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Recycled Plastic Biocomposites
This page intentionally left blank
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering
Recycled Plastic
Biocomposites
Edited by
Md Rezaur Rahman
Department of Chemical Engineering and
Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota
Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
An imprint of Elsevier
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about
the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright
Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/
permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-323-88653-6 (print)
ISBN: 978-0-323-88645-1 (online)
Contributors xiii
About the editors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Ali Bahadar Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdul Aziz
University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
Perry Law Nyuk Khui Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota
Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Yuriy Yurkin Building Structures and Machines Department, Vyatka State University,
Kirov, Russia
Recycled Plastic Biocomposites covers the most recent research on recycled polymers,
biopolymers, and their biocomposites. The book discusses the fundamentals, process-
ing, properties, performance, applications, and state-of-the-art aspects of recycled
plastic biocomposites, starting with a basic understanding of the polymer itself, such
as sources, extraction, types, classification, structure, model compounds, and fabrica-
tion techniques. It also includes the use of cellulose fillers to improve the qualities or
features of biocomposites, which are classified by composite type and include food
waste, pulp and paper, recycled polymer and plastics, textiles, wood, rubber, agricul-
tural, and marine waste. The latest developments and application possibilities, such
as the micro and nano aspects, industrial values, economic and socioenvironmental
impact, and resources and energy recovery, are highlighted. Finally, the applications
of recycled plastic biocomposites are examined in greater depth.
Ts. Dr. Md Rezaur Rahman
Ts. Dr. Hj. Muhammad Khusairy Bin Capt. Hj. Bakri
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgments
The editors would like to thank and acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS) for their support and allowing use of their facilities. The editors also ex-
tend their gratitude to the Elsevier team for helping to make this project a successful
reality.
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Introduction to recycled plastic
biocomposites 1
Anthonette Anak Jamesa, Md Rezaur Rahmanb, Muhammad Khusairy
Bin Bakrib, and Md Mahbubul Matinc
a
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia, bDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia,
c
Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
1.1 Introduction
Sustainable biocomposites is an emerging class of materials that are a promising al-
ternative to traditional plastic. The use of recycled polymers in composites is also
feasible, producing value-added waste plastic rather than negatively impacting the
environment. According to Schnurr et al. (2018), about 300 million tons of plastic is
produced per year, half of which is single-use plastic that often ends up in landfill,
an incinerator, or the ocean. Because plastic recycling is one of the biggest initia-
tives in achieving a greener environment and socioeconomic development, interest
from various industries has started to show. However, recycling alone is not enough as
most plastic products are derived from petroleum-based synthetic polymers, generally
known to be nonbiodegradable, leading to waste problems (Roy, Shit, Gupta, & Shukla,
2014). Thus, another focus additional to plastic recycling is e nvironmentally-friendly
products. A product that is considered environmentally friendly is a type of product
that will not pose any harmful impacts on the environment during its entire lifecycle,
including its disposal. With the increasing social awareness of environmental issues
and continuous pressure from the media, consumers, and government, modern indus-
tries face the challenge of developing more sustainable products that comply with the
new stringent environmental protection laws (Roy et al., 2014). Innovative sustainable
packaging made from bioplastic materials has been launched. As a result, the commer-
cialization of biodegradable materials has started to grow.
–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–
Homopolymer
–A–A–B–B–B–A–B–A–A–B–B–A–A–A–B–
Random copolymer
–A–B–A–B–A–B–A–B–A–B–A–B–A–B–A–
Alternating copolymer
–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–B–B–B–B–B–B–B–B–
Black copolymer
–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–
B B B
B B B
B B B
Graft copolymer
Fig. 1.1 Consider subscripts A and B as monomers to illustrate homopolymer and possible
configurations of a copolymer.
From Tanzi, M. C., Farè, S., & Candiani, G. (2019). (pp. 3–103). Elsevier BV. https://doi.
org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101034-1.00001-3.
Introduction to recycled plastic biocomposites3
(A)
(D)
(B)
(E)
(C) (F)
Fig. 1.2 The polymeric structures in (A) linear, (B) branched (C) cross-linked (D) comb
polymer, (E) star polymer, (F) ladder polymer.
