Secrets_to_Scoring_5_Psychology_Review_Guide

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
How to Use the Secrets to Scoring a Five Review Guide

➢ The purpose of this review guide is to act as a supplemental
aid when studying for your AP Psychology exam. You should
not rely solely on this review guide in your studying.
➢ This guide will allow you to look at the big picture. You will
easily be able to see what topics and concepts you are
comfortable with, and which ones you may need to revisit.
➢ Each Unit has a dedicated section in the review guide as well
as a corresponding unit review video online. Information for
the packets are obtained by watching the videos.
➢ Review videos can be found at:
www.youtube.com/channel/UCGhiatsKfOjJD8l1tsIqghw/
➢ After you have completed the
notes, you will have the
opportunity to reflect on your
learning with a progress check.
Simply read the question and
check the box if you understand the concept.
o If you do not, it is recommended you watch supplemental
videos provided, complete textbook/online research, or
contact your teacher.
➢ At the end of each unit, there are four practice
selected response questions and one-unit specific
free response question (Follow SODAS
Guidelines!!!)
o An answer key is provided, it is
recommended to complete the questions prior to viewing
the answer key (duh!).
Scientific Foundations of Psychology
Unit Overview
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This unit examines the history of
psychology and psychological theories, contemporary perspectives on psychology, and how psychological
research is conducted. As scientists, psychologists collect data and mark observations about the ways in which
humans and animals behave and think in order to understand behavior and mental processes. Psychologist use
a variety of research methods and designs to conduct their research. These tools help them develop
psychological theories about behavior and mental processes. To ensure that their results are valid and reliable,
psychologists’ research must adhere to strict ethical and procedural guideline. Historical research is the
foundation of the field of psychology and has become the basis for the many subfields within psychology that
exist today.
**Adapted from College Board’s AP Psychology Course and Exam Description**
Define Psychology: _________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Circle the two academic disciplines that shaped the development of psychological thought
Archaeology
Physics Forensics
Anthropology
Match the individual with their contribution to psychology.

The Modern Perspectives of Psychology
Perspective Definition
Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Biological
Cognitive
Biopsychosocial
Sociocultural
Give a brief description of the 5 major domains of psychology.
Domain
A
Description C
Social &
Personality
B
Cognitive
C
Developmental
A
D
Mental &
Physical
Health
E
Biology
Research Methods in Psychology
Method Information
Definition:
Case Study Example:
Definition:
Naturalistic
Example:
Observation
Descriptive
Methods
Definition:
Sample:
Survey
Population:
Random Selection:
Information
Definition:
Correlational Coefficient:
Positive Correlation:
Correlational
Study Negative Correlation:
Limitations:
Circle the Correlational Coefficient with the Strongest Relationship

-.3 .5 -.9
.8 -.1 .7
Definition:
Experimental
Study
Method Information
Hypothesis:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Confounding Variable:
Operational Definition:
How are participants selected?

Random Assignment:
Experimental
Study
Control Group:
Experimental Group:
Placebo:
What is the benefit of holding a double-blind study (include experimenter bias)?
Why is reliability, validity, and statistical significance important to consider during psychological
research?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Analysis in Psychology
Define Statistics: ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the difference between inferential & descriptive statistics? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Define Central Tendency: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Mean Median Mode
Calculate the Mean, Median, and Mode of the set of data below.
9 1 Mean: _____
5 4 12 Median: _____
8 Mode: _____
In the space provided, construct a rough sketch of the three types of distributions.
Positively Skewed Curve Normal Curve Negatively Skewed Curve
Define:
Standard of Deviation:
Range:
Ethical Concerns in Psychological Research
What is the significance of the Belmont Report? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Explain how each of the following organizations has role in ethical concerns in psychological research.
Institutional Animal
American Psychological Local Institutional
Federal Regulations Care and Use
Association (APA) Review Boards (LIRB)
Committee
Guideline #1
Guideline #2
Guideline #3
Guideline #4
Guideline #5
Guideline #6
Unit I Progress Check

Scientific Foundations of Psychology
I can...
❖ Recognize how philosophical and physiological perspectives shaped the development of
psychological thought. ⬜
❖ Identify the research contributions of major historical figures in psychology. ⬜
❖ Describe and compare different theoretical approaches explaining behavior. ⬜
❖ Distinguish the different domains of psychology. ⬜
❖ Differentiate types of descriptive research used in psychology with regard to purpose,
strengthens, and weaknesses. ⬜
❖ Identify and explain the experimental method and its components (variables, theories,
operational definition, selection of participants, etc.) ⬜
❖ Apply basic descriptive statistical concepts, including interpreting and constructing graphs and
calculating simple descriptive research. ⬜
❖ Identify how ethical issues inform and constrain research practices. ⬜
Unit I Practice Questions
Part I – Selected Response
1. Roger wants to study the process of thinking. Which field of psychology should she choose?
a. Cognitive d. Learning
b. Social e. Perception
c. Personality
2. I believe people should choose to live meaningful lives. I share many of the same beliefs as Carl Rogers.
Most important, I believe many people have the ability to reach self-actualization. Who am I?
a. Skinner d. Watson
b. Maslow e. Pavlov
c. Freud
3. Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusually complex or rare
phenomena?
a. Controlled Experiment d. Survey
b. Quasi-Experiment e. Case Study
c. Test
4. Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena are:

a. Independent Variables d. Theories
b. Dependent Variables e. Statistics
c. Hypothesis
Part II – Mini-FRQ
Prompt Response
Deanna wants to know what type of ____________________________________________________
tennis ball will bounce the highest. ____________________________________________________
She drops all three brands at the ____________________________________________________
same time, from the same height. ____________________________________________________
Brand A went 20 inches, Brand B ____________________________________________________
went 22 inches, and Brand C went 17 ____________________________________________________
inches. ____________________________________________________
- Independent Variable ____________________________________________________
- Dependent Variable ____________________________________________________
- Operational Definition of ____________________________________________________
Dependent Variable ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit I Answer Key
1. A: Cognitive psychology focuses on our internal mental processes. Our process of thinking is
considered an internal mental process.
2. B: Both Maslow and Rogers were considered humanistic psychologist. Meaning they looked into how
individuals could reach their full potential.
3. E: A case study is a very long, in depth study. This type of study is perfect for unusual or rare
occurrences because a large amount of data is collected and analyzed over a period of time.
4. D: a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general
principles independent of the thing to be explained. An example being Charles Darwin’s theory of
evolution.
➢ The independent variable would be the brand of the tennis ball.
➢ The dependent variable is how high the tennis balls bounce.
➢ The operational definition of the dependent variable would be the height, measured in inches.
Practice Questions Reflection

Rate Yourself…
How well do you think you understand the material?
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Selected Response Score: _____/4
Ask Yourself…
Mini FRQ Score: _____/4 Based on the score I received on my selected response and FRQ, what
concepts do I think I need to go back to and relearn?
Total: _____/8
What can I do differently with future content in order to score better?
What habits and skills proved to be helpful in completing this unit?

