8 Three-Dimensional

Framed Structures

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
8.1 Analyze Space Trusses
8.2 Analyze Grids
8.3 Analyze Space Frames

Space Truss and Its Analytical Model.

(Courtesy of Triodetic)
422

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  423

Up to this point, we have focused our attention on the analysis of plane-framed

structures. While many actual three-dimensional structures can be d­ivided
into planar parts for the purpose of analysis, there are others (e.g., ­lattice
domes and transmission towers) that, because of the arrangement of their
members or ­applied loading, cannot be divided into plane structures. Such
structures are analyzed as space structures subjected to three-dimensional load-
ings. The ­matrix stiffness analysis of space structures is similar to that of plane
­structures—­except, of course, that member stiffness and transformation matri-
ces appropriate for the particular type of space structure under consideration are
now used in the analysis.
In this chapter, we extend the matrix stiffness formulation, developed for
plane structures, to the analysis of three-dimensional or space structures. Three
types of space-framed structures are considered: space trusses, grids, and space
frames, with methods for their analysis presented in Sections 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3,
respectively.
The computer programs for the analysis of space-framed structures can be
conveniently adapted from those for plane structures, via relatively straight-
forward modifications that should become apparent as the analysis of space
structures is developed in this chapter. Therefore, the details of programming
the analysis of space structures are not covered herein; they are, instead, left as
exercises for the reader.

8.1 SPACE TRUSSES

A space truss is defined as a three-dimensional assemblage of straight pris-
matic members connected at their ends by frictionless ball-and-socket joints,
and subjected to loads and reactions that act only at the joints. Like plane
trusses, the members of space trusses develop only axial forces. The matrix
stiffness analysis of space trusses is similar to that of plane trusses developed
in Chapter 3 (and modified in Chapter 7).
The process of developing the analytical models of space trusses (and
numbering the degrees of freedom and restrained coordinates) is essentially the
same as that for plane trusses (Chapter 3). The overall geometry of the space
truss, and its joint loads and displacements, are described with reference to a
global Cartesian or rectangular right-handed XYZ coordinate system, with three
global (X, Y, and Z) coordinates now used to specify the location of each joint.
Furthermore, since an unsupported joint of a space truss can translate in any
direction in the three-dimensional space, three displacements—the translations
in the X, Y, and Z directions—are needed to completely establish its deformed
position. Thus, a free joint of a space truss has three degrees of freedom, and
three structure coordinates (i.e., free and/or restrained coordinates) need to be
defined at each joint, for the purpose of analysis. Thus,

NCJT 5 3  (8.1)
f for space trusses
NDOF 5 3(NJ) 2 NR

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424  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

The procedure for assigning numbers to the structure coordinates of a

space truss is analogous to that for plane trusses. The degrees of freedom of the
space truss are numbered first by beginning at the lowest-numbered joint with a
degree of freedom, and proceeding sequentially to the highest-numbered joint.
If a joint has more than one degree of freedom, then the translation in the
X direction is numbered first, followed by the translation in the Y direction, and
then the translation in the Z direction. After all the degrees of freedom have
been numbered, the restrained coordinates of the space truss are numbered in
the same manner as the degrees of freedom.
Consider, for example, the three-member space truss shown in Fig. 8.1(a). As
the analytical model of the truss depicted in Fig. 8.1(b) indicates, the structure has
three degrees of freedom (NDOF 5 3), which are the translations d1, d2, and d3 of
joint 2 in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively; and nine restrained coordinates
(NR 5 9), which are identified as R4 through R12 at the support joints 1, 3, and 4.
As in the case of plane trusses, a local right-handed xyz coordinate sys-
tem is established for each member of the space truss. The origin of the local
coordinate system is located at one of the ends (which is referred to as the be-
ginning of the member), with the x axis directed along the member’s centroidal
axis in its undeformed state. Since the space truss members can only develop
axial forces, the positive directions of the y and z axes can be chosen arbitrarily,
provided that the x, y, and z axes are mutually perpendicular and form a right-
handed coordinate system (Fig. 8.2).

