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IMMUNOLOGY OF RECURRENT
PREGNANCY LOSS AND IMPLANTATION
FAILURE
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Reproductive Immunology
IMMUNOLOGY OF
RECURRENT
PREGNANCY LOSS
AND
IMPLANTATION
FAILURE
VOLUME 3
Edited by
Series Editor
GIL MOR
John M. Malone Jr., MD, Endowed Chair, Scientific Director, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development,
Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI, USA
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Notices
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operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-90805-4
v
vi Contents
2.1 Human chorionic gonadotropin 242 3.1 Peripheral blood natural killer cell
2.2 Early pregnancy factor 243 cytotoxicities and proportions 261
2.3 Platelet-activating factor 243 3.2 Endometrial and decidual natural killer cell
3 Embryo-endometrial dialogue 243 cytotoxicities and proportions 262
3.1 Inflammatory cytokines 243 3.3 Natural killer cell activating and inhibitory
3.2 Prostaglandins 244 receptors 262
3.3 Leukemia inhibitory factor 244 3.4 Natural killer cell-producing cytokines 263
4 Recurrent implantation failure 244 4 Candidates for evaluation 263
4.1 Definition 245 5 Treatment 264
4.2 Prevalence 245 5.1 Anticoagulants (aspirin and heparin) 264
4.3 Evaluation 245 5.2 Corticosteroids 264
5 Improving implantation rate 249 5.3 Immunoglobulins 265
5.1 Embryo selection 249 5.4 Fat emulsion infusion therapy 266
5.2 Embryo morphokinetics 249 5.5 Hydroxychloroquine 266
5.3 Metabolomics and metabolite concentrations 5.6 Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors 267
in embryos culture media 249 5.7 Vitamin D 267
5.4 Embryo culture conditions 250 6 Summary and recommendations 267
5.5 Sequential embryo transfer 250 References 269
5.6 Assisted hatching 250
5.7 Therapies to improve sperm aneuploidy 251
18. Helper T cell pathology and repeated
6 Immunomodulation 251 implantation failures 273
6.1 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 251 KOJI NAKAGAWA, KEIJI KURODA AND
RIKIKAZU SUGIYAMA
6.2 Platelet-rich plasma 252
6.3 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and 1 The role of helper T cells in reproductive
platelet-rich plasma 252 medicine 273
6.4 Intralipid 252 2 Th cell immunopathology and repeated
6.5 Human leukocyte antigen 253 implantation failure 275
6.6 Intrauterine human chorionic 3 Prevalence 275
gonadotropin 253 4 The theoretical understanding for the application
6.7 Endometrial injury (“scratching”) 254 of immunomodulation therapy in recurrent
7 Summary and recommendations 254 implantation failure 276
References 254 5 Evaluation 277
6 Immunomodulation treatments targeting T helper
cell pathology 278
17. Natural killer cell pathology and 6.1 Glucocorticoids 278
repeated implantation failures 259 6.2 Tacrolimus 280
ATSUSHI FUKUI, AYANO YAMAYA, SHINICHIRO SAEKI, 7 Reproductive outcome 282
RYU TAKEYAMA, TORU KATO, YU WAKIMOTO AND 8 Summary and recommendations 282
HIROAKI SHIBAHARA
References 283
1 Introduction 259
1.1 Repeated implantation failure 259 19. B-cell pathology and repeated
1.2 Prevalence of repeated implantation implantation failures 287
failure 260 SHIHUA BAO, MENGYANG DU AND XIAO WANG
2 Natural killer cell and pregnancy 260
3 Underlying immunopathologies related to 1 Introduction 287
reproduction 261 2 B-cell immunopathology and reproduction 288
Contents xi
2.1 B-cell subsets 288 21. Thrombophilia, antiphospholipid
2.2 Antibody-producing B cells in antibodies, and anticoagulation in
pregnancy 289 recurrent implantation failure 317
2.3 Nonprecipitating asymmetric antibodies 289
MARCELO BORGES CAVALCANTE AND
2.4 Autoantibodies 290 RICARDO BARINI
2.5 Breg cells in pregnancy 290
3 Dysregulation of B cells in women with repeated 1 Introduction 317
implantation failure 292 2 Definition of thrombophilia 318
4 Clinical translational perspectives of B-cell 2.1 Acquired thrombophilia 318
immunopathology 293 2.2 Inherited thrombophilias 319
4.1 Prednisone 293 3 Prevalence 322
4.2 Hydroxychloroquine 293 3.1 Antiphospholipid antibodies 322
4.3 Intravenous immunoglobulin 294 3.2 Inherited thrombophilia 323
4.4 Rituximab 294 4 Underlying immunopathologies related to
4.5 Breg-based therapy 295 reproduction 323
5 Summary and recommendations 295 5 Diagnosis 324
References 296 5.1 Antiphospholipid syndrome 324
5.2 Inherited thrombophilia 325
6 Treatment 326
20. Endometrial pathology and repeated 7 Summary and recommendations 327
implantation failures 303 References 328
MAUD LANSIAUX, VIRGINIE VAUCORET AND
NATHALIE LÉDÉE
IV
1 Introduction 303 Dysregulated neuroimmune-
2 Endometrial pathologies 304
2.1 Anatomical disturbances 304 endocrine network in reproductive
2.2 Displaced window of implantation 305 failures
3 Endometrial immunopathology 306
22. The ovarian immune pathology and
3.1 How to detect endometrial immune
pathology? 306
reproductive failures 333
LI WU, XUHUI FANG, YANSHI WANG AND
3.2 The UtimPro test 307
JOANNE KWAK-KIM
3.3 UtimPro test outcomes 307
3.4 Incidence of abnormal UtimPro test 308 1 Introduction 333
4 Immune treatments for women with abnormal 2 Ovarian immunology 334