Biological Bases of Behavior
Unit Overview
The structures of human biological systems and their functions influence our behavior and mental processes.
Some psychologist study behaviors and mental processes from a biological perspective. This includes an
examination of the influence that the interaction between human biology and our environment had on our
behavior and mental processes. This is a recurring topic throughout the course that will be used to explain
many psychological phenomena. The biological perspective also provides insight into the causes of and
treatments for psychological disorders. There is a complex interaction between a person’s biology and their
behavior and mental processes. Heredity and environment play a role, as do variations in a person’s
consciousness.
----------------------------------------------------CAREER OVERVIEW----------------------------------------------------
JOB TITLE: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
JOB DESCRIPTON: _______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ALTERNATE JOB TITLES: BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENTIST, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST,

BEHAVIOR GENETICISTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGIST, OR BIOPSYCHOLOGIST.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heredity and the Environment
Our Blueprint from Biology
Chromosomes DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Genes
Define: Define: Define:
Charles Darwin & Evolutionary Psychology Behavior Genetics

Natural Selection: Behavior Genetics:
Mutations: Twin Studies:

The Endocrine System
Define: Endocrine System: ___________________________
___________________________________________________
Define: Hormone: ___________________________________

___________________________________________________
What is the purpose of each of the following in regard to the
endocrine system & human behavior?
Pineal Gland:
Pituitary Gland:
Adrenal Gland:
Hypothalamus:
The Nervous System

The Central Nervous System Please, fill
The Brain: my blanks!
The Spinal Cord:
Spinal Reflex:
The Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Function: Function:
Sympathetic Nervous System

Function:
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Function:
Fight or Flight:
------------------------------------------------------- The Neuron --------------------------------------------------------

Label the Neuron
In the table below, fill in the function of each specific part of the neuron.
Part of the Neuron Function
Nucleus
Cell Body/Soma
Dendrites
Myelin Sheath
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Axon Terminal
Schwann Cell
------------------------------------------------------- Neural Firing--------------------------------------------------------

In the space provided below, briefly explain how a neuron communicates a message to another neuron. You
must include terms from the previous table in your response.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Neurotransmitters
Explain the specific function(s) of the following neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitter Function
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA
Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Glutamate
Define the following terms:

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Exhibitory Neurotransmitters
Agonists Antagonists
How will drugs influence neural firing? Be sure to include the following terms in your response:
➢ Reuptake
➢ Agonists
➢ Antagonist
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Major Brain Structures & Regions

The Brainstem (Hindbrain)
Structure Function Visual
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Reticular Formation
The Brainstem (Midbrain)

Basal Ganglia
(Substantia Nigra)
The Cerebral Cortex (Forebrain)
Corpus Callosum
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
The Limbic System

Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Cortical Areas
Structure Function Image
Prefrontal Cortex
Somatosensory Cortex
Motor Cortex
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Define Aphasia: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Brain Lateralization and Hemispheric Specialization
Define Cortical Localization: ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Define Lateralization of Function: ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Notable Research in Psychology: The Split-Brain Patient

Conducted by Roger Sperry
Completed in the 1960’s
Purpose: Examining the effects of a split-brain operation, which involved cutting the Corpus
Callosum, severing the connection between the right and left hemisphere.
Why would an individual go through a procedure such as this? ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Results
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
The Student Becomes the

Dr. Michael Gazzaniga
Master
Briefly explain Gazzaniga’s contributions to split-brain research.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Scanning the Brain
MRI fMRI CAT PET EEG
How it Functions How it Functions How it Functions How it Functions How it Functions
Information Information Information Information Information

Provided: Provided: Provided: Provided: Provided:
Explain how the following terms are used in brain research.

Lesioning: Autopsy:
Case Study: Phineas Gage Neuroplasticity

How may the following processes have aided in Gages partial recovery?
Why is the story of Phineas Gage relevant to biological
Structural Plasticity:
psychologist? ___________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Functional Plasticity:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
States of Consciousness
Define Consciousness: ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Levels of Consciousness
Preconscious Nonconscious Unconscious
Psychoactive Drugs and the Brain

Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens
Effects: Effects: Effects:
Specific Drugs: Specific Drugs: Specific Drugs:
Sleep & Dreams

Why Do We Sleep?
Restorative Theory Adaptive Theory
Define the following key terms in relation to sleep.

Key Term Definition
Circadian Rhythm
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Melatonin
Define the characteristics of each stage of our sleep cycle.
Stage of Sleep Information
Information:
Stage 1 NREM
Hypnagogic Hallucination:
Information:
Sleep Spindles:
Stage 2 NREM
K Complex:
Information:
Stage 3 NREM
Information:
REM Rebound:
REM
Sleep Paralysis:
One sleep cycle lasts roughly ______ minutes.
When getting the required amount of sleep, we go

through _______ sleep cycles.
Sleep Disorders
Identify symptoms of the following sleep disorders.
Disorder Symptoms
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Disorder Symptoms
Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors
REM Behavior
Disorder
Do you Get Enough Sleep?

Define Sleep Deprivation: ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Physical Psychological
Why Do we Dream?
Define Dreams: ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The Activation-Synthesis Theory What modern

perspective of
psychology does
the Activation-
Synthesis Theory
fall under?
_____________________
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Perspective
“The interpretation of Dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind!”
REVIEW: How does a psychoanalytical psychologist explain behavior?

_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Manifest Content Latent Content
Unit II Progress Check

Biological Bases of Behavior
I can...
❖ Discuss psychology’s abiding interest in how heredity, environment, and evolution work
together to shape behavior. ⬜
❖ Discuss the effects of the endocrine system on behavior. ⬜
❖ Identify the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions (CNS & PNS, the Neuron,
etc.). ⬜
❖ Identify the various neurotransmitters and explain their effect on behavior as well as the
influence of psychoactive drugs on specific neurotransmitters. ⬜
❖ Identify and explain the function of major areas of the brain. ⬜
❖ Recount historic and contemporary research and technologies that support research (case
studies such as Phineas Gage, research such as the split-brain procedure, imaging techniques,
etc.). ⬜
❖ Explain how adaptable the brain is through processes such as neuroplasticity.
❖ Explain the sleep cycle and its components. ⬜
❖ Differentiate between different theories of dreaming. ⬜
Unit II Practice Questions
1. Of the following, which are located exclusively in the central nervous system?
a. Afferent Neurons d. Glial Cells
b. Interneurons e. Schwann Cells
c. Efferent Neurons
2. Roberta suffered a stroke as a result of a brain injury. Although she can still move the fingers on his
right hand, he has lost sensation. Which area of the brain was most likely damaged as a result?
a. Right Frontal Lobe d. Left Parietal Lobe
b. Right Temporal Lobe e. Hypothalamus
c. Left Frontal Lobe
3. Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of dopamine often leads to:
a. Aphasia d. Bipolar Disorder
b. Alzheimer’s Disease e. Amnesia
c. Parkinson’s Disease
4. Nightmares most frequently occur during:

a. NREM-1 d. Sleep Paralysis
b. NREM-2 e. REM
c. NREM-3
Part II – Mini FRQ

Response
Prompt
____________________________________________________
Rufus is admitted to the hospital
____________________________________________________
after having a stroke. She is
____________________________________________________
experiencing the following
____________________________________________________
symptoms: episodes of intense,
____________________________________________________
unexplainable fear; blindness in her
____________________________________________________
right eye; difficulty moving her right
____________________________________________________
foot; and always feeling hungry no
____________________________________________________
matter how much she eats.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Explain how the following will be
____________________________________________________
used to diagnose Rufus.
____________________________________________________
- fMRI Scan
____________________________________________________
Explain how the following are
____________________________________________________
related to Rufus’s symptoms.
____________________________________________________
- Amygdala
____________________________________________________
- Hypothalamus
____________________________________________________
_
Unit II Answer Key
1. B: Interneurons are the primary communication cell located in your brain and spinal cord, which make
up the central nervous system. Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) are present throughout the
peripheral nervous system.
2. D: The left side of the brain is responsible for sending signals to the right side of our body. The parietal
lobe is responsible for processing somatic sensation such as pressure and heat. The left parietal lobe
being damaged, would lead to a lack of sensation in the right hand.
3. C: The neurotransmitter, dopamine, is responsible for transmitting signals between the nerve cells and
brain, allowing for our bodies to move. If our dopamine pathways are damaged (or the substantia nigra),
less dopamine will be produced, leading to cause tremors we see with those who suffer from Parkinson’s
disease.
4. E: Nightmares are just unpleasant dreams, which occur in REM sleep. Night terrors on the other hand
occur in NREM 3 and are considered a sleep disorder. You remember nightmares, not night terrors.
➢ An fMRI scan can be used to produce a cross-section of Rufus’s brain in order to find where the damage
has occurred.
➢ Due to his damaged Amygdala, Rufus cannot control his emotions and experience sudden bouts of fear
and anxiety. The amygdala is the primitive area of the brain responsible for the experiencing of
emotions.
➢ The hypothalamus regulates our hunger levels. If it is damaged it could cause Rufus to always feel
hungry.