Y Y

P2 , d2

2
P1, d1

P3 , d3

1 3

1 2
R4 4
X R10 X
R6
3 R12
R5 R7
R11
R9
Z Z
(a) Space Truss
R8
(b) Analytical Model
Fig. 8.1

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  425

e x
y

Fig. 8.2 Local Coordinate System for Members of Space Trusses

Member Stiffness Relations in the Local

Coordinate System
To establish the member local stiffness relations, let us focus our attention on
an arbitrary prismatic member m of a space truss. When the truss is subjected
to external loads, member m deforms and axial forces are induced at its ends.
The initial and displaced positions of the member are shown in Fig. 8.3(a).
As this figure indicates, three displacements—translations in the x, y, and z
directions—are needed to completely specify the displaced position of each
end of the member. Thus, the member has a total of six degrees of freedom
or end displacements. However, as discussed in Section 3.3 (see Figs. 3.3(d)
and (f)), small end displacements in the directions perpendicular to a truss
member’s centroidal axis do not cause any forces in the member. Thus, the
end displacements uby, ubz, uey, and uez in the directions of the local y and
z axes of the member, as shown in Fig. 8.3(a), are usually not evaluated
in the analysis; and for analytical purposes, the member is considered to
have only two degrees of freedom, u1 and u2, in its local coordinate system.
Thus, the local end displacement vector u for a member of a space truss is
expressed as

u1
u5 3u 4 2

in which u1 and u2 represent the displacements of the member ends b and e, re-
spectively, in the direction of the member’s local x axis, as shown in Fig. 8.3(a).
As this figure also indicates, the member end forces corresponding to the end
displacements u1 and u2 are denoted by Q1 and Q2, respectively.

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426  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

y
Displaced position
e9

b9 Initial position
uey
b m e
uby
Q1 x
Q2 uez
ubz

u1 u2
L
EA 5 constant
z

(a) Member Forces and Displacements

in the Local Coordinate System
y

u1 5 1

b9
EA EA
k11 5 k21 5 2 x
L b e L
L

z
(b)
y

u2 5 1

b e9
EA EA
k12 5 2 k22 5 x
L e L
L

z
(c)

Fig. 8.3

The relationship between the local end forces Q and the end displace-
ments u, for the members of space trusses, is written as

Q 5 ku  (8.2)

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  427

in which k represents the 2 3 2 member stiffness matrix in the local coordinate

system. The explicit form of k can be obtained by subjecting the member to
the unit end displacements, u1 5 1 and u2 5 1, as shown in Figs. 8.3(b) and
(c), respectively, and evaluating the corresponding member end forces. Thus,
the local stiffness matrix for the members of space trusses can be explicitly
expressed as

3 4
EA 1 21
k5  (8.3)
L 21 1

Coordinate Transformations
Consider an arbitrary member m of a space truss, as shown in Fig. 8.4(a), and
let Xb, Yb, Zb, and Xe, Ye, Ze be the global coordinates of the joints to which the
member ends b and e, respectively, are attached. The length and the direction

e (Xe , Ye , Ze )
Y m

(Xb , Yb , Zb)
L
b

X
0

Z
(a) Space Truss

e9

Y Displaced
position

e x
Q2
b9
m
θY
b θX
X u2
Q1
θZ Initial position

u1
Z
(b) Member End Forces and End Displacements
in the Local Coordinate System

Fig. 8.4

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428  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

e9
Displaced
Y
position
F5 5
x
e
b9 F4
F2 m

2 F6
F1 X
b 3
F3 Initial 6
position
1 4

Z
(c) Member End Forces and End Displacements
in the Global Coordinate System

Fig. 8.4 (continued)