From Tanzi, M. C., Farè, S., & Candiani, G. (2019). (pp. 3–103). Elsevier BV. https://doi.
org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101034-1.00001-3.
1.1.1.1 Inorganic polymers
As the name implies, an inorganic polymer can contain constituents such as oxy-
gen, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. Even though polymers that consist of
purely inorganic side groups with no organic elements do exist, any polymer with
organic side groups is considered an inorganic polymer. Examples of significant inor-
ganic polymers are polyphosphazene, polysilanes, and polysiloxanes (Tang & Huang,
2011). One of the applications of these types of polymers is processable precursors to
ceramics.
1.1.1.2 Organic polymers
Organic polymers are macromolecules whose primary backbone is made up of car-
bon atoms combined with other atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen.
According to Donga, Mabape, Mishra, and Mishra (2019), organic polymers are di-
vided into three types based on the occurrence of anthropomorphic activity: natural
biodegradable polymers, synthetic polymers, and semisynthetic polymers. Natural
biopolymers are divided into three different classes of polypeptides, polynucleotides,
and polysaccharides. A polymer formed by a chemical synthesized in the biological
system is known as a biopolymer. A biopolymer can degrade in the environment as
it is made up of renewable resources (Mohiuddin, Kumar, & Haque, 2017). Each
type of natural biopolymer varies in monomeric units and structural configuration.
For instance, a polypeptide is classified as a short amino acid p olymer, while a
4 Recycled Plastic Biocomposites
p olynucleotide, which usually carries DNA and RNA, has an extended arrangement
of several nucleotide monomers. On the other hand, polysaccharides have a different
structure from polypeptides and polynucleotides, composed of a linear configura-
tion of polymeric carbohydrate (Shankar, Tanomrod, Rawdkuen, & Rhim, 2016).
Biopolymers can also be found in lignin, melanin, suberin, and rubber. Apart from
different classes, biopolymers are also classified based on groups based upon their
origin, particularly natural biopolymers, synthetic biopolymers, and conventional
synthetic polymers.
A natural polymer is derived from natural resources such as biomass, while a syn-
thetic biopolymer is produced from microbial compounds or through fermentation, and
the conventional synthetic polymer is synthesized from petroleum oil. Biopolymers are
biodegradable and can be used to enhance the biocompatibility of materials that are not
recyclable. This has indirectly increased the popularity in biopolymers due to environ-
mental issues. It has a promising future as an alternative for sustainable development
in terms of economics and ecology. The biodegradability characteristics of biopoly-
mers have led to minimizing environmental impacts, especially in waste disposal. On
the other hand, biopolymers have been a subject of study for several years, especially
for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The unique properties of biopolymers
have received attention in research involving the development of biomedical materials
such as dentistry, orthopedics, tissue replacement, and cardiovascular equipment (Heath
& Cooper, 2013). However, due to the high cost of biopolymer production, it holds
only a small fraction of the total global plastic market. Many forms of biopolymers
have been identified, including carboxymethyl cellulose (Oun & Rhim, 2015), cellu-
lose acetate (Bruna, Galotto, Guarda, & Rodríguez, 2014), gelatin (Shankar, Teng, Li,
& Rhim, 2015), agar (Orsuwan, Shankar, Wang, Sothornvit, & Rhim, 2016), alginate
(Shankar, Kasapis, & Rhim, 2018), pectin (Shankar et al., 2016), and gluten (Rafieian,
Shahedi, Keramat, & Simonsen, 2014), which are categorized as natural biopolymers.
On the contrary, synthetic biopolymers include polyhydroxyalkanoate (Fabra, Pardo,
Martinez-Sanz, Lopez-Rubio, & Lagaron, 2016), polylactic acid (PLA) (Arfat, Ahmed,
Ejaz, & Mullah, 2018), poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate), poly (ɛ-caprolactone)
(Yahiaoui et al., 2015), and poly (butylene succinate/adipate). Among all of the syn-
thetic biopolymers, PLA is the most commonly studied biopolymer.