Rate Yourself…
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Ask Yourself…
Total: _____/8

Sensation & Perception
Unit Overview
Psychologist study sensation and perception to explain how and why externally gathered sensations and
perceptions impact behaviors and mental processes. Using input from several anatomical structures, the
sensations we perceive process and interpret information about the environment around us and our place
within it. This results in perceptions that influence how we think and behave. In this way, sensation and
perception provide a bridge between the biological and cognitive perspectives, offering aspects of both for
explaining how we think an behave.
Define
Sensation: Perception:
Transduction:
Principles of Sensation
Sensory Thresholds
Absolute Threshold Difference Threshold
Define: Define:
Just Noticeable Difference (JND):
Weber’s Law:
Additional Principles
Principle Definition
Selective Attention
Signal-Detection Theory
Cocktail Party Effect
Sensory Adaptation
Principles of Perception
Perceptual Set
Context Effect
Bottom-Up Processing
Top-Down Processing
Gestalt Psychology
Define Gestalt Psychology: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Define Gestalt: ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Gestalt Principles of Organization

Similarity Closure Good Continuation Proximity
Define: Define: Define: Define:
Figure-Ground Relationship
Define:
What do you see in this ancient pottery?

Is it the face of a man or a crane?
Depth Perception
Differentiate between monocular and binocular cues
Monocular Cues: Binocular Cues:
Monocular Cues
Identify Eight Monocular Cues of Depth Perception
Can you identify four monocular cues in the

image provided?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity Convergence
Define: Define:
Perceptual Constancies
Size Constancy Shape Constancy
Define: Define:
The Human Senses
Sense Notes
Label:
Fill in the blanks to the eye diagram provided:
Vision
Function:
What are the functions of the following parts of the eye?
Rods: _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Cones: _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Ganglion Cells: _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Bipolar Cells: _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Theories of Vision:
Explain the following theories of vision:
Trichromatic Theory of Color: ________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Opponent Process Theory of Color: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
After Image: _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Vision
Area of the Brain:
Which areas of the brain are involved with this sense?
Sensory Disorders:
Identify sensory disorders involved with this sense.
Label:
Fill in the blanks to the eye diagram provided & divide & label the ear diagram to show the
outer ear, middle ear & inner ear.
Hearing
Function:
What are the functions of the following parts of the ear?
Basilar Membrane: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Hair Cells: _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Theory of Hearing:
Explain the following theory of hearing
Frequency Theory: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Place Theory: _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
Area of the Brain:
Hearing Which areas of the brain are involved with this sense?
Sensory Disorders:
Identify sensory disorders involved with this sense.
Function:
What are the functions of the following parts of smell?
Olfaction: __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Pheromones: ________________________________________________________________
Smell
____________________________________________________________________________
Olfactory Bulb: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Area of the Brain:

Function:
What is the function of the following part of taste?
Taste Buds: _________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
Identify:
Identify the 5 main tastes
Taste
What is Umami? _____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
Area of the Brain:

Define:
Define the following term
Pain: ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Function:
What are the functions of the following parts of touch/pain?
Nociceptors: ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Touch
Substance P: ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Gate Control Theory: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Area of the Brain:

Define:
Define the following term:
Kinesthetic Sense: ___________________________________________________________

Kinesthesia
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Proprioceptors: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Area of the Brain:

Define:
Vestibular Define the following term:
Vestibular Sense: ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Unit III Progress Check

Sensation and Perception
I can...
❖ Describe general principles of organizing and integrating sensations (gestalt, depth perception,
top-down & bottom-up processing) as well as principles of sensory transduction (absolute &
difference threshold, signal detection, sensory adaptation). ⬜
❖ Discuss how experience and culture can influence the perceptual process (perceptual set,
context effects, schema) ⬜
❖ Describe the vision and hearing process, including the specific nature of energy transduction
and relevant anatomical processes, as well as common sensory conditions. ⬜
❖ Describe taste and smell processes, including energy transduction, relevant anatomical
structures and pathways to the brain. ⬜
❖ Describe sensory processes, including energy transduction, relevant anatomical structures and
pathways to the brain, of each of the body senses (touch, pain, vestibular, kinesthesis). ⬜
Unit III Practice Questions
1. Neural impulses go directly to the cortex without passing through the thalamus from receptor in the:
a. Retina d. Olfactory
b. Joints e. Taste Buds
c. Cochlea
2. The theory that best accounts for the experience of pain is:
a. The Opponent Process Theory d. The Direct Perception Theory
b. Weber’s Law e. The Gate-Control Theory
c. The Trichromatic Theory
3. Your tendency to see the words “went” and “ties,” rather than the word “twenties” when you look at T
WENT TIES is best explained by the organizing principle of:
a. Bottom-Up Processing d. Closure
b. Proximity e. Figure-Ground
c. Continuity
4. Carlos was just able to perceive a difference in weight when Maria removed two of the 50 jellybeans
from his plastic bag. It is most likely if Carlos had the jumbo bag of 100 jellybeans, the smallest number
of jellybeans he could notice removed would be:
a. 2 d. 16
b. 4 e. 20
c. 8
Part II – Mini FRQ Response

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Sigmund and Abraham were outside ____________________________________________________
playing a game of catch with the ole’ ____________________________________________________
pigskin. How do the following ____________________________________________________
principles of perception allow them ____________________________________________________
to successfully play catch? ____________________________________________________
- Transduction ____________________________________________________
- Size Constancy ____________________________________________________
- Vestibular Sense ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_
Unit III Answer Key
1. D: Unlike our other senses, our sense of smell bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the Olfactory
Cortex.
2. E: The Gate-Control Theory of Pain states that you can experience pain when pain messages are
allowed to pass through the spinal cord through small nerve fibers (opening the gate) that carry pain
signals.
3. B: The Gestalt principle of proximity explains that you will perceive objects that are closely grouped
together as part of the same group.
4. B: According to Weber’s law, the JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. So if the strength
of a stimulus doubles, you can assume that the JND also doubled.

➢ Transduction is the process of converting sensory information from the outside world into an electrical
signal that can be processed and understood by the brain. An example could be the light waves from the
football are picked up by the eye and then converted into a neural message by the photoreceptor cells.
➢ Due to the depth perception principle pf size constancy, Sigmund and Abraham know that even though
the raw sensory data shows the ball becoming larger and larger, that it is just getting closer to them.
➢ The vestibular sense is your awareness of body balance and movement. This sense could help their form
for throwing the ball or jumping up and catching the ball.

Rate Yourself…
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Ask Yourself…
Total: _____/8

Learning
Unit Overview
Some psychologists focus their study on how humans and other animals learn how some experiences can lead to
changes in behavior and mental processes. Because the process of learning requires both physiological and
psychological processes to work together, the two preceding units provide the foundation for this unit. Many
psychologists who study learning focus on observable behaviors and how the individual’s observations of other
peoples’ behaviors influence changes in that individual’s mental processes and resulting behaviors.
Define Learning: __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Classical Conditioning
Define Classical Conditioning: _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Stimulus Neutral Stimulus

Define: Define:
Notable Research in Psychology: Pavlov’s Dogs

Conducted by Ivan Pavlov
Completed in the 1890’s
Purpose: To provoke a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Before Learning Occurs

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Unconditioned Response (UCR):
After Learning Occurs

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Conditioned Response (CR):
The Little Albert Study
Can Humans Be Classically Conditioned?
Conducted by: ________________________________________
Completed in: ________________________________________
Purpose: _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Before Learning Occurs

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Unconditioned Response (UCR):
After Learning Occurs

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Conditioned Response (CR):
Principles of Classical Conditioning

Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Choose two principles of classical conditioning and explain how they are relevant to the Little Albert
Study.
Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning
Notable Individuals and Their Contributions
Reliable Signal:
Robert Rescorla
How does the concept of reliable signals go against traditional Pavlovian conditioning?
Taste Aversion:
John Garcia
Biological Preparedness:
Operant Conditioning
Notable Research in Psychology: The Law of Effect
Conducted by Edward Thorndike
Completed in 1898
Purpose: To empirically show that responses that produce a satisfying effect in a
particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation.
B.F Skinner and the Foundation of Operant Conditioning
“The consequences of behavior determine the probability that behavior will
occur again.”
Define Operant: _____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The Skinner Box