cosines of the member can be expressed in terms of the global coordinates of

its ends by the following relationships:
L 5 Ï(Xe 2 Xb)2 1 (Ye 2 Yb)2 1 (Ze 2 Zb)2 (8.4a)
Xe 2 Yb
cos uX 5  (8.4b)
L
Ye 2 Yb
cos uY 5  (8.4c)
L
Ze 2 Zb
cos uZ 5  (8.4d)
L
in which uX, uY and uZ represent the angles between the positive directions of the
global X, Y, and Z axes, respectively, and the positive direction of the member’s
local x axis, as shown in Fig. 8.4(b). Note that the origin of the global coordi-
nate system is shown to coincide with that of the local coordinate system in this
figure. With no loss in generality of the formulation, this convenient arrange-
ment allows the angles between the local and global axes to be clearly visual-
ized. It is important to realize that the member transformation matrix depends
only on the angles between the local and global axes, regardless of whether
or not the origins of the local and global coordinate systems coincide. Also
shown in Fig. 8.4(b) are the member end displacements u and end forces Q
in the local coordinate system; the equivalent systems of end displacements v
and end forces F, in the global coordinate system, are depicted in Fig. 8.4(c).
As indicated in Fig. 8.4(c), the global member end displacements v and end
forces F are numbered by beginning at member end b, with the translation and
force in the X direction numbered first, followed by the translation and force
in the Y direction, and then the translation and force in the Z direction. The

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  429

displacements and forces at the member’s opposite end e are then numbered in
the same sequential order.
Let us consider the transformation of member end forces and end displace-
ments from a global to a local coordinate system. By comparing Figs. 8.4(b) and
(c), we observe that at end b of the member, the local force Q1 must be equal to
the algebraic sum of the components of the global forces F1, F2, and F3 in the
direction of the local x axis; that is,
Q1 5 F1 cos uX 1 F2 cos uY 1 F3 cos uZ (8.5a)
Similarly, at end e of the member, we can express Q2 in terms of F4, F5, and F6 as

FG
Q2 5 F4 cos uX 1 F5 cos uY 1 F6 cos uZ (8.5b)
Equations 8.5(a) and (b) can be written in matrix form as
F1
F2

3Q 4 5 3 4
Q1 cos uX cos uY cos uZ 0 0 0 F3
(8.6)
2
0 0 0 cos uX cos uY cos uZ F4
F5
F6
Equation (8.6) can be symbolically expressed as Q 5 TF, with the 2 3 6 trans-
formation matrix T given by

3cos0 u 4
cos uY cos uZ 0 0 0
T5 X
(8.7)
0 0 cos uX cos uY cos uZ
Since member end displacements, like end forces, are vectors, which are de-
fined in the same directions as the corresponding forces, the foregoing trans-
formation matrix T can also be used to transform member end displacements
from the global to the local coordinate system; that is, u 5 Tv.
Next, we examine the transformation of member end forces from the local to
the global coordinate system. A comparison of Figs. 8.4(b) and (c) indicates that at
end b of the member, the global forces F1, F2, and F3 must be the components of the
local force Q1 in the directions of the global X, Y, and Z axes, respectively; that is,
F1 5 Q1 cos uX  F2 5 Q1 cos uY  F3 5 Q1 cos uZ (8.8a)
Similarly, at end e of the member, the global forces F4, F5, and F6 can be ex-
pressed as the components of the local force Q2, as
F4 5 Q2 cos uX  F5 5 Q2 cos uY  F6 5 Q2 cos uZ (8.8b)

FG F G
We can write Eqs. 8.8(a) and (b) in matrix form as
F1 cos uX 0
F2 cos uY 0

3QQ 4
F3 cos uZ 0
5 1
(8.9)
F4 0 cos uX 2
F5 0 cos uY
F6 0 cos uZ

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430  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

As the first matrix on the right side of Eq. (8.9) is the transpose of the trans-
formation matrix T (Eq. (8.7)), the equation can be symbolically expressed as

F 5 TT Q
(8.10)
631 632 231
It may be of interest to note that the transformation relationship analogous
to Eq. (8.10) for member end displacements (i.e., v 5 TTu) is not defined for
space truss members, with two degrees of freedom, as used herein. This is be-
cause the local end displacement vectors u for such members do not contain the
displacements of the member ends in the local y and z directions. As discussed
previously, while the end forces in the local y and z directions of the members of
space trusses are always 0, the displacements of the member ends in the local y
and z directions are generally nonzero (see Fig. 8.3(a)). However, the foregoing
limitation of the two-degree-of-freedom member model has no practical conse-
quences, because the transformation relation v 5 TTu is needed neither in the
formulation of the matrix stiffness method of analysis, nor in its application.

