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 Assessing Progress
towards Sustainability
Frameworks, Tools and
Case Studies
This page intentionally left blank
 Assessing Progress
towards Sustainability
Frameworks, Tools and
Case Studies

Edited by

Carmen Teodosiu
Professor and Director of the Department of Environmental
Engineering and Management from „Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University Iasi (TUIASI), Romania

Silvia Fiore
Associate Professor at the Department of Environment, Land and
Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI) at Politecnico di
Torino, Italy

Almudena Hospido
Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering
at Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain
Elsevier
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Contents
Contributors .............................................................................................................xv
About the editors ....................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgements................................................................................................xxv

CHAPTER 1 An integrated approach to assess the

sustainability progress........................................... 1
Carmen Teodosiu, Almudena Hospido, and Silvia Fiore
1 The challenges of sustainable development and
sustainability progress ....................................................................1
2 The book vision and approach.......................................................4
2.1 Frameworks used to evaluate the sustainability
progress ................................................................................... 4
2.2 Assessment tools for sustainability—Methodological
issues ....................................................................................... 6
2.3 Implementation concepts and case studies ............................ 7
References...................................................................................... 8

SECTION I Frameworks for assessing sustainability

CHAPTER 2 Sustainable development and its goals ................. 13
Biagio F. Giannetti, Feni Agostinho,
and Cecilia M.V.B. Almeida
1 Introduction ..................................................................................13
2 The relationships between the SDGs and sustainability .............14
3 Indicators and the perception of scientists on their ability
to reach each SDG .......................................................................23
4 The lack of a universal scientific model linking the SDGs
and sustainability..........................................................................24
5 Concluding remarks .....................................................................29
Acknowledgments ....................................................................... 30
References.................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 3 Sustainability and the circular economy................ 35
Roland Clift, George Martin, and Simon Mair
1 Introduction ..................................................................................35
1.1 A brief history of sustainability ........................................... 35
1.2 Circularity and sustainability ............................................... 37

v
vi Contents

2 Material resource efficiency ........................................................39

2.1 Re-use, remanufacturing, and recycling .............................. 39
2.2 Material reprocessing and energy recovery ......................... 40
3 Structural changes ........................................................................42
3.1 Redeployment: Labour in the performance economy ......... 42
3.2 Socialising business practices: Beyond the profit
motive ................................................................................... 43
3.3 Dematerialisation and employment...................................... 45
3.4 Localisation of activities: ‘Small is beautiful’..................... 47
3.5 Implications for global trade ................................................ 47
4 Drivers for a sustainable economy ..............................................49
5 Conclusions ..................................................................................51
Acknowledgments ....................................................................... 51
References.................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 4 The food–energy–water nexus approach ............... 57
Carolin M€
arker and Sandra Venghaus
1 Introduction ..................................................................................57
2 Important streams of nexus research ...........................................60
2.1 Analytical perspective .......................................................... 60
2.2 Sector combinations ............................................................. 61
2.3 Application............................................................................ 61
3 Defining the ‘food–energy–water nexus’ as a framework..........62
4 Discussion.....................................................................................65
5 Conclusions ..................................................................................66
References.................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER 5 The European Green Deal in the global
sustainability context........................................... 73
Mauro Cordella and Serenella Sala
1 A ‘Decade of Action’ for sustainability ......................................73
2 The European Green Deal ...........................................................75
3 Sustainability science in support to the European Green Deal...78
4 Beyond the European Green Deal ...............................................80
4.1 Shapes of green deals ........................................................... 80
4.2 Green deals in times of economic recovery ........................ 81
4.3 The international dimension of the European
Green Deal ............................................................................ 83
5 Conclusions ..................................................................................84
Acknowledgments ....................................................................... 85
References.................................................................................... 85
 Contents vii

SECTION II Assessment tools for sustainability-

methodological issues
CHAPTER 6 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment-based
tools ................................................................... 93
Beatriz Rivela, Brandon Kuczenski, and
Dolores Sucozhañay
1 What Life Cycle Thinking means: A system approach
to sustainability ............................................................................93
1.1 The need to cultivate a life cycle perspective ..................... 93
1.2 Life cycle methodologies for sustainability assessment:
Understanding tools and criteria .......................................... 94
2 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment........................................96
2.1 Processes and flows .............................................................. 97
2.2 A techno-economic network ................................................ 98
2.3 The nature–industry boundary.............................................. 99
2.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment............................................. 99
2.5 LCA in practice: Insights and approaches ......................... 100
2.6 Uncertainty and variability................................................. 101
2.7 Optional steps: Normalisation and weighting.................... 102
2.8 Software and databases ...................................................... 103
3 Life Cycle Costing .....................................................................105
4 Social Life Cycle Assessment ...................................................107
4.1 The S-LCA methodology ................................................... 107
4.2 S-LCA databases ................................................................ 109
4.3 Challenges and developments ............................................ 110
5 Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment:
The integration challenge...........................................................111
6 Conclusions and looking ahead .................................................111
References.................................................................................. 112
CHAPTER 7 Footprint tools ................................................... 119
Yvonne Lewis and Brett Cohen
1 Introduction ................................................................................119
2 Ecological footprint....................................................................120
3 Carbon footprint .........................................................................123
4 Water footprint ...........................................................................124
5 Nitrogen and phosphorous footprints ........................................126
6 Product environmental footprint (PEF) .....................................127
7 Other footprint tools...................................................................129
viii Contents

7.1 Energy footprint.................................................................. 129

7.2 Land footprint ..................................................................... 130
7.3 Material footprint................................................................ 130
7.4 Chemical and ozone footprint ............................................ 130
7.5 Biodiversity footprint ......................................................... 131
7.6 Waste absorption footprint ................................................. 131
7.7 Plastic footprint................................................................... 132
8 Conclusions ................................................................................132
References.................................................................................. 133
CHAPTER 8 The combined use of life cycle assessment
and data envelopment analysis to analyse the
environmental efficiency of multi-unit systems .... 137
Jara Laso, Jorge Cristóbal, Marı́a Margallo,
Ruben Aldaco, and Ian Vázquez-Rowe
1 The importance of eco-efficiency in sustainable
development ...............................................................................137
2 The LCA + DEA method ............................................................138
2.1 DEA matrix construction.................................................... 141
2.2 Model orientation ............................................................... 141
2.3 Returns to scale .................................................................. 142
2.4 DEA model ......................................................................... 142
2.5 LCA + DEA approaches...................................................... 145
3 A brief history of the joint use of LCA + DEA .........................146
4 Recent methodological advances in LCA + DEA ......................147
4.1 Dealing with undesirable outputs....................................... 147
4.2 Handling uncertainty .......................................................... 149
4.3 Ranking efficient units: Super-efficiency analysis ............ 150
5 Advantages and limitations of applying the LCA + DEA
method: Future outlook..............................................................151
Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 153
References.................................................................................. 153
CHAPTER 9 Territorial Life Cycle Assessment........................ 161
El
eonore Loiseau, Thibault Salou, and Philippe Roux
1 Introduction ................................................................................161
2 Main principles of territorial LCA ............................................163
2.1 Goal and scope definition................................................... 163
2.2 Life cycle inventory............................................................ 166
2.3 Life cycle impact assessment ............................................. 166
 Contents ix

