk;gpj;jdu;.

03. ,t;thyag; ngUtpoh vg;NghJ vt;thW eilngWfpd;wJ?

 itfhrp tprhfj;jd;W
 ,t;itfhrpg; nghq;fw; rlq;FfshdJ gQ;rhq;fk; Msy;> ghf;Fj; njz;ly;>
jPuj
; ;jnkLj;jy;> fly; ePupy; jPgNkw;wy;> kilg;gz;lnkLj;jy; vd;w
xOq;FKiwapy; ,lk;ngWk;.

04. ,t;thyag; nghq;fypy;; ,lk;ngWk; rlq;Ffs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

gQ;rhq;fk; Msy; nghq;fw; fpupiafis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; G+rhupahu; NfhapYld;
njhlu;Gila ngupNahu;fs; MfpNahu; xd;W$b nghq;fy;
rlq;FfSf;fhd ehs;fisg; gQ; r hq; f j; ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPuk ; hdpg;gjhFk;.
ghf;Fj; njz;ly; nghq;fy; ,lk;ngWtjw;F ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F Kd; nghq;fy;
jpdk; gw;wp Cu; kf;fSf;Fj; njuptpf;Fk; rlq;fhFk;.
jPuj
; ;jk; vLj;jy; fhl;L tpehafu; Myaj;jpy; G+ir ,lk;ngw;w gpd;du; md;iwa
jpdk; khiyNtisapy; rpyhtj;Jiwf; flypypUe;J jPu;jj
; k;> fhl;L
tpehafu; Myaj;Jf;F Cu;tykhf vLj;J tug;gly;.

05. nghq;fy; fhyq;fspy; Myar; #oypy; ,lk;ngWk; $j;J ahJ?

 Nfhtyd; $j;J

06. Nehw;Gf; fhuu; vdg;gLNthu; ahu;?

 njhz;L nra;Ak; gzpapy; <LgLk; xU r%fj;jtu; Mtu;.

07. ,t;thyaf; fpupiafSf;fhd gj;jjpfis toq;fpatu; ahu;?

 gf;jQhdp vd;gtu;

08. Mfkk; rhuh topghl;bypUe;J Mfk Kiwapy; topghl;bw;F vg;NghJ khwpaJ?

 19k; E}w;whz;L
 4. kz;^u; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;

01. jpUg;gilf; Nfhapy; vd;why; vd;d?

 Nfhapypd; fUtiwapy; Nty; gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nfhapy;fs;
jpUg;gilf; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;.

02. kz;^u; fe;jRthkp Nfhapypd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa nrtptopf; fij ahJ?

 rPug
; hjd; tu d; Kiwf; fy;ntl;L vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;G
xd;wpy; tPuKidf;F te;j Nrho ehl;L murpahd rPug ; hjNjtp tPuKidia
tpl;L rpq;if efUf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ jhd; topgl;L te;j jq;f Ntiyj;
jkJ Fy kf;fsplk; nfhLj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;whs; vdTk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpd;
gp d; Fwpg;gpl;l Fy kf;fspilNa cz;lhd Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf Fyj;jpy;
xUtdhd rpj;jd; vd; g t d; Ntypid vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
ntFnjhiytpy; cs;s jpy;iykuk; xd;wpNy gjpj;J tpl;L jkJ
cwTfSld; JiwePyhtizapy; trpj;J te;jhd; vdTk;> rpwpJ fhyj;jpd;
gp d; mjid vLf;fr; nrd;w NtisapNy NtLtu;fs; nfhj; Jg; ge;jy;
mikj;J Ntypid itj;J topgLtjidf; fz;lhd; vdTk;> gpd;du;
rpj; j d; jkJ Cutu;fSk; maw;fpuhkj;jtu;fsJk; cjtpAld; Nfhapiy
mikj;J mjw;Fj; jpy;iy kz;^u;f; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; vdg; ngaupl;L
topglj; njhlq;fpdhd; vdTk;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. ,t;thyaj;ij rpd;df; fjpu;fhkk; vd miog;gjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 fjpu;fhk KUfd; Nfhapypy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w rpy rk;gpujhaq;fs;
,f;NfhapypYk; ,lk;ngWtjdhy; mg;ngau; tUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;jpUf;fyhk;.

04. ,t;thyaj;jpd; cw;rt fhyk; ahJ?

