English Grammar Class 11 - MCQs Preparation

Conjunctions. They join words, phrases and clauses. For e.g. “and”, “but” and “or”
Coordinating Conjunctions (7)  They join similar words (noun to noun ) or (verb to verb) etc. e.g. for,
and, but, or , yet , nor and so. (fanboys)
You can hear monkeys and parrots. (joined two nouns)
Can you sing or dance ? (joined two verbs)
The comment was blunt but effective. (joined two adjectives)
Correlative Conjunction  They are used in pairs to join alternatives or equal elements. “either/ or” ,
“neither/ nor”, “not only/ but also” . e.g.
I can bake either muffins or cakes.
Jack could neither laugh nor cry.
She was not only smart but also beautiful.
Subordinating Conjunction  Joins subordinate clause to main clause. Common examples are “although”,
“because”, “if” , “since”, “unless”, “until”, and “while”. (Means Reasoning).
Subordination conjunction are part of subordinating clause.
It is funny because it is true.
We’ll stay in the car until the hail stops.
I’m leaving if Ali starts telling us about his house again.
When the bell rings, I stop hearing the crowd.
Test yourself : Conjunctions: Definition and Examples (grammar-monster.com)

Participles. They are example of Non Finite verbs , which means they can be used in infinite number of
ways other than just a verb. Word Participle means, these verbs can participate in a sentence not as a
verb but as an adjective. It means there will be a separate main verb in the sentence.
Present Participle  Word “present” has the sound of n so remember Verb+ing (act as Adj).
I really like this dancing doll.
He jumped from a running train.
He sold his working machine.
(Note: Gerund is also made with ing but that functions as a Noun)
Past Participle  Doesn’t have sound of n so it will not be ing, it will use verbs 3rd form (act Adj)
The broken glass cut my foot.
The burnt toast tasted awful.
A tired person can’t be productive.
Participle Adjectives: Verbs acting as adjectives in Participles are called as Participle Adjectives (but this
type of question is hardly asked)
Test yourself : Interactive Test on Past Participles (grammar-monster.com)
Nouns. Are words that represent people, places, or things.
Common Noun  General words for people, places or things (boy, city, dog, Bridge)
Proper Noun  Names given to people, places, or things (Ali, Lahore, Toyota, London Bridge)
Abstract Noun  Things you cannot see or touch like an idea (Bravery, Joy , Determination)
Concrete Nouns  Things you can see or touch (Tree, Hammer, Computer)
Collective Nouns  Words that denote groups (Team, Pack, Herd)
Compound Nouns  Made up of more than one word (court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle)
Countable Nouns  Has both singular and plural form (mountain/ mountains, fight/ fights)
Non-Countable Nouns  Is without a plural form (food, music , water)
Test : Nouns: Definition and Examples (grammar-monster.com)

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 English Grammar Class 11 - MCQs Preparation

Pronouns. Words that replace nouns . In Quetta apples are amazing. They look like in cartoons.
Personal Pronouns  I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Demonstrative Pronouns this, that, these, those (pointing at something in text or in surrounding)
Interrogative Pronouns ?  what, which, who, whose (to ask Questions. Police Interrogates from culprits)
Indefinite Pronouns  none, several, any , anyone, everybody, some, nobody (without being specific)
Possessive pronouns  his, yours, ours, mine (Shows possession, that to whom it belongs)
Reciprocal Pronouns  each other, one another (to show mutual action or relationship)
Reflexive Pronouns  itself, himself, myself, ourselves (paired with another noun / pronoun to show it
is acting on itself) .e.g. Sidra does not trust herself.
Emphatic Pronouns  itself, himself, myself, ourselves (for emphasizing a point, giving weight to itself)
She will attend the reception drinks herself. The Queen herself attended the party.
Relative Pronouns  that, which, who, whose, whom, (used with relative clause or adjective clause)
e.g. The dog which bit the postman has returned.
The dog that bit the postman has returned.
Test : Pronouns in English Grammar: Definition and Examples (grammar-monster.com)