2.4 Interpretation....................................................................... 167

3 Overview of applications ...........................................................168
3.1 Type A: Bibliometric analysis ........................................... 168
3.2 Type B: Comparative study of the peer-reviewed
papers .................................................................................. 170
4 Combinations with other tools...................................................180
4.1 Territorial metabolism studies............................................ 180
4.2 GIS tools ............................................................................. 181
4.3 Economic modelling........................................................... 182
5 Conclusions and perspectives ....................................................183
Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 184
References.................................................................................. 184
CHAPTER 10 Environmental impact and risk assessment ......... 189
Brindusa Sluser, Oana Plavan, and Carmen Teodosiu
1 EIA concepts, goals, and target audience..................................189
2 Environmental impact assessment methodology.......................190
2.1 EIA stages........................................................................... 190
2.2 EIA tools............................................................................. 193
3 Risk assessment methodology ...................................................204
4 Integrated approach of environmental impact and risk
assessments.................................................................................207
4.1 EIRA assumptions and methodology................................. 208
4.2 EIRA index ......................................................................... 209
5 Environmental impact assessment and life cycle
assessment ..................................................................................210
6 Conclusions ................................................................................211
Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 212
References.................................................................................. 212
CHAPTER 11 Multi-criteria decision-making ........................... 219
Claudia Labianca, Sabino De Gisi, and
Michele Notarnicola
1 Introduction ................................................................................219
2 Multi-criteria decision-making methods and framework ..........222
3 Tools and software .....................................................................229
4 Data requirements ......................................................................234
5 Scale of analyses and target audience .......................................234
6 Discussion...................................................................................235
7 Conclusion and future research .................................................237
References.................................................................................. 237
x Contents

SECTION III Case studies for sustainability assessments

CHAPTER 12 Life cycle assessment for eco-design
in product development...................................... 247
George Barjoveanu, Carmen Teodosiu, Marcela Mihai,
Irina Morosanu, Daniela Fighir, Ana-Maria Vasiliu, and
Florin Bucatariu
1 Aims ...........................................................................................247
2 State of the art ............................................................................247
3 Novelty .......................................................................................252
4 LCA evaluation of novel organic/inorganic composites...........253
4.1 Material development, synthesis, and testing .................... 253
4.2 LCA planning: Objectives, system limits,
functional units, LCIA methodology ................................. 254
4.3 LCA results and discussion ................................................ 255
5 LCA evaluation of novel sorbents obtained from rapeseed
waste biomass.............................................................................263
5.1 Material development, synthesis, and testing .................... 263
5.2 LCA planning: Objectives, system limits, functional
unit, LCIA methodology .................................................... 264
5.3 LCA results and discussion ................................................ 265
6 Conclusions ................................................................................268
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 268
References.................................................................................. 268

CHAPTER 13 Life Cycle Assessment for the design of a pilot

recovery plant ................................................... 273
Olatz Pombo, Andrew Ferdinando, Ana Belen de Isla,
and Jose Miguel Martı́nez
1 Aims ...........................................................................................273
2 State of the art ............................................................................273
3 Novelty .......................................................................................274
4 Case study description ...............................................................274
4.1 Goal and scope ................................................................... 275
4.2 Life cycle inventory............................................................ 275
4.3 Life cycle impact assessment and interpretation ............... 276
5 Conclusions ................................................................................285
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 286
References.................................................................................. 286
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 14 LCA and food and personal care products

sustainability: Case studies of Thai riceberry rice
products............................................................ 289
Rattanawan Tam Mungkung and Shabbir H. Gheewala
1 Aims ...........................................................................................289
2 State of the art ............................................................................289
3 Novelty .......................................................................................290
4 Case study description ...............................................................291
4.1 Goal and scope ................................................................... 292
4.2 Methodology ....................................................................... 293
4.3 Results and discussion........................................................ 296
4.4 Eco-efficiency results ......................................................... 304
5 Conclusions ................................................................................305
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 306
References.................................................................................. 306

CHAPTER 15 Environmental and economic sustainability

of cocoa production in west sub-Saharan
Africa................................................................ 309
Marta Tuninetti, Francesco Laio, and
Tiziano Distefano
1 Aims ...........................................................................................309
2 State of the art ............................................................................309
2.1 Novelty................................................................................ 310
3 Case study description ...............................................................311
3.1 Economic assessment: On production
and distribution ................................................................... 311
3.2 Environmental sustainability assessment of cocoa
production ........................................................................... 317
4 Conclusions ................................................................................324
References.................................................................................. 324

CHAPTER 16 Environmental assessment of urban water

systems: LCA case studies ................................. 327
Diana M. Byrne, Philippe Roux, and Lluı́s Corominas
1 Aims ...........................................................................................327
2 State of the art ............................................................................327
3 Case studies description .............................................................333
xii Contents

4 Conclusions ................................................................................341
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 342
References.................................................................................. 342

CHAPTER 17 Environmental sustainability in energy

production systems............................................ 347
Jacopo Bacenetti and Sara González-Garcı́a
1 Aims ...........................................................................................347
2 State of the art ............................................................................347
3 Novelty .......................................................................................348
4 Case studies description .............................................................349
4.1 Wooden biomass-based systems analyzed from
a life cycle perspective ....................................................... 349
4.2 Agro-waste based systems analyzed from a life cycle
perspective .......................................................................... 354
4.3 Other sustainability issues .................................................. 359
5 Conclusions ................................................................................361
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 362
Authors’ contribution ................................................................ 362
References.................................................................................. 362