 Mtzp khjg; ngsu;zkpiaj; jPu;j;j ehshff; nfhz;L 21 ehl;fs;
eilngWfpd;wJ.

05. ,q;F G+ir nra;gtu; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;?

 fg;Gfdhu;

06. kz;^u; fe;jRthkp Nfhapypy; cs;s gupthuf; Nfhapy;fs; vit?

 Fkhu jk;gpuhd; Nfhapy;> ts;sp nja;thidf;nfd jdpf; Nfhapy;fs;

07. kz;^u; fe;jRthkp Myaj;jpy; topghL vt;thW ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ?

 ,t;thyaj;jpy; Mfkk; rhuhj tifapNyNa topghLfs; ,aw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
fg;Gfdhu;> G+ir Ntisapy; Rthkpf;Fupa mKjpid fhT jbapy; Rke;J
nrd;W %y];jhdj;jpy; topgl;l gpd;du;> jpiur;rPiyf;F Kd;ghf te;J kzp>
rq;F> Ngupif Koq;f jPghuhjid fhl;Lk; fhl;rp
czu;TG+u;tkhdJ. fjpu;fhkk; Nghd;Nw ,q;Fk; jpiu jpwthky; G+ir
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;F fe;jr\;b tpujk; mDl;bf;Fk; Kiw jdpj;JtkhdJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; jpUr;nre;J}u;g; Guhzk; gldk; nra;ag;gLk;. tpuj ,Wjp
ehsd;W #ud; Nghu;
,lk;ngWtjpy;iy. jpUf;fy;ahz cw;rtk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; kuGtop jpUkz
eilKiwfSld; ,lk;ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 5. ,Ztpy; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;
01. ,Ztpy; fe;jRthkp Nfhapiy mikj;jtu; ahu;?
 fhQ;rpGuj;jpypUe;J ,q;F te;J FbNawpatUk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ztpy;
gFjpf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jtUkhd “NguhapuKilNahd; Kjyp” vd;gtu;.
02. ,t;thyaj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa kuGtopf; fij ahJ?
 xU ehs;> me;jzr; rpWtu; ,Utu;> KjypahuJ tPl;Lf;F te;jdu;. jhq;fs;
fhQ;rpGuj;jpypUe;J te;jjhfTk; jk;ik Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;
Kjypahuplk; $wpdu;. mtu;fs; $wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj Cutu; ahtUk;
fz;L mjprapf;fj;jf;f tifapy; Ngnuh spg; gpok;G xd;W Njhd;wpaJ.
rpWtu;fs; ,UtUk; kiwe;J tpl;ldu;. jk;kplk; te;j rpWtu;fs; ,UtUk;
KUfg;ngUkhDk; itutg; ngUkhDNk vd Kjypahu; ek;gpdhu;. jdJ
g+u;tpf Cuhd fhQ;rpGuj;Jf; fe;jNfhl;l KUfg; ngUkhid kdjpw;
nfhz;ltuhf Kjypahu; ,Ztpy; fe;jRthkp Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhu;.

03. ,t;thyaj;jpy; kNfhw;rtk; ,lk;ngWk; fhyk; ahJ?

 ijg;G+rk;
 fe;jr\;b

04. ,t;thya kNfhw;rtk; ,lk;ngWk; fhyk; ahJ?

 Mdpkhj mkhthiriaj; jPu;j;j ehshff; nfhz;L 25 ehl;fs; eilngWk;.

05. ,f;Nfhapy; ,Zitf; fhQ;rp vd;W ngau; ngwf; fhuzk; ahJ?

 ,Ztpy; fe;jRthkp Nfhapypy; jPuj; ;jf; fpzW Njhz;b fhQ;rpGuj;Jg; Gdpj
jPuj
; ;jq;fisf; nfhz;L te;J mjpw; fye;jhu;. ,tw;why; mt;thyak;
,Zitf; fhQ;rp vd;Wk; fe;jNfhl;lk; vdTk; ngau; ngw;wJ.

06. ,f;Nfhapypd; %y %u;j;jpahf tpsq;Fgtu; ahu;? jy tpUl;rk; ahJ?

 %y%u;j;jp – ts;sp nja;tahid rNkj Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkp
 jy tpUl;rk; - nehr;rp kuk;

07. ,t;thyaj;jpy; vj;jid Ntis G+ir ,lk;ngWk;?