As previously stated, a conventional synthetic polymer is a human-made polymer
that is derived from petroleum oil through the polymerization process. Plastic bags are
one of the most frequently used synthetic polymers. Gad (2014) classifies synthetic
polymers into the three categories of thermoplastic, thermoset, and elastomer. Each of
the categories is discussed in more detail below.
Thermoplastics
A thermoplastic is a type of polymer that melts when heat is applied via various pro-
cesses such as thermoforming, extrusion, and injection molding (Mallick, 2010).
Akca and Gursel (2016) and Zaferani (2018) claimed that thermoplastic could be stiff-
ened under certain temperatures during the cooling process and returned to a solid
state (Akca & Gursel, 2016; Zaferani, 2018). In 2014, approximate 76% of the world
consumption of plastics was dominated by thermoplastics (Biron, 2016). Polymers
Introduction to recycled plastic biocomposites5
Thermoset
On the other hand, thermoset polymers configurations are normally present in net-
worked and crosslinked structures (Tanzi et al., 2019). Polymers categorized as ther-
mosets retain their plasticity characteristics until a certain point in their manufacturing
process. In other words, it cannot be reshaped either by heat or pressure. Epoxy is an
example of a thermoset polymer. According to Mullins, Liu, and Sue (2012), one of
the challenges of reviewing thermosets is their varieties, different monomer, chain
extension, catalyst, additives, crosslinking, and cure schedule.
Elastomer
Elastomers are characterized by a high degree of deformability and shape recovery. To
exhibit such elasticity, a material must be composed of a polymeric chain with a high
degree of mobility and flexibility, with the segments crosslinked to form a network
structure. It is easily stretched but quickly reverts to its original shape once the force is
removed. This structure prevents stretched elastomer polymer molecules from sliding
irreversibly past one another (Tanzi et al., 2019). Examples of elastomer polymers are
natural rubbers, polybutadiene, styrene–butadiene block copolymer, ethylene propyl-
ene diene rubber, polyisoprene fluoroelastomers, ethylene–propylene rubber, nitrile
rubbers, and polyurethane elastomers (Sastri, 2010).
The most basic definition of plastic processing is the conversion process of plastics
raw ingredients into semifinished products. Bulk plastic raw ingredients come in vari-
ous forms such as powders, resin, pellets, sheets, granules, and fluids. These bulk plas-
tics are then converted into finished products of specified shapes or parts. Depending
on the processability and required properties, additives can also be added into the mix.
After the shape has formed, several additional processes may be required to complete
the products, such as machining, adhesive bonding, welding, and surface decorating.
Various techniques can be used to convert plastic raw materials into semifinished
products, and each method has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the methods
are suited for specific applications. There are three stages of processing involved in
plastic production: primary plastic processes, secondary plastic processes, and tertiary
plastic processes. During the primary stage, processes such as injection molding, blow
molding, transfer molding, extrusion, and compression are normally involved. In the
second stage, processes such as rotational molding, coating, fabrication, thermoform-
ing, calendaring, and casting will be involved. Finally, welding, cutting, bending, and
drilling are involved in tertiary plastic processing.
1.2.1 Extrusion
During the extrusion process, molten material is forced through a shaping device. This
molten material is usually fed in the form of pellets or granules and due to the high vis-
cosity of most plastic, it will be fluidized and homogenized as the pressure is applied
to force it through the die. Melts can be extruded to specified profiles such as rods
that can also be cut into cylindrical pellets, tubing, sheet, film or resin tube (parison)
through blow molding and injection molding, depending on the requirements.
Fig. 1.3 Single screw extruder. (A) screw, (B) barrel, (C) heater, (D) thermocouple, (E) feed
throat, (F) hopper, (G) thrust bearing, (H) gear reducer, (I) motor, (J) section of deep channel
feed, (K) section of tapered channel transition, (L) section of shallow channel metering.
From Xanthos, M. (2000). (pp. 355–371). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043417-
9/50021-0.
Additives such as fillers, pigments, and stabilizers are added into the processed resin
during these steps. If the extruder’s cross-channel mixing is insufficient, a variety of
mixing enhancers are available. Generally, the purpose is to increase the spread of
several reorientations and extensional flow sequences by pressing flow into a higher
shear limiting slot (Xanthos, 2000).