CHAPTER 18 Sustainability assessment of biotechnological

processes: LCA and LCC of second-generation
biobutanol production ........................................ 365
Antonio Marzocchella, Roberto Chirone,
Andrea Paulillo, Paola Lettieri, and Piero Salatino
1 Aims ...........................................................................................365
2 State of the art ............................................................................365
3 Novelty .......................................................................................367
4 Case study description ...............................................................368
4.1 Process description ............................................................. 368
4.2 Methods............................................................................... 369
4.3 Results and discussion........................................................ 373
5 Conclusions ................................................................................378
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 379
References.................................................................................. 379
 Contents xiii

CHAPTER 19 Footprint assessment of solid waste management

systems............................................................. 383
Daniela Gavrilescu
1 Aims ...........................................................................................383
2 State of the art ............................................................................383
3 Novelty .......................................................................................385
4 Case study description ...............................................................386
4.1 Carbon footprint of regional/national municipal
solid waste management systems....................................... 386
4.2 Carbon footprint of national waste electrical
and electronic management systems .................................. 388
4.3 Carbon footprint of national packaging waste
management system............................................................ 390
4.4 Carbon footprint of biowaste management system ........... 393
5 Conclusions ................................................................................397
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 403
References.................................................................................. 403
CHAPTER 20 How can we validate the environmental profile of
bioplastics? Towards the introduction of
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in the
value chains...................................................... 405
Alba Roibás-Rozas, Mateo Saavedra del Oso,
Giulia Zarroli, Miguel Mauricio-Iglesias,
Anuska Mosquera-Corral, Silvia Fiore, and
Almudena Hospido
1 Plastics and bioplastics ..............................................................405
2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Feasible production and challenges
along the value chain .................................................................407
2.1 Ongoing efforts on feasible PHA production .................... 407
2.2 Beyond PHA production: Recovery and purification........ 408
2.3 Closing the loop: PHA compounding and shaping,
use and end of life .............................................................. 409
3 Review strategy: Current literature regarding LCA of PHA ....412
4 Critical review of the current LCA studies for
PHA production..........................................................................413
4.1 Review outputs regarding methodological issues.............. 413
4.2 Classification of the studies regarding process type.......... 417
4.3 Main outputs ....................................................................... 419
4.4 Lessons learned................................................................... 420
xiv Contents

5 Future outlook, challenges, and key players .............................421

6 Conclusions ................................................................................421
References.................................................................................. 422
References included in the critical review but not
explicitly discussed in the text .............................................. 428
CHAPTER 21 Conclusions ...................................................... 431
Silvia Fiore, Almudena Hospido, and Carmen Teodosiu

Index ......................................................................................................................437
Contributors
Feni Agostinho
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Laboratório de
Produção e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
Rub

en Aldaco
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria,
Santander, Spain
Cecilia M.V.B. Almeida
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Laboratório de
Produção e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
Jacopo Bacenetti
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Milan, Italy
George Barjoveanu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Florin Bucatariu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi; “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Iasi, Romania
Diana M. Byrne
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United
States
Roberto Chirone
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of
Naples Federico II; eLoop S.r.l., Naples, Italy
Roland Clift
Centre for Environment and Sustainability (CES), University of Surrey, Guildford,
United Kingdom; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of British Columbia,Vancouver, BC, Canada
Brett Cohen
The Green House; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Mauro Cordella
TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
Lluı́s Corominas
Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA); Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

xv
xvi Contributors

Jorge Cristóbal
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria,
Santander, Spain
Sabino De Gisi
Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry
(DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Ana Bel

en de Isla
LKS Krean, KREAN Group, Mondragón, Spain
Tiziano Distefano
DEM (Department of Economics and Management), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Andrew Ferdinando
LKS Krean, KREAN Group, Mondragón, Spain
Daniela Fighir
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Silvia Fiore
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI),
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Daniela Gavrilescu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Shabbir H. Gheewala
The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s
University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT); Centre of Excellence on Energy
Technology and Environment (CEE), PERDO, Ministry of Higher Education,
Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
Biagio F. Giannetti
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Laboratório de
Produção e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
Sara González-Garcı́a
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Almudena Hospido
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de
Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Brandon Kuczenski
Institute for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research University of California,
Santa Barbara, CA, United States
 Contributors xvii

Claudia Labianca
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil,
Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh),
Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Francesco Laio
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI),
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Jara Laso
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria,
Santander, Spain
Paola Lettieri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom
Yvonne Lewis
The Green House, Cape Town, South Africa
El

eonore Loiseau
ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro; Elsa, Research Group for
Environmental Lifecycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
Simon Mair
CES, University of Surrey, Guildford; Circular Economy and Data Analytics, School
of Management, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
Marı́a Margallo
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria,
Santander, Spain
Carolin M€arker
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Systems Analysis and Technology
Evaluation (IEK-STE), Forschungszentrum Ju €lich, Ju
€lich; University of Bonn,
Bonn, Germany
George Martin
Department of Sociology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States;
CES, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Jose Miguel Martı́nez
LKS Krean, KREAN Group, Mondragón, Spain
Antonio Marzocchella
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of
Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Miguel Mauricio-Iglesias
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
xviii Contributors

Marcela Mihai
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi; “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Iasi, Romania
Irina Morosanu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Anuska Mosquera-Corral
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Rattanawan Tam Mungkung
Centre of Excellence on enVironmental strategy for GREEN business (VGREEN);
Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of
Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Michele Notarnicola
Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry
(DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Andrea Paulillo
eLoop S.r.l., Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical Engineering, University
College London, London, United Kingdom
Oana Plavan
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Olatz Pombo
LKS Krean, KREAN Group, Mondragón, Spain
Beatriz Rivela
Inviable Life Cycle Thinking, Madrid, Spain
Alba Roibás-Rozas
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Philippe Roux
ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro; Elsa, Research Group for
Environmental Lifecycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
Mateo Saavedra del Oso
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Serenella Sala
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy
Piero Salatino
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of
Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
 Contributors xix

Thibault Salou
ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro; Elsa, Research Group for
Environmental Lifecycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
Brindusa Sluser
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Dolores Sucozhañay
Department of Space and Population, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
Carmen Teodosiu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Marta Tuninetti
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI),
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Ana-Maria Vasiliu
“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
Ian Vázquez-Rowe
Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of
Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
Sandra Venghaus
Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Systems Analysis and Technology
Evaluation (IEK-STE), Forschungszentrum Ju €lich, Ju
€lich; RWTH Aachen
University, School of Business and Economics, Aachen, Germany
Giulia Zarroli
CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of
Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino,
Torino, Italy
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About the editors