 06 Ntisfs;
08. ijg;G+r jpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; tplaq;fs; vit?
 ijg;G+r jpdj;jpy; MWKf Rthkp> kQ;rj;jpy; vOe;jUsp mUSthu;.

09. “cyfg; ngUkQ;rk;” fhzg;gLk; Myak; vJ?

 ,Ztpy; fe;jRthkp Myak;

10. cyfg; ngUkQ;rk; ahuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ?

 ngupa re;epahrpahu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l MWKfk; re;epahrpahuhy; 1912k;
Mz;by; njd;dpe;jpa rpw;gpfisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;lJ.

11. ,t;thyaj;jpd; kPJ ghlg;gl;l ghly;fs; vit?

 kapy;thfdg; Gytu; - ,Zitg; gjpfk;
 ,Zit rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu; - fy;ahz Ntytu; jpUT+Q;ry;
 fzgjpjhrd; - ,Zit KUfd; gf;jpurf; fPu;j;jidfs;

50
 6. nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;

01. nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Mya ,iwtd;> ,iwtpau; ahtu;?

 ,iwtd; - = tujuh[g; ngUkhs;
 ,iwtp - =Njtp> G+Njtp

02. Fsf;Nfhl;l kd;dd; mikj;j ,t;thyak; vt;thW fhzg;gl;lJ?

 jl;rpz ifyhrGuhzk; $Wk; NghJ> Fsf;Nfhl;l kd;dd;
jpUf;NfhNz];tuj;jpd; Gdu; epu; k h zg; g zp fisr; nra;J
nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy; ,f;Nfhapiy 07 tPjpfs; nfhz;ljhf
mikj;jhd; vdf;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J me;jzu;fis tutioj;J itfhrd Mfk
Kiwg;gb G+ir nra;a Vw;ghLfis kd;dd; nra;J nfhLj;jhd; vdTk;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. ,t;thyak; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;fs; vit?

 Nfhfpy re;Njra (Fapy; tpLJ}J) vDk; rpq;fs nkhopj; J}Jg; gpuge;jk;.
 aho;g;ghzr; rkaepiy – MWKfehtyu;

04. ,t;thyaj;jpd; kNfhw;rtq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

 Mtzp kNfhw;rtk; - fpU];z n[ae;jpia 17tJ ehshff; nfhz;L 18
ehl;fs; eilngWfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpNrl mk;rq;fspNy fUl
Nrit> rg;guk;> ntz;nza; jpUly;> Ntl;ilj; jpUtpoh> jpUf;fy;ahzk;
Kjypait ,lk;ngWk;.

 khu;fop kNfhw;rtk; - khu;fop khj Vfhjrp ehis 9k; ehshff; nfhz;L

nkhj;jk; 10 ehl;fs; eilngWfpwJ. Vfhjrp md;W itFz;l nrhu;f;f thry;
jpwj;jy; ,lk;ngWk;.

05. ,t;thyaj;jpy; tpNrlkhf mDl;bf;fg;gLk; tpujq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 khje;NjhWk; ,lk;ngWk; Vfhjrp tpujk;
 tuyl;Rkp Nehd;G
 ,uhketkp
 jPghtsp
 etuhj;jpup

06. ,uz;L cw;rtk; ,lk;ngWk; Myak; vJ? mt; cw;rtq;fs; vit?

 nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Myak;
1. Mtzp kNfhw;rtk;
2. khu;fop kNfhw;rtk;

07. nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Myaj;jpd; miktplk; ahJ?

 aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nghd;dhiy fpuhkj;jpy;

08. rJuq;f Nrj;jpuk; vd miof;fg;gLk; Myak; vJ?

 nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Myak;
09. nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhd; Myaj;jpd; jPu;j;jk;> jytpUl;rk; Nghd;wtw;iw
vOJf.
 jPuj
; ;jk; - jpUtb epiy
 jytpUl;rk; - td;dpkuk;

10. nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; ngUkhd; Myaj;jpd; kPJ ghlg;ngw;w E}y;fs; vit?