1.2.1.2 Twin-screw extuder
The twin-screw extruder is generally chosen when the respective mixing process is
difficult or during multiple staging processes such as that involving powder feeding or
a reactive extrusion process. According to Xanthos (2000), most of the recent polymer
work is related to combining two or more polymer types to create blends or using
alloys with distinct properties. These prospects have been established and maximized
using the single screw and barrel segments of the twin extruder at a considerably
higher investment. The interactions and contact between the two screws and barrel
are improved when a two-screw extruder is utilized. There are two types of twin-
screw extruders, categorized under tangential or intermeshing, that are referred to as
counter-rotating or corotating. It is commonly supplied with slip-on conveying, seg-
mented barrel, and kneading screw components. The component depicted in Fig. 1.4
helps to increase the mixing action and pumping processes by initiating comprehensive
melt reorientation, elongation flow pattern, and back mixing. Reactive extrusion refers
to the process of using an extruder as a continuous reactor during polymerization or
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88. Quest’eco esiste anche adesso, e lo si esperimenta sempre da chi visita
l’anfiteatro.
90. Due scheletri si conservano ancora d’una povera madre e della sua
figliuola, cadute insieme l’una a lato dell’altra e turgido tuttavia era il
fianco della prima. L’ingegnoso artificio dell’illustre Fioretti ha saputo
strappare al muto involucro, — formato intorno ad esse dalle ceneri
assodate, — la straziante storia de’ loro estremi patimenti. Egli versando
del gesso liquido nelle impronte lasciate da quelle sventurate vittime,
potè ottenere la testimonianza di quelle ultime loro crispazioni che
rivelano la disperazione dell’agonia ch’esse avevano sofferto.
92. Per disposizione d’Augusto, come ho più sopra avvertito, una legione
romana stanziava colla flotta a Miseno e così vegliava a difesa della
città stessa. Vedi Tacito, Ann. IV, 5. Svetonio in Aug. XLIX, e
particolarmente Veget. De Re Militari, V. I.
99. Plinio qui cita il verso di Virgilio, spiccandolo al principio del Lib. II
dell’Eneide, vers. 12:
102. Lymphati, scrive Plinio: così pure chiamavansi dai Romani i pazzi, e la
pazzia tenevasi per sacra, attribuendosi a chi n’era preso la facoltà di
predir l’avvenire.
103. Atque etiam recordatus quondam super cœnam quod nihil cuiquam tote
die præstitisset, memorabilem illam meritoque laudatam vocem edidit:
«Amici, diem perdidi». Svetonius in Titum, c. viii.
105. Descrizione delle rovine di Pompei. Napoli, Da’ torchi del Framater,
1831.
106. Deca Terza, vol. terzo, pag. 11 dell’ediz. di Venezia, per G. Battaggiu,
1823.
108.
109. Part. I, Cap. 399. «Noi speriamo che questa etimologia non sarà
scambiata per un delirio, se si vuol ben considerare che la parola
orientale Hercul, cioè monte arso che si incontra ad ogni passo dal
promontorio di Miseno a quello di Sorrento, da cui derivò pur il nome
d’Ercolano, ci indica evidentemente la storia delle devastazioni
vulcaniche alle quali questa contrada andò soggetta da’ tempi più rimoti.
Nelle epoche successive i Greci e gli Italiani, sì poetici nelle loro idee e
nelle loro sensazioni, attribuirono alle intraprese di Ercole gli effetti
straordinarj de la natura ed elevarono templi al semidio là dove non
esistevano altro che le traccie del fuoco.» Vedi addietro il Capitolo II.
110.