Purpose:
Reinforcement & Punishment

Fill in the Blanks:
Reinforcement will ALWAYS _____________________ a behavior while punishment will ALWAYS
___________________ a behavior.
Reinforcement Punishment
Define: Define:
Positive
Example: Example:
Define: Define:
Negative
Example: Example:
Check for Understanding: According to psychologist, what is a more effective form of acquiring and
maintaining behavior; reinforcement or punishment? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__
Primary versus Secondary Reinforcers

Primary Reinforcer Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer
Define: Define:
Example: Example:
REMINDER!
Just like in classical conditioning, generalization, discrimination, extinction and spontaneous recovery
occur in operant conditioning!
Define Shaping: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed Ratio: Variable Ratio:
Fixed Interval: Variable Interval:

Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning
Concept Definition
Overjustification Effect
Learned Helplessness
Biological Predispositions
(Instinctive Drift)
Cognitive Approach to Learning

Notable Research in Psychology: Bobo the Doll
Conducted by Albert Bandura
Completed in 1961
Purpose: To prove that children would copy an adult role model’s behavior. By using
aggressive and non-aggressive actors, children would tend to imitate and learn from
the behavior of a trusted adult.
Briefly explain the results of Bandura’s experiment:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory on Learning

Component Description
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
How does the use of modeling and mirror neurons allow for observational learning to be successful?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Additional Views of Cognitive Learning

Notable Individual Theory
Edward Tolman Latent Learning:
How did Tolman use groups of rats and a maze to prove his theory?
Wolfgang Kohler Insight Learning:
Example:
Unit IV Progress Check

Learning
I can...
❖ Identify the contributions of key researchers in the psychology learning. ⬜
❖ Interpret graphs that exhibit the results of learning experiments (behavior acquisition, retention,
and extinction). ⬜
❖ Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena (acquisition, extinction, generalization,
discrimination, etc.). ⬜
❖ Predict the effects of operant conditioning including schedules of reinforcement. ⬜
❖ Describe social and cognitive forms of learning such as latent and observational learning. ⬜
Unit IV Practice Questions
1. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)
a. Unconditioned Stimulus d. Unconditioned Stimulus
b. Neutral Stimulus e. Conditioned Response
c. Conditioned Stimulus
2. Which of the following responses is NOT learned through operant conditioning?

a. A rat learning to press a bar to get d. Pigeons learning to tun in circles for
food. a reward.
b. Dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid e. Studying hard for good grades on a
electric shock. test.
c. Fish swimming to the top of the tank
when a light goes on.
3. While readying to take a free-throw shot in basketball, you suddenly arrive to the answer to a chemistry
problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of:
a. Insight d. Discrimination
b. Conditioning e. Generalization
c. Latent Learning
4. Eduardo loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what
reinforcement schedule is Eduard rewarded?
a. Continuous Reinforcement d. Variable Ratio
b. Fixed Ratio e. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Interval

Response
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Roberta dreams of being the worlds ____________________________________________________
best soccer player. To achieve this ____________________________________________________
dream Roberta hires a professional ____________________________________________________
coach and watches YouTube videos ____________________________________________________
of her favorite professional athletes. ____________________________________________________
Explain how the following ____________________________________________________
psychological concepts can help ____________________________________________________
Roberta achieve her dreams. ____________________________________________________
- Observational Learning ____________________________________________________
- Mirror Neurons ____________________________________________________
- Positive Reinforcement ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit IV Answer Key
1. C: The tuning fork is considered the conditioned stimulus (CS) while the salivation is the conditioned
response (CR). The dogs were able to learn to salivate to the sound of the tuning fork.
2. C: The fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on represents classical conditioning.
3. A: Insight learning is considered the sudden appearance of a solution to a problem.
4. E: Eduardo does not know when a fish will be on his line. Catching fish is unrelated to the number of
times he pulls on his line, but rather to when he pulls on his line.

➢ Observational learning, according to Bandura, occurs when an individual pays attention and memorizes
a behavior they are observing. This allows the individual to later mimic this behavior. Roberta could
watch videos of professional soccer players and try and mimic their moves.
➢ Mirror neurons are activated when observing a particular behavior. These neural firings are very similar
to when one actually completes the behavior. This would allow for Roberta to make synaptic
connections while observing a professional soccer player to strengthen her learning.
➢ Positive punishment in this scenario could be Roberta’s coach telling her “Good job!” when she scores a
goal.

Rate Yourself…
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Ask Yourself…
Total: _____/8

Cognitive Psychology
Unit Overview
In this unit, knowledge surrounding sensation, perception, and learning provides the foundation for an
understanding of cognition. Cognitive psychologists focus their research on the complex nature of the brain,
particularly the areas of memory processes and intelligence and the influence of mental processes on behavior.
Understanding how this information is gathered and processed gives insight into how we make sense of and
perceive the world. Some cognitive psychologists attempt to answer how and why cognitive processes fail
despite (or because of) the complexity of our biological structures. Oher psychologists study intelligence and
the reason for individual differences. This cognitive perspective offers one way to understand how our thinking
impacts our behavior, which can in turn provide insight into psychological disorders and their treatment.
Define Cognition: __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Memory
Fill in the blanks to the information processing theory of memory.
Sensory Memory
Information Registered
Capacity The capacity for sensory memory is: _____________________________.
Duration The duration for sensory memory is: _____________________________.

George Sperling & Sensory Memory
In the space provided, briefly explain George Sperling’s contribution’s to research in
sensory memory.
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________
Iconic & Echoic Sensory Memory

Iconic Echoic
Define: Define:
Short-Term Memory
The capacity of STM is: __________________________________.
Unless
Capacity Chunking:
The duration of STM is: _________________________________.
Unless
Duration Maintenance Rehearsal (Shallow Processing):
Short-Term Versus Working Memory

What is the Difference?
Short-Term Memory Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Capacity
The duration for LTM is: _______________________________.
Duration Elaborative Rehearsal (Deep Processing):
Define Encoding: __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Dimensions of Long-Term Memory

Explicit (Declarative) Memories:
Type Description
Episodic
Semantic
Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memories:
Type Description
Procedural
Retrieval of Memories
Recall or Recognition?
What’s the Difference?
Recall Recognition
How Do We Retrieve Memories?
Retrieval Description
Serial-Position Effect
Encoding Specificity
Principal
Context Effects
Mood Congruence
Forgetting & False Memories

Notable Research in Psychology: The Forgetting Curve
Conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus
Completed in 1873
Purpose: To determine how much information was forgotten after different lengths of time.
Briefly explain the results of Ebbinghaus’s Experiment

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Why We Forget
Concept Definition
Encoding Failure
Decay Theory
Concept Definition
Proactive
Interference
Interference
Theory
Retroactive
Interference
Suppression
Motivated
Forgetting
Repression
Elizabeth Loftus & False Memories

”Psychological studies have shown that it is virtually impossible to tell the difference
between a real memory and one that is a product of imagination or some other process. Our
job as researchers in this area is to understand how it is that pieces of experience are
combined to produce what we experience as memory.”
Define False Memory: ______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Major Factors That Contribute to False Memories

Factor Description
Misinformation Effect
Source Confusion
Schema Distortion
Factor Description
Imagination Inflation
False Familiarity Increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event.