Carmen Teodosiu is Professor and Director of

the Department of Environmental Engineering
and Management from ‘Gheorghe Asachi’ Tech-
nical University of Iasi (TUIASI), Romania. She
obtained her chemical engineering degree at
TUIASI (1981); post-graduate diploma
(1995) and a Master of Science degree with dis-
tinction in Environmental Science and Technol-
ogy (1996), both at IHE Institute of Hydraulics
and Environmental Engineering, UNESCO-IHE
Delft, The Netherlands; and her PhD in chemistry
at TUIASI (1998). From 2008 to 2016, she was
Vice-Rector for research and Director of the Doc-
toral Schools at TUIASI. Her research interests are
in the fields of advanced wastewater treatment,
integrated water resources management, and environmental and sustainability
assessments.
Prof. Carmen Teodosiu published more than 198 scientific papers in international
peer-reviewed journals, 29 book chapters, 8 patents, Hirsch index ¼ 26 (Scopus and
Web of Science or WoS), and H ¼ 30 (Google Scholar). She was involved, as a coor-
dinator/principal investigator, in 224 research projects funded by European and
National agencies or industries. She is a PhD supervisor in the domains of chemical
and environmental engineering, and 15 candidates received their PhD titles under her
supervision. Prof. Teodosiu received the Doctor Honoris Causa award from Panno-
nia University Veszprem, Hungary. She is the initiator and chairperson of the Inter-
national Conference in Environmental Engineering and Management (ICEEM), with
its 11th edition in 2021 (four previous editions were organised in Hungary, Austria,
Italy, and Switzerland, www.iceem.ro).
Prof. Carmen Teodosiu is a member of editorial boards and subject editor for
international peer-reviewed journals such as Sustainable Production and Consump-
tion, Journal of Cleaner Production, Water, and Environmental Engineering and
Management Journal. She is also a guest editor of special issues of journals such
as Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Sustainable Production and Con-
sumption, Water, Sustainability, and Environmental Engineering and Management
Journal.

xxi
xxii About the editors

Silvia Fiore is Associate Professor at Department

of Environment, Land and Infrastructure
Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Italy,
since 2014. She obtained her chemistry degree at
the University of Turin (1997) and a PhD in
Geoenvironmental Engineering at Politecnico di
Torino (2003). She instructs the courses ‘Environ-
mental Chemistry’ and ‘Circular Economy and
Environmental Sustainability’ at the Politecnico
di Torino. She is responsible of the Circular
Economy laboratory. Her current research inter-
ests are water and wastewater treatments, waste
management and circular economy, and environ-
mental and economic assessments of full-scale
processes. She has published about 80 papers in peer-reviewed journals (H-index
22 on Scopus, 23 on Google Scholar), has supervised 10 PhD students (3 ongoing)
and 12 research fellows, and was the principal coordinator of 11 research projects
funded by European/National agencies and industries. She is currently involved in
three Horizon 2020 projects (BEST4Hy, HYDRA, and NICE) and in one
ERA-MIN2 project (BASH-TREAT). She has been Visiting Scholar at McGill Uni-
versity, Canada, in 2016. She was awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by ‘Gheorghe
Asachi’ Technical University of Iasi in 2019 and has been appointed Adjunct
Research Professor (2018–24) in the Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering of Western University of Ontario, Canada. She is an editorial board
member for Environmental Engineering and Management Journal and the Sustain-
ability journal. She is also a guest editor for Sustainable Production and Consump-
tion, Water, and Sustainability journals.

Almudena Hospido is Associate Professor at the

Department of Chemical Engineering and a mem-
ber of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in
Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), both at
the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
(USC), Spain. Her current research interests are
related to the application and development of life
cycle assessment and environmental footprints for
monitoring progress and support decisions, with a
special focus on the wastewater sector (both treat-
ment and valorisation) and on the food production
and processing industry.
International collaboration has always been a
key pillar of her research activities, with research
stays in Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and an active role in European
projects: at present participating in two H2020 actions (USABLE Packaging and
 About the editors xxiii

PROTECT) and in the past as coordinator of the H2020 CAS ENERWATER that
developed, tested, and validated a method to measure, benchmark, and communicate
the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. The method has been adopted
by the CEN/TC165 and approved in January 2021 as the CEN/TR 17614: Standard
method for assessing and improving the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment
plans.
She has published more than 70 papers in peer-reviewed journals (H-index ¼ 35,
Scopus) and 10 book chapters. She has supervised eight PhD theses (three of them
ongoing). She is an editorial board member for the International Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment, responsible for the wastewater section.
Almudena Hospido was also Vice-Rector of Internationalisation (September
2015–June 2018), CEO of Cursos Internacionais da USC (October 2015–June
2018), member of the Executive Committee of the Compostela Group of Universities
(September 2015–June 2018), and USC International Relations Coordinator
(September 2013–April 2014).
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the important contributions of all authors to this book elaboration.
Their scientific expertise, involvement, and dedication are highly appreciated, espe-
cially considering the time constraints related to the submissions and revisions of the
chapters. It was a privilege for us to work on the planning, review, and development
of the book. It was a long journey, and we hope that the readers will enjoy reading it
and find useful insights for their research and professional development.
We express our gratitude to the Elsevier representatives, the Editorial Project
Manager, Miss Aleksandra Packowska, and the Production Manager, Mr. Paul
Prasad Chandramohan; their support for the book finalisation was constant and very
important.

xxv
This page intentionally left blank
 CHAPTER

An integrated approach
to assess the sustainability
progress
1
Carmen Teodosiua, Almudena Hospidob, and Silvia Fiorec
a
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical
University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania bCRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain cDepartment of Environment, Land and
Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

1 The challenges of sustainable development

and sustainability progress
During the last 40 years, the concepts of Sustainable development and Sustainability
contributed to a paradigm shift of the economic and social development due to the
finite character of the Earth resources that cannot support the actual population
growth and the massive impacts of pollution events and climate change, with major
effects on human health, ecosystems, and biodiversity preservation. Sustainable
development was defined as the “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(WCED, 1987). This vision has been incorporated in international agreements and
national legislation of many countries, and influenced industry, agriculture, services,
and the urban and regional development (Ruggerio, 2021). Sustainable development
is a cross-cutting subject with three dimensions: social, economic, and environment,
which should be kept under dynamic equilibrium. Social sustainability refers to pov-
erty reduction and social equity; economic sustainability refers to long-term sustain-
ability of renewable and non-renewable resources providing long-term economic
benefits; and environmental sustainability refers to preservation and maintenance
of life forms that exist on earth, whilst reducing the pollution impacts (Kwatra,
Kumar, & Sharma, 2020).
The concepts of sustainable development and sustainability are sometimes used
as synonyms, although theoretical and methodological aspects have recently pointed
out difference in their definitions (Ruggerio, 2021). According to this study, sustain-
ability must comply with the following criteria: (a) account for the complexity of
socio-ecological systems (SESs) by encompassing economic, ecological, social,