immune profile 308 3 Ovarian autoimmunity 335
4.1 The personalization and its rationale 308 3.1 Autoimmune lymphocytic oophoritis 335
4.2 Glucocorticoids 308 3.2 Molecular and cellular targets for ovarian
4.3 Intralipids 309 autoimmunity 335
4.4 Luteal human chorionic gonadotropin 4 Primary ovarian insufficiency 337
supplementation 310 4.1 Definition 337
4.5 Low molecular weight heparin 310 4.2 Clinical manifestation 338
4.6 Scratching 310 4.3 The histopathological types of primary
4.7 Supplementation in progesterone 311 ovarian insufficiency 338
5 Key points 311 4.4 The etiologies of primary ovarian
References 312 insufficiency 338
xii Contents
xv
xvi List of contributors
Joon Cheol Park Department of Obstetrics and Ossola Wally Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Keimyung University School of Gynaecology, Fondazione Ca Granda,
Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Erra Roberta Department of Obstetrics and Xiao Wang Department of Reproductive
Gynaecology, Fondazione Ca Granda, Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and
Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of
Shinichiro Saeki Department of Obstetrics Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Yanshi Wang Reproductive Medicine Center,
Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Japan The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC,
Hiroaki Shibahara Department of Obstetrics Division of Life Sciences and Medicine,
and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hyogo University of Science and Technology of
Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
Japan Yiqiu Wei Reproductive Medicine Center,
Yehuda Shoenfeld Laboratory of the Mosaic Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,
of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Ariel Ronja Wöhrle Division of Experimental Feto-
University, Ariel, Israel; Zabludowicz Center Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics
for Autoimmune Diseases; Sheba Medical and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center
Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Rikikazu Sugiyama CEO, Center for
Katharine Wolf Clinical Immunology
Reproductive Medicine and Implantation
Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology and
Research, Sugiyama Clinic Shinjuku, Tokyo,
Immunology, Center for Cancer Biology,
Japan
Infection and Immunology, The Chicago
Ryu Takeyama Department of Obstetrics and Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University
Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hyogo of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, United
Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, States
Japan
Li Wu Reproductive Medicine Center,
Reshef Tal Department of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC,
School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United Division of Life Sciences and Medicine,
States University of Science and Technology of
Chiara Tersigni Fondazione Policlinico China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento Ayano Yamaya Department of Obstetrics and
di Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hyogo
Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Rome, Italy Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo,
Kristin Thiele Division of Experimental Feto- Japan
Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics Tailang Yin Reproductive Medicine Center,
and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,
Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
Virginie Vaucoret Hôpital des Bluets, Centre Yong Zeng Shenzhen Key Laboratory for
de PMA, Paris, France Reproductive Immunology of Peri-
Yu Wakimoto Department of Obstetrics and implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute
Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hyogo for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen
Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R.
Japan China
About the editor
xix
xx About the editor
She has been a dedicated member of the Dr. Kwak-Kim served as the president of
American Society for Reproductive the ASRI and successfully organized and
Immunology (ASRI), the American Society chaired the 21st, the 22nd, and the 38th
for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the annual meetings of ASRI. She also served
Society for Reproductive Investigation, and as the secretary-general and treasurer of
the International Society for Immunology the International Society of Immunology
of Reproduction. for Reproduction (ISIR) and currently is the
Dr. Kwak-Kim has received numerous president-elect, ISIR. She has been a chair,
awards, including the prestigious J. Reproductive Immunology Special Interest
Christian Herr Award for outstanding Group, ASRM. In 2021, she established a
achievement in basic or applied research in “Clinical Reproductive Immunology
reproductive immunology by the ASRI in Fellowship” under the auspice of the
2002. In 2009, she won the distinguished American Society for Reproductive
service award from the ASRI. In 2011, she Immunology.
