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wkh Q vlpsoh{1
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d olwwoh pruh zrun1 Wkh {hg fkdqfhv phwkrg lv erwk vkduh prqrwrqlf. dqg
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Lq Dsshqgl{ 5/ zh glvfxvv wkh idplo| ri phwkrgv phhwlqj Pdunryldq/ Frq0


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d suh0rughulqj +frpsohwh/ wudqvlwlyh,  ri Q 3/ qrq0ghfuhdvlqj lq wkh vhfrqg
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wkhuh lv d qrqqhjdwlyh lqwhjhu dl vxfk wkdw wkh htxlydohqfh fodvv L frqvlvwv ri
doo sdluv +l> dl . nv, iru n  31 Ixuwkhupruh +l> |l , " +l> dl , iru dq| |l A dl
dqg qrw ri wkh irup dl . nv1 Lq wklv fdvh wkhuh lv d yhfwru  ri srvlwlyh zhljkwv
vxssruwhg rq P+L, dqg li { lv d yhfwru ri fodlpv vxssruwhg rq P  P+L, vxfk
wkdw +l> {l , 5 L iru doo l 5 P/ wkhq
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kh zloo uhfhlyh wkh qh{w v  4 edoov dv zhoo1
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vdwlvi| wkh Pdunryldq Surshuw|/ Frqvlvwhqf| dqg Rughu Lqghshqghqfh1 Iurp

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wkh uhpdunv lq Dsshqgl{ 7/ lw lv hdv| wr fkhfn wkdw Rughu Lqghshqghqfh lpsolhv
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FV\ dqg VP. lv d frpelqdwlrq ri zlqqhu0wdnhv0doo/ Sro|d0Hjjhqehujhu/ {hg
fkdqfhv dqg phwkrgv lqyroylqj 5 djhqwv +Dsshqgl{ 5,1 Krzhyhu zlqqhu0wdnhv0
doo/ Sro|d0Hjjhqehujhu/ dqg {hg fkdqfhv phwkrgv doo vdwlvi| Rughu Lqghshq0
ghqfh1 Diwhu d olwwoh dqdo|vlv ri wkh 5 djhqw fdvh/ rqh vhhv wkdw d phwkrg vdw0
lvi|lqj P/ FV\ dqg RL lv h{dfwo| d phwkrg vdwlvi|lqj P.FV\.VP. zlwk wkh
dgghg uhvwulfwlrq wkdw rq hdfk htxlydohqfh fodvv ri w|sh 5 wkh xuq0oolqj phwkrg
pxvw eh ed|hvldq1

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zhoo0ghqhg zkhqhyhu Q lqwhuvhfwv wkh vxssruw ri  . { ru ri  +iru wkh fdvhv
ri SH dqg {hg fkdqfhv phwkrgv uhvshfwlyho|,1 Zkhq lw grhv qrw/ zh fdq xvh
d glhuhqw vhw ri qrq0qhjdwlyh {hg fkdqfhv wr glvwulexwh wkh qh{w xqlw1 Wklv
ohdgv wr wkh iroorzlqj frqfhsw ri qhvwhg {hg zhljkwv1
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srvlwlyh zhljkwv l iru hdfk l 5 Q / zh ghqh wkh qhvwhg vhw ri zhljkwv  + >,
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djhqwv iru  lq Q > zklfk lv dozd|v wuxh zkhq Q lv qlwh1 Wkh {hg fkdqfhv
dqg S1H1 phwkrgv ++;,/+:,, fruuhvsrqg wr wkh fdvh zkhuh doo djhqwv ri Q duh
lqglhuhqw iru  =
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lv reylrxv iru LW1 Zh fkhfn wkdw d   S=H= ru d sursruwlrqdo phwkrg u lv
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oolqj surfhvvhv u+Q> {, dqg u+Q m> {, duh d S1H1 phwkrg zlwk qrq0qhjdwlyh
frh!flhqw n +wkh| duh doo }hur iru wkh sursruwlrqdo phwkrg,= wkh surri wkdw d
S1H1 phwkrg lv frqvlvwhqw lq Dsshqgl{ 4 h{whqgv wr wkh fdvh ri qrq0qhjdwlyh n =
Li {Q  m @ 3 dqg {m A 3> doo edoov lq u+Q> {, jr wr djhqw m xqghu wkh
sursruwlrqdo phwkrg/ khqfh +5, lv wulyldoo| wuxh1 Iru d S1H1 phwkrg/
glvwlqjxlvk wzr fdvhv= li +Q m, _ Q  @ >> djdlq doo edoov lq u+Q> {, jr wr djhqw
m> li +Qm, _ Q  9@ >/ wkhq u+Q> {, dqg u+Q m> {, duh wkh S1H1 phwkrgv zlwk
qrq0qhjdwlyh frh!flhqwv n +iru lqvwdqfh u+Qm> 3, jlyhv wkh uvw edoo wr n zlwk
sured1n @Q  m > dqg vr rq,1
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+Q m, = Li m 5
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wkhq wkh sursruwlrqdo surfhvv u+Q> 3, jlyhv doo wkh edoov wr rqh djhqw lq Q 
vhohfwhg dffruglqj wr wkh glvwulexwlrq +Q  , dqg +5, iroorzv hdvlo|1 Wkh S1H1
phwkrg u+Q> 3, grhv wkh vdph li Q  _ Q  @ >> rwkhuzlvh lw lv wkh S1H1 phwkrg
zlwk +srvlwlyh, frh!flhqwv n rq Q  > dqg +5, iroorzv1
Zh qhhg rqh pruh ghqlwlrq ehiruh vwdwlqj wkh fkdudfwhul}dwlrq uhvxow1 Vxs0
srvh Q lv sduwlwlrqhg dv Q. ^ Q > dqg u. > u duh wzr oolqj phwkrgv ghqhg
uhvshfwlyho| rq Q. dqg Q = Wkh sulrulw| frpsrvlwlrq ri u. dqg u +zlwk Q.
kdylqj wkh kljkhu sulrulw|, lv wkh phwkrg oolqj dq xuq +Q> {, olnh u zkhqhyhu
Q  Q / dqg olnh u. zkhqhyhu Q _ Q. 9@ > lq wkh odwwhu fdvh/ wkh djhqwv lq
Q Q. uhfhlyh qrwklqj1
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phhwv P/ ru FV\ li erwk u. dqg u gr1 Sulrulw| frpsrvlwlrq grhv qrw uhvshfw
LW/ h{fhsw zkhq u. lv d {hg fkdqfhv phwkrg1
D oolqj phwkrg u phhwv P/ FV\ dqg LW li dqg rqo| lw lv wkh sulrulw| frp0
srvlwlrq ri d . {hg fkdqfhv phwkrg +Q. > u. , dqg d phwkrg +Q > u , wkdw lv
d   sursruwlrqdo ru d  S1H1 phwkrg/ ru d 5shuvrq phwkrg1 Qrwh wkdw zh
doorz Q. ru Q wr eh hpsw|1
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krogv iru wkh orz sulrulw| 50shuvrq phwkrg +li dq|,1 Lq wklv vhqvh RL dqg VP.
doprvw iroorz iurp wkh frpelqdwlrq P/ FV\ dqg LW1

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^6` Eloolqjvoh|/ S1 4<<81 Suredelolw| dqg Phdvxuh/ Mrkq Zloh| dqg Vrqv/ Qhz
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ru oldelolwlhv/ Pdwkhpdwlfv ri Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 4/5/6/ 6<;7471
^48` \rxqj/ K1 S1 4<;;1 Glvwulexwlyh Mxvwlfh lq Wd{dwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf
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