Using vivid, authentic details to add to the legitimacy and believability of a
Blending Fact & Fiction
pseudo-event.
Hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques that can
Suggestion
inadvertently or intentionally create vivid false memories.
The Biological Aspects of Memory
Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia
Define: Define:
Case Study: Henry Gustav Molaison (HM)

What information about human memory did the HM case study reveal? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Thinking & Solving Problems
DEFINE
Concept Prototype
Problem Solving Strategies

Algorithm Heuristic Insight
Define: Define: Define:
Example: Trial & Error: Example:
Example:
Obstacles in Problem Solving

Obstacle Explanation
Define:
Confirmation Bias
Define:
Fixation
Obstacle Explanation
Define:
Mental Set
Define:
Functional Fixedness
Define:
Overconfidence
Define:
Framing
Belief Perseverance:
Heuristics in Problem Solving

Heuristic Explanation
Define:
Representative Heuristic
Example:
Define:
Availability Heuristic
Example:
Intelligence
Define Intelligence: ________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Notable Individuals in the field of Intelligence
Notable Individual Contribution
Alfred Binet Devised a series of tests to measure different mental abilities.
Mental Age:
Lewis Terman Created the Stanford-Binet Test, modeled off of Alfred Binet’s intelligence tests.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
David Wechsler Created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with his belief that intelligence
should be measured in different mental abilities.
Savant Syndrome:
Charles Spearman Believed in a general mental capacity.
General Intelligence (G Factor):
Howard Gardner Believed that many mental abilities were not measured by traditional intelligence tests.
Multiple Intelligences:
Robert Sternberg Agreed with Gardner that intelligence is more than just IQ but believed some of
Gardner’s intelligences are more accurately described as specialized talents.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:

How Do Psychologist Measure Intelligence?
Define:
Abstract versus
Verbal
Measures
Define:
Speed of
Processing
Define:
Fluid
Intelligence
Define:
Crystalized
Intelligence
Principles of Test Construction

Test Description
Define:
Achievement Test
Example(s):
Define:
Aptitude Test
Example(s):
Unit I Flashback
In Unit I you learned all about statistics and psychological research. This is where that knowledge comes in
handy! IQ and other forms of intelligence test are the perfect example of a standardized test in which the
results produce a normal curve. When designing these tests reliability and validity are taken into account.
Phenomena in Psychology: The Flynn Effect

The substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and
crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts
of the world over the 20th century.
The Nature and Nurture of Intelligence
Define Heritability: ________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
How do the following factors influence individual intelligence scores?

Factor Description
Genetic Influences
Environmental Influences
Cultural Differences
More on Cultural Differences – The Two Pots Analogy
Language and Thought

Define Language: __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Components of Language
Component Explanation
Define:
Phonemes
Define:
Morpheme
Grammar:
Component Explanation
Semantics
Overregularization
Syntax
Stage Description
Define:
goo goo
Babbling
gah gah
Months Old:
Define:
Holophrase Mama
Months Old:
Define:
Telegraphic Want
Speech juice
Months Old:
*** 24+ month, language starts to develop rapidly into complete sentences. ***
Eric Lenneberg and Noam Chomsky
Contributions to Linguistics
Notable Individual Contribution
Eric Lenneberg The Critical Stage Hypothesis:
Noam Chomsky The Language Acquisition Device (LAD):
Universal Grammar:
Nim Chimpsky
Benjamin Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity
Language & Perception
Define Linguistic Relativity: ___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Unit V Progress Check

Cognitive Psychology
I can...
❖ Identify the contributions of key researchers in cognitive psychology. ⬜
❖ Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (STM, LTM,
Hippocampus, etc.). ⬜
❖ Outline principles that underlie effective storage, encoding, and retrieval of memories. ⬜
❖ Describe strategies for memory improvement and typical memory errors. ⬜
❖ Identify problem solving strategies as well as factors that influence their effectiveness, as well
as factors that create bias and errors in thinking. ⬜
❖ List characteristics of creative thought and creative thinkers. ⬜
❖ Define intelligence and list characteristics of how psychologist measure intelligence. ⬜
❖ Compare and contrast historic and contemporary theories of intelligence. ⬜
❖ Explain how psychologists design tests including standardization strategies and other
techniques to establish reliability and validity. ⬜
❖ Synthesize how biological, cognitive, and cultural factors converge to facilitate acquisition,
development, and use of language. ⬜
Unit V Practice Questions
1. Which of the following brain structures plays a key role in transferring information from short-term
memory to long-term memory?
a. Hypothalamus d. Frontal Lobe
b. Thalamus e. Broca’s Area
c. Hippocampus
2. Which of the following is a holophrase a 1-year-old would likely say?

a. “Mmmmm” d. “I eated the cookie”
b. “Gaga” e. “Bottle”
c. “Eat apple”
3. Because it has all of the features commonly associated with the concept bird, a pigeon is considered
a(n):
a. Prototype d. Phenotype
b. Schema e. Heuristic
c. Algorithm
4. Having told that Syd is an engineer and Fran is an elementary school teacher, when Eli meets the couple
for the first time, he assumes that Syd is the husband and Fran is the wife, rather than the opposite,
which is the case. This best illustrates:
a. Confirmation Bias d. The Anchoring Effect
b. Cognitive Illusion e. Representative Heuristic
c. The Mere Exposure Effect
Response
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Five year-old Hadrian went to a fire ____________________________________________________
station with his kindergarten class. ____________________________________________________
When he got home he eagerly told ____________________________________________________
the story to his older brother. ____________________________________________________
Describe how the following factors ____________________________________________________
might have influenced the story he ____________________________________________________
told. ____________________________________________________
- Overregularization ____________________________________________________
- Episodic Memory ____________________________________________________
- Hippocampus ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit V Answer Key
1. C: Even though memories ae not stored in the Hippocamps, we know that it plays a role in encoding our
short-term memories to long-term memories. Refer to the HM case study.
2. E: The baby is using a holophrase, or one word, in order to communicate.
3. A: A prototype is cognitive representation of something within in the certain category. When someone
thinks of a bird, they might picture a pigeon since it has all the characteristics that fit the prototype of a
bird.
4. E: The representative heuristic causes Eli to draw the conclusion that he did because an engineer being a
man and a teacher being a woman is what fit his prototype.

➢ When telling the story, Hadrian might say, “I wented to the fire station today.”
➢ Episodic memories are explicit memories that show us specific events that we have experienced and
encoded into our LTM. Hadrian’s episodic memory allows him to recall being at the fire station.
➢ Hadrian’s hippocampus enabled him to encode the trip to the fire station into his LTM. Without a
functioning hippocampus, the memory would never have been formed.

Rate Yourself…
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Ask Yourself…
Total: _____/8

Developmental Psychology
Unit Overview
Developmental psychology encompasses the study of the behavior of organisms from conception to death. In
this unit, you will learn to examine the processes that contribute to behavioral change throughout a person’s
life. The major areas of emphasis in this course include prenatal development, motor development,
socialization, cognitive development, adolescence, and adulthood. Developmental psychologist seek to
understand how changes in our biology and social situations over a lifespan influence our behaviors and
mental processes. Development can be studied from several different perspectives, including biological or
cognitive perspectives. Developmental psychologist may focus on one or more developmental periods or the
entire course of a lifespan, using cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.
Key Issues & Debates in Development

Nature vs Nurture Stability vs Change Continuity vs Stages
Physical Development
Fill in the Blanks
Word Bank
Fetus Zygote Embryo
Factors the Impact Development

Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Reflexes of a Newborn
Reflex Description
Rooting
Sucking
Grasping
Adolescent Development
Term Definition
Puberty
Primary Sex
Characteristics
Secondary Sex
Characteristics
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage Characteristics & Changes
Sensorimotor
(0-2 Years Old) Object Permanence:
Preoperational
(2-7 Years Old) Egocentrism:
Concrete Operations
(7-11 Years Old) Conservation:
Stage Characteristics & Changes
Formal Operations
(Adolescence -
Adulthood)
Lev Vygotsky and the ZPD

Define Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Define Scaffolding: _______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Lawrence Kohlberg and Moral Development

Level Characteristic
Postconventional
Conventional
Preconventional
What was psychologist Carol Gilligan’s main issue with Kohlberg’s theory?
Social & Emotional Development
Notable Research in Psychology: Harlow’s Monkeys
Conducted by Harry Harlow
Completed in 1957
Purpose: To determine whether baby monkeys would choose comfort over nourishment.
What were the results of Harlow’s experiment? What does this tell us about attachment?
Mary Ainsworth and Attachment Theory

Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment
Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Style

Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive
***Draw a star in the box of the most effective parenting style***
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Social Development

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Stage Issue Description of Task
Infancy
Trust vs Mistrust
(0-1 Year)
Stage Issue Description of Task
Toddlerhood
Autonomy vs Doubt
(1-2 Years)
Preschooler
Initiative vs Guilt
(3-5 Years)
Elementary
School Industry vs Inferiority
(6-Puberty)
Adolescence Identity vs Role

(Teen-20’s) Confusion
Young
Adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation
(20’s-40’s)
Middle
Generativity vs
Adulthood
Stagnation
(40’s-60’s)
Late
Adulthood Ego Integrity vs Despair
(60’s & up)
Gender Roles and Sex Differences