112. Appiano, parlando delle mura di Cartagine, le dice triplici, con torri,
fornici e casematte, stalle per elefanti, celle per cibi, ecc. «Murum fuisse
triplicem, quorum quisque alius 30 cubitos esset, absque loricis et
turribus. Quæ turres 200 pedum spatio inter se distabant et 4
contignationes singulæ habebant. Ipsi muri fornicati et capaces: et
duplici quasi contignatione facti: in quorum parte ima elephanti 300
stabulari poterant, et adjunctæ iis cellæ ac repositoria ad cibos: super
eos 4000 equi, item cum receptaculis pabuli hordeique Viris ipsis ibidem
diversoria et habitacula, pedibus 20000, equitibus 4000. Atque hic
bellicus apparatus in solis mœnibus erat.»
118. «I Censori provvedevano nella città a selciare colla arena le vie, e fuori
della città a gittarvi ghiaja ed a praticarvi i margini.»
120. Orat. pro M. Fontejo. Si sa che M. Fontejo Pretore, dopo d’avere per un
triennio successivo alla pretura, amministrata la Gallia, reduce a Roma,
a petizione de’ Galli, venne accusato da M. Pletorio in due azioni.
Difendendolo nella seconda Cicerone, questi nel dire dell’accusa che
riguardava le vie, così ricorda la Domizia: Cum majoribus reip. negotiis
impediretur; et cum ad remp. pertineret, viam Domitiam munire, legatis
suis primariis viris, C. Annio Bellieno, et C. Fontejo negotium dedit. —
Via Domitiana, della quale è l’argomento mio, è il titolo del terzo
componimento di Stazio del lib. IV delle Sylvæ, e così è ancor un dato
maggiore a conforto di quel che dico di questa via.
121. Vien ricordato da Stazio che la via Appia fosse la regina delle vie in que’
versi:
e vi accenna Orazio nel parlar della Via Numicia che dinota prossima
all’Appia:
123. In Sympos.
124. Pudor me habet alimontia illa proferre mysteria, quibus in Liberi
honorem Patris phallos subrigit Græcia. Vedi anche il Vossio alla voce
Fascinum.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132. Auge ama Arabieno. Mete Cominia commediante ama di cuore Cresto;
sia ad entrambi propizia Venere Pompejana e vivano sempre concordi.
133. Pirro al collega Cajo Ejo salute. Di malanimo io udii che tu sia morto:
statti sano adunque.
134. Soave vinaja ha sete; prego che abbia sete di più. Sitit per sitiat accusa
la volgarità di chi scrisse.
137.
141. Così tradusse senza riguardo quel sommo che fu Vincenzo Monti:
142. L’ira di Giove, di Giunone e de’ dodici Dei a chi avrà pisciato qui o
sporcato. De Rich, Dizion. Antich. voc. Anguis.
147.
148.
149. Vedi Imp. Giulian. Cod. 12. 51. 4. e gli Imperatori Valentiniano, Valente e
Graziano ibid. 7.
150.
Qui son tratto a ricordare la definizione degli odierni omnibus fatta col
seguente verso onomatopeico:
152.
153.
154.
155.
158.
159. Nemo cœlum cœlum putat, nemo Jovem pili facit. Petron. Satyricon c.
44.
161. In Agricola 4. 6.
165.
169.
170.
178. Marco Porcio figlio di Marco, Lucio Sestilio figlio di Lucio, Gneo Cornelio
figlio di Gneo, Aulo Cornelio figlio di Aulo, quadrumviri, fecero erigere
questo monumento per decreto dei decurioni.
179. Lucio Sepunio Sandiliano figlio di Lucio, Marco Erennio Epidiano figlio di
Aulo, duumviri di giustizia, fecero erigere a loro spesa questo
monumento.
180. «Marco Olconio Rufo duumviro di giustizia per la terza volta e Cajo
Egnazio Postumo duumviro di giustizia per la terza volta, per decreto dei
decurioni, ricomprarono per tremila sesterzi il diritto di chiudere le
finestre ed ebbero cura di erigere un muro privato fino alle tegole pel
collegio de’ Venerei corporati.» Di questi Venerei parlano altre iscrizioni
pompeiane, e che poi si dicessero corpi e corporati se ne ha un esempio
in Dimmaco, Lib. XI ep. 103. Coerarunt certo per curarunt.