Ng.f. fpU\;zgps;is tujuh[u; ruzk;

R. fzgjpg;gps;is nghd;dhiy tujuh[u; CQ;ry;

ehuhazjhrd; nghd;dhiy khatd; ngUik> fz;zd; fPjq;fs;

rp. rptRg;gpukzpad; khUjp ftrk;

 23. rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu; fij

01. rpj;jpuh ngsu;zkp tpujk; ahiu epide;J mD\;bf;fg;gLfpwJ?

 jk;Kila ,we;j jhia epide;J ,e;Jf;fs; ,t;tpujj;ij
mD\;bf;fpwhu;fs;.

02. md;iwa jpdk; Myaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs; ,uz;bidf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
 rpj;jpiuf; fQ;rp thu;g;gJ
 rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu; fij gbg;gJ

03. rpj;jpu Gj;jpuhdupd; flik ahJ?

 capu;fspd; ght Gz;zpaq;fisf; fzf;fpLk; gzpiar; nra;jy;.

04. rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu; fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; Kf;fpakhdnjhU fpisf; fij vd ,q;F

Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ahJ?
 khu;f;fz;Nlau; fij

kpUfz;L Kdptupd; kfd; - khu;f;fz;Nlau;

05. rptngUkhd; ahUf;fhf vkidr; rq;fhuk; nra;jhu;?

 khu;f;fz;NlaUf;fhf

06. rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu; fijapy; rpj;jpuGj;jpudhupd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp vt;thW

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ?

 xUehs; rptngUkhd; xU jq;fg; gyifapy; Mltd; xUtdpd; rpj;jpuk;

xd;iw tiue;jhu;. me;jr; rpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;l ghu;tjpNjtp> mij
capu;g;gpf;FkhW Ntz;bdhu;. rptngUkhDk; ghu;tjp Njtpapd; Ntz;Ljiy
Vw;W mjid capu;g;gpj;jhu;. rpj;jpuj;jpypUe;J capu; ngw;wjhy; mtd;
rpj;jpuGj;jpud; vd;w ngaiug; ngw;whd;. mtd; capu; ngw;wJ rpj;jpiu khjg;
ngsu;zkp ehspyhFk;. vkju;kuh[htpw;Fj; Jizahf capu;fspd; ght
Gz;zpaq;fisg; ghu;f;FkhW rptngUkhd; fl;lisapl;lhu;.
 24. irtgupghyd rig

01. irtgupghyd rig vg;NghJ jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ? jhgpf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

 1888.04.29
 ,yq;ifapy; me;epauhl;rp epytpa fhyj;jpy;> irtj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l
Mgj;Jf;fspdpd;Wk; mjidf; fhg;gjw;fhfthFk;.

02. ,r;rigapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 irt rkaj;ij tsu;j;jy;.
 gpw rkaq;fshy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fspy; ,Ue;J irtrkaj;ijf; fhj;jy;.
 irtg; ghlrhiyfis jhgpj;J elhj;Jjy;.
 mwpQu;fisf; nfhz;L irtg; gpurq;fq;fisAk; Guhz gldk;
Kjyhdtw;iwAk; nra;tpj;jy;.
 irtrkag; gj;jpupiffisAk; E}y;fisAk; ntspapLjy;.
 mope;j epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; irthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; goik tha;e;j irt
jUk];jhgdq;fisg; GJg;gpj;J xOq;fhf ,aq;fr; nra;jy;.
 Nfhapy;fsJk; jpUklq;fsJk; nrhj;Jf;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;Wg; ghJfhj;J
me;je;j ];jhgdq;fSf;Fr; Nruitj;jy;.
 irtg; ngz;fSf;F cau;fy;tpia toq;Fjy;.

03. ,r;rigahy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Myag; GdUj;jhuzg; gzp ahJ?

 jpUf;NfjP];tu Myag; GdUj;jhuzg; gzp
(Fk;ghgpN\fk; 1903,y; elj;jpdu;)

04. ,r;rig%yk; Myaq;fspy; irtg; gpurq;fq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l ngupahu;fs;

ahtu;?
 gpuk;k=. f. Rg;igau;
 m. FkhuRthkpg; Gytu;
 K. fdfrghgjp Iau;

05. Myaq;fspy;> mf;fhyq;fspy; gldk; nra;ag;gl;l Guhzq;fs; ahit?

 fe;jGuhzk;
 ngupaGuhzk;
 jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzk;
 jpUr;nre;J}u; Guhzk;