Assessing Progress towards Sustainability. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85851-9.00020-1

1
Copyright # 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 CHAPTER 1 An integrated approach to assess the sustainability progress

and political factors; (b) account for intergenerational and intragenerational equity;
(c) address the hierarchical organisation of nature, by acknowledging the feedback
between the SESs and their surroundings (Ruggerio, 2021).
The problems of sustainable development and sustainability are very challenging
since they approach all compartments of development (economic, social, and envi-
ronmental), they are based on scientific research and innovation in various fields and
disciplines (formal, natural, social, and applied sciences) but also on various man-
agement, legislation, and governance concepts and practices. The indicator Earth
Overshoot Day (Global Footprint Network, n.d) is a suggestive way to describe
the rapid consumption of resources at national scales, and together with other pol-
lution problems, major accidents/disasters and climate events (heatwaves, heavy pre-
cipitation, droughts, tropical cyclones) provide an overview of how unsustainable is
the current format of our development.
The last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scientific report
(2021) formulated “a red code for humanity” and showed that “it is unequivocal that
human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, land and widespread and rapid
changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred”. More-
over, the report has proven, by means of various scenarios, that to limit the future
climate changes and to improve air quality it is absolutely necessary to decrease
the human-induced global warming to a specific level which requires reducing cum-
ulative CO2 emissions, reaching at least net zero CO2 emissions, along with strong
reductions in other greenhouse gas emissions and CH4 emissions (IPCC, 2021).
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations
(UN) Member States in 2015, provides a blueprint for peace and prosperity for peo-
ple and the planet, for the present and future, having at its central place the 17 Sus-
tainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all
countries—developed and developing—in a global partnership (UN-SDGs, 2019).
The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, and has started in June
1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and recognise that ending pov-
erty and other deprivations must go hand in hand with strategies that improve health
and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth—all the whilst tackling
climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests. Whilst also recog-
nising the need to quantify sustainability progresses, in July 2017, the UN General
Assembly adopted a global indicator list, including 232 different indicators. These
indicators cover all the 169 targets of the 2030 Agenda (as some indicators are used
to monitor more than 1 target, the list overall includes 244 indicators).
However, to monitor progresses towards sustainability, apart from the SDG indi-
cators, other indicators, indices, and models have been developed and adapted for var-
ious systems to provide objective information that enable decision making and track
the progress towards the proposed goals. Such indicators have been used globally to
assess the progress made by regions towards a sustainable economy, society, and envi-
ronment and indicate whether progress has been made, in the long term and short term,
or if there is no significant progress at all (Kwatra et al., 2020). Various sustainability
indicators have been used to assess, quantify, and evaluate performances of countries
(Pitk€anen et al., 2016), industries, e.g. mining (Fuentes, Negrete, Herrera-León, &
1 The challenges of sustainable development and sustainability progress 3

Kraslawski, 2021), bio-based chemicals (Van Schoubroeck, Van Dael, Van Passel, &
Malina, 2018), real estate (Rogmans & Ghunaim, 2016), building industry (Gholami
Rostam & Abbasi, 2021), contaminated site remediation (Li, Cundy, Chen, & Lyu,
2021), eco-industrial parks (Valenzuela-Venegas, Salgado, & Dı́az-Alvarado, 2016),
energy, conventional and renewables (Gunnarsdottir, Davidsdottir, Worrell, &
Sigurgeirsdottir, 2020; Liu, 2014), agriculture (Nadaraja, Lu, & Islam, 2021), urban
water systems (Spiller, 2016), climate change (Barry & Hoyne, 2021), etc.
Another approach to save the planet’s environment was proposed by Rockstr€om
et al. (2009a, 2009b) through the concept of planetary boundaries (PBs) for critical
interlinked biophysical processes, including climate change, biodiversity loss, bio-
geochemical flows, stratospheric ozone depletion, ocean acidification, global fresh-
water use, change in land use, atmospheric aerosol loading, and chemical pollution.
PBs use various approaches to determine the environmental boundaries at sub-global
scales and are increasingly integrated with the Environmental footprints and Life
cycle assessment (LCA), with the potential to monitor the progress and gaps of
the SDGs (Chen, Li, Li, & Fang, 2021).
The preoccupation to implement these concepts at various scales (for economic
and social activities, at national/regional/local level, for all the development projects
that influence the society–nature relationship), as well as for the assessment of the
progress that is encountered in terms of sustainability, has been a consistent subject
of researchers, as it may be observed by the number of research and review articles,
book chapters, encyclopaedia that have been published in the last 10 years in the
Science Direct database (Fig. 1). It is also important to note that almost half of
this research is directed towards the assessment part that is associated also with

Science Direct titles evolution

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
SD and sustainability SD and sustainability and assessment

FIG. 1
Science Direct search by using the keywords: sustainable development, sustainability,
and assessment (the number of titles represents research and review articles, book chapters,
and encyclopaedia).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “It is an exceedingly interesting and valuable study of certain
elements in the standard of living about which there is too little
trustworthy information.” L. B.

+ Survey 43:554 F 7 ’20 1400w

“A close and systematic investigation, with abundant particulars of

individual cases.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p487 S 11

’19 200w

ERSKINE, JOHN. Democracy and ideals: a

definition. *$1.50 (3c) Doran 304

20–11647

The author’s preface states: “These chapters, with the exception of

the first and the last, were written while I was serving as chairman of
the Army education commission with the American forces in France
in 1918 and 1919, and as educational director of the American
expeditionary force university at Beaune, 1919.... I have tried to
express here from several angles a central conviction that we in the
United States are detached from the past, and that this detachment is
the striking fact in all our problems; that if in the future we are to
become and to remain a nation, we must collaborate for common
ends.” The six essays are: Democracy and ideals; American
character; French ideals and American; Society as a university;
Universal training for national service; University leadership. The
author is professor of English in Columbia university.
 “A pleasing clarification of ideas not particularly new or startling.”

+ Booklist 17:11 O ’20

“Among the best of the recent books dealing with the problems of
citizenship and Americanization. It is written in a style so simple that
anyone with but an elementary knowledge of English can enjoy it.” A.
Yezierska

+ Bookm 52:497 F ’21 720w

“Scattered here and there through the volume are observations

showing a thoughtful understanding of American problems, but the
generalizations suitable to public addresses seem somewhat
commonplace in their published form, when the inspiration of the
occasion is past.”