Important Terms to Know
Term Definition
Gender
Gender Roles
Term Definition
Gender Identity
Gender Schema
Gender-Role
Stereotypes
Stereotype Threat
Unit VI Progress Check

Developmental Psychology
I can...
❖ Discuss the interaction of nature and nurture in the determination of behavior. ⬜
❖ Explain the process of conception and gestation, including factors that influence successful
pre-natal development. ⬜
❖ Identify the contributions of major researchers in developmental psychology in the area of
social development in childhood. ⬜
❖ Explain how parenting styles influence behavior. ⬜
❖ Explain the maturation of cognitive abilities (Piaget, Vygotsky) ⬜
❖ Predict the physical and cognitive changes that emerge through the lifespan. ⬜
❖ Identify the contributions of major researchers in the area of moral development. ⬜
❖ Describe how sex and gender influence socialization and other aspects of development. ⬜
Unit VI Practice Questions
1. In the nature versus nurture controversy, “nature” refers to:

a. Heredity d. Constituents of the problem
b. Plants and animals e. The environment
c. All living things we interact with
2. According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially
competent and responsible adults?
a. Authoritarian d. Permissive
b. Authoritative e. Indulgent
c. Uninvolved
3. A critical period is a stage in development when:

a. Children are resistant to any kind of d. Specific stimuli have a major effect
discipline by their parents. on development that they do not
b. New learning is prevented by older produce at other times.
learning. e. The child first enters elementary
c. Bonding between the child and school and needs positive
parent first takes place. reinforcement.
4. Russel just celebrated his 90th birthday with his close friends and is very excited about a visit from his
grandchildren. According to Erikson, he has probably most recently achieved:
a. Isolation d. Autonomy
b. Integrity e. Industry
c. Despair

Response
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Billy likes to stick to himself, He ____________________________________________________
wears all black and thinks all of the ____________________________________________________
other kids at his school are losers. ____________________________________________________
He often skips school to go and ____________________________________________________
skateboard. How can Billy’s ____________________________________________________
behavior be explained using the ____________________________________________________
following concepts? ____________________________________________________
- Permissive Parenting ____________________________________________________
- Identity vs Role Confusion ____________________________________________________
- Preconventional Thought ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit VI Answer Key
1. A: Nature refers to our heredity while nurture refers to our environment.
2. B: Authoritative parenting is when parents set reasonable expectations for their child and is very
responsive to their needs.
3. D: Example: According to Eric Lenneberg & Noam Chomsky, if a child does not learn language at a
certain age, they will not be able to fully develop their language skills (see Genie case study).
4. B: Russel is experiencing the positive resolution from Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development.

➢ Permissive parenting is parenting with little to no responsiveness. Billy never gets disciplined, so he
doesn’t mind skipping school.
➢ Billy might be struggling wit his social development. He does not really know his role in the world and
decides to try out different roles (hence wearing all black).
➢ All of Billy’s moral decisions are based on egocentrism. Since he knows he wont get in trouble because
his parent’s are distant, he makes the decision to skip school.

Rate Yourself…
(Circle a number)
(No Clue) 1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10 (Easy!)
Ask Yourself…
Total: _____/8

Motivation, Emotion & Personality
Unit Overview
Psychologists use theory to categorize and explain different personalities. These explanations have been
influenced by the various branches of psychology. Some psychologist study what motivates us and/or our
emotional responses to experiences to understand our individual differences. Other psychologists seek to
understand personality, including why different personalities exist, how they are developed, and if and how they
change. Originating from the psychodynamic perspective, the study of personality involves consideration of
behavior and mental processes and how they interact to produce and individual’s personality. A full
explanation of personality also involves incorporating humanistic and social-cognitive perspectives from
earlier units.
Define Motivation: _________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation

Define: Define:
Example:
Example:
***The Overjustification Effect discussed in Unit III, can also be applied to extrinsic motivation***
Theories of Motivation
Theory Description
Instinct Define:
Example:
Drive-Reduction Define:
Homeostasis:
Theory Description
Incentive Define:
Example:
Arousal Define:
Yerkes-Dodson Law:
Maslow’s Define:
Self-Actualization:
Biological Motivation
Key Term Definition
Glucose
Insulin
Basal Metabolic Rate

(BMR)
Energy Homeostasis
Ghrelin
Emotions
Define Emotions: __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Define Emotional Intelligence (EQ): __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The Six Universal Human Emotions
Theories of Emotion
Theory Description
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Theory Description
Two-Factor
Cognitive Appraisal
Paul Ekman & The Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Cultural Aspects of Emotion:
Facial Feedback Hypothesis:

Stress & Coping
Define Stress: _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Define:
Sources of Stress
Differentiate Between the Two
Traumatic Experience (Catastrophes) Daily Stressor
Define: Define:
Example: Example:
Kurt Lewin’s Conflict Theory
Social Conflict Situations
Approach-Approach Avoidance-Avoidance Approach-Avoidance
Stress & Health

Define Psychoneuroimmunology: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Behavior Patterns
Type A Type B
Identify & circle the stress related health issues.
Hypertension
Coping:
Problem-Focused Coping Emotion-Focused Coping
Personality
Define Personality: _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality
Define Free Association: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Levels of Consciousness
Level Description
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
The Id, Ego & Superego
Structure Description
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
Personality Development
Define Fixation: ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality

Stage Focus
Oral
(0-18 Months)
Anal
(18-36 Months)
Phallic
(3-6 Years)
Latency
(6-Puberty)
Genital
(Puberty On)
Define Defense Mechanism: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Defense Mechanism’s
Mechanism Description
Repression
Regression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung
Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory of Personality
Define Reciprocal Determinism: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Personal Control:
External Locus of Control Internal Locus of Control
Humanistic Theories of Personality

Self-Actualization: Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Self-Theory
Unconditioned Positive Regard:
Trait Theories of Personality

The Costa
Big &5McCrae
Theory
Trait:
Measuring Personality
Projective Test Self-Report Inventory (Objective Test)
Define: Define:
Example(s): Example(s):
Unit VII Progress Check

Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
I can...
❖ Identify contributions of key researchers in the psychological field of motivation, emotion,
and personality (Freud, Bandura, Jung, Adler, Maslow, Schachter, Selye, Etc.). ⬜
❖ Compare and contrast motivational theories as well as identify and apply basic motivation
concepts to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. ⬜
❖ Compare the major theories of emotion and describe how cultural influences shape emotional
expression. ⬜
❖ Discuss theories of stress and it’s effects on psychological and physical well-being. ⬜
❖ Describe and compare research methods that psychologist use to investigate personality.
❖ Compare and contrast multiple theories of personality (Psychoanalytic, Neo-Freudians, Trait,
Huminitic, Etc.). ⬜
❖ Speculate how cultural context ca facilitate or constrain personality development, especially
as it relates to self-concept (collectivistic vs individualistic cultures). ⬜
❖ Identify frequently used assessment strategies and evaluate relative test quality based on
reliability and validity of the instruments. ⬜
Unit VII Practice Questions
1. The most commonly used personality assessments are:

a. Projective Tests d. Self-Report Inventories
b. Naturalistic Observations e. Behavior Assessment
c. Structured Interviews
2. A relatively permanent characteristic of personality that can be used to predict behavior is:
a. The Id d. A defense mechanism
b. The Ego e. A trait
c. The Superego
3. The number one tennis player on last year’s squad does not find her name on the list of students who
made this year’s team. Which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is she most likely
experiencing?
a. Alarm d. Competence
b. Resistance e. Exhaustion
c. Denial
4. When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, “Because I’ve always liked biology and being
a doctor will allow me to make a good salary to take care of a family.” His answer is most consistent
with which of the following theories of motivation?
a. Drive Reduction d. Instinct
b. Incentive e. Achievement
c. Arousal
Response
____________________________________________________
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Ranjeet was walking down the hall ____________________________________________________
when he saw his friend Marco ____________________________________________________
talking to his crush. He gets very ____________________________________________________
angry and marches over to Marco to ____________________________________________________
give him a talking to. How would the ____________________________________________________
following concepts impact Ranjeet’s ____________________________________________________
actions? ____________________________________________________
- Id ____________________________________________________
- Superego ____________________________________________________
- Cannon-Bard Theory ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit VII Answer Key
1. D: These tests have a high level of reliability and validity over projective tests.
2. E: A trait is a relatively permanent and stable characteristic that can be used to predict behavior(s).
3. A: The initial state of shock of not making the team triggers the sympathetic nervous system, which is
the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
4. B: Incentive motivation refers to primary motives such as hunger as well as secondary motives such as
money. In this case, Tom wants to become a doctor so he can support a family.