Adverbs. It tells us about a vert. We can say it modifies a verb. He swims quickly.
Adverbs of manner  How an action is performed. e.g. quickly, slowly, carefully.
Adverbs of place  The location or position of an action. e.g.e: here, there, everywhere.
Adverbs of time  When an action occurs. e.g.: now, then, later.
Adverbs of frequency  How often an action occurs. e.g.: always, often, rarely, weekly.
Adverbs of degree  The intensity or degree of an action or adjective. e.g.: very, extremely, quite.
Adverbs of certainty  The level of certainty or probability associated with an action or statement. e.g.:
certainly, definitely, maybe.
Adverbs of reason  why something happens. e.g.: therefore, because, hence.
Adverbs of duration  The length of time an action lasts. e.g.: temporarily, indefinitely, briefly.
Adverbs of order  The sequence or order of events. e.g.: first, second, lastly.

Apostrophe Rules. For showing possession.

Singular Ending without and with s  Cat James Sister
Apostrophe Cat’s tail James’s car Sister’s wardrobe

Plural Ending without and with s  Children Teachers Sisters

Apostrophe Children’s Toy Teachers’ Lounge Sisters’ wardrobe
Tenses
English Verb Tense Present Past Future
Simple I write E/ He writes E. I wrote E Yesterday I will wrote E
Continuous I am writing E I was writing E I will be writing E
Perfect I have written E I had written E I will have written E
Perfect Continuous I have been writing E I had been writing E I will have been writing E
E: English

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 English Grammar Class 11 - MCQs Preparation

Clauses and Phrases

Clause Is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. e.g: The dog barks when the postman
arrives.

Phrase Is a group of words that stand together but do not contain a subject and a verb. e.g: An army
marches on its stomach. England is a nation of shopkeepers.

Noun Clause. (what or whom?) Acts as a the subject or direct/ indirect object of a verb or the
object of a preposition, subject, complement, or answering the questions “what or whom?”
You didn’t hear what the teacher said.

Adjective Clause. (which, what kind of? ) Adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the
place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. It modifies a noun or pronoun, answering
questions like which?, what kind of ? He is the one who made a mistake.

Adverb Clause. (where, when, why and how?) Acts like a verb in a sentence, they answer the
questions, where, when, why and how? e.g. The doctor had arrived before the patient died.
Test: Noun, Adjective & Adverb Clause | Types of Clauses | Clauses Quiz by Quality Education (youtube.com)

Adverb Phrase. A collection of words acting as a verb, telling how or when an action occurs.
She sat on the broomstick. He came when the moon appeared.

Noun Phrase. Group of words headed by a noun that includes modifiers. Noun in these examples
is underlined. The dog with fleas. A group of them. Singing in the bath relaxes me.

Gerund Phrase. It functions in a sentence like a noun. (Verb used with ing).
Driving in a foggy weather is always a challenging task. Driving is always a challenging task.

Participle Phrase. Is a phrase that looks like a verb , but functions as an adjective.
The woman, smiling and waving, said hello (underline portion acts as an adjective).

Types of Sentences
Simple  (I) (It only has 1 independent Clause).
The snow melted quickly in the sunshine.
Compound (I) ; (I) (Has 2 or more independent clauses joined with a conjunction or ;).
Grasshoppers are the most commonly consumed insects, yet
cockroaches have the highest protein of all edible insects.
The car is unreliable ; it never starts in the rain.
Complex (I)+(D) (Has 1 independent clause i.e. main clause and atleast 1 dependent clause).
Use subordinating conjunction ( to hold Dependent clause)
No one answered when he called the house. (I, D)
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 English Grammar Class 11 - MCQs Preparation

It was no secret that he was very lazy (I, D)

Compound Complex  (I)+ (I) +(D) (Atleast 2 independent clauses and 1 dependent clause).
When the draught comes the reservoirs dry up, and residents know that water restrictions
will be in effect. (D, I, I)
Ali wanted to drive to work but he couldn’t until her car was repaired. (I), (I), (D)