+ − Cath World 112:400 D ’20 200w

“The author has looked about him with sympathy and

understanding; and he has pondered in his heart over the things he
has seen. Curious intolerances stand out the more abruptly by reason
of the general temper of liberality and discrimination which marks
the book as a whole. The book has it in it to do for its readers the
most fruitful service possible in these bewildering times. It might and
should start them thinking.” R: Roberts

+ − Freeman 2:91 O 6 ’20 1000w

+ Ind 104:69 O 9 ’20 80w
 “One may share his vision without subscribing to his specific
educational program.”

+ Nation 111:277 S 4 ’20 390w

“He seems to assume, as is usual nowadays, that democracy, as

distinguished from aristocracy and monarchy, can somehow be made
immortal, and that education can of course succeed where religion
has failed. Granting these assumptions, the only fault to find with his
work is that it appears, here and there, sometimes hasty and again
fatigued. To wake it into literary life would have required an interval
of repose. For that very reason, it is the more valuable as a
document.”

+ − Review 3:94 Jl 28 ’20 170w

+ School R 28:637 O ’20 170w

“By an accurate understanding of the French character as well as

of our own, Prof. Erskine is able to make this study of Americanism
very illuminating.”

+ Springf’d Republican p8 Ag 20 ’20

250w

“They are happily written and are frequently stimulating, but their
neglect of social undercurrents—economic and psychological, which
determine the application of intelligence, and are not deflected by it
—mars their value.” N. W. Wilensky

+ − Survey 45:546 Ja 8 ’21 200w

 ERSKINE, JOHN. Kinds of poetry, and other
essays. *$1.50 Duffield 808.1
 20–12047

Poetry, the author holds, is not subject to evolution in its essence

but is an unchanging function of an unchanging life and its three
genres, the lyrical, the dramatic and the epic, are comparable to the
three eternal ways of meeting experience: “as simply a present
moment, or as a present moment in which the past is reaped, or as a
present moment in which the future is promised.” The other essays
of the volume are: The teaching of poetry; The new poetry;
Scholarship and poetry.

+ Booklist 17:21 O ’20

“Of great value to all lovers of poetry is Mr Erskine’s book. His

criticism is keen and trenchant and happily expressed in a style
peculiarly his own.” C. K. H.

+ Boston Transcript p4 O 27 ’20 490w

“When his moral prejudices are not in the way, Mr Erskine is a

sound writer.” Llewellyn Jones

+ − Freeman 2:405 Ja 5 ’21 800w

+ Ind 104:248 N 13 ’20 20w

Reviewed by W: McFee
 + N Y Evening Post p2 D 31 ’20 1700w

“One will find great pleasure in his book, but it will hardly take its
place as an important document.”

+ N Y Times p10 O 3 ’20 1050w

“They are characterized by a fine mingling of discrimination and

common sense. His breadth of view, his refusal to rest content with
mere special scholarship, gives value to his advice about the teaching
of poetry.”

+ No Am 212:572 O ’20 850w

Reviewed by L. R. Morris

+ Outlook 126:377 O 27 ’20 720w

“An uneven book in which the critical elements are decidedly

superior to the constructive ones.”

+ − Review 3:321 O 13 ’20 410w

“There is somewhat too much of that intellectual writing around a

subject which is common with persons who are afraid of the obvious,
but, on the whole, the book will awaken thought; it will not do this
the less because some of its reasoning will arouse criticism.”
 + Springf’d Republican p9a Ag 15 ’20
1100w

ERVINE, ST JOHN GREER. Foolish lovers. *$2

(1c) Macmillan

20–8447

Mr Ervine’s new book is dedicated to his mother, who asked him to

write a story without any “bad words” in it, and to Mrs J. O. Hanny,
who asked him to write a story without any “sex” in it. It is the story
of a charmingly conceited young Irishman who goes to London to
write novels and plays and comes home again to be a grocer. John’s
boyhood is spent in the home over the shop where three generations
of MacDermotts had preceded him. He grows up under the care of
his mother, his Uncle Matthew, the dreamer whose dreams come to
nothing, and his Uncle William, who supports the family. He goes to
London where he meets Eleanor. He asks her to marry him almost at
first meeting, dogs her steps and finally persuades her to marry him,
only to find that she has leagued herself with his mother to persuade
him back to Ballyards and the shop.

“‘The foolish lovers’ has nothing to commend it but a good

beginning. Why did he write it? Or, rather, why did he give up
writing it? Perhaps he would reply that what is not worth doing is not
worth doing well. It is a possible explanation.” K. M.

− + Ath p78 Jl 16 ’20 600w

+ Booklist 17:31 O ’20
 “It is regrettable that so good a story as this bears so poor a title.
‘The foolish lovers’ is neither an exact nor an appealing designation
for a novel that is so full of the commonsense of life.” E. F. E.

+ Boston Transcript p10 My 22 ’20 1950w

“Mr Ervine, in spite of his obvious determination to fix securely

the ‘local coloring,’ has failed to evoke the fine, harsh, sincere reality
of the Black Northerners with whom his story deals. Prose drama is,
after all, this author’s true medium.”

+ − Cath World 112:696 F ’21 100w

Lit D p97 O 23 ’20 1850w

“John McDermott himself is not altogether credible. His exploits,

especially his wooing of Eleanor—the central thing in the book—have
none of the homely vigor and quiet truth of the Irish scenes and
incidents. Here and there Mr Ervine gives us glimpses of a more
searching novel he might write about the people of Ulster. But he
deliberately cut himself off from that possibility here by the kindly
promises to be harmless which he records in his dedication.” Ludwig
Lewisohn

+ − Nation 111:74 Jl 17 ’20 500w

“To put it all as briefly as possible, ‘The foolish lovers,’ while not so
remarkable a book as ‘Changing winds,’ is worthy of its author—and
to say that a book is worthy of St John Ervine is to give it high
praise.”

+ N Y Times 25:264 My 23 ’20 1200w

 “Modern taste hardly asks for anything really better than such a
suave and frank, sympathetically critical and wisely humorous
treatment of life as is found in this book. Its tone just suits the mood
of the cultivated man or woman of today who has outgrown youthful
tastes but has retained a certain independence of view-point. In
charm and in acuteness—the two qualities generally most worth
commending in the fiction of the day, in which hysteria is so apt to
take the place of power—‘The foolish lovers’ is preeminent.”