received the Lawrence R. Medoff Award Dr. Kwak-Kim has been working as the
from Rosalind Franklin University of director for Reproductive Medicine and
Medicine and Science for outstanding con- Immunology at Rosalind Franklin
tribution to Research, Teaching, and University Health Clinic. The program has
Clinical Care. Dr. Kwak-Kim’s recent honor an emphasis on treating infertility with
came in 2015 at the 35th Annual Meeting of implantation failures, recurrent spontane-
ASRI when she was presented with the ous abortion of immune etiology, and preg-
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology nancies complicated with alloimmune/
Award given to a senior investigator who autoimmune diseases. The center is well
has made outstanding contributions to the known nationally and internationally and
area of reproductive immunology. In 2017, serves patients from all over the United
she was invited as the 23rd Raymond O. States and other countries. Her expertise in
Berry Memorial lecture speaker at Texas Reproductive Medicine and Immunology is
A&M University. In 2018, she received the matched only by her deep compassion for
Agnes D. Lattimer professorship from her patients and dedication to their care.
Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin She helps patients from all walks of life
University of Medicine and Science. Dr. and around the globe, providing knowl-
Agnes D. Lattimer overcame incredible edge and solace to women who have
adversity to become a respected and influ- already endured many losses by the time
ential pediatrician, eventually becoming they reach her door. Her patients speak
Cook County Hospital’s medical director. freely of how she turned their lives around;
The induction of professorship was named their years of confusion and frustration
in honor of Dr. Lattimer’s tireless service, ended thanks to her consultation. A pio-
bravery, and enduring kindness for genera- neer in her field, many of the treatments
tions to come. Dr. Joanne Kwak-Kim was available in her office today were devel-
recognized as an archetypal of Dr. oped based on decades of her research and
Lattimer. In 2020, she received the “Yonsei patient care as the reproductive immunol-
Medical Grand Award,” which is given to ogy specialty emerged.
the Yonsei Alumni, who had a significant
scholastic contribution in the field of
medicine.
S E C T I O N I
Introduction
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C H A P T E R
1
Clinical reproductive immunology:
a window to understanding
reproduction and immunology
Joanne Kwak-Kim
Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences
Department, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science,
Vernon Hills, IL, United States
immunology concepts by raising the following question: “How does the pregnant mother
contrive to nourish within itself for many weeks or months a fetus that is an antigenically
foreign body” at the Society of Experimental Biology meeting [6]. Almost at the same
period, the field of immunology started to shift its focus to immunobiology, which was
mainly instituted by the advancement of transplantation biology [7]. These changes influ-
enced reproductive scientists who were interested in transplantation immunology, and in
1981, these scientists established the American Society of Reproductive Immunology [8]. A
few years later, the first clinical translation study was reported by Alan E Beer, in which the
first clinical study of lymphocyte immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion was
reported [9]. Since then, clinical trials of various immunotherapies for women with RPL
and/or RIF of immune etiology have been reported.
Reproductive immunology refers to a field of medicine that studies the interaction between
the immune system and components related to the reproductive system. Its principle has
been applied to understand maternal fetal tolerance and unravel obstetrical and gynecologi-
cal disorders such as Rh sensitization and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in early
developmental days. In the 1980s and 1990s, reproductive immunology concepts were applied
to investigate underlying immunopathologies of pregnancy losses, subfertility, and pre-
eclampsia. Reproductive immunology has matured to develop sophisticated therapeutic
approaches. However, many challenges remain in the clinical translation of research findings.
The clinical field of reproductive immunology has been recognized as an area of obstetrics
and gynecology, and the clinical reproductive immunology fellowship was initiated in 2021
under the auspice of the American Society of Reproductive Immunology. Certified clinical
reproductive immunologists are currently practicing reproductive immunology, although
their numbers are quite small. The field of reproductive immunology requires the implemen-
tation of more clinical training programs and the development of educational materials. In
this way, the time is ripe for publishing a textbook on reproductive immunology.
This book delivers the essence of gynecological and obstetrical, particularly early
pregnancy-related, reproductive immune disorders. The content of this book includes autoim-
mune, cellular immune, and alloimmune disorders affecting human pregnancy, focusing on
RPL and RIF. Autoimmune disorders, including antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatic dis-
eases, thyroid autoimmunity, antisperm antibodies, and cellular immune abnormalities, such
as T, B, NK, and mast cell-related immunopathologies are comprehensively reviewed in rela-
tion to RPL and RIF. In addition, immune-inflammatory disorders and conditions which can
affect RPL and RIF are summarized, including endometrial immune pathologies, thrombophi-
lic conditions, ovarian autoimmunity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, assisted
reproductive technology, metabolic disorders, and stress-induced immune deviations.