06. Gz;zpa ehr;rpahu; klk; njhlu;ghf rig Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; ahit?

 ,w;iwf;F 120 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; tz;zhu; gz;izapy; trpj;j Gz;zpa
ehr;rpahu; vDk; ngz;kzp “mk;gythzRthkp Gz;zpaehr;rp ju;kk;” vDk;
ju;k gupghydj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. mjd; %yk; rpjk;guj;jpy; Gz;zpa ehr;rp
mk;ikahu; klk; epWtg;gl;lJ. 1938k; Mz;L irtgupghyd rigahy;
nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l ,k;klk;> 2002k; Mz;L etPd Kiwapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,k;klk;
 rpjk;gu Mya jpUg;gzpfSf;F cjTjy;.
 ,yq;ifapypUe;J tUif jUfpd;w mbatu;fs; ,ytrkhfj; jq;fp
,isg;ghwpr; nry;Ykplkhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

54
07. irtr; #oypy; Mq;fpy topf; fy;tp ngw tpUk;Gk; irt khztu;fSf;fhfr;
rig Nkw;nfhz;l gzpfs; ahit?
 1890k; Mz;L aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ tpLjp
trjpAld; tpsq;fpaJ.
 ,f;fy;Y}up fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,izg;Gf; fy;Y}upahfr;
nraw;gl;lJ.
 ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;F Ntz;ba
cjtpfis epWtd uPjpahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fkhf ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
mjpfhu rig epWtg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; %yk; nfhf; F tp y; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> fhiuefu;
,e;Jf;fy;Y}up> tl;Lf;Nfhl;il ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk; ,e;J kfspu;
,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Kjyhd gy fy;Y}upfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L kpfr; rpwg;ghf
elhj;jg;gl;ld.

mjhtJ ,f;fy;Y}upapd; %yk; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

08. irt gupghyd rig jkpo;nkhop> irtrkak; vd;gtw;wpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf

Nkw;nfhz;l gzpfs; ahit?
 tsu;e;NjhUf;Fk; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; gy guPl;irfis elhj;Jjy;>
1963k; Mz;L Kjy; irt rpj;jhe;j gz;bju; guPl;irfis elhj;jp>
rpj;jpaile;jtu;fSf;Fg; gl;lq;fis toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
 ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;fhd rka ghlg; guPl;iriaAk; njhlu;e;J elj;jp
tUfpd;wJ. mJNghd;W juk; ,uz;L Kjy; juk; vl;L tiuahd
khztu;fSf;F jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;> cau;ju khztu;fSf;fhd
,e;Jehfupfk;> ,e;Jrkak; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;fhd guPl;irfisAk; elhj;jp
tUfpd;wJ.

09. irt gupghyd rig ntspapl;l E}y;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 rpW gps;isg; ghlk;
 ,yf;fpa thrfk;
 nre;jkpo;f; fUT+yk;
 gbg;gpf;Fk; KiwfSk; tpjpfSk;
 ehtyupd; irt tpdh tpil
 rka Futu;> re;jhdFutu; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk;
 irtf;fpupia tpsf;fk;
 ekrptha khiy
 jQ;ir thzd; Nfhit
 ka+ufpupg; Guhzk;

10. ,d;W ,r;rig Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; nghJg;gzpfs; %d;wpidj; jUf.

 ,r;rig ,d;W> gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tp gapYk; twpa khztu;fSf;Fr;
rig epjpAjtp toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
 irt khehLfs;> irtf;FUkhu;fSf;fhd gapw;rpfs;> jpUKiwfisg;
gz;NzhL XJtjw;fhd gapw;rpfs;> rptjPl;ir toq;Fjy; vd;gtw;iw rig
njhlu;e;J elhj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
 63 ehad;khu;fs;> Nrf;fpohu;> Qhdg;gpufhr Kdptu;> ehtyu; KjyhNdhu;
FUG+irfisAk; elhj;jp tUfpwJ.

11. irt gupghyd rigapd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; kj;jpa epiyakhf

tpsq;FtJ vJ?
 ehtyu; Mr;rpukk;
12. irt kf;fSf;fhd gj;jpupifahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? mjd; Kjw;gpujp vg;NghJ
ntspte;jJ?
 ,e;J rhjdk; - Hindu Organ, 1889k; Mz;L Gul;lhjp khjk;

55
 25. md;djhdk;

01. jhdk; vd;gJ ahJ?

 xUtu; vt;tpj gpujpgyidAk; vjpu;ghuhJ> kd kfpo;r;rpNahL VNjDk;
xd;iwg; gpwUf;Ff; nfhLg;gNj rpwe;j “jhdk;” MFk;.