Types of Verbs
Action Verb  An activity that a person or thing can do. e.g. Ali eats cakes.
Transitive Verb  Tells about action on object. e.g. I saw the dog. (object = dog)
Intransitive Verb Does not tell about action on object e.g. The rain fell.
Auxiliary Verb It is also called helping verb. Accompanies a main verb. (be, have and do)
Ali has eaten all the pies. The table has been prepared.
Phrasal Verb  A verb made up of more than one words. A thief will often break a window
to break in. Few other e.g. break off, bring about, call off, look ahead.
Regular Verb  e.g. walk, walked, walked talk, talked, talked call, called, called
Irregular Verb  e.g. do, did, done eat, ate eaten go, went, gone

TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
Transitional devices are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to
another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another. It links sentences and
paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas.
Reason  Because, therefore, in order to
Contrast  Unlike, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, alternatively
Result  As a result, Thus, Hence, Consequently
Comparison  Similarly, Equally, Likewise, Just as, Just Like
Summary  Briefly, In short, In conclusion, To summarise
Emphasis  Especially, Undoubtedly, Obviously, Indeed
Addition  Along with, Moreover, Furthermore, also, too
Order Following, Previously, Finally, Thirdly, Before
Condition  If, In that case, In case
Poetic Devices
Animated Revision https://youtu.be/GdDMD2skE6w?si=357MLIQ6LWrmbJdw

DEVICE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Hyperbole A figure of speech which uses extreme exaggeration.
Made emphatic through overstatement.
Imagery Mental impression made up by a word, or sentence.
Suggests to the reader what to think and feel.
A figure of speech that compares two or more things
Metaphor with a similar quality and does not use “like” or “as”.
One thing is said to be another.
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I'll never get this fishing line
untangled in a million years!
Life is a banana cream pie. All
the world’s a stage. All the men
and women are players.
 English Grammar Class 11 - MCQs Preparation

Extended Comparison b/w two unlike things that continues Or even lines of a poem.
Metaphor throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph.

Ms. Smith always tries to “act

A device where seemingly opposite words are placed naturally,” especially when her
Oxymoron
together for effect. students are being “seriously
funny.”
When an inanimate/non living thing object or The leaves “danced” in the
Personification abstract image is given human/living thing qualities wind. The tree “screamed”
or abilities. under the saw blade.
Simile A figure of speech that compares two things by using She swam like a fish.
“like” or “as.” He was as quite as a mouse.
Symbolism The use of symbols that represent other concepts or
ideas in order to convey a deeper meaning.
is a figure of speech in which a “part” of something is Give us this day our daily
Synecdoche
used to represent its “whole.” Or the whole as part, bread(food) . England(Cricket
Team) won the match.
An address to a dead or absent person or abstract who "O Romeo, Romeo,
Apostrophe is not physically present, An apostrophe is often Sweet Auburn!
introduced by the exclamation "O," Milton! Thou shoul’st be….
Enjambment When a line of poetry carries its idea or thought over
to the next line without a grammatical pause.
The use of words to express something other than and No doubt but you are the
Irony especially the opposite of the literal meaning, people, and wisdom shall die
typically for humorous or emphatic effect. with you.
Alliteration The repetition of initial consonant sounds in adjacent Ms. Smith's English class
or closely connected words. causes her confusion.
Assonance Repetition of the same vowel sound anywhere in She lived in the hills.
adjacent words or in a line of poetry. It is often used
to slow the pace of poetry.
Consonance In consonance, the repetition happens at the end or The first and last brush
anywhere in closely connected, following, or adjacent sweeps fast and best.
words in a sentence.
Anaphora A figure of speech in which words repeat at the
beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences.
Refrain A line or group of lines which are repeated in the
course of a poem (usually at the end of each stanza)
Rhyme Two words which end with identical sounds (rhyme Crime/rhyme/slime/time
depends on sound, not spelling)
Types of Couplet: stanza of two lines
Stanzas Tercets: stanza of three lines
Quatrains: stanza of four lines
Quintets: stanza of five lines
Sestets: stanza of six lines
Octave: stanza of eight lines

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