➢ Ranjeet’s Id would cause him to be irrationally angry at Marco. Ranjeet might go and yell at Marco
without giving him a chance to explain himself.
➢ Ranjeet’s Superego would tell him to relax and to talk to Marco is a calm way, and if he were to do
something foolish like hit Marco, he could get in trouble.
➢ When seeing Marco talk to his girlfriend, Ranjeet’s sympathetic nervous system triggers a physiological
response (increased heart rate) while at the same time his cerebral cortex is experiencing the emotion of
anger.

Rate Yourself…
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Clinical Psychology
Unit Overview
Psychologists who study the psychological disorders, along with practitioners who treat disorders, often utilize
a particular theoretical perspective. Each perspective attempts to explain the origin of a disorder and/or
determine the best method for treatment. These explanations and treatments build on the history, theories, and
perspectives introduced in the first two units as well as on cognitive psychology in particular. Through
observing behavior and engaging in discussion that illuminates a client’s thought process, psychologists gather
information and draw conclusions. For some psychologists, a single perspective cannot fully explain a disorder.
This leads them to more integrated perspectives to understand and treat psychological disorders.
Define Psychological Disorder: _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Psychology & the Legal System

Confidentiality Insanity Defense
Notable Research in Psychology: On Being Sane in Insane Places

Conducted by David Rosenhan
Completed in 1973
Purpose: To determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis.
Why has Rosenhan’s study come under heavy criticism by other experts in the field of mental health?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
Perspective Explanation of Abnormal Behavior
Medical (Biological)
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Behavioral
Socio-Cultural
Neurodevelopmental and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorder Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurodevelopmental & Neurocognitive Disorders

Disorder Symptoms
ADHD
Autism Spectrum
Alzheimer’s Disease
Delirium
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Symptom Description
Hallucinations
Delusions
Catatonia
Bipolar, Depressive, Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Bipolar and Related Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Manic Episode:
Bipolar I
Rapid Cycling:
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic
Depressive Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Major Depressive
Disorder
Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)
Persistent Depression
(PDD)
Premenstrual
Dysmorphic Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Generalized Anxiety
(GAD)
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia:
Phobias
Social Phobia:
Selective Mutism
Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Obsession:
Obsessive Compulsive
Compulsion:
Disorder (OCD)
Hoarding Disorder
Trauma- and Stressor- Related, Dissociative, and Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Disorder Symptom
Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
Define Dissociative Disorder: ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Dissociative Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Dissociative
Amnesia
With Fugue:
Depersonalization:
Depersonalization/
Derealization Derealization:
Dissociative Identity
Disorder
Formerly known as:
Define Somatic Symptom Disorder: ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Disorder Symptoms
Somatic Symptom Disorder
(SSD)
Illness Anxiety Disorder

(IAD)
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
Feeding and Eating and Personality Disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Personality Disorders
Disorder Symptoms
Odd/Eccentric Cluster
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Dramatic/Emotionally Problematic Cluster
Histrionic
Disorder Symptoms
Narcissistic
Borderline
Antisocial
Chronic Fearfulness/Avoidant Cluster
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-
Compulsive
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

Mental Health Professionals
Psychiatrist Clinical Psychologist
Behavioral Therapies
Therapy Description
Classical Conditioning Therapies
Systematic
Desensitization
(Jones & Wolpe)
Flooding
Aversive
Conditioning
Therapy Description
Operant Conditioning Therapies (Skinner)
Behavior
Modification
Token
Economies
Alternate Behavior Therapies

Modeling:
Social Skills
Training Shaping:
Biofeedback
Cognitive Therapies
Define Cognitive Restructuring: ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Therapy Description
Actions:
Albert Ellis’
Rational Emotive
Beliefs:
Therapy
(RET)
Consequences:
Aaron Beck’s
Cognitive Triad
Therapy
Therapy Description
Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy
(CBT)
Insight Therapies
Define Insight Therapy: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Psychoanalysis Therapy (Freudian)

Therapy Description
Dream Interpretation:
Resistance:
Free Association
Transference:
Catharsis:
Psychodynamic
and Interpersonal
Humanistic Therapies
Therapy Description
Unconditioned Positive Regard:
Client Centered
Genuineness:
Therapy
Empathetic Understanding:
Treatment Description
Active Listening:
Client Centered
Self-Actualization:
Therapy Cont.
Gestalt Therapy
Evaluating Psychotherapy
Define Metacognition: ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Biomedical Therapies
Define Psychopharmacotherapy: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Biomedical Therapy
Therapy Description Example(s)
Antipsychotics
Antianxiety
Antidepressant
Therapy Description Example(s)
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
(ECT)
Psychosurgery
Unit VIII Progress Check

Clinical Psychology
I can...
❖ Recognize the use of the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association as the
primary reference for making diagnostic judgements. ⬜
❖ Describe contemporary and historical conceptions of what constitutes psychological
disorders. ⬜
❖ Discuss the major diagnostic categories, including neurodevelopmental disorders,
neurocognitive disorders, schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic disorders, and their
corresponding symptoms. ⬜
❖ Discuss the major diagnostic categories, including anxiety disorders, bipolar and related
disorders, depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and their
corresponding symptoms. ⬜
❖ Discuss the major diagnostic categories, including dissociative disorders, somatic symptom
and related disorders, and trauma- and stressor- related disorders and their corresponding
symptoms. ⬜
❖ Discuss the major diagnostic categories, including feeding and eating disorders,
personality disorders, and their corresponding symptoms. ⬜
❖ Describe the central characteristics of psychotherapeutic intervention. ⬜
❖ Describe major treatment orientations used in therapy and how those orientations influence
therapeutic planning (humanistic, psychodynamic, behavioral, etc.). ⬜
❖ Summarize effectiveness of specific treatments used to address specific problems from a
biological perspective. ⬜
❖ Compare and contrast various treatment methods. ⬜
Unit VIII Practice Questions
1. Which of the following is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-V?

a. Agoraphobia d. ADHD
b. PTSD e. Delirium
c. Hoarding
2. Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

a. Delusional Thinking d. Hearing Voices
b. Incoherent Speech e. Flat Affect
c. Hyperexcitability
3. Ramone is encouraged to take charge of the therapy session, and his therapist uses an active listening
approach to mirror back the feelings he hears from Ramone. Which therapy is most likely being
described?
a. Client-Centered Therapy d. Existential Therapy
b. Cognitive Therapy e. Rational-Emotive Therapy
c. Psychodynamic Therapy
4. The antidepressants Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft work to:

a. Block dopamine receptors d. Decrease the amount of GABA in
b. Decrease acetylcholine levels the brain
c. Break down the MAO enzymes e. Block serotonin reuptake
Prompt Response
____________________________________________________
Often misunderstood, schizophrenia
____________________________________________________
is a psychological disorder affecting
1% of the population. In addition ____________________________________________________
treating the disorder, psychologist ____________________________________________________
work to identify its nature and ____________________________________________________
origins. ____________________________________________________
- Identify 2 symptoms of ____________________________________________________
schizophrenia. ____________________________________________________
- Dopamine Hypothesis ____________________________________________________
- What medicine would be ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
prescribed to treat the
____________________________________________________
disorder?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit VIII Answer Key
1. A: Agoraphobia is a fear of places and situations that might cause anxiety or panic. While a anxiety is
present in PTSD, the new DSM V classification has it in its own category of disorders.
2. E: In schizophrenia, a negative symptom is something that is taken away from what is considered
normal functioning. Flat affect refers to lack of emotional expression.
3. A: Since Ramone’s therapist is being very empathetic and actively listening, we can conclude his
therapist is using client-centered therapy.
4. E: A category of antidepressants, SSRI’s which stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, stop
the reuptake of serotonin in order to flood the synapse with the neurotransmitter.