+ No Am 212:287 Ag ’20 660w

“‘The foolish lovers’ exemplifies to a very high degree the special

gifts which have made its author’s novels notable among recent
fiction. Mr Ervine has something of Dickens’s love for people. No
more delightfully tender description of a courtship is contained in
recent fiction, nor any which so finely sets forth as that in ‘The
foolish lovers’ the unconscious humor of young love.” L. R. Morris

+ Outlook 125:388 Je 23 ’20 2950w

“Mr Ervine’s tale is in the new-British mode, the post-Wellsian,

somewhat diffuse, somewhat overburdened with scenes and
‘characters,’ if not, in this instance, with ‘ideas.’” H. W. Boynton

+ − Review 3:91 Jl 28 ’20 350w

“The portraits of his family are excellent, and the way he imposes
himself on Eleanor is ably studied.”

+ Sat R 130:164 Ag 21 ’20 110w

 “Mr St John Ervine has chosen an old theme, but he has invested it
with the freshness and vigour which we have come to expect from his
work.”

+ Spec 124:22 Jl 3 ’20 550w

“The story is rich in whimsical observations on personal

characteristics and political trends, and engages the reader’s close
interest in all its phases.”

+ Springf’d Republican p11a Jl 25 ’20

600w

“By far the most attractive part of his story takes place in
Ballyards. The characters of Uncle William and Uncle Matthew are
delightful. The success with which Mr Ervine brings out their
simplicity and nobility of character is a convincing proof of his gifts
as a novelist.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p399 Je

24 ’20 800w

ESCOUFLAIRE, RODOLPHE C. Ireland an

enemy of the allies? tr. from the French. *$2.50
Dutton 941.5

20–5757
 “M. Escouflaire’s thesis in this volume is that the Irish question so-
called is ‘an international imposture.’ In years past this French writer
had accepted anti-British propaganda from Ireland at its face value,
but his contact with British statesmen during the war led him to
question his earlier conclusions, and in the present volume after an
independent study of Ireland’s relations with England he declares
categorically that the whole Irish claim of oppression by England, so
far as the present generation is concerned, is a myth.”—R of Rs

“The egotism of his attitude is bewildering, but it is the key to a

treatment of Irish affairs which would otherwise be merely stupidly
unfair and ungenerous.”

− Ath p1275 N 28 ’19 80w

“The book is a grotesque perversion of all Irish history, ancient and

modern. The author’s gross ignorance is never corrected by the
translator.” E. A. Boyd

− Ath p1397 D 26 ’19 200w

“Lovers of England must trust that she will not listen to such
counsels as these.” Preserved Smith

− Nation 110:769 Je 5 ’20 360w

N Y Times pl Ag 1 ’20 750w

“His book is well written, but without the wise judgment that
comes through the sympathetic understanding that such men as
Lloyd George bring to the problem.”
 + − Outlook 125:29 My 5 ’20 100w

“M. Escouflaire’s book must be laid down with a sigh of

disappointment. It is the sort of work which can help no one, a
perfect specimen of how Irish matters should not be discussed, and
those most anxious for the object he sets before himself should be
the first to repudiate the methods by which he is seeking it. The
present critic hates Sinn Fein and all its works as much as M.
Escouflaire can hate them, but he would wish to see it attacked with
artillery not so far out of range.” H. L. Stewart

− + Review 2:676 Je 30 ’20 2000w

R of Rs 61:556 My ’20 80w

“Accurate and spirited little book.”

+ Spec 123:732 N 29 ’19 440w

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p699 N 27
’19 30w

ESSEN, LÉON VAN DER. Short history of

Belgium. il *$1.50 (3c) Univ. of Chicago press 949.3

20–2285

This second and enlarged edition of the original book contains a

special chapter on Belgium during the war. The book is illustrated
and has a bibliography and an index. The first edition was published
in 1916.

“Dr Van der Essen has succeeded admirably in confining a record

of monumental size within the compass of a small volume. Yet, in
doing so, he has not sacrificed clearness for brevity nor interest for
compactness.”

+ Cath World 112:117 O ’20 210w

+ Outlook 126:767 D 29 ’20 40w

“Professor van der Essen has treated this difficult and often
intricate subject with admirable skill; though writing with a scholar’s
intimate knowledge of his country’s history, he has succeeded in
steering clear from the shoal of ponderosity and dulness. Here and
there the Roman Catholic has led the historian astray.”

+ − Review 2:335 Ap 3 ’20 750w

“It is a fascinating story told by a master of the facts who writes

with a fine sense of proportion.”

+ R of Rs 61:445 Ap ’20 200w

+ Springf’d Republican p11a Je 27 ’20
140w

EVANS, CARADOC. My neighbors. *$1.75 (5c)

Harcourt
 20–5187

More stories of a Welsh rural neighborhood by the author of “My

people” and “Capel Sion.” In a prologue entitled “The Welsh people”
the author offers some explanation of the ugly and distorted aspects
of human nature that he presents. The stories are: Love and hate;
According to the pattern; The two apostles; Earthbred; For better;
Treasure and trouble; Saint David and the prophets; Joseph’s house;
Like brothers; A widow woman; Unanswered prayers; Lost treasure;
Profit and glory.

“I happen to know something of Welsh religion, and I have written

not a little in criticism of it. But the religion which Mr Evans
describes I have never met with. We Welsh have many grievous
faults, and we have not been as faithful in self-criticism as we should
have been. But Mr Caradoc Evans’s book does not describe us. It
describes only Mr Caradoc Evans’s own soul; and it is not a pretty
sight.”

− Freeman 1:430 Jl 14 ’20 550w

“Mr Evans’s artistic gift is very genuine but hard and narrow. In its
present trend one can see little chance for its development. The
stories are like rocks—impressive but barren. The preface is written
in a more flexible vein and a more ironic mood. In it the language of
the English Bible, from which Mr Evans draws, is transmuted for the
uses of his artistic intention. In the stories themselves it is employed
merely as a weapon. But his work has fierce honesty, concentration,
power. It is sanative and, within its definite limits, completely
achieved.”

+ − Nation 110:522 Ap 17 ’20 450w

 “But does he really traverse the whole stage? We cannot think so.
Where there are Goneril and Regan we cry out for a Cordelia, and Mr
Evans would, we think, have made his terrible portraits more
effective even than they are already if he had introduced more
contrast and relief into them.”