Member Stiffness Relations in the

Global Coordinate System
As in the case of plane trusses, the relationship between the global end forces
F and the end displacements v for the members of space trusses is expressed
as F 5 Kv, with the member global stiffness matrix K given by the equation

K 5 TT k T
(8.11)
636 632 232 236
The explicit form of the 6 3 6 K matrix can be determined by substituting
Eqs. (8.3) and (8.7) into Eq. (8.11) and performing the required matrix mul-

F G
tiplications. The explicit form of the member global stiffness matrix K, thus
obtained, is given in Eq. (8.12).
cos2 uX cos uX cos uY cos uX cos uZ 2cos2 uX 2cos uX cos uY 2cos uX cos uZ
cos uX cos uY cos2 uY cos uY cos uZ 2cos uX cos uY 2cos2 uY 2cos uY cos uZ
EA cos uX cos uZ cos uY cos uZ cos2 uZ 2cos uX cos uZ 2cos uY cos uZ 2cos2 uZ
K5
L 2cos2 uX 2cos uX cos uY 2cos uX cos uZ cos2 uX cos uX cos uY cos uX cos uZ
2cos uX cos uY 2cos2 uY 2cos uY cos uZ cos uX cos uY cos2 uY cos uY cos uZ
2cos uX cos uZ 2cos uY cos uZ 2cos2 uZ cos uX cos uZ cos uY cos uZ cos2 uZ
(8.12)

Procedure for Analysis

The procedure for the analysis of plane trusses developed in Chapter 3 (see
block diagram in Fig. 3.20), and modified in Chapter 7, can be used to ana-
lyze space trusses provided that: (a) three structure coordinates (i.e., degrees of
freedom and/or restrained coordinates), in the global X, Y, and Z directions, are
defined at each joint; and (b) the member stiffness and transformation matrices

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  431

developed in this section (Eqs. (8.3), (8.7), and (8.12)) are used in the analysis.
The procedure is illustrated by the following example.

E x ample 8.1 Determine the joint displacements, member axial forces, and support reactions for the
space truss shown in Fig. 8.5(a) by the matrix stiffness method.

S olut i o n Analytical Model: See Fig. 8.5(b). The truss has three degrees of freedom, which are
the translations of joint 5 in the X, Y, and Z directions. These are numbered 1, 2, and 3,
respectively. The twelve restrained coordinates of the truss are identified by numbers 4
through 15 in the figure.
Structure Stiffness Matrix:
Member 1 From Fig. 8.5(b), we can see that joint 1 is the beginning joint, and joint 5
is the end joint, for this member. By applying Eqs. (8.4), we determine

L 5 Ï(X5 2 X1)2 1 (Y5 2 Y1)2 1 (Z5 2 Z1)2

5 Ï(0 1 1.5)2 1 (6 2 0)2 1 (0 2 2)2 5 6.5 m

400 kN 200 kN

6m

2m

X
0
2m

1.5 m 1.5 m
1.5 m 1.5 m

Z
EA 5 constant
E 5 70 GPa
A 5 3700 mm2
(a) Space Truss

Fig. 8.5

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432  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

5
1

3
3
4
12
15
3 10
13
1 2
4
11
X
0
1 14
4 2 7

6 5 9
8
Z
(b) Analytical Model

1 2 3

3 33
(2,122.00 + 6,795.87 (8,487.99 2 13,591.75 (–2,829.30 + 4,530.53
+2,122.00 + 6,795.87) 28.487.99 + 13,591.75) 22,829.30 + 4,530.53) 1 1 2 3