L’interpretazione surriferita, accettata pure dal De Mazois, non viene
accettata dal Bréton, che nelle abbreviature COL . VEN . COR . invece
di leggere COLLEGII . VENEREORVM . CORPORATORVM, crede non
potersi leggere che così: COLONIE . VENERIÆ . CORNELIÆ, perchè,
dice egli, la parola corporatio non potrebbesi tradurre per comunità,
mentre significa corpulenza. Pompeja, pag. 59. Bréton però erra nel
negare la significazione data dal Mazois e da altri alla parola corporatus.
Se questo participio passivo del verbo corporare (ridurre in corpo) può
significare formato di più sostanze, significa anche membro di un corpo
morale, come venne anche adottata la parola corporazione in questo
senso dalla lingua nostra. Veggasi poi all’uopo il Grutero, Inscript. 45, 8;
406, 5.
181. Bull. Inst. 1866, p. 11, citato dal chiarissimo Brizio nel Giorn. Scavi,
settembre e ottobre 1869.
189. Palla chiamavasi una sopravveste lunga, ampia e fluente propria della
donna onesta; eguale al peplo greco.
191.
192.
Ecco il tristo anniversario
Per gli amanti e pei mariti:
Cinque e cinque notti Cinzia
Già passò fra i sacri riti.
Mal ne venga a quella Inachide, [193]
Che alle vaghe Ausonie donne
Queste infauste cerimonie
Da l’adusto Nil portonne.
Quella Dea, che spesso vedove
Degli amanti fa le piume,
Quella Dea qualunque siasi,
Sarà sempre un triste Nume.
196.
197. Histoire pittoresque des Réligions. T. II, p. 185. Paris, Pagnerre 1845.
198. Vedi anche Macrobius: Saturnaliorum lib. I. cap. 20, 21; e l’opera Des
Divinités Egyptiennes. Paris, Lacroix, 1866, p. 161, e Dupuis, Origines
de tous les cultes, T. III. p. 218 in cui si danno eguali spiegazioni — In
Plutarco De Iside et Osiride.
201. Collana degli antichi storici greci volgarizzati. Erodoto è tradotto dal
corcirese Andrea Mustoxidi. Lib. II, p. 300.
202. Il Mazzoldi nelle sue Origini Italiche provò con isplendida erudizione che
il culto d’Iside è d’origine italica. Vol. II.
204.
205. «Numerio Popidio Celsino figlio di Numerio restituì dalle fondamenta col
suo denaro il tempio d’Iside dal tremuoto rovinato. I Decurioni per si fatta
liberalità, essendo egli d’anni sessanta, lo ascrissero graziosamente nel
loro numero.»
207. Lettisterni, letti triclinari su cui ponevansi le statue degli Dei, a’ quali in
data cerimonia religiosa, offerivasi sontuoso banchetto.
Patere eran vasi usati a contenere il vino con cui era fatta una libazione,
versandolo dalla patera sulla testa della vittima o sull’ara. Le qualità
comuni eran di argilla, le più preziose di bronzo, d’argento ed altresì
d’oro, sommamente e squisitamente ornate; talora con manico, più
spesso liscie.
Lebeti, vasi profondi a ventre pieno e rigonfio, (Ovidio Metamorfosi, XII.
243) di bronzo e di metalli preziosi e destinati ad esser tenuti sotto le
mani o i piedi per raccogliere l’acqua lustrale che un domestico versava
sopra essi da un boccale, gutturnium, prima e dopo il pasto.
Accerre, come i turiboli, erano incensieri. Orazio ne fa cenno nel libro III
delle Odi, Ode ottava, a Mecenate.
Prefericoli. Secondo Festo, eran vasi di metallo senza manico e
largamente aperti di sopra, atti a tenere i sacri utensili portati in
processione in certe solennità religiose.
Simpuli. Ramajoli, o chiccherine con lungo manico, adoperati nei
sagrifizj a prendere il vino in piccole quantità da qualche vaso, per
libazioni.
Mallei. Grossi magli di legno, di cui servivansi i beccai e i popi nei
sagrifizj per atterrare il bue prima che il cultrarius gli tagliasse la gola.
Secespiti. Sorta di coltelli pei sagrifizi con una gran lama di ferro aguzza
e manico rotondo.