➢ Positive; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts. Negative; flat affect, alogia, avolition.
➢ An excess of dopamine leads to psychotic symptoms that is seen in schizophrenia.
➢ Any type of antipsychotic; Haldol, Thorazine, Stelazine.

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Social Psychology
Unit Overview
In this unit, psychological concepts and theoretical perspectives are pulled together from throughout the
course. Social psychology is the study of how other people and groups influence behavior and mental processes
as well as how behavior and mental processes influence our experience in social situations. Social psychology
also involves the study of how our perceptions of social situations impact how we interact with others and how
others interact with us. Social psychologists may focus on one aspect of social situations or interactions and
may do so from a variety of theoretical perspectives, including other integrative perspectives.
Attribution Theory and Person Perception

Define Social Cognition: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluating Behavior
Theory Description
Fundamental
Attribution Error
Actor-Observer
Bias
Blaming the Victim
Just-World
Hypothesis
Self-Serving Bias
Halo Effect
Define Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (Pygmalion Effect): _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Attitude Formation & Attitude Change
Define Attitude: ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Elaboration Likelihood Model:
Central Route of Persuasion Peripheral Route of Persuasion
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance:
Example:
Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
Notable Research in Psychology: Conformity
Conducted by Solomon Asch
Completed in 1951
Purpose: To investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could
affect a person to conform.
Social Influences
Normative Social Influence Informational Social Influence
Obedience to Authority
The Stanford Prison Experiment The Milgram Experiment
Purpose: Purpose:
Results: Results:
Compliance
Define Compliance: ________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Reciprocity Commitment
Door in the Face: That’s Not All:
Foot in the Door: Low-Ball
Group Influences on Behavior and Mental Processes

Define Social Groups: ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Define Norms: _____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Theories on Group Influence

Theory Description
Social Facilitation:
Social
Facilitation Social Inhibition:
Social Loafing (Individualistic Cultures):
Social Loafing
Social Thriving (Collectivistic Cultures):
Theory Description
Deindividuation
Group Polarization:
Group
Polarization Group Think:
Social Trap:
Social Trap
Reciprocity
Norm
Bystander Effect:
Bystander
Effect Diffusion of Responsibility:
Bias, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Notable Research in Psychology: The Robber’s Cave Experiment
Conducted by Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn Wood Sherif
Completed in 1954
Purpose: To create conflict and hostility between groups, and then employ
interventions designed to reduce it.
3-Stage Process
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
In-Groups Out-Groups
Term Definition
Prejudice
Discrimination
Stereotypes
Concepts that Explain Causes of Conflict

Concept Description
Scapegoat Theory
Ethnocentrism
Out-Group Homogeneity
Increasing Cooperation
How do the following concepts lead to an increase in cooperation?
Concept Explanation
Contact Theory
Superordinate Goal
Interpersonal Attraction
Mere-Exposure Effect
Attraction
Altruism and Aggression

Altruism Aggression
Define: Define:
Instrumental Aggression:
Hostile Aggression
Example: Example:
Unit IX Progress Check
Social Psychology
I can...
❖ Identify key researchers in the field of social psychology (Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo, Etc.).
⬜
❖ Apply attribution theory to explain motives. ⬜
❖ Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories on self-concept and relations with
others. ⬜
❖ Discuss attitude formation and change, including persuasion strategies and cognitive
dissonance. ⬜
❖ Explain how individuals respond to expectations of others, including groupthink, conformity,
and obedience to authority. ⬜
❖ Predict the impact of the presence of others on individual behavior. ⬜
❖ Describe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members. ⬜
❖ Describe the variables that contribute to altruism and aggression. ⬜
❖ Describe the variables that contribute to attraction. ⬜
Unit IX Practice Questions
1. Ethnocentrism is the belief that:

a. Ethnic foods are all good. d. Other people are all pretty much
b. Human diversity is a positive force. alike in their opinions.
c. One’s own culture is superior to e. Cultural pluralism is a destructive
others. goal that fosters conflict.
2. Although Brutus has not yet met his future college roommate, he learned that the roommate is a football
player. He is anxious and unhappy about sharing his room with a football player because he expects him
to be a “party animal” who makes studying in his room difficult. Brutus’ attitude can be classified as:
a. Stereotype Threat d. Scapegoating
b. Prejudice e. Fully Justified
c. Discrimination
3. A charity sends you some greeting cards, and you feel that you should send them a small contribution.
This feeling comes from the persuasion technique called:
a. Foot in the Door d. Low Ball
b. Reciprocity e. Central Route
c. Door in the Face
4. Which of the following is NOT a key determinant of whether or not two people will become friends?
a. Similarity of interests and social c. Physical attractiveness
backgrounds. d. Utilitarian value
b. Proximity e. Opposing views on key social issues

Response
____________________________________________________
Prompt ____________________________________________________
Veronica, a U.S. citizen, takes a ____________________________________________________
summer trip to Beijing, China with ____________________________________________________
her classmates. Explain how the ____________________________________________________
following concepts might alter her ____________________________________________________
perception or behavior during her ____________________________________________________
visit. ____________________________________________________
- Norms ____________________________________________________
- Pygmalion Effect ____________________________________________________
- In-Group ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Unit IX Answer Key
1. C: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.
2. B: Prejudice is an unjustified attitude while discrimination is the behaviors that result from that attitude.
3. B: Since the charity sent you a small gift, you feel as if you should reciprocate this kind act by offering
a small donation.
4. E: Choices A-D are all instrumental in how we determine our friends, while opposing social issues will
generally lead to conflict.

➢ Cultural norms in China are much different than those in the US. As a result, Veronica may feel
uncomfortable with behaviors that deviate from her cultural norms.
➢ If Veronica thinks that she will not have fun on the trip, that expectation may lead to her not enjoying
herself.
➢ Veronica may only stick with her friends in the class while staying away from others who she does not
relate with.

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Ask Yourself…
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How to Use the Secrets to Scoring a Five Review Guide

Define Psychology: _________________________________________________________________________

Match the individual with their contribution to psychology.

Give a brief description of the 5 major domains of psychology.

Case Study Example:

Circle the Correlational Coefficient with the Strongest Relationship

How are participants selected?

What is the benefit of holding a double-blind study (include experimenter bias)?

What is the difference between inferential & descriptive statistics? _________________________________

Define Central Tendency: ___________________________________________________________________

Mean Median Mode

Unit I Progress Check

4. Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena are:

Practice Questions Reflection

What habits and skills proved to be helpful in completing this unit?

JOB DESCRIPTON: _______________________________________________________________________

ALTERNATE JOB TITLES: BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENTIST, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST,

Charles Darwin & Evolutionary Psychology Behavior Genetics

Mutations: Twin Studies:

Define: Hormone: ___________________________________

The Nervous System

The Spinal Cord:

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

------------------------------------------------------- The Neuron --------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- Neural Firing--------------------------------------------------------

Define the following terms:

Major Brain Structures & Regions

The Brainstem (Midbrain)

The Limbic System

Define Aphasia: ___________________________________________________________________________

Define Lateralization of Function: ____________________________________________________________

Notable Research in Psychology: The Split-Brain Patient

Why would an individual go through a procedure such as this? ___________________________________

The Student Becomes the

Information Information Information Information Information

Explain how the following terms are used in brain research.

Case Study: Phineas Gage Neuroplasticity

Psychoactive Drugs and the Brain

Specific Drugs: Specific Drugs: Specific Drugs:

Sleep & Dreams

Define the following key terms in relation to sleep.

One sleep cycle lasts roughly ______ minutes.

When getting the required amount of sleep, we go

Do you Get Enough Sleep?

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

The Activation-Synthesis Theory What modern

REVIEW: How does a psychoanalytical psychologist explain behavior?

Manifest Content Latent Content

Unit II Progress Check

4. Nightmares most frequently occur during:

Part II – Mini FRQ

Practice Questions Reflection

What habits and skills proved to be helpful in completing this unit?

Just Noticeable Difference (JND):

Cocktail Party Effect

Gestalt Principles of Organization

What do you see in this ancient pottery?

Can you identify four monocular cues in the

Ganglion Cells: _____________________________________________________________

Bipolar Cells: _______________________________________________________________

Trichromatic Theory of Color: ________________________________________________

Basilar Membrane: __________________________________________________________