3
17,835.7 0 3,402.5 1
(8,487.99 2 13,591.75 (33,951.98 + 27,183.49 (211,317.20 2 9,061.06
S5 25 0 122,271 0 2 kN/m
28.487.99 + 13,591.75) +33,951.98 + 27,183.49) +11,317.20 + 9,061.06)
3,402.5 0 13,585.4 3
(22,829.30 + 4,530.53 (211,317.20 29,061.06 (3,772.36 + 3,020.32 3
22,829.30 + 4,530.53) +11,317.20 + 9,061.06) +3,772.36 + 3,020.32)
(c) Structure Stiffness Matrix

222.2327 4
288.9309 5
29.6433 6
5.5362 7
211.0724 8
3.6908 9
R= kN
277.7684 10
311.0735 11
103.6900 12
94.4649 13
188.9298 14
62.9759 15
(d) Support Reaction Vector

Fig. 8.5 (continued)

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  433

400 kN
200 kN

62.9759
3
77.7684
94.4649
4 103.6900 311.0735
X
0
1 188.9298
22.2327 2 5.5362

29.6433 3.6908
88.9309 11.0724

Z
(e) Support Reactions

Fig. 8.5 (continued)

X5 2 X1
0 1 1.5
cos uX 5 5 0.23077
5
6.5
L
Y5 2 Y1
620
cos uY 5 5 5 0.92308
L 6.5
Z5 2 Z1 0 2 2
cos uZ 5 5 5 20.30769
L 6.5

By substituting E 5 70 GPa, A 5 0.0037 m2, L 5 6.5 m, and the foregoing direction

F G
cosines, into Eq. (8.12), we calculate the member’s global stiffness matrix to be
4 5 6 1 2 3
2,122.00 8,487.99 22,829.30 22,122.00 28,487.99 2,829.30 4
8,487.99 33,951.98 211,317.20 28,487.99 233,951.98 11,317.20 5
22,829.30 211,317.20 3,772.36 2,829.30 11,317.20 23,772.36 6
K1 5 kN/m
22,122.00 28,487.99 2,829.30 2,122.00 8,487.99 22,829.30 1
28,487.99 233,951.98 11,317.20 8,487.99 33,951.98 211,317.20 2
2,829.30 11,317.20 23,772.36 22,829.30 211,317.20 3,772.36 3

Next, by using the member code numbers 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, we store the pertinent ele-
ments of K1 in the 3 3 3 structure stiffness matrix S in Fig. 8.5(c).

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434  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

Member 2
L 5 Ï(X5 2 X2)2 1 (Y5 2 Y2)2 1 (Z5 2 Z2)2
5 Ï(0 2 3)2 1 (6 2 0)2 1 (0 2 2)2 5 7 m

X5 2 X2
023
cos uX 5 5 20.428575
7L
Y5 2 Y2
620
cos uY 5 5 5 0.85714
L 7
Z5 2 Z2 0 2 2
cos uZ 5 5 5 20.28571
L 7

F G
7 8 9 1 2 3
6,795.87 213,591.75 4,530.53 26,795.87 13,591.75 24,530.53 7
213,591.75 27,183.49 29,061.06 13,591.75 227,183.49 9,061.06 8
K2 5 4,530.53 29,061.06 3,020.32 24,530.53 9,061.06 23,020.32 9 kN/m
26,795.87 13,591.75 24,530.53 6,795.87 213,591.75 4,530.53 1
13,591.75 227,183.49 9,061.06 213,591.75 27,183.49 29,061.06 2
24,530.53 29,061.06 23,020.32 4,530.53 9,061.06 3,020.32 3

Member 3
L 5 Ï(X5 2 X3)2 1 (Y5 2 Y3)2 1 (Z5 2 Z3)2
5 Ï(0 2 1.5)2 1 (6 2 0)2 1 (0 1 2)2 5 6.5 m

X5 2 X3
0 2 1.5
cos uX 5 5
5 20.23077
6.5
L
Y5 2 Y3
620
cos uY 5 5 5 0.92308
L 6.5
Z5 2 Z3 0 1 2
cos uZ 5 5 5 0.30769
L 6.5