02. ehk; nra;af;$ba jhdq;fs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 Nfhjhdk;> t];jpujhdk;> tpj;jpahjhdk;> G+jhdk;> fd;dpfhjhdk;

03. Nkyhd jhdkhff; fUjg;gLtJ vJ? mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

 md;djhdk;
 Vnddpy; xUtu; capu; tho;tjw;F mj;jpahtrpakhdJ czT (md;dk;)
vd;gjhyhFk;.

04. ju;k rj;jpuq;fs;> klq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; mikj;jjw;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
 topg;Nghf;fu;fs; jq;fp ,isg;ghWtjw;Fk;> cztUe;jpg; grpahWtjw;Fk; ju;k
rj;jpuq;fs;> klq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fl;b itj;jdu;.

05. rptdbahu;fSf;F cztspg;gJ vt;thW Rl;lg; ngWfpd;wJ?

 kNf];tu G+ir
06. gQ;r fhyj;jpy; MWKf ehtyu; Nkw;nfhz;l jUkk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ?
 fQ;rpj; njhl;bj; jUkk;

07. re;epjp KUfid “md;djhdf; fe;jd;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 Vnddpy; ,t;thyaj;jpy; epj;jKk; mbahu;fSf;F md;djhdk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

08. rptdbahu;fSf;F mKJ}l;Lk; njhz;bidr; nra;j ehad;khu; %tiuf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
 ,isahd; Fbkhw ehadhu;
 fhiuf;fhyk;ikahu;
09. md;djhdk; Vida jhdq;fspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wJ?
 Vnddpy; md;djhdNk jhdk; ngWgtu; jpUg;jp milAk; tiu toq;ff;
$banjhd;whFk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.
10. md;djhdj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp ehTf;furu; ghba ghliy vOJf.
 md;dk; ghypf;Fk; jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyk;
nghd;dk; ghypf;Fk; NkYk; ,g;g+kpia
vd;dk; ghypf;FkhW fz;L ,d;Gw
,d;dk; ghypf;FNkh ,g;gpwtpNa.
11. jhdk; njhlu;ghf xsitg; ghl;bahu; $wpa KJnkhop vJ?
 <jy; mwk;
12. md;djhdf; fe;jd; vd miof;fg;gLk; Myak; vJ?
 nry;tr; re;jpep Myak;
13. Mya kNfhw;rt fhyq;fspy; jhdk; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tplaq;fs;
vit?
 mbahu;fspd; eyd; fUjp top NjhWk; jz;zPug
; ; ge;jy;fSk; jhd
rhiyfSk; mikj;jy;.

56
 26. gftj; fPijAk; jk;k gjKk;

01. gftj; fPij ahuhy; ahUf;F cgNjrpf;fg;gl;lJ?

 fpU\;z gukhj;khthy; mu;[_zDf;F

02. jk;kgj mwpTiufs; ahuhy; cgNjrpf;fg;gl;lit?

 nfsjk Gj;juhy;

03. ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; ve;j ve;j E}y;fspd; gFjpfshf cs;sd?

 gftj; fPij – kfhghujk;
 jk;kgjk; - jpupgplfk;

04. ,t;tpU E}y;fspdJk; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,uz;L $Wf.

 Md;k tpLjiy
 mwk;
 cz;ikg; nghUisf; fhz tpiojy;

05. ,e;E}y;fs; mwj;Jf;F Kjd;ikaspg;gjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

 khDl tpLjiyiag; ngWtjw;fhfthFk;.

06. gpu];jhd jpuaq;fs; vit?

 gftj; fPij
 cgepljk;
 gpuk;k #j;jpuk;

07. gftj; fPijapy; vj;jid mj;jpahaq;fs;> gFjpfs; cz;L?

 18 mj;jpahaq;fs;
 fu;kNahfk;> gf;jp Nahfk;> QhdNahfk; vd;Dk; 03 gFjpfs; cz;L.

08. jk;kgjk; vg;gFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;sJ?

 jpupgplfj;jpy; cs;s Rj;j gplfj;jpy; cs;s Ie;J gFjpfspy; Fj;jf epahak;
vDk; gFjpapy; jk;kgjk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

57