Even with the rapid advancement of immunology, clinical reproductive immunology is
still in its infancy.Further studies are needed to develop new biological markers and thera-
peutic targets. For the clinical translation, well-designed clinical trials with systematic data
collection are needed. In addition, new nomenclatures for disease entities and clinical report-
ing systems should be considered in the future, as well as a physician network to share
up-to-date clinical knowledge. Clinical reproductive immunology is on the new horizon with
the rapid technological development and the arrival of new biologics. Thus, much study is
needed in the future, followed by the timely translation of reproductive immunology
research findings.
I. Introduction
References 5
I hope this book is helpful for physicians and other health care providers practicing
clinical reproductive immunology. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many
authors who participated in this book had difficulties preparing the manuscript. I sincerely
appreciate all the authors who participated and contributed to this book, particularly Dr.
Na Young Sung, who assisted in various aspects of book development. Lastly, I want to
thank my husband, Dr. Joon Woo Kim, and my children, Caroline and Michael, who
understood my dedication to the profession along with its busy hours and schedule.
References
[1] Beer AE, Quebbeman JF, Ayers JW, Haines RF. Major histocompatibility complex antigens, maternal and
paternal immune responses, and chronic habitual abortions in humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141
(8):987 99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(16)32690-4.
[2] Shippen Jr W. The hunters. N Engl J Med 1963;268(5):271 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/
nejm196301312680514.
[3] Billingham RE, Beer AE. Reproductive immunology: past, present, and future. Perspect Biol Med 1984;27
(2):259 75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1984.0042.
[4] Little CC. The genetics of tissue transplantation in mammals. J Cancer Res 1924;8(1):75 95. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1158/jcr.1924.75.
[5] Kwak-Kim J, Sung N, Saab W, Fukui A. Introduction of the special issue, “clinical reproductive immunol-
ogy.”. Am J Reprod immunol (New York, NY: 1989) 2021;85(4):e13415. Available from: https://doi.org/
10.1111/aji.13415.
[6] Medawar PB. Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in
vertebrates. Symp Soc Exp Biol 1953;1953(7):320 37.
[7] Kaufmann SHE. Immunology’s coming of age. Review. Front Immunol 2019;10(684). Available from:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00684.
[8] Officers of The American Society for the. Immunology of reproduction and the international committee for
immunology of reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 1980;1(1):1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1600-0897.1980.tb00002.x.
[9] Beer AE. 10 - New Horizons in the diagnosis, evaluation and therapy of recurrent spontaneous abortion.
ClObstet Gynaecol 1986;13(1):115 24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00158-8.
I. Introduction
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S E C T I O N I I
2
Natural killer (NK) cell pathology
and reproductive failure: NK cell
level, NK cell cytotoxicity, and
KIR/HLA-C
Svetlana Dambaeva1, Thanh Luu2, Lujain Alsubki2 and
Joanne Kwak-Kim2
1
Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer
Biology, Infection and Immunology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University
of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, United States 2Reproductive Medicine and Immunology,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind
Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, United States
1 Introduction
The presence of a large number of granulated cells in the late secretory phase endome-
trium and first-trimester decidua was noticed by histologists as early as the 1920s and it
was suggested that these cells were originated from undifferentiated endometrial stromal
cells. In the 1980s, it was discovered that they expressed lymphocyte lineage receptors and
were further identified as natural killer (NK) cells [1,2]. Immunohistochemistry evaluation
revealed that these endometrial granulated lymphocytes have unusual characteristics as
they stained strongly with NK cell marker NKH1 (CD56), while there was no reactivity for
the other NK cell marker (CD16). Since the discovery of endometrial NK (eNK) cells, the
importance of eNK cells for pregnancy, their role in decidualization, embryo implantation,
and placentation, and their origins have become topics of interest for reproductive biolo-
gists, obstetricians and gynecologists, and reproductive immunologists.
Hogy fog hát majd ezzel a világgal szemben, mely mintegy a régi
énjének tükre – nyilatkozni? Vajjon könnyen keresztűl küzdi-e majd
életét vagy pedig már az első akadályok megbénítják, tönkre teszik?
Hisz küzdésre született, arra nevelték. Világnézete önálló,
akarata megvan; tudja, mi a teendője. Csak!… s egyszerre egy női
fej finom silhouette-ja iramlott át lelkén. Sápadt, finom vonású,
szürkéskék szemű fiatal leány. Klienigstein Lolly volt. Két éve hogy
nem látta. Milyen lehet ma? Változott ő is? Vagy olyan, oly
kétségbeejtően az, a mi volt? Szereti igazán, vagy nem? Hideg volt
– tudta – Klienigstein Lolly, annyira hideg, mint azoknak a báloknak a
hangulatai, a melyekben hajdanában találkoztak. És mégis, mégis!
Felkelt ülőhelyéből. Most vette észre, hogy majd nem az egész
éjszakát átvirrasztotta. Hajnalodik, napfényben minden.
13.