F G
10 11 12 1 2 3
2,122.00 28,487.99 22,829.30 22,122.00 8,487.99 2,829.30 10
28,487.99 33,951.98 11,317.20 8,487.99 233,951.98 211,317.20 11
22,829.30 11,317.20 3,772.36 2,829.30 211,317.20 23,772.36 12 kN/m
K3 5 22,122.00 8,487.99 2,829.30 2,122.00 28,487.99 22,829.30 1
8,487.99 233,951.98 211,317.20 28,487.99 33,951.98 11,317.20 2
2,829.30 211,317.20 23,772.36 22,829.30 11,317.20 3,772.36 3

Member 4
L 5 Ï(X5 2 X4)2 1 (Y5 2 Y4)2 1 (Z5 2 Z4)2

5 Ï(0 1 3)2 1 (6 2 0)2 1 (0 1 2)2 5 7 m

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  435

X5 2 X4
013
cos uX 5 5 0.42857 5
7L
Y5 2 Y4
620
cos uY 5 5 5 0.85714
L 7
Z5 2 Z4 0 1 2
cos uZ 5 5 5 0.28571

F G
L 7
13 14 15 1 2 3
6,795.87 13,591.75 4,530.53 26,795.87 213,591.75 24,530.53 13
13,591.75 27,183.49 9,061.06 213,591.75 227,183.49 29,061.06 14
K4 5 4,530.53 9,061.06 3,020.32 24,530.53 29,061.06 23,020.32 15 kN/m
26,795.87 213,591.75 24,530.53 6,795.87 13,591.75 4,530.53 1
213,591.75 227,183.49 29,061.06 13,591.75 27,183.49 9,061.06 2
24,530.53 29,061.06 23,020.32 4,530.53 9,061.06 3,020.32 3
The complete structure stiffness matrix S, obtained by assembling the pertinent
stiffness coefficients of the four members of the truss, is given in Fig. 8.5(c).
Joint Load Vector: By comparing Figs. 8.5(a) and (b), we obtain

3 4
0
P 5 2400 kN
2200
Joint Displacements: By substituting P and S into the structure stiffness relationship,
P 5 Sd, we write

3 4 3 43 4
0 17,835.7 0 3,402.5 d1
2400 5 0 122,271 0 d2
2200 3,402.5 0 13,585.4 d3
By solving the foregoing equations, we determine the joint displacements to be

3 4
0.0029493 1
d 5 20.0032714 2 m Ans
20.0154604 3
Member End Displacements and End Forces:

F G
Member 1 Using its code numbers, we determine the member’s global end displace-
ments to be
0 4
0 5
0 6
v1 5 m
0.0029493 1
20.0032714 2
20.0154604 3

To determine the member’s end displacements in the local coordinate system, we

first evaluate its transformation matrix as defined in Eq. (8.7):

T1 5 30.23077
0
0.92308
0
20.30769
0
0
0.23077
0
0.92308
0
20.30769 4

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436  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

The member local end displacements can now be calculated by using the relationship
u 5 Tv, as

u1 5 T1v1 5 300.00241784 m
Before we can evaluate the member local end forces, we need to determine the
local stiffness matrix k, using Eq. (8.3):

k1 5 3239,846.15
39,846.15 239,846.15
39,846.15
kN/m 4
Now, we can compute the member local end forces by using the relationship Q 5 ku, as

3 4
296.342
Q1 5 k1u1 5 kN
96.342
in which the negative sign of the first element of Q1 indicates that the member axial
force is tensile; that is,
Qa1 5 96.342 kT (T) Ans

F G
By applying the relationship F 5 T Q, we determine the member end forces in
T

the global coordinate system to be

222.2327 4
288.9309 5
29.6433 6
kN
F1 5 TT1 Q1 5 22.2327 1
88.9309 2
229.6433 3

Using the member code numbers 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, the pertinent elements of F1 are stored
in their proper positions in the support reaction vector R, as shown in Fig. 8.5(d).