+ − Nation [London] 27:77 Ap 17 ’20 600w

“Mr Evans knows the Welsh intimately and searchingly, and his
portrayal of their daily lives, their bickerings, prayings and
aspirations is altogether ruthless and incisive.” Pierre Loving

+ N Y Call p10 Ap 18 ’20 800w

“The hardy reader who will persist beyond the almost

impenetrable idiom of Caradoc Evans will be richly rewarded.
Especially do we recommend the book to reformers, utopists,
spinners of millennial dreams.”

+ N Y Times 25:160 Ap 4 ’20 600w

N Y Times 25:191 Ap 18 ’20 60w
Springf’d Republican p13a My 2 ’20
320w

“He is sometimes difficult to follow, partly because the dialogue is

in English literally translated from the Welsh, and partly because the
stories are almost excessively condensed; but the subdued irony and
false simplicity are delightful, and he knows the sovereign power of
the restraint which leaves events to explain themselves without
heavy exegesis.”
 + The Times [London] Lit Sup p154 Mr 4
’20 450w

EVANS, EDWARD RADCLIFFE GARTH

RUSSELL. Keeping the seas. il *$3 Warne 940.45

20–2282

“Captain Evans saw a great deal of the Dover patrol and of all it
included. He tells his experiences, so to speak, right on end and in a
kind of chronological order. He is a witness who was there and
records what has remained in his mind of what he saw. And he had
notable things to remember; for he commanded the Broke in the
action of March, 1917, in the Straits. The war produced few such
passages of conflict as the action in the Straits. Captain Evans’
services, like those of other officers, consisted in the main of cruising
and watching. At the end he was afforded a change in the direction of
Gibraltar and the Portuguese coast.”—The Times [London] Lit Sup

+ Booklist 16:307 Je ’20

“His ‘simple sailor volume,’ as he calls it, is full of miscellaneous

stories which would have been the better if they had been more
carefully digested; but if the whole is rather confusing, not a little
good matter is to be found in the heap.”
 + − The Times [London] Lit Sup p74 F 5
’20 1050w

EVANS, MRS ELIDA. Problem of the nervous

child. *$2.50 (3c) Dodd 136.7

20–6871

This volume comes with an introduction by Dr C. G. Jung of

Zurich who says of the author: “Mrs Evans’ knowledge of her subject
matter is based on the solid foundation of practical experience, an
experience gained in the difficult and toilsome treatment and
education of nervous children.... This book, as the reader can see on
almost every page, is the fruit of an extended work in the field of
neuroses and abnormal characters.” Its purpose is to aid parents in
the training and education of their children, not to add another “to
the already long list of textbooks explaining psychoanalytical
treatment for nervous troubles.” It does not presuppose scientific
training in the laws of human development on the part of those for
whom the book is intended and therefore avoids technical terms and
abstruse discussions as far as possible, giving only end results of
present day research and observation on the subject, with examples
of cases. Contents: Statement of the problem; The development of
repression; Symbolic thought; The child and the adult; Mental
behaviour of the child; Defence reactions; The parent complex;
Buried emotions; Child training; Muscle erotism; The tyrant child;
Teaching of right and wrong; Self and character; Index.

+ Booklist 16:303 Je ’20

 “There are spots in the book where the all-absorbing panacea of
psycho-analytic therapy is too powerful, and she over-stresses the
environment, losing sight of the medico-psychological fact that many
defects are organically directed. The book needs a broader sensing
and interpreting of the ever present interplay between the hereditary
and environmental forces.” H. F. Coffin, M.D.

+ − Survey 44:494 Jl 3 ’20 270w

EVANS, LAWTON BRYAN. America first. il

*$2.50 Bradley, M. 973

20–16082

“Instead of being what the title might imply, the volume contains
one hundred stories from the history of America in condensed form
and written in a style that will prove interesting to the juvenile
reader. The author goes on the supposition that the nearer a story is
to the life of the child, the more eagerly it is absorbed. True stories,
he says, about our own people, about our neighbors and friends and
about our own country at large, are more interesting than true stories
of remote people and places. The stories grouped in the volume open
with ‘Leif, the lucky,’ and continue down through history to the time
when Americans made history over-seas.”—Springf’d Republican

“An excellent piece of work. The book will be a valuable

supplement to school study of our national history and it will
stimulate a healthy national pride.”

+ Ind 104:378 D 11 ’20 100w

 Outlook 126:470 N 10 ’20 40w
+ Springf’d Republican p7a N 21 ’20 180w

EVARTS, HAL GEORGE. Cross pull. *$1.90

(3½c) Knopf

20–4269

The hero of this story is Flash, a cross between wolf, coyote and
dog. Clark Moran took him as a puppy and tamed him and the dog in
him responded to kindness. To one other Flash gives his allegiance,
to Betty, the girl from the East who comes into the mountains. To
most other humans he is indifferent, but there is one he hates. The
story tells how he served his two loved ones in a crisis, and how in so
doing he took his own revenge on his enemy. In the end he settles
down as a safe and trusted house dog, but there were times when the
wild strain awakened and at those times, on still nights during the
mating moon, certain civilized suburbanites would experience a
primitive shudder at hearing the lone wolf’s call.

“Not over humanized or sentimentalized; one of the best dog

stories.”

+ Booklist 16:243 Ap ’20

“A better novel it might have been, but a better animal study it

could scarcely have been.”

+ − Boston Transcript p7 Je 23 ’20 200w

 “A story of more than ordinary interest either as an ‘animal story’
or a ‘live’ western romance.”

+ Springf’d Republican p11a Je 13 ’20

200w

EVARTS, WILLIAM MAXWELL. Arguments

and speeches: ed., with an introd., by his son
Sherman Evarts. 3v *$15 Macmillan 815

19–16299

“Mr Evarts (1818–1901) as leader of the American bar, orator, and

statesman, was one of the most conspicuous of American citizens in
the nineteenth century. This substantial collection of his public
utterances not only provides a record of his career, but an important
document for the social and political events of his day and for the
history of American oratory. He was the leading counsel for the
defendant in the impeachment trial of President Andrew Jackson in
1868; and in 1872 was counsel for the United States in the Alabama
arbitration at Geneva. He was secretary of state during President
Hayes’s administration (1877–1881) and one of the senators for New
York 1885–1891.”—The Times [London]. Lit Sup

“The editor’s introductions and comments are brief and well

chosen throughout. Taken as a whole, the volumes are a worthy
memorial to one of the influential leaders of the American bar, and of
the Republican party during a difficult period of our history.” W: A.
Robinson

+ Am Pol Sci R 14:349 My ’20 360w