Cultri. Coltelli di cui servivasi il cultrarius, o ministro del sacerdote, che
ammazzava la vittima.
Litui eran le verghe degli Auguri curve in cima, come a un di presso i
pastorali dei vescovi cattolici, che ne tolsero il modello dalla pagana
liturgia.
Crotali. Specie di strumento musicale particolarmente adoperato nel
culto d’Iside e Cibele per accompagnarsi alle danze religiose. Si
componevano di due canne fesse pel mezzo o di due pezzi di legno o di
due metalli incavati congiunti con un manico diritto. Se ne teneva uno
per mano e se ne battevano i due pezzi come le nacchere spagnuole o
castagnette napoletane.
Aspergilli. Parola non dell’antichità, ma degli antiquari, ad indicare gli
aspersorj per le purificazioni, massime avanti i sagrificj agli Dei infernali
(Cic. Leg. II. 10; Ovid. Fast. v. 679; Virg. Æneid. IV. 635) — Vedi Dizion.
delle Antichità Greche e Romane di Antony Rich. Milano 1869.
221. «Marco Tullio, figlio di Marco, duumviro incaricato della giustizia, eletto
tre volte quinquennale, augure, tribuno de’ militi, eletto dal popolo,
eresse sul proprio suolo e con proprio denaro il tempio alla Fortuna
Augusta.»
225. «Essendo consoli Tauro Statilio, Tito Platilio Eliano, Lucio Stazio Fausto,
invece della statua che secondo la legge dei Ministri della Fortuna
Augusta doveva porre per decisione emessa sulla relazione del
Questore Quinto Pompeo Ametisio, decretarono che due basi marmoree
venissero collocate in luogo della statua.» Nel testo le parole
ministorum, basis, marmorias, poniret in luogo di ministrorum, bases,
marmoreas, ponere, devonsi evidentemente attribuire alla ignoranza
dell’artefice che le ha scolpite.
226. Tacito Annales, 1, 15 e 54. V. anche Reines Inscr. 1, 12.
231. Hor. III. Od. 23. 14. Poichè il Gargallo, a questo passo non traduce, ma
perifrasa, mi sostituisco a lui:
Tito Livio nel lib. 22 delle sue Storie, c. 19, rammenta Cneo Magio di
Atella come Meddixtuticus in quelle parole: Præerat Statius Metius,
missus ab Cn. Magio Atellano, qui eo anno meddixtuticus erat; e altrove
lo stesso storico (lib. 26, c. 6) fa menzione di Seppio Lesio che copriva
la stessa carica: Meddixtuticus, qui summus magistratus apud
Campanos est, eo anno Seppius Lesius erat. Siccome poi il Rosini nella
sua Dissertatio Isagogica (pag. 38), riferisce un’iscrizione ercolanese in
cui son nominati L. Labeo, L. Aquilius meddixtuticus etc.; così ne trae
argomento ad opinare che fosse cotesto un gemino magistrato, di cui
uno avesse alternamente il comando in tempo di guerra, come i consoli
in Roma. Vedi anche Lanzi: Saggi di lingua etrusca. Tom. 2, pag. 609.
233. Forcellini, Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Voc. Bidentalis. Cita a prova due
iscrizioni edite dal Grutero.
In tribunal ti prega
Roscio, pria delle due, trovarti seco
Per domani.
Trad. Gargallo.
236.
237.
Giovanni Veenhusen a questi versi appone una nota latina, che al par di
essi traduco: «Aristide in Eleus scrive, essere stata la prima gara ginnica
inventata da Eleusi, della quale erano biade il premio al vincitore.
Egualmente opinar si può de’ premj riportati da Stazio nel certame
napoletano, che fossero della eguale natura; se non ami piuttosto
credere che accenni ai ludi di Cerere istituiti in Napoli e dei quali pur
tocca nella selva a Menecrate.» (Libro IV delle Selve, Selva 8, 50.)
239.
240.
241. Vedi Svetonio, Aug. 31; Plauto, Mercat. v. 2, 24; Tibullo I, 1, 20 e 10, 15.
245.
246.