F G
Member 2
0 7
0 8
0 9
m
v2 5 0.0029493 1
20.0032714 2
20.0154604 3

3 4
20.42857 0.85714 20.28571 0 0 0
T2 5
0 0 0 20.42857 0.85714 20.28571

30.00034914 m
0
u2 5 T2v2 5

3237,000.00 37,000.004 kN/m

37,000.00 237,000.00
k2 5

Q 5ku 53
12.918 4
212.918
2 2 2
kN

Qa2 5 12.918 kN (T) Ans

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 Section 8.1 Space Trusses  437

F G
5.5362 7
211.0724 8
3.6908 9
F2 5 TT2 Q2 5 kN
25.5362 1
11.0724 2

F G
23.6908 3
Member 3
0 10
0 11
0 12
m
v3 5 0.0029493 1
20.0032714 2
20.0154604 3

320.23077
T3 5
0
0.92308 0.30769
0 0
0
20.23077
0
0.92308
0
0.30769 4
u 5Tv 53
20.00845744
0
3 3 3
m

k3 5 k1

32336.9954 kN
336.995
Q 3 5 k3 u3 5

F G
Qa3 5 336.995 kN (C) Ans

277.7684 10
311.0735 11
103.6900 12
kN
F3 5 TT3 Q3 5 77.7684 1
2311.0735 2

F G
2103.6900 3
Member 4
0 13
0 14
0 15
v4 5 m
0.0029493 1
20.0032714 2
20.0154604 3

30 4
0.42857 0.85714 0.28571 0 0 0
T4 5
0 0 0.42857 0.85714 0.28571

320.00595734 m
0
u4 5 T4v4 5

k4 5 k2

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438  Chapter 8   Three-Dimensional Framed Structures

32220.4194 kN
220.419
Q4 5 k4u4 5

F G
Qa4 5 220.419 kN (C) Ans

94.4649 13
188.9298 14
62.9759 15
F4 5 TT4 Q4 5 kN
294.4649 1
2188.9298 2
262.9759 3

Support Reactions: The completed reaction vector R is shown in Fig. 8.5(d), and the
support reactions are depicted on a line diagram of the truss in Fig. 8.5(e). Ans

Equilibrium Check: Applying the equations of equilibrium to the free body of the
entire space truss (Fig. 8.5(e)), we obtain

1S oF 5 0 X
222.2327 1 5.5362 2 77.7684 1 94.4649 5 0  Checks

1c o F 5 0 Y
288.9309 2 11.0724 1 311.0735 1 188.9298 2 400 5 0 Checks

1 b oF 5 0 Z
29.6433 1 3.6908 1 103.6900 1 62.9759 2 200 5 0 Checks

1 oM 5 0
[

88.9309(2) 1 11.0724(2) 1 311.0735(2)

X

1 188.9298(2) 2 200(6) < 0 Checks

oM
[

1 Y
50 222.2327(2) 1 29.6433(1.5) 1 5.5362(2) 2 3.6908(3)
1 77.7684(2) 2 103.6900(1.5) 2 94.4649(2) 1 62.9759(3) < 0
 Checks

oM
[

1 50 88.9309(1.5) 2 11.0724(3) 1 311.0735(1.5)

Z

2 188.9298(3) 5 0 Checks

8.2 GRIDS
A grid is defined as a two-dimensional framework of straight members con-
nected together by rigid and/or flexible connections, and subjected to loads
and reactions perpendicular to the plane of the structure. Because of their
widespread use as supporting structures for long-span roofs and floors, the
analysis of grids is usually formulated with the structural framework lying in a
horizontal plane (unlike plane frames, which are oriented in a vertical plane),
and subjected to external loads acting in the vertical direction, as shown in
Fig. 8.6(a) on the next page.
Grids are composed of members that have doubly symmetric cross-­sections,
with each member oriented so that one of the planes of symmetry of its cross-
section is in the vertical direction; that is, perpendicular to the plane of the
structure, and in (or parallel to) the direction of the external loads (Fig. 8.6(a)).
Under the action of vertical external loads, the joints of a grid can translate in
the vertical direction and can rotate about axes in the (horizontal